ARRANGEMENT OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT 
FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1903. 



Volume I. — Secretary of "War : 

Chief of Staff. 

Ad j utant-General. 

Inspector-General. 

Judge- Advocate-General. 
Volume II. — Armament, Transportation and Supply: 

Quartermaster-General. 

Commissary-General. 

Surgeon-General. 

Paymaster-General. 

Chief of Engineers, Military Affairs. 

Chief of Ordnance. 

Chief Signal Officer. 

Chief of Artillery. 

Board of Ordnance and Fortification. 
Volume III. — Department and Division Commanders: 

Department of California. 

Department of the Colorado. 

Department of the Columbia. 

Department of Dakota. 

Department of the East. 

Department of the Lakes. 

Department of the Missouri. 

Department of Texas. 

Division of the Philippines^— 

1. Department of Luzon. 

2. Department of the Visayas. 

3. Department of Mindanao. 

Volume IV. — Military Schools and Colleges; Record and Pension Office, 
Military Parks, and Soldiers' Homes: 
Military Academy — 

1. Board of Visitors. 

2. Superintendent. 
Army War College. 

General Service and Staff College. 

School of Application for Cavalry and Field Artillery. 

Artillery School. 

School of Submarine Defense. 

Chief of Record and Pension Office. 

Commissioners of National Military Parks — 

1. Chickamauga and Chattanooga. 

2. Gettysburg. 

3. Shiloh. 

4. Vicksburg. 

Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia — 

1. Board of Commissioners. 

2. Inspection of. 

Inspection of National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. 
Volumes V-VIII. — Reports of the Philippine Commission, the Chief of 

Bureau of Insular Affairs, and Acts of the Philippine 

Commission. 
Volumes IX-XIII. — Chief of Engineers, River and Harbor Improvements. 
Volume XIV.— Report of Chief of Ordnance. 



CO^TEJSTTS. 



Paet I. 

Page. 

Annual report of the Philippine Commission 3 

Report of the civil governor of the Philippine Islands 13 

Conditions as to tranquillity 25 

The use of scouts with the constabulary 33 

Reconcentration 34 

Bandolerismo statute 34 

Dissolute Americans and vagrancy acts 37 

Friars' lands and religious questions 38 

Business conditions 47 

Proposed official inspection and classification of hemp 50 

Sugar. 51 

Tobacco 54 

The labor question 54 

The effect of labor on the investment of capital 56 

Health 57 

Railroad and other construction 57 

Schools 59X 

The Philippine exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis.. 60 

The census 62 

Opium 63 

Civil service 63 

The coastwise laws 71 

The insular revenues 73 

Office of the insular purchasing agent 75 

Provincial and municipal governments 76 

The government of the Moro province 76 

The Christian Filipino provinces 82 J 

Municipalities 83 

Justices of the peace 86 

The city of Manila , 86 

The port works 90 

Executive bureau 91 

Exhibit A. — Resolutions re rice — Executive order 64 — Acts 495, 517 — 

Proclamation re quick-growing crops— Acts 817, 738, 786, 797, 828.. 93 

Exhibit B. — Annual report of the insular purchasing agent for the 

Philippine Islands for the year ending September 30, 1903 103 

Exhibit C. — Report of the insular purchasing agent as to carabao, to 

November 20, 1903 _ 127 

Exhibit D. — Statement showing actual expenditures under the Con- 
gressional relief fund 129 

Exhibit E.— Reconcentration act, No. 781 140 

i 



II CONTENTS. 

Report of the civil governor of the Philippine Islands— Continued. Page. 

Executive bureau — Continued. 

Exhibit F. — Testimony taken at Malacanan Palace February 16, 1902, 

relative to the value of lands owned by the religious orders 142 

Exhibit G. — Detailed and summarized statements of the valuations of 

the friars' estates by Senor Villegas 199 

Exhibit H. — Agreements to convey the friars' lands to the government 

of the Philippine Islands 204 

Exhibit I. — Report on religious controversies 213 

Exhibit J. — Report of Hon. Luke E.Wright, Commissioner, as to hemp, 351 
Exhibit K. — Petition of agricultural society of Panay and Negros for 

abolition of duty on Philippine sugar 353 

Exhibit L. — Statement of Colonel Colton, collector of customs at Iloilo, 

as to necessity for removal of duty from Philippine sugar 355 

Exhibit M. — Statement of Governor Wright as to necessity for action 

by Congress in removing duty on sugar and tobacco 357 

Exhibit N.— Report of an investigation made by James Ross, super- 
visor of fiscals, concerning alleged sufferings and deaths among certain 
laborers sent from Manila during the month of July, 1903, to work 

on the Benguet road 358 

Exhibit 0. — Report of Capt. A. R. Couden, commandant United States 

Naval Station, Cavite, on Filipino labor employed at the navy-yard. 392 

Exhibit P. — Proposed railway lines in the island of Luzon 399 

Exhibit Q. — Annual report of the exposition board 406 

Exhibit R. — Third annual report of the Philippine civil service board 

for the year ended September 30, 1903 425 

Exhibit S. — Acts passed by the legislative council of the Moro prov- 
ince, Philippine Islands 480 

Exhibit T. — Report of General Wood as to abrogation of Bates treaty. 489 
Exhibit U. — Report of the municipal board of the city of Manila for 

the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903 543 

Exhibit A. — Report of the secretary of the board 563 

Exhibit B. — Report of the disbursing officer 566 

Exhibit C. — Report of the engineer in charge of the new water 

system 573 

Exhibit D. — Report of the city engineer, Manila, P. I 584 

Exhibit E.— Report of chief of police 617 

Exhibit F. — Report of the law department 631 

Exhibit G. — Report of the chief of the fire department 637 

Exhibit H. — Report of the department of assessments and collec- 
tions 648 

Exhibit I. — Report of the city superintendent of schools 667 

Exhibit J. — Amended report of the municipal board 671 

Exhibit V. — Charter Manila street railway 674 

Exhibit W. — Report of the officer in charge of the improvement of 

the port of Manila for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903 682 

Exhibit X. — Annual report of the executive secretary to the civil 

governor 687 

Exhibit Y. — Executive orders and proclamations, October 1, 1902, to 
September 30, 1903 943 



CONTENTS. Ill 

Part II. 

Page. 

Report of the secretary of the interior _„.-.„.». 3 

Organization of the department 3 

The board of health for the Philippine Islands and the city of Manila 3 

Rinderpest 4 

Health work in Manila 4 

Death rate of Manila 5 

Infant mortality 5 

Death rate in different districts of the city 6 

Lack of medical attendance 6 

Birth rate 6 

Need of public bath houses and laundries 6 

A new water supply an imperative necessity 7 

Foul wells in Manila . 8 

Sewer system 8 

Plan for improving the esteros 9 

Sunken lands in Manila 9 

Disposal of garbage 10 

Disposition of night soil 10 

Congestion in populous districts 10 

The floating population of Manila 11 

Sanitary markets and unsanitary food shops 11 

Need of a general hospital 12 

Contagious-disease hospitals 13 

Need of insane asylum 13 

Leper colony , 13 

Free dispensary 13 

New morgue 13 

Loss of property in Trozo fire 14 

L^nhealthful condition of Bilibid prison 14 

Board of health supported by Manila courts 14 

Sanitary laws not satisfactory 14 

Legislation drafted by the board 15 

The cholera epidemic 15 

Bubonic plague 17 

Smallpox 17 

Small number of deaths from malaria 18 

Deaths from dysentery 18 

Number of lepers in the Philippines 18 

Beriberi in Manila 18 

Inspection of animals 18 

Prevention of rinderpest 18 

Quarantining of imported animals necessary .' 19 

Locust pest 19 

Sanitary conditions in the provinces 20 

The quarantine service 20 

The civil hospital 22 

The civil sanitarium at Baguio, Benguet 23 

Change in rates at sanitarium 24 



TV CONTENTS. 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 

The civil sanitarium at Baguio, Benguet — Continued. 

Government cottages on sanitarium grounds 24 

Reorganization of sanitarium employees 24 

New sanitarium buildings needed 25 

Improvement of sanitarium grounds* 25 

Work of the sanitarium 25 

The forestry bureau 25 

Modifications in forestry laws 26 

New employees of the forestry bureau 26 

Visit of the chief of the United States Bureau of Forestry 26 

Division of inspection 27 

Division of forest management 27 

Need of a steamer to facilitate inspection 28 

Licenses 28 

Fear of extensive exploitation of Philippine forests by lumber com- 
panies groundless 28 

Special privileges granted to the Army 29 

Work of the timber-testing laboratory 29 

Workshop of the forestry bureau 30 

Identification of woods by microscopic sections 30 

Botanical work 30 

Investigation of dyewoods 31 

Work of the forest reservation in Bataan 31 

Private woodlands 31 

Amount of forest products from public lands in 1902 and 1903 31 

Imports and exports of forest products 32 

Expenses of forestry bureau 32 

The mining bureau 32 

Reorganization of the mining bureau to facilitate field work recom- 
mended 33 

Active mining operations begun 33 

Mineralogical map of the Philippines 33 

Recommendations of chief of mining bureau 33 

Field trips 34 

Additions to collections 34 

Plan for exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 34 

Bureau of government laboratories 34 

Opening of laboratories to the public 35 

Buildings 36 

The serum laboratory 36 

Library 38 

New apparatus and supplies 38 

Assay work 38 

Gas supply 38 

Character of chemical work done '. , 38 

The biological laboratory 39 

Diagnostic work 39 

Original investigation 39 



CONTENTS. V 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 

Bureau of government laboratories — Continued. 
The biological laboratory — Continued. 

Acting director appointed 40 

Entomological work begun 40 

Botanical work 40 

Sectioning woods. 40 

Marine biological laboratory recommended 41 

The government photographer 41 

Working force 42 

Reorganization of the bureau needed 42 

The bureau of public lands 43 

Legislation drafted by the chief of the bureau 43 

Plan for government surveys 44 

Spanish land titles 44 

Draft of instructions to deputy mineral surveyors 44 

Administration of San Lazaro estate 44 

Congressional legislation needed 46 

The bureau of agriculture 47 

Changes in working force 48 

Work of the clerical force 49 

Publications of the bureau 49 

Seed and plant distribution 49 

Proposed improvement of native fruits 50 

Experiments in growing coffee 50 

Fiber investigations 50 

Experiment station at Manila 50 

Government farm at "San Ramon 51 

Experiment station in Batangas 51 

Experiments at Baguio, Benguet „ 52 

Agricultural college 53 

Animal industry 53 

Care of carabaos imported by the government 54 

Government rice farm 54 

The weather bureau 55 

Weather stations 56 

New instruments 56 

Crop service 56 

Establishment of storm signals 56 

Publications of the bureau 57 

Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 57 

Repairs of instruments 57 

Astronomical work 58 

Magnetic observatory 58 

Promotion without competitive examination authorized 58 

The ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands _ 58 

Necessity for survey 59 

Transfer of the chief of the bureau 59 

Work of the survey 59 



VI CONTENTS. 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 

Appendix A. — Report of the commissioner of public health 63 

Report of receipts 66 

Report of disbursements 66 

Department of sanitary inspection 67 

Department of sanitary engineering. _ _ _ _ 67 

Death rate . 67 

Infant mortality 70 

Deaths among transients 72 

Deaths without medical attendance 72 

Birth rate 72 

Insanitary habits 73 

Public bath houses and laundries 74 

Water supply . 75 

Drainage 78 

Sewerage 78 

Esteros . 81 

Sunken lands 83 

Mosquitoes 84 

Street cleaning 85 

Collection and disposal of garbage and refuse 85 

Collection and disposal of human excreta 85 

Pail conservancy system 86 

Habitations '. 87 

Overcrowding 88 

Interiors 90 

Boat population 91 

Markets and food tiendas 92 

Foods and drinks 93 

Offensive trades 95 

Opium-smoking establishments 96 

Need for general hospital . . 96 

San Lazaro Hospital 97 

Maternity and Women's hospitals 97 

Hospitals for the insane . 97 

Infectious-disease hospitals 98 

Leper colony at Culion 98 

Municipal physicians 99 

Unqualified medical practitioners - 99 

Free dispensary . 99 

Free clinic 100 

Midwives „ 100 

Training school for nurses. 100 

Morgue 100 

Cemeteries 101 

Burials and disinterments. 101 

Trozofire 101 

Bilibid prison 102 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition 103 



CONTENTS. VII 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued Page. 
Appendix A — Continued. 

Government laboratories 103 

Sanitary laws 103 

I Asiatic cholera 105 

I Bubonic plague 108 

Smallpox and vaccination 109 

Malarial fevers L10 

j Dysentery Ill 

i Leprosy , - - - Ill 

Beriberi 111 

Veterinary division 112 

Diseases of live stock _ . 112 

Quarantine station for live stock 113 

Locusts 114 

Provincial sanitary conditions 115 

Special sanitary inspections of provinces 117 

Office force 117 

. Statistical tables 118 

v Beport of the chief health inspector for the Philippine Islands 136 

Health and sanitary stations 137 

Hospitals 138 

Morgue 139 

Crematory 139 

Corrals 139 

Storehouse 140 

Uniforms adopted . 140 

Municipal free dispensary 140 

River, water front, and harbor service 140 

Methods directed to the improvement of sanitary conditions and 

to free Manila of infectious diseases 140 

Preventive inoculation against plague. 141 

Rat catching 141 

River, water front, and harbor work 141 

Disinfection 141 

Investigation as to continued presence of cholera in Manila 141 

Procedures in vogue regarding the disposition of persons infected 

with plague, etc 141 

Provincial health inspections 142 

Cholera work in the provinces of Sorsogon and Albay 142 

Operations in the Mariquina Valley 142 

Health publications 142 

Recommendations made to the board of health during the year 

which have not materialized 143 

Report of the sanitary engineer for the Philippine Islands 143 

Report on construction of the Culion Leper Colony 146 

Report of the sanitary engineer of the city of Manila 149 

Report of disbursing officer, board of health 160 

Report of cashier, board of health 161 



VIII CONTENTS. 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page, 
Appendix A — Continued. 

Reports on the operation of the pail conservancy system in the city 

of Manila and the town of Mariquina 162 

Report of physician in charge San Lazaro Hospital 168 

Report of leper hospital at Cebu, Cebu 174 

Report of leper hospital, Palestina, Ambos Camarines 174 

Report of medical superintendent, Chinese hospital for contagious 

diseases 176 

Report of the surgeon, Bilibid Prison 177 

Special report on bubonic plague, by Dr. E. L. Munson, assistant to 

the commissioner of public health 181 

Quarterly report, excluding statistical tables, of the president of the 

provincial board of health, province of Pampanga 188 

Measures taken for the prevention of cholera „ 189 

Care of sick 189 

Disposal of dead 189 

Hygienic and sanitary conditions 189 

Customs and habits of the people 189 

Deaths from violence 189 

Of economic interest 190 

Locusts 190 

Measures taken for the prevention of rinderpest 190 

Recommendations 190 

Report of special sanitary inspection of the province of Pangasinan, 

by Dr. F. H. Dudley, special inspector 190 

Organization 191 

Diseases most common in the locality 191 

Epidemic diseases , 191 

Leprosy 192 

Venomous snakes 192 

Hygienic and sanitary conditions 192 

Customs and habits of the people relative to health and sanitation. 192 

Epidemic diseases among animals 193 

Economics 193 

Report of Tayabas Province, submitted by W. H. Cook, provincial 

health inspector. 194 

Pagbilao 195 

Tayabas 195 

Lucban 196 

Sariaya 196 

Candelaria 197 

Tiaon 197 

Sampaloc 197 

Mauban 198 

Lagiamanoc 198 

Antimonan 199 

Gumaga 199 

Lopez 199 



CONTENTS. IX 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 
Appendix A — Continued. 

Report of Tayabas Province — Continued. 

Calaoag 200 

Guinayangan 200 

Alabat 200 

Silangan - - 201 

Singinin - 201 

Boac, Marinduque - 201 

Mogpoc, Marinduque 202 

Gasan, Marinduque 202 

Torrijos, Marinduque 202 

Santa Cruz, Marinduque 203 

Unisan, Tayabas 203 

Pitogo, Tayabas 203 

Macalelos, Tayabas 204 

Genoso, Tayabas 204 

Catanauan, Tayabas 204 

Mulanay, Tayabas 204 

Bondog, Tayabas 205 

San Narciso, Tayabas 205 

Remarks 205 

Report on Ambos Camarines, submitted to the board of health by 

W. H. Cook, provincial health inspector, district D 206 

Ambos Camarines — Nueva C&ceres 206 

Ragay, Camarines 207 

Lupi, Camarines 207 

Spiocot 208 

Libmanan 208 

Cabusan 208 

Magarao 208 

Bombon 209 

Quipayo 209 

Calabanga 209 

Milaor " 210 

Minalabag 210 

San Fernando 210 

Pasacao 210 

Pamplona 211 

Daet 211 

San Vicente 211 

Labo 212 

Talisay 212 

Indan 212 

Basud 212 

Baao 212 

Iriga 213 

Buhi 213 

Nabua 214 



X CONTENTS. 

Report of the secretary of the interior— Continued. Page, 
Appendix A — Continued. 

Report on Ambos Camarines — Continued. 

Bato 214 

Remarks 214 

Report of sanitary conditions in the provinces of Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, 

and Batangas, by Dr. L. B. A. Street, special medical inspector 215 

Province of Rizal 215 

Diseases of animals . 216 

General remarks and recommendations 216 

Province of Laguna 216 

Diseases of animals 217 

Remarks 217 

Province of Cavite. 217 

Diseases of animals 218 

Remarks 218 

Province of Batangas 218 

Diseases of animals 219 

Remarks 219 

Report on sanitary conditions in the provinces of Union, Benguet, 
Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Lepanto-Bontoc, Cagayan, and 

Isabela, by Dr. Frank Dubois, special sanitary inspector 224 

General hygienic conditions and the customs and habits of the 

people relative to hygiene 224 

Principal diseases and death rate 225 

The cholera epidemic 226 

Smallpox 227 

Dysentery and tuberculosis 228 

Animal diseases 228 

Economic conditions 228 

The work of the boards of health 229 

Report of special sanitary inspection of the islands of Cebu, Bohol, 

Samar, and Leyte, by Dr. Charles W. Hack, special inspector . 230 

Hygienic and sanitary conditions as found 230 

Customs and habits of the people relative to health and sanitation . 230 

The diseases common in the locality 231 

The history of cholera 231 

Diseases among cattle and other animals 233 

Boards of health 233 

Economic conditions 235 

Report of special sanitary inspection of Capiz Province, Panay, by Dr. 

R. E. L. Newberne, special inspector 235 

Report relative to the inoculation of cattle against rinderpest, island 

of Tablas, by Dr. F. M. Owen, veterinarian, board of health 236 

Appendix B. — Report of the chief quarantine officer 239 

Cholera 239 

Plague 241 

Smallpox.. 242 

Leprosy 242 



CONTENTS. XI 

Eeport of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 
Appendix B — Continued. 

Iloilo .—,..*. 244 

Cebu 244 

Mariveles quarantine station 244 

Manila 245 

Summary 245 

Appendix C. — Report of officer in charge Philippine Civil Hospital 265 

Appendix D. — Report of the acting attending physician in charge of the 

civil sanitarium „ 273 

Appendix E. — Report of the chief of the forestry bureau 277 

Division of inspection 280 

Division of forest management 284 

Timber- testing laboratory and workshop 297 

Recommendations on policy, organization, and procedure for the 

bureau of forestry of the Philippine Islands 315 

Forest policy 315 

Organization 316 

Grades and pay 317 

Present and proposed force 318 

Conduct of business 320 

! Philippine forest school. 322 

Philippine forest exhibit 324 

Sketch for the Philippine forest exhibit 324 

Appendix F. — Report of the chief of the mining bureau 327 

Vacation of mining engineer 327 

Mining industry established and its general conditions 327 

Status of records and reorganization 329 

Temporary reduction of employees 330 

Mineralogical maps 330 

1 ' Minas de carbon de Batan " 331 

Government experiments 332 

Amendments to existing mining laws 334 

Charges of the government laboratories 334 

The St. Louis Exposition 334 

Bulletin No. 3 334 

Progress of the year 335 

Yearly expenses 335 

Recommendations- 335 

Report of the mining engineer 336 

Office work 336 

The museum 337 

Laboratory work 338 

Field work 338 

Mineral exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition 339 

Bulletin No. 3 340 

Reorganization of the mining bureau 340 

Reports 340 

The National Academy of Sciences 341 

Recommendations 341 



XII CONTENTS. 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 
Appendix G. — Second annual report of the superintendent of govern- 
ment laboratories 343 

Building and construction . 343 

Serum laboratory 344 

Library 345 

Apparatus and supplies - 347 

Chemical laboratory 348 

The transfer of the serum laboratory from the board of health 350 

Biological laboratory 352 

Entomological work of the bureau of government laboratories 354 

The transfer of the botanical work to the bureau of government labo- 
ratories 355 

The work of making microscopical sections for the forestry bureau . . 356 

The laboratory of weights and measures 357 

The marine biological laboratory 357 

Scale of charges for laboratory work 358 

The clerical force of the laboratory 358 

A bill for reorganizing the laboratory and for providing an adequate 

force for the same 359 

The cooperation of the bureau with scientific surveys in the United 

States 361 

The work of the government photographer 361 

Dwelling houses for government employees 362 

The relation of the laboratory to the general hospital 362 

Exhibit A. — Report of the director of the serum laboratory, by James 

W. Jobling 363 

Exhibit B. — Report of the chemical laboratory, prepared by Dr. P. L. 

Sherman, chemist 387 

Exhibit C. — Report of Dr. Richard P. Strong, director of the biologi- 
cal laboratory 411 

Exhibit D. — Report of Mr. Charles S. Banks, entomologist 594 

Appendix H. — Annual report of the chief of the bureau of public lands . . 623 

Area of public domain 623 

Mining claims 624 

Disposition of public lands 625 

System of surveys 625 

Records of Spanish land titles 626 

Miscellaneous work 627 

San Lazaro estate 628 

General observations and suggestions 634 

Appropriations and expenditures 636 

Appendix I. — Report of the insular bureau of agriculture 639 

General progress of the work of the bureau 639 

New lines of work undertaken 639 

Personnel 640 

Records 640 

Translations 641 

Circulars of inquiry 641 



CONTENTS. XIII 

Keport of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 
Appendix I — Continued. 

Publications - - 641 

Seed and plant introduction 642 

Distributions of seeds - - - 642 

Distributions of seed rice - 643 

Native fruits and vegetables - - 643 

Coffee plantation 644 

Acknowledgments 644 

Botanical investigations 645 

The herbarium - 645 

Field work... 645 

Forage supply of Manila 646 

Soil investigations 647 

Soils of Union Province 647 

Soils of the forest areas 647 

Batangas soils 647 

Plans for continuing soil work 648 

Importance of soil surveys 649 

Fiber investigations 649 

Bulletin of commercial fibers 649 

Inspection of Manila hemp 650 

Cost and income from abaca production 651 

Maguey or sisal hemp 652 

Experiment station in Malate 653 

Station grounds 653 

Insects 653 

Forage 653 

Sesamum 654 

Tobacco 654 

San Bamon 656 

Method of preparing a cocoanut plantation 656 

Cocoanut nursery 657 

Plantation of 5,000 cocoanut trees 657 

Income from a plantation of 5,000 cocoanut trees 657 

Method of preparing copra 657 

Improvements introduced in the cultivation of cocoanuts 658 

Batangas experiment station 659 

Experiments at Baguio 660 

Agricultural college and experiment station at La Carlota, Western 

Negros 661 

Animal industry 661 

Stock farms 662 

Imports and exports 664 

Bice farms 664 

Bat guano 666 

Exposition at St. Louis 666 

Work of the bureau 666 

Publications received 667 



XIV CONTENTS. 

Report of the secretary of the interior — Continued. Page. 
Appendix I — Continued. 

Exhibit A. — Philippine agricultural products, with brief descriptions 
of the plants, their distribution and uses, compiled from the reports 

of correspondents of the bureau, by F. Lamson-Scribner _ . 668 

Exhibit B. — Agricultural conditions relative to value of lands, wages 

of farm laborers, principal crops, etc., in the provinces 677 

Exhibit C. — Report of William S. Lyon, in charge of division of plant 

industry - 697 

Exhibit D. — Report of the botanist 701 

Exhibit E. — Report of the expert in fiber investigations 713 

Exhibit F. — Report of the superintendent of experiment station at 

Malate 720 

Exhibit G. — Report of the superintendent of San Ramon government 

farm at San Ramon, Zamboanga, P. I . 729 

Exhibit H. — Report of the superintendent of the Batangas experi- 
ment station . 730 

Exhibit I. — Report on agricultural experiments in Benguet Province. 732 
Exhibit J. — Report of the director of the College of Agriculture and 

experiment station at La Gran j a Modela, La Carlota, P. I 736 

Exhibit K. — Report of the director of animal industry , 740 

Appendix J. — Report of the director of Philippine weather bureau 743 

Appendix K. — Second annual report of the chief of the ethnological survey 

for the Philippine Islands (formerly the bureau of non-Christian tribes) . 769 

Part III. 

Report of the secretary of commerce and police. 3 

Telegraph division 11 

Civil supply store 12 

Bureau of coast guard and transportation 12 

Light-house division 15 

Bureau of posts 15 

Bureau of engineering 15 

Pamsipit River improvement 17 

Tarlac and Pampanga rivers 17 

Benguet improvement work 17 

Electric power for Manila 20 

Highways 21 

Bureau of coast and geodetic survey 21 

Annual report of Brig. Gen. H. T. Allen, chief of Philippines Constabulary . . 631 

Telegraph division 34 

Native operators 35 

New lines 36 

Expenses and material 36 

Cables 36 

Disturbances 37 

Results of the year's work and other statistics 44 

Native contingent 46 

American troops 49 



CONTENTS. XV 

Annual report of Brig. Gen. H. T. Allen — Continued. Page. 

Instruction 49 

Prospective 51 

Report of the first district, Philippines Constabulary 51 

Abra 52 

Bataan 53 

Batangas - 53 

Bulacan 54 

Cavite 56 

Cagayan 57 

Isabela - 58 

Ilocos Sur 60 

Ilocos Xorte - 60 

Lepanto-Bontoc 61 

Laguna 64 

Xueva Ecija 65 

Xueva Yizcaya 66 

Painpanga 69 

Pangasinan 70 

Eizal 71 

Tarlac 73 

Union 74 

Zambales 76 

Benguet 78 

Report of the second district, Philippines Constabulary 90 

Conditions July 1, 1903 _ 90 

Conditions, operations, and events 91 

Albay 91 

Ambos Camarines 96 

Masbate 96 

Mindanao 96 

Paragua 98 

Romblon 98 

Sorsogon 98 

Tayabas 100 

Conditions June 30, 1903 102 

Medical division 102 

Organization of the medical division 103 

Report of the third district, Philippines Constabulary 113 

Conditions July 1, 1902 113 

Events during the year 114 

Subjects of public interest . 120 

Pulajanism 120 

Ladrones 122 

Cholera 122 

Drought and famine 123 

Ex-insurgents 123 

Military 123 

Provincial jails 123 

ii 



XVI CONTENTS. 

Annual report of Brig. Gen. H. T. Allen — Continued. Page. 
Keport of the third district, Philippines Constabulary — Continued. 
Subjects of public interest — Continued. 

Justices of the peace 124 

The constabulary If 

Supplemental report of the Philippines Constabulary ] 

First district (Tagalo) 

Second district (Bicol) "... 

Third district ( Visayan) 

Fourth district (Ilocano) 

Fifth district (Moro) 

Office of the chief supply officer 

Manila 

Exposition battalion 3 

Summary 17 

Annual report of the director of posts for the bureau of posts, for thf 

vear ended June 30, 1903 148 

Personnel of the service . 148 

Revenues and expenditures 148 

Dead-letter office 149 

Money-order business . . 149 

Registry business . .. 150 

Interisland transportation ... 150 

Mail communication with the United States and foreign cov . 151 

Extensions and improvements 151 

Defalcations 

Conclusion 153 

Tables 154 

Annual report of the chief of the bureau of coast guard and transportation, for 

the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903 171 

Office building 171 

Engineer island 172 

Coaling stations 172 

Postal clerks 172 

Captains commissioned to act as customs officers 172 

Launches transferred from the Quartermaster's Department of United 

States Army to the civil government 172 

Vessel repairs at Cavite Navy- Yard, etc 173 

Division of vessels 173 

Supplemental report 183 

List of lights of the Philippine Islands 188 

List of buoys, beacons, and daymarks of the Philippine Islands 195 

Coast and Geodetic Survey report 207 

Annual report of the bureau of engineering for the fiscal year ended August 

31, 1903 210 

Annual report of the supervisor of Cebu 238 

Report of the supervisor of the province of Leyte 243 

Annual report of supervisor, Occidental Negros 251 

Report of the supervisor of the province of Sorsogon 257 

Report of engineer in charge of Benguet road 259 



CONTENTS. XVII 

Page. 

Second annual report of the secretary of finance and justice 265 

Administration of justice - 267 

New legislation relating to the supreme court and courts of first instance . 268 

The court of customs appeals and new legislation relating thereto 270 

The court of land registration 272 

Attorney-general's office 276 

Criminal code 277 

Code of criminal procedure 277 

Changes in the personnel of the courts 278 

Insular cold storage and ice plant 279 

Currency 281 

Banks and banking 290 

The treasury 291 

Seized funds and special deposits 297 

Insular budget 297 

Budgev of the city of Manila , 301 

The customs service and the tariff 302 

Coastwise laws 309 

Internal revenue 312 

Financial condition of the provinces and municipalities 314 

Summary showing financial condition of provinces 314 

Exhibit 1.— Report of the court of customs appeals 684 

Exhibit ° -Report of the court of land registration of the Philippine 

islands for the period from February 1 to September 1, 1903 686 

Exhibit 3. — Report of the department of justice of the Philippine Islands. 690 

Exhibit 4. — Annual report insular cold storage and ice plant, fiscal year 

ending June 30, 1903, and supplementary report for July and August, 

1903 692 

Exhibit 5. — Report of the auditor for the Philippine Islands for the fiscal 

year ended June 30, 1903 372 

The bookkeeping division 372 

The customs division 375 

The postal division 377 

The miscellaneous division 379 

The provincial division 380 

The property division 383 

Purchase of supplies in the United States 384 

Administrative and field examination of accounts 384 

Responsibility of disbursing officers 386 

The insular salary and expense fund 387 

The new Philippine currency . - 388 

i 

I Certificates of indebtedness 389 

[ Change in ratio between Mexican or local currency and United States 

currency 309 

Accounting by currencies authorized . 391 

Appropriated moneys undrawn June 30, 1903 392 

Excessive appropriations 393 

Defalcations, embezzlements, and shortages 393 

Losses by theft and other unavoidable casualties 397 



XVIII CONTENTS. 

Second annual report of the secretary of finance and justice — Continued. Page. 

Exhibit 5. — Report of the auditor for the Philippine Islands — Cont'd. 

Treasury statement 398 

General revenue account of the treasurer . . . . 39 

Accounts of the insular treasurer as depositary 4 

Army and navy disbursing officers' funds 

Warrants issued by the insular government 

Insular revenues 

Special deposits 

Customs refunds 

Customs revenue stamps , 

Chinese registration 

Bureau of internal revenue 3 

Department of the interior 22 

Department of commerce and police 423 

Department of public instruction 428 

Deposits on account of the Hongkong-Manila and Vis? 

cessions . 430 

Undeposited collections .. 430 

Insular disbursements ... 431 

Undeposited balances 445 

Comparative statements of receipts and expenditures 446 

Finances of the city of Manila under its charter 1 is 

The city of Manila in account with the government 

Islands, June 30, 1903 

Reimbursable expenditures 

Operations of the insular purchasing agent 451 

Operations of the constabulary commissary 451 

Operations of the insular purchasing agent under the rice appropri- 
ations 452 

War emergency rice fund 452 

Insular salary and expense fund . 453 

Purchase of silver bullion and alloy 453 

Invalid money orders 453 

Outstanding liabilities 453 

The money-order system 454 

Fiscal affairs of the provinces 457 

Statement of forestry tax settlements, fiscal year 1903 459 

Refunds of forestry taxes 460 

Refund of internal revenue 460 

General accounts of provincial treasurers 460 

Old balances 502 

Detailed statements of the expenditures 502 

Acknowledgments 502 

Appendix 503 

Exhibit 6. — Second special report by W. Morgan Shuster, collector of 
customs for the Philippine Islands, from September 1, 1902, to October 

8, 1903 510 

Port of Manila 514 



CONTENTS. XIX 

Second annual report of the secretary of finance and justice — Continued. Page. 
Exhibit 6. — Second special report by W. Morgan Shuster— Continued. 

Port of Iloilo 516 

Port of Cebu 516 

Quasi consular duties 516 

Statistic work 517 

Hemp refunds 517 

Coastwise laws 518 

Ugnal letters and official numbers for vessels 522 

I ocumentation of small vessels in the Philippines 522 

janiboat-inspection service 523 

neasurement 523 

. rigration work, including Chinese exclusion laws 524 

1 of protests and appeals 527 

g vision of Government vessels 528 

mity of appraisals . 529 

a 529 

■ ental 530 

ent unloading and warehousing of imported goods at Manila. 532 

rbor regulations 533 

ports 533 

C districts 534 

"ion districts 535 

se ports 537 

md protection of American seamen 540 

Secret-service work 540 

Criticism of the customs service 541 

Appendix A. — Special regulations for vessels engaging in lighterage 
and other exclusively harbor business at ports in the Philippine 

Archipelago 544 

Appendix B. — Certificate of service and license to masters 547 

Appendix C. — Customs administrative circular Xo. 105 548 

Appendix D. — Customs administrative circular Xo. 223 549 

Appendix E. — List of vessels in the Philippine Islands with certifi- 
cates of protection outstanding June 30, 1903 567 

Appendix F. — Chinese and immigration circular Xo. 85 619 

Appendix A. — An act to regulate the registration of Chinese, 

etc 631 

Appendix G . — Comparative statistical summaries . . 634 

Appendix H. — Organization, duties of, and rules for the arrastre di- 
vision of the Manila custom-house 650 

Appendix I. — Customs administrative circular Xo. 238, publishing 

harbor regulations for the port of Manila 653 

Exhibit 7. — Report of A. W. Hastings, acting collector of internal revenue. 659 

Second annual report of the secretary of public instruction 669 

Public instruction under Spanish rule 669 

Public instruction since American occupation 673 

Organization 675 

The teaching force 675 



XX CONTENTS. 

Second annual report of the secretary of public instruction— Continued. Page. 

Attendance 677 

Relations of American teachers to the people 679 

Schoolhouses 680 

Moro Province 680 

The work accomplished and that which remains to be done. . +. 681 

Changes of supervisory personnel 682 

Appropriations, expenditures, and unexpended balances 682 

Bureau of architecture and construction of public buildings 683 

Office personnel and other employees 683 

Work of the bureau during the year 683 

Bureau of public printing 685 

Bureau of archives, including the bureau of patents, copyrights, and 

trade-marks ... 688 

American circulating library 689 

Museum of ethnology, natural history, and commerce 690 

Bureau of statistics ,. 691 

Census bureau . 691 

The official gazette 693 

Exhibit A. — Report of the general superintendent of education. 694 

Aims of primary education in the Philippines 694 

Exhibit A. — Statement of the attitude of the Filipino people toward 
the public schools, by Mr. Frank R. White, assistant 

to the general superintendent 705 

Exhibit B. — Statistics relating to the work of the bureau 713 

Exhibit C. — Reports of division superintendents and principals of the 

insular normal, trade, and nautical schools 720 

Division of Manila 720 

Division of Albay and Sorsogon 724 

Division of Ambos Camarines 728 

Division of Batangas 731 

Division of Bohol 740 

Division of Bulacan 742 

Division of Cagayan and Isabela 745 

Division of Capiz 748 

Division of Cavite 749 

Division of Cebu 753 

Division of Ilocos Norte 755 

Division of Ilocos Sur and Abra 757 

Division of Iloilo and Antique 760 

Division of Laguna 764 

Division of Union 765 

Division of Masbate 768 

Division of Mindanao and Jolo 770 

Division of Misamis 777 

Division of Nueva Ecija 779 

Division of Occidental Negros 781 

Division of Oriental Negros 784 

Division of Pampanga and Bataan 787 

Division of Pangasinan 789 



CONTENTS. XXI 

Second annual report of the secretary of public instruction — Continued. page. 
Exhibit A. — Report of the general superintendent of education — Cont'd. 
Exhibit C. — Reports of division superintendents, etc. — Continued. 

Division of Rizal 798 

Division of Romblon 805 

Division of Surigao - - - 808 

Division of Tarlac 811 

Division of Tayabas - 817 

Division of Zambales 821 

Division of Paragua 822 

Insular Nautical School 823 

Insular Normal School 825 

r nsular Trade School 830 

I • : ^it D. — Station list of insular teachers 833 

f , E. — Circulars issued to division superintendents and teachers. 843 
F. — Minutes of the superintendents' convention held at 

Manila 852 

Exh. ^port of the chief of the bureau of architecture and con- 

"ruction of public buildings 924 

Office ^el, skilled and unskilled laborers : . 924 

N- - 925 

. - ^.l Baguio, Benguet 925 

•n-house 926 

of health 926 

bureau of government laboratories 927 

Civil Hospital 927 

Insular cold storage and ice plant 928 

Philippine public printing office 928 

Bureau of agriculture 928 

Bureau of coast guard and transportation 928 

Ayuntamiento - 929 

Miscellaneous small work 929 

Municipal building 929 

New work authorized 930 

Schoolhouses 933 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition buildings 934 

Property department 934 

Conditions, requirements, and recommendations 936 

Financial 938 

Exhibit C. — Second annual report of the public printer 942 

Equipment 943 

Building 944 

Employees of the bureau of public printing 944 

Instruction of Filipinos 946 

Product of the plant 947 

Provincial printing 948 

System of records 948 

Exhibit D. — Report of the bureau of archives, bureau of patents, copy- 
rights, and trade-marks 956 

Exhibit Dl. — Lands of Arroceros and the Aguadas 963 



XXII CONTENTS. 

Second annual report of the secretary of public instruction — Continued. Page. 

Exhibit E. — Philippines museum 976 

Exhibit F.— Editor of the Official Gazette 979 

Character of Gazette 979 

Establishment of office 979 

Printing 980 

Distribution ."___. 980 

Collections 981 

Exchanges 981 

Preliminary number 982 

Conclusion „ 982 



ANNUAL REPORT 



PHILIPPINE COMMISSION 



SECRETARY OF WAR. 



Manila, P. L, December 23, 1903. 

Sir: The Philippine Commission has the honor to submit to you its 
fourth annual report, which is accompanied by the reports of the civil 
governor, the secretary of commerce and police, the secretary of 
finance and justice, the secretary of the interior, and the secretary 
of public instruction. The reports were delayed, due to absence and 
illness of two or three of the Commission, and cover varying periods. 
The report of the Commission extends over a period from November 
1, 1902, to December 22, 1903. 

The conditions of the islands as to tranquillity are quite equal, so far 
as peace and good order are concerned, to what they were at any time 
during the Spanish regime. There are centers of disturbance in the 
Moro country, but the} T do not offer any difficulty in their removal. 
The conditions in the Jolo group are shown in the special report of 
Major-General Wood, governor of the Moro Province, and in the 
report of the civil governor. The Commission concurs in the recom- 
mendation of the civil governor and General Wood that the sultan and 
datos signing the so-called Bates treaty be notified that its terms are 
no longer binding on the United States or the Philippine government, 
and that the Jolo group and all its inhabitants, including the sultan of 
Jolo and the signing datos, are entirely subject to the Philippine gov- 
ernment act and laws passed in accordance therewith. 

The condition as to the food supply in the Archipelago has been 
dealt with at length by the civil governor in his report to the Com- 
mission, and it is sufficient to say that the 13,000,000 voted by Con- 
gress were exceedingly useful in aiding the islands to meet emergencies 
which grew much more serious than they were supposed to be at the 
time the appropriation was made. The recovery from the disastrous 
loss of cattle through the rinderpest must of necessity be slow, and it 

3 



4 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

can not be said as yet that the Commission has reached a satisfactory 
solution of the difficulty, or that it can be certain that with the remain- 
der of the $3,000,000 it may greatly alleviate the embarrassment in 
agriculture due to the absence of draft cattle. Still, experiments will 
be continued, and it may be that a remedy will be found. The civil 
governor in his report to the Commission has set forth at length the 
dispositions which have been made of the money which has been 
expended or appropriated out of the $3,000,000 relief fund. The law 
requires that the civil governor should give an account of this expend- 
iture to the Secretary of War. There is appended to the report of 
the civil governor to the Commission a detailed statement of expendi- 
tures by the auditor so far as it can be made down to the date of his 
report. In order to prevent a duplication of matter which was prop- 
erly part of the Commission's report to the Secretary of War, it is 
hoped that the report of the civil governor with the auditor's statement 
will be regarded as a sufficient compliance with the law. 
s The revenues of the islands were maintained for the last fiscal year, 
and the balance of trade for the year with respect to the islands was 
much more favorable. The balance of trade against the islands in 
merchandise was a little over $8,000,000 for the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1902. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, it was about 
$150,000 in favor of the islands, and this in spite of the importation 
of $10,000,000 gold of rice, an increase of nearly four millions over 
last year's importation. 

The conditions with respect to sugar and tobacco continue to be very 
unfavorable, and the arguments in favor of a reduction of the Dingley 
tariff upon these articles, to 25 per cent of the rates of that tariff on 
sugar and tobacco from the Philippines, grow stronger instead of 
weaker. 

- On the 22d of December, 1903, contracts were signed with the 
owners of the so-called friars' lands and by the civil governor, with 
the approval and consent of the Commission and the Secretary of War, 
by which, for a lump sum of $7,239,000, more or less, all the agricul- 
tural holdings of the friars in the Philippines were agreed to be trans- 
ferred to the Philippine government, except about 10,000 acres, the 
reason for the exception of which is stated in the report of the civil 
governor. By these contracts, when consummated, something more 
than 400,000 acres, three-fifths of which have been highly cultivated 
land and are thickly inhabited by thousands of tenants, will be trans- 
ferred to the Government. This step has been recommended by the 
Commission in its previous reports, by the Paris Peace Commission, 
and by the Schurman Commission as important in producing perma- 
nent tranquillity in the islands. Many of the tenants have urged the 
purchase upon the Government. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 5 

The Commission is in a position to say that the number of Spanish 
friars in the islands is being gradually reduced, so that out of more 
than 1,000 that were here in 1898 there were but 370 on December 1, 
1902, and now there are but 246; that of these a number are infirm 
and unable to do parish work, and that 83 Dominicans have renounced 
parish work altogether with the Holy See, and that the policy of the 
church, therefore, in not sending back to the parishes Spanish friars 
where it can be avoided, or where they will not be well received by 
the people, has been sufficiently shown by the facts. The intention of 
the Roman Catholic Church to Americanize the church in the Philip- 
pines is also shown by the appointment of American Catholic bishops 
and one Filipino bishop to fill the episcopal see of the islands. Not 
one Spanish friar bishop remains. It is also understood from the cor- 
respondence with Cardinal Rampolla and subsequent information 
received, that of the money to be paid under the purchase to the 
religious orders by present owners, a large part will be devoted to 
church purposes in the islands by the supreme authority of the church. 
It can be safely stated, therefore, that the most important of the mat- 
ters which the President and the Secretary of War proposed to adjust 
by sending the civil governor to Rome to confer concerning matters of 
difference between the Roman Church and the Philippine government 
have been adjusted, or are on a fair way to satisfactory settlement. 

There still remain the fixing of the amount due for rent of and 
damages to buildings belonging to the church, occupied by United 
States troops, from the United States Government, and the adjust- 
ment of certain trusts, the character of which, as to being secular or 
religious^ is in dispute. 

The disposition of the friars' lands agreed to be purchased will entail 
a very heavy burden upon the Philippine government, but it is thought 
that in the course of ten or fifteen years the distribution of the lands 
can be successfully effected to those now lawfully in possession as 
tenants. The histor}^ of the negotiations for the purchase are fully set 
forth in the report of the civil governor. 

The income from customs and other regular taxes has been falling 
off for the last six months, and there is some reason to expect that the 
income for the year ending June 30, 1901, will be considerably less 
than that for the }^ear ending June 30, 1903. Much of the money 
which has been expended during the current eighteen months has been 
applied to permanent improvements or to extraordinary expenditures 
like the cholera ($300,000), the census ($694,000), and the St. Louis 
Exposition ($575,000); $2,500,000 have been expended or are under 
appropriation for extensive port works. It is quite possible that with 
the pressure for enlargement in the branches of public education and 
in other bureaus which call for expansion there will be a deficit dur- 



b KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ing a period of reduced income, due to the depressed condition of agri- 
culture. If provision should be made by which the Commission could 
issue bonds to pay for permanent improvements, like port works or 
the construction of heavy bridges or other works of great utility 
usually paid for under other governments by bond issues, the embar- 
rassment of a deficit could certainly be avoided. It is thought that it 
would not be extending too great power to the Commission, with the 
consent of the President of the United States and the Secretary of 
War, from time to time to issue bonds not exceeding in the aggregate 
$5,000,000 to pay the cost of permanent improvements like the con- 
struction of port works or bridges or of large provincial or city school- 
houses. For the latter purpose, that of schoolhouses, two or three 
millions of dollars might easily be spent and not one dollar wasted. 
The crying need throughout the islands is school capacity, and the 
chief cause for the fact that only about 10 per cent of the children of 
school age attend the public schools is the limitation upon the school- 
room. The erection of handsome, permanent, airy, and healthy school- 
houses would have an excellent effect both in enlarging the school 
capacity and in giving ocular demonstration of the importance which 
the government attaches to the general system of education. 
Section 66 of the so-called Philippine act of Congress provides: 

That for the purpose of providing funds to construct sewers, to furnish adequate 
sewer and drainage facilities, to secure a sufficient supply of water, and to provide 
all kinds of municipal betterments and improvements in municipalities, the govern- 
ment of the Philippine Islands, under such limitations, terms, and conditions as it 
may prescribe, with the consent and approval of the President and the Congress of 
the United States, may permit any municipality of said islands to incur indebted- 
ness, borrow money, and to issue and sell ( at not less than par value in gold coin of 
the United States) registered or coupon bonds in such amount and payable at such 
time as may be determined by the government of said islands, with interest thereon 
not to exceed five per centum per annum : Provided, That the entire indebtedness 
of any municipality under this section shall not exceed five per centum of the assessed 
valuation of the property in said municipality, and any obligation in excess of such 
limit shall be null and void. 

It seems to the Commission that section 66 ought to be amended by 
striking out the words "and the Congress of the United States," con- 
tained in the seventh line thereof, and that with the continuance of 
the limitation that the bond issue shall not exceed 5 per cent of the 
assessed valuation of the property in the municipality, the require- 
ment that the Commission and the President shall approve the bond 
issue before it can be made will be a quite sufficient barrier against 
abuse of the power. The cumbersomeness of the requirement that 
Congress shall be applied to for the issuing of bonds for any one of 
the nine hundred different towns of the Archipelago, will, it seems to 
us, at once strike the impartial observer. The limitation of 5 per cent 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 7 

upon the assessed valuation is of itself a very great one, and in many 
instances will prevent the making of useful improvements by means 
of a bond issue, but such as the authority is, it ought not to be 
restricted by a further burdensome requirement that we should go to 
Congress for assistance in the case of each municipality. It is sincerely 
hoped that there are many municipalities in which, by a bond issue of 
this sort, a healthful water supply could be obtained either by gravity 
or sunken wells, and the Commission is earnestly desirous of beginning 
this work as soon as possible. 

Attention was called in the last report of the Commission to the fact 
that in the case of the bonds to be issued in the payment of the friars' 
lands, their exemption was made to extend not only to Federal and 
Philippine taxes, but also to the taxation of States, counties, and 
municipalities of the United States, and that by this means it was 
made possible to secure a very much lower rate of interest than with- 
out the exemption from State, municipal, and county taxation in the 
United States. With respect to the bonds to be issued to pay for the 
sewer and water supply systems in Manila, the exemption did not 
include that from State, county, and municipal taxation. As the whole 
effort of the Government of the United States in these islands is a 
national one, it does not appear to the Commission why a distinction 
should be made, and it is again urgently recommended that all bonds 
to be issued by virtue of the Philippine act should be exempt not 
only from Federal and Philippine taxation, but also from State, and 
municipal, and county taxation. 

The operation of the coastwise trade laws of the United States, in 
respect to trade between the islands of the Philippine Archipelago and 
to trade between those islands and the mainland of the United States, 
have been suspended by act of Congress until July 1, 1904. If Con- 
gress were to take no action and to allow the coastwise navigation 
laws to become applicable to the interisland trade of these islands and 
to the trade between the islands and the United States as they novr 
are, most disastrous results would follow. It is earnestly recommended 
that the regulation of the coastwise trade, so far as it relates to the 
trade between the islands of the Philippine Archipelago, be left 
wholly to the discretion of the Philippine Commission, subject to the 
approval of the Secretary of War and the President of the United 
States, and that the trade between the islands and the mainland of the 
United States be continued as at present by suspending the application 
of the trading laws of the United States for five years longer, to wit, 
until July 1, 1909. The reasons for this recommendation will be 
found set forth in the report of the civil governor, and still more in 
detail in the reports of the secretary of finance and justice and the 
reports of the insular collector of customs, Mr. W. Morgan Shuster. 



8 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Since the above was written, it has come to the knowledge of the 
Commission that a bill has been introduced in Congress applying the 
coastwise law to trade between the islands and the mainland of the 
United States. The danger from this of increasing the freight rates 
and thus imposing an additional burden upon the trade of the islands 
must be obvious to anyone who has examined the facts with respect to 
the percentage of the business now done between the islands and the 
mainland of the United States in American bottoms. The Commission, 
of course, can not present any objection to legislation which shall unite 
more closely the Philippine Islands with the United States in bonds of 
amity and mutually beneficial business relations, but it most urgently 
and earnestly invites your attention, and that of Congress, to the great 
injustice Which will be done to the islands if the law which limits the 
means of communication to American bottoms between the United 
States and the Philippine Islands does not at the same time and as a 
consideration for this interference with the natural laws of trade and 
the necessaiy increase of freight rates, strike down the tariff wall made 
by the Dingley tariff in the matter of the importation of sugar and 
tobacco from the islands to the mainland. The people of the islands 
may well ask, "What advantage are we to get out of association with 
the United States in a business way, if our trade is to be used only for 
the purpose of increasing the business of American ships while the 
limitation of the coastwise laws by increasing the freight rates will 
reduce the business that we now have with that country ? " 

Does not every consideration of justice require that if the Philip- 
pine Islands are to be treated as a part of the United States and sub- 
ject to the coastwise laws, they should enjoy the same freedom of 
trade with the United States which is enjoyed by every other part of 
the United States to which those coastwise laws are made applicable? 

We respectfully urge, therefore, that as a condition and as a con- 
sideration for making the trade between the islands and the United 
States coastwise trade, the duty on sugar and tobacco should be 
reduced to not more than 25 per cent of the Dingley rates. 

Now that conditions of tranquility have been completely restored to 
the islands, the time has arrived for the material improvements in the 
islands by great works of construction, and especially the building of 
railroads. In tropical countries the cost of construction and main- 
tenance of a railroad is much less in comparison with that of the con- 
struction and maintenance of a wagon road than in the temperate zone. 
The effect of the torrential rains on wagon roads is so destructive that 
their maintenance each year is almost equal to their original cost of 
construction in many places in the Philippine Islands where good road 
material is difficult to obtain. It becomes therefore more important 
in these islands to have railroads than wagon roads, and we believe 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 9 

sincerely that the stimulation of the construction of railroads by Gov- 
ernment guaranty of a certain income is fully warranted. 

We are opposed to the granting of lands as a subsidy for the con- 
struction of roads, and favor the definite fixing of the Government lia- 
bility by guaranty of the income on a fixed investment. In this way 
we feel certain that the construction of a large part of the needed 
trunk lines in the islands can be brought about. In our view a 
guaranty of income not exceeding ± per cent is all that is required, 
and in many instances a grant of less than that will supply the needed 
capital. We think that the making of such guaranties might well be 
left to the Commission, with the approval of the Secretary of War 
and the President of the United States. 

The Commission retains its opinion already expressed that the 
limitation upon the holding of land in the islands by corporations 
to 2,500 acres is a needless hindrance to the development of the 
islands, and that the limitation ought either to be removed entirely or 
to be increased so as to allow the acquisition of at least 25,000 acres of 
land. In cases in which, in order to justify the expenditure of the 
amount of capital required to conduct sugar and other agricultural 
industries on a paying basis, a very large amount of money is needed, 
the restriction of corporations to the ownership of 2,500 acres is prac- 
tically prohibitory upon such enterprises. 

Again, the chief of the mining bureau and the secretary of the 
interior recommend that the provision of the present mining laws 
which prevents the location of more than one claim by a single indi- 
vidual or association upon a lode or deposit should be stricken out. 
The Commission entirely concurs in this view. Attention is also 
called to the fact that that part of the Philippine act which relates to 
mining needs some amendments of smaller importance, but which are 
quite necessary. Thus, both standards of measurement are used in the 
act, whereas the metric system alone ought to be used. Again, the 
recording of mining claims is forbidden without certain requisites. 
The chief of the bureau is strongly of opinion that all such claims 
ought to be recorded, and then their legal effect after recording should 
be left to the courts. He thinks the present provision intrusts too 
much power to the recording officer. 

The Commission therefore has the honor to recommend that Con- 
gress be requested to enact legislation as follows: 

First. Legislation which shall reduce the tariff on sugar and tobacco 
imported from the Philippine Islands to not more than 25 per cent of 
the present Dingley rates on tobacco and sugar imported from foreign 
countries. 

Second. Legislation authorizing the Philippine Commission, with 
the approval of the President and the Secretary of War, to issue bonds 



10 REPOPT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

from time to time, which shall not in the aggregate sum exceed 
$5,000,000, for the making of future permanent improvements. 

Third. An amendment to section 66 of an act entitled "An act 
temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil 
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," by 
which the consent of Congress to issue the bonds therein provided for 
may not be required. 

Fourth. Legislation providing that all bonds authorized to be issued 
by the Philippine government or any provincial or municipal govern- 
ment thereof by act of Congress shall be made exempt not only from 
Federal and Philippine taxation, but from State, county, and municipal 
taxation in the United States. 

Fifth. That control over the shipping in the trade between the 
islands shall be left wholly to the discretion of the Philippine Com- 
mission, subject to the approval of the President and the Secretary of 
War. 

Sixth. That the application of the United States coastwise naviga- 
tion laws to the trade between the Philippine Islands and the mainland 
of the United States be postponed by Congressional action until July 1, 
1909; or, in the alternative, that the coastwise laws of the United 
States be not made applicable to the trade between the islands and the 
mainland of the United -States, except with a proviso or condition that 
the rates upon imports from the Philippine Islands into the United 
States shall not pay duty in excess of 25 per cent of the rates on such 
merchandise imposed by the Dingley tariff. 

Seventh. That authority be given by Congressional act to the 
Philippine Commission, with the approval of the President and the 
Secretary of War, to encourage the investment of capital in the con- 
struction of railroads for the Philippine Islands by accompanying 
the grants of franchises to build railroads, in cases where it is deemed 
necessary, with a guaranty by the Philippine government of income 
on the amount of the investment to be fixed in advance in the act of 
guaranty, the amount of income guaranteed not to exceed annually 
4 per cent of the fixed principal. 

Eighth. That the amount of land which may be acquired, owned, 
and used for agricultural purposes in the Philippines by any individual 
or corporation shall be extended to 25,000 acres. 

i Ninth. That the clause which forbids the filing of more than one 
mining claim by the same individual or association upon a lode or 
deposit be repealed. " 

Tenth. That the provisions of the Philippine act entitled "An act 
temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil 
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," which 
apply to mining claims, and the procedure in filing them, shall be so 
amended that only the metric system of distances shall be used, and 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 11 

shall also be so amended that mining claims shall be filed whether 
property executed according- to law or not, the effect of their execution 
and record to be left to future adjudication. 
Respectfully submitted. 

Wm. H. Taft, President. . 
For— 

Dean C. Worcester, 
Luke E. Wright, 
Henry C. Ide, 
T. H. Pardo de Tavera, 
Benito Legarda, 
Jose Luzuriaga, 
James F. Smith, 

Commissioners. 
The honorable the Secretary of War. 

Washington, D. C. 



REPORT OF THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

FOE THE PERIOD ENDING DECEMBER 23, 1903. 



13 



LIST OF EXHIBITS TO REPORT OF CIVIL GOVERNOR FOR THE 

YEAR 1903. 

Exhibit A. — Resolutions re rice. Executive order 64. Acts 495, 517. 

Proclamation re quick-growing crops. Acts 817, 738, 

786, 797, 828. 
B. — Report insular purchasing agent. 
C. — Report insular purchasing agent carabao to November 

20, 1903. 
D. — Expenditures Congressional relief fund. 
E. — Reconcentration act No. 781. 

F. — Stenographic report Villegas hearings (Washington). 
G. — Summarized statement valuations religious estates. 
H. — Contracts for sale friars' lands. 

I.— Statement showing executive action religious matters. 
J. — Report Governor Wright — Hemp. 

K. — Petition agricultural society Panay and Negros — Sugar. 
L. — Colton's statement re sugar. 

M. — Governor Wright's statement re sugar and tobacco. 
N. — Supervisor fiscal report labor Benguet road. 
O. — Labor report, Captain Couden, U. S. Navy. 
P. — Report Norton and Drew. 
Q. — Report exposition board. 
R. — Report civil service board. 
S. — Acts of the Moro Province. 
T. — Report General Wood, Bates treaty. 
U. — Report of municipal board. 
V. — Charter Manila Street Railway. 
W. — Improvement of port. 
X. — Report executive secretary. 
Y. — Executive orders and proclamations. 

15 



REPORT OF THE CIVIL GOVERNOR FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 

DECEMBER 23, 1903. 

Manila, P. I., November 15, 1903. 

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit a report to you on the 
general conditions in the islands and on the affairs of the bureaus 
which by law are under the direct supervision of the civil governor. 
The report of last year, upon the subjects treated in this report gen- 
erally, covered a period ending October 1, 1902. I shall attempt to 
make this report cover the period ending December 23, 1903. 

This has been a year of considerable suffering among the people of 
the Philippine Islands. The depressing causes referred to in my last 
report united to bring on in July and August last a short food supply. 
The worst has passed, and while the immediate future is not as bright 
as it might be, I believe that we are beginning an era in the history of 
the islands which, with the assistance of proper tariff reduction in the 
United States and proper navigation laws for the islands, will be one 
of decided material development. 

In November, 1902, the price of rice rose rapidly in Manila and the 
provinces, and authentic information reached the Commission that a 
syndicate had been formed by certain merchants of Manila and else- 
where to effect a corner in this food of the people and to control its 
price. The situation warranted extraordinary action to prevent hard- 
ship and suffering. On the 4th of November, 1902, therefore, the 
Commission passed Act No. 495, a copy of which is appended under 
Exhibit A, appropriating $2,000,000 Mexican to defray the expense 
of buying and distributing rice at a reasonable price to the inhab- 
itants of those provinces in which the market price was too high. By 
the terms of the law the rice was bought under direction of the civil 
governor and was distributed under the orders of the same officer for 
cash and at a price which would cover cost and all expenses. Subse- 
quently the restriction as to price was repealed. In attempting to 
buy rice in Saigon, the source of rice supply nearest to the Philip- 
pines, the Commission was informed that the supply from there was 
exhausted. Thereupon application was made to the consul at Bang- 
kok for Siam rice and also to the consul at Calcutta for Calcutta rice. 

war 1903— vol 5 2 17 



18 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

It was found necessary to go into these distant markets because the 
syndicate evidently controlled the Saigon market. 

The purchases of rice, with the cost of storing, distribution, and 
wastage, did not prove to be profitable as a mere investment. An 
especially severe loss was suffered in the rice purchased at Calcutta. 
We bought there what was called "first-class famine rice." On 
arrival this proved to be an inferior quality of red rice, which soon 
developed weevils and in its deteriorating condition had to be sold at a 
considerable loss. It was probably necessary to go as far as Calcutta 
to break the corner, but it would have been wiser to buy a better 
quality of rice. 

None of the rice in question was given away; it was held in Manila 
and sent to the various provinces as word was received from the gov- 
ernors that the local dealers were raising the price of rice beyond 
what was reasonable. Our purchases in Siam and Calcutta broke the 
corner, and rice fell in price. It then became necessary to dispose of 
the rice on hand to dealers in Manila and in other parts of the Archipel- 
ago at such price as could be obtained. A large part of the Calcutta 
purchase was sold to a firm having control of certain small coastwise 
steamers of small draft which plied from port to port and peddled out 
cargoes of the poor rice through Chinamen. The contract of sale 
forbade under bond penalty, disposition of the rice at a price greater 
than $6.50 Mexican per picul of 137i pounds, plus actual cost of freight. 
This was not an unreasonable price for that quality of rice in the 
provinces. 

The purchases of rice under Act No. 495 in Mexican money amounted 

to $1, 815, 974. 81 

And the sales amounted to 1, 567, 642. 00 

Loss from wastage and poor Calcutta rice 248, 332. 81 

The details of these Government transactions can be seen by refer- 
ence to the report of the insular purchasing agent, made an exhibit 
hereto, marked Exhibit B. On the purchase under Act 495 the loss 
to the Government, at the then prevailing rate, was thus about $100,000 
gold. Considering that by this action rice at a reasonable price was 
secured to six millions of people for one season when they were threat- 
ened with starvation prices, the money was not badly spent. The 
losses sustained hy the syndicate who attempted the corner was suffi- 
cient to prevent another combination of the kind. It will be noted 
that the money spent under Act No. 495 was appropriated from the 
general funds of the insular treasury, and did not come out of the 
three millions appropriated by act of Congress for relief of the dis- 
tress in the islands, subsequently passed. 

Anticipating that the small rice acreage, due to the absence of cattle 
and other causes, would not be sufficient to furnish food enough for 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 19 

the inhabitants during the year 1903, the Commission passed an act 
to provide against the danger of famine dated November 12, 1902, 
and numbered 517. By this act it was made the duty of municipal 
presidents in all the towns of the islands to call meetings of the people 
of their respective towns, and to urge them at once to take steps to 
secure the necessary seed and to plant quick-growing crops of corn, 
camotes (i. e., sweet potatoes), rice, and other food plants. Each 
president was authorized temporarily to allot public land within his 
town to citizens of the town for the purpose of planting seed and of 
reaping the crop. The act further authorized provincial boards to buy 
seed and sell it where needed to the towns, to be sold again to the 
inhabitants, with authority to furnish the indigent with seed and to 
collect the equivalent of the same from the crop. Monthly reports of 
their proceedings under the act were required from the municipal 
presidents and provincial governors. The civil governor was required 
to bring the terms of the act to the attention of the people by procla- 
mation. 

The proclamation was issued in accordance with the act, and reports 
from the various provinces justify the statement that the act stim- 
ulated the planting of many different kinds of food-making plants and 
prevented much of the suffering which would have been caused by the 
short food supply. In parts of the islands the municipal councils 
exceeded their authority and made the failure to plant crops criminal 
offenses, and punished persons by imprisonment in jail for failure to 
attend to the provisions of this act and to raise the crops as the coun- 
cils thought they ought. Executive action had to be taken to prevent 
such abuses. From the 1st of January until late in August there was 
a drought in the islands of unusual length, which interfered with the 
successful reaping of many of the crops planted under Act No. 517; 
and with the drought a pest of locusts came that bade fair to consume 
every part of the food supply that grew above the ground. Locusts 
have visited some provinces in the islands for two or three years past, 
but during this year every province seems to have been afflicted with 
them. In a normal state of agriculture, with the acreage of planted 
crops what it was before 1896, every hacendero or farmer, the 
moment that locusts appeared, had the strongest motive for uniting 
all the people in the suppression of the pest. If locusts are promptly 
attacked, driven into ditches and burned before their wings are grown, 
and when they are what are called "loctones" or hoppers, they can 
be destroyed and the losses which they cause as flying insects may 
be avoided. The difficulty during the past year has been that com- 
paratively so little of the land has been cultivated that the motive for 
the influential hacendero and landowner to make great efforts to 
kill the locusts has not existed. The Commission became convinced 
from official reports received that some radical action must be taken 



20 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

to rouse the people to suppress the locusts. Accordingly Act No. 817, 
declaring the presence of locusts to be a public emergency and making 
provision for their suppression, was enacted on the 3d of August, 1903. 
By this act a board for the suppression of locusts was provided in each 
province, to consist of the three members of the provincial board and 
three agriculturalists. In each province in which locusts appeared, 
every able-bodied inhabitant, with a few necessary exceptions, was 
declared liable for service under regulations of the board, which might 
require the inhabitants to assemble "en masse" to suppress the pest, or 
might make it the duty of each inhabitant to deliver to an agent of the 
board a certain number of bushels of locusts a day. The municipal offi- 
cers were made subject to the orders of the board, and they were required 
at once to give notice of the presence of locusts in any barrio of a 
town to the agents of the board. The board was authorized to dis- 
tribute rice to those engaged in the work of suppressing locusts who 
were unable to support themselves during their service, and this rice, 
it was provided, the civil governor should purchase at the expense of 
the Congressional relief fund and distribute to the various provinces. 
Any person failing to comply with lawful regulations of the board 
was made subject to prosecution and a fine of $10 or ten days imprison- 
ment, or both. The board was also authorized to procure from the civil 
governor sheets of galvanized iron to be distributed to each town, and 
to be used as a means of obstructing the escape of locusts and of 
driving them into prepared ditches. These sheets of iron were also 
to be paid for from the Congressional relief fund. 

Money has been drawn from the Congressional relief fund by vir- 
tue of Acts Nos. 738, 786, and 797, and under resolutions of the Com- 
mission adopted in accordance with the provisions of the last act. 
The three acts and the resolutions passed are appended to this report 
under Exhibit A. It was thought wise to buy rice and distribute it 
in the provinces to be used not only to pay for the destruction of 
locusts, but also for the payment of labor on the roads, for the labor 
in the erection of barrio schoolhouses and other public works, the 
construction of which in districts where the food supply was short 
would furnish means of living to the poor and indigent. Rice for 
this purpose proved generally to be better than money, because money 
earned and paid was too often lost in gambling, the prevailing vice 
among the Filipino people, whether rich or poor. Rice generally 
reached the mouths it was intended for. 

We have purchased under Acts 786 and 797 from Congressional 
relief funds, rice amounting to 16,552,487 pounds, costing $732,790.13 
Mexican currency, and 8,455,524 pounds, costing $348,931.93 Philip- 
pine currency. Of this 19,994,565 pounds have been distributed down 
to November 30 of this year, and we have on hand 5,013,446 pounds. 
Probably no more than this will be needed for the present year. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



21 



The following table shows the provinces to which the rice has been 
distributed and the purposes to which it has been devoted: 



Province. 


Piculs (137* 

pounds to 

picul ) . 


Days wages 
in driving 
and de- 
stroying 
locusts. 


Repair- 
ing and 

con- 
structing 
roads. 


For sale 
to pre- 
vent ex- 
orbitant 
prices. 


Barrio 
school- 
houses. 


Iron for 
locusts 
(sheets). 


Netting 
for catch- 
ing 
locusts. 




2,000 
5,000 
4,500 
1,250 


1,000 
500 




1,000 




400 






4,500 

3,000 

500 










1,500 








750 




500 
100 
300 














12, 000 

500 

10, 000 


4,000 


3,000 

500 

8,000 




5,000 












2,000 






500 
100 
500 
100 
1,000 


1,000 










5,000 
6,000 
5,000 
9,700 
2,000 
12, 500 

820 
2,000 

103 
1,000 
5,000 
3,500 

100 
8,000 
8,500 
4,500 


1,000 
1,000 


3,000 
5,000 
5,000 
6,200 




1,000 










Cebu 










1,000 
2,000 
2,500 
820 
1,000 
51 




2,500 








500 

1,500 

100 

500 




Iloilo 


10, 000 




















1,000 








52 

1,000 
3,000 
3,000 
100 
4,000 






















2,000 








500 




500 














4,000 
4,000 
2,000 






1,600 
500 

1,000 
500 
600 
100 






3,000 


1,500 






2,500 














5,000 

100 

400 

2,000 

2,000 

4,000 

84 

4,000 

8,050 

5,400 


1,000 
100 


4,000 
















Rizal 


400 












2,000 












2,000 
4,000 






















34 

1,000 

3,000 

400 










Tarlac 


3,000 
4,500 
2,000 












a 100 


450 
3,000 


450 
100 
















139, 957 


33, 655 


82, 252 


7,100 


16, 950 


11,450 


1,000 





a Provincial buildings. 

The only gratuitous distribution of rice permitted was as follows: 

Piculs. 

Mariquina fire sufferers 182 

Indigent poor, town of Capiz, Panay 25 

Relief inhabitants of Canaman, Magarao, Bombon, Quipajo, Ambos Camarines 
(50 piculs each town) 200 

Total : 407 

Under date of September 18, 1903, provincial board of Occidental Negros was 
authorized to furnish 2 cavanes of rice per week to lepers at Macalol, Bacolod. (To 
be taken from rice shipped under Act 786.) 

It was supposed for some time to be possible to destroy the locusts 
by infecting some of them with a disease from a poisonous fungus 
and allowing the infected ones to escape to their fellows and thus 
spread destruction through all of them. In exceptional instances 
this remed} T was effective, but during the dry season it failed utterly, 
and it is so likely to fail at all times that it has not been deemed wise 
to devote any further attention to it. The destruction by locusts dur- 
ing the months of April, May, and June and earlier, was very great, 



22 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

but it is thought that the steps since taken for the protection of the 
crops which were seeded in July and August have been quite effective 
to prevent serious loss. The offer of rice for work in suppressing the 
locusts, with the provisions of the law referred to, summoned the 
entire population— men, women and children — and the result justifies 
the plan. 

The road work done at the expense of the relief fund has been 
chiefly that of repairing former roads under the control and direction 
of the provincial supervisors. The consulting engineer has been busy 
preparing plans and specifications for the construction of what may 
well be called " insular" roads, because they will lead from one prov- 
ince to another or from one side of an important island to another, 
and are too expensive to be built under the auspices of the provincial 
government. 

Rice has also been used in Ilocos Norte, in Tayabas, and in Cavite, 
and possibly it will be used in other provinces for work done in the 
erection of barrio schoolhouses. Almost the entire cost of these school- 
houses is in labor, and the use of rice therefore, for the construction 
of such houses, is very convenient. Under the laws and executive 
orders safeguarding the expenditure of the rice, set forth in the appen- 
dix and already referred to, the objects, places of expenditure, the 
amount of work done, the price at which it was done, will all be shown 
by accounts filed by supervisors of the provinces with the auditor, but 
it is impossible at the present time to submit such accounts, for the 
reason that sufficient time has not elapsed for their submission and 
audit. 

The stimulus given to the cultivation of the ground this year by legis- 
lation and the efforts of the authorities has led to what is probably a 
greater acreage for the planting of rice and other food supplies than 
any year since 1889. Of course much difficulty has been found in the 
absence of draft cattle, but the pinch of hunger and the instruction of 
municipal authorities has led to the use of the existing carabao by many 
different farmers and to some plowing by hand. The prospect is that 
we shall have a better rice crop in nearly all the provinces, except, pos- 
sibly, Batangas, than we have had for years. It was at first thought 
that all the crops would be destroyed by the continuance of the drought, 
but after August rain fell all over the islands, and the rice which has 
seemed to be in a failing condition developed, and now gives prospect 
of producing a fair amount of grain. 

No cases of actual starvation have been brought to the notice of the 
Government. In the provinces of Ambos Camarines, Iloilo, and 
Batangas it has been reported that there was much suffering from 
lack of food and this was doubtless true, but the people have always 
found enough camotes or tubers and other food roots to avoid starva- 
tion. Such food not properly cooked is indigestible and unhealthy, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 23 

and while there were no deaths from starvation there were diseases 
incident to bad and insufficient food which carried off many. Among 
people thus badly nourished, cholera, too, found many victims. 

The absence of draft cattle is likely to produce a change in the 
amount of rice production in these islands under normal conditions. 
In a number of provinces hemp is being planted. The hemp crop 
does not need, except for purposes of transportation, the carabao. 
The hemp culture is increasing very rapidly in Laguna, in Batangas, 
in Cavite, in the Camarines, in Union, and in other provinces where 
rice was the chief product. The importation of rice for the year end- 
ing June 30, 1903, exceeded that of the previous year by about three 
and one-half millions of dollars gold, and reached as a grand total 
something over ten millions of dollars gold. It is hoped that no such 
amount of rice will need to be imported next year, but it should be 
said that if the culture of hemp, copra, sugar, and tobacco pays better, 
the importation of some rice as food may not necessarily indicate a 
lack of prosperity in the countiy. 

One of the chief objects of the Congressional relief fund was the 
restocking of the islands with draft animals. By Act No. 738 the sum 
of $100,000 was appropriated for the preliminary expenses in the pur- 
chase of draft cattle. The acting insular purchasing agent and a cattle 
expert, taken from the agricultural bureau, were sent to every coun- 
try in the Orient whence exportation to the Philippines was possible. 
The purchasing agent advertised in Manila for bids at which 5,000 
carabao, immunized from rinderpest, would be delivered in Manila, 
but the uncertainty as to the percentage of cattle that would survive 
the process of immunization prevented our securing a contract from 
responsible cattle importers in Manila. The process of temporary 
immunization consists in injecting into the circulation of the animal a 
serum which will render the animal immune from rinderpest some four 
or five months. Permanent immunization is only effected by a simul- 
taneous injection of the serum and virulent rinderpestic blood drawn 
from a victim of the disease. The inoculators of the board of health 
of the islands have inoculated many carabao in provinces revisited by 
rinderpest, to prevent a spread of the disease, and the loss has not 
averaged three per cent of the animals inoculated. It was hoped that 
the same result might attend inoculation of animals purchased in China 
and subjected to inoculation at Shanghai. Accdrdingly, the acting 
insular purchasing agent made a contract with the firm of Keylock & 
Pratt, of that city, for the delivery in Manila of 10,000 immunized 
carabao at the price of 88 Mexican pesos a head; an agent of the insu- 
lar government to examine and reject carabao before inoculation at 
Shanghai and to supervise the process, and the insular government to 
share the risk of loss by paying 40 pesos for each head dying on 
account of it. The percentage of loss from the treatment became so 



24 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

great at Shanghai that both parties to the contract were glad to modify 
its terms by a new contract under which Keylock & Pratt agreed to 
deliver 10,000 carabao of certain weight and age in Manila at 79 
Mexican pesos a head, temporarily immunized in China and subject to 
inspection at Manila. Thus far it can not be said that the contract 
has been successful. The truth is that the imported animals seem to 
be peculiarly susceptible to many other diseases than rinderpest after 
they are brought here. We have lost nearly an entire herd of 200 
from hemorrhagic septicaemia, quite a number from surra, and others 
from a union of rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease. In addition 
to this, we received word through the State Department at Washing- 
ton that the Chinese Government would forbid the exportation of 
more than 1,000 animals. Our latest information, however, is that 
the Chinese authorities will not interfere with the fulfillment of the 
present contract. The following table shows the carabao transactions : 

Statement November 20, 1903. 

Shanghai cur- 
rency. 

Total number purchased under old contract 649, at $75. . $48, 675. 00 

Total number dying at Shanghai after inoculation 435, at 40 . . 17, 400. 00 

Total number purchased under new contract 721, at 79. . 56, 979. 00 



Total 1,805 $123,054.00 

or Philippine currency $118, 805. 45 

Total number accepted alive 1, 370 

Dispositions: 

Sale by purchasing agent 91 

23, at $100 $2,300 

68, at 70 7,060 



$9, 360 
Transfer to provinces — 

Rizal 105 

Bataan 230 

Laguna 51 

Occidental Negros 20 

Zamboanga 33 

On hand in Manila 406 

Missing 3 

Died since acceptance 429 



1,370 



The Commisson passed Act 828 (a copy of which is appended under 
Exhibit A) for the purpose of prescribing a method of disposing of 
the carabao purchased in the provinces where they were most needed. 
The insular purchasing agent is authorized by the act to send carabao 
purchased to any province the provincial board of which shall request 
it, upon approval of the Commission. Sales are conducted under the 
auspices of the provincial board. The minimum price at cash sales is 
fixed at 70 Philippine pesos. The privilege of choice is to be put up 
for public bidding. Sales partly on time are allowed, but preference 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 25 

is given in choice to those buying wholly for cash. The terms of 
partly credit sales are 93 pesos — 31 pesos cash and the balance in one 
and two } r ears secured by chattel mortgage on the animal. It has also 
been the custom of the Commission to authorize the purchasing agent 
to sell in small numbers carabao at 100 Philippine pesos a head for cash, 
with the privilege of choice to any bona fide hacendero or farmer 
coming to Manila to buy. Of course the prices fixed will not pay the 
cost of the carabao, but it was not the purpose of the Commission to 
charge full cost. The Commission understands the intention of Con- 
gress to be to relieve the scarcity of cattle by furnishing them to farmers 
at a low price. 

If we assume that the carabao shown to be on hand and sold at the 
time of the preparation of the statement given above will continue in 
life, they have cost the insular government 126.65 Philippine pesos a 
head, without counting forage and other expenses of maintenance, 
which would perhaps increase the expense to 150 pesos. This is not 
encouraging, but experience will doubtless enable us to reduce the cost. 
The attitude of the Chinese Government makes it improbable that we 
can procure from China more than the 10,000 already contracted for 
there. It seems likely, though experiment will only make it certain, 
that it would be wiser for us to import the so-called Indian bulls and 
cows used now in the Straits Settlements in Java and in India for rice 
culture, because, though not so strong, they are hardier than the carabao 
and quite as good workers. I append hereto a statement as to carabao 
transactions to November 20, 1903, by the insular purchasing agent, 
as Exhibit C. 

I also append a statement from the auditor showing the actual 
expenditures from the Congressional relief fund as Exhibit D. From 
this statement it appears that of the total sum of 1*6,000,000, appro- 
priated by Congress, the sum of ^=2, 69 1,000 has been appropriated or 
allotted by the Philippine Commission for the purposes of the act, and 
that net withdrawals from such allotments have been made amounting to 
^1,312,162.12, leaving a balance to the credit of the allotments amount- 
ing to ?1, 378, 837. 58. There was in the treasury on December 1 to 
the credit of the Congressional relief fund a balance unappropriated 
of ^3,309,000, and a balance of the original fund in the treasury, 
allotted and unallotted, amounting to ^1,687,837.58, or $2,313,918.79. 

CONDITIONS AS TO TRANQUILLITY. 

The conditions with respect to tranquillity in the islands have greatly 
improved during the last year, and I think it fair to say that at no 
time in the history of the islands has there been less ladronism than 
as when this is written, December 10, 1903. At the time of writing 
my last report the provinces of Rizal and Bulacan, in the immediate 
neighborhood of Manila, were disturbed by marauding bands, which 



26 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

are said to have derived considerable support from persons in Manila. 
They were under the command of one San Miguel, who professed to 
be the appointee of a junta representing the Filipino Republic. He 
drew his forces from the purlieus of Manila and from well-known 
ladrones, thieves, and other criminals to be found in the towns of the 
two provinces. So active did the marauders become that the forces 
of the constabulary of the two provinces were not enough to guard 
the towns against their attacks and at the same time to chase the rob- 
bers to their hiding places. Accordingly, use was made of the scouts 
under the constabulary act, and this with very good effect. In two 
engagements, one with the constabulary and the other with a company 
of scouts, the ladrones suffered most severely, losing in the latter of 
the two engagements more than 60 men by death, including their 
leader, San Miguel. Shortly before the death of San Miguel, Apoli- 
nario Mabini landed in these islands from Guam, after taking the oath 
of allegiance. Upon his landing a note from San Miguel was handed 
him, asking for advice. To this note Mabini responded by writing on 
his visiting card that he had not been long enough in the islands to 
answer, but that he would advise him later. The card of Mabini was 
found on the dead body of San Miguel and was delivered to me by the 
chief of the constabulary. I sent the card to Mabini by the hand of 
Pedro A. Paterno, expressing surprise that so soon after taking the 
oath he should open communication with men in arms against the 
Government. He replied by sending to me a copy of a letter which 
he had sent San Miguel, but which did not reach him before his death. 
The letter was as follows: 

Manila, March 27, 1903. 

Sir: Since you ask me my opinion concerning your action, I will clearly inform 
you in accordance with my method of thinking. 

I do not consider that the liberty enjoyed to-day in this Archipelago can be fol- 
lowed by independence through means of arms at the present time. The people do 
not move because they have no arms, and even if they had them they would have 
nothing to eat. Although you might find another nation that would like to furnish 
arms and supplies, this nation also would like to annex this territory, and if this 
should happen our misfortune would be still greater. 

If we should proceed gradually, as, in fact, you are doing, the war would continue 
and possibly our nation never would enjoy prosperity, because the war would finally 
turn into a poisonous disease which would greatly increase our weakness. Under- 
stand well that we are now killing each other. 

It seems to me that at the present time we should endeavor to secure independence 
through the paths of peace. Let us cease that the people may rest, that it may work 
to recover from its recent proprietary losses. Let us conform to the opinion of the 
majority, although we may recognize that by this method we do not obtain our 
desires. 

This is, I believe, the surest and most fit method in obtaining the welfare of all. 

Let us deliberate and hold an assembly to treat of these matters. In case you are 
in conformity with this and return to peace, determine upon the necessary condi- 
tions that you should ask in order to save yourselves from any whatever vexations, 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 27 

and if you think that I should transmit your petition to the constituted authorities 
I am disposed to comply at any time. 

There are those who say that your procedure is the cause of many abuses and 
methods which are unfavorable to the country, but I believe that the remedy for 
this, if it were true, is not comparable to the great poverty which would be born of 
of a war apparently interminable. I believe that as long as the Filipinos do not 
endeavor to liberate themselves from their bonds the period of their liberty will not 
arrive. 

Excuse me for telling you this. If, perchance, you are not in accord with my 
opinion, this will not, as far as I am concerned, be a motive for destroying our for- 
mer friendship and companionship. 

Order your humble servant whenever you see fit. 



Ap. Mabini. 



General Luciano Sax Miguel. 



Subsequently to this, Mabini addressed to me a letter in terms 
following: 

Manila, P. I. , April 9, 1903. 

Honorable Sie: A few days after my arrival at this capital, I received a message 
from the late San Miguel, sending greetings of welcome, and requesting my opinion 
in regard to his attitude. In reply I sent him a card, thanking him for his welcome 
and informing him that I had not as yet formed any opinion, since I had only just 
arrived and did not know the conditions. 

Weeks after, when I had acquired some knowledge of the true state of affairs, I 
wrote a letter, in which I endeavored to prove that armed contention is ruinous to 
the country and that the present condition of things permits only of a pacific con- 
tention for the political ideals that one might strive after. I prepared this letter 
against the time when San Miguel should ask me for the second time for my opinion. 
On the morning of the 27th of March last a messenger came for the said opinion, 
and I gave him the letter. But on the following day the messenger came back to 
inform me that the letter had not reached the hands of San Miguel, who had been 
killed, but had been delivered to an officer of his band for him to deliver to the sec- 
ond in command. Later I turned over the rough copy of the letter to Mr. Pedro A. 
Paterno, in order that he might inform you in regard to the contents. 

I have just been informed that the letter is in the possession of Faustino Gui- 
llermo, chief of a band, who, with his people, is disposed, so they say, to follow the 
counsels given in the said letter. But there exists another and larger band, under 
the command of Alejandro Santiago and Apolonio Samson; this Alejandro Santiago 
is, according to reports, the successor of San Miguel. These chieftains have not 
received the letter yet, for the reason that the frequent expeditions and patrols of 
the constabulary render communication very difficult; no one dares to search for 
them, for fear of falling into the hands of the officers of public order. They tell me 
that it is necessary that the persecution should not be so active, if only for a few 
days, for them to secure an opportunity to hold intercourse; or that a safe conduct 
should be furnished them, so that they can send a person* to look for them and 
deliver the letter. 

I must confess frankly that the late San Miguel was an old acquaintance and even 
friend of mine; but the chiefs above mentioned I do not know personally, and I am 
not acquainted with their antecedents. 

With these data, I await your determination, signing myself your humble and 
obedient servant. 

Mabini. 

Mr. William- H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippines. 



28 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

To which I made the following reply, which ended the correspond- 
ence: 

Baguio, Benguet, April 18, 1903. 
My Deak Sir: I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter of April 9, 1903, and 
to apologize for my delay in answering the same. The letter was delivered to me just 
before I left Manila for Benguet, and I had to delay answer until reaching here, and 
until the letter could be translated. I have also read the copy of your letter to San 
Miguel which you sent me by Senor Paterno. I thank you much for interesting 
yourself in the maintenance of law and order in the islands and in presenting as 
cogently as you do the necessity for peace and tranquillity. If I have understood 
your letter to me and its request, you have in mind a surrender of the persons to 
whom you have directed your letter, on condition of their receiving immunity from 
ordinary prosecutions under the law. Could I be assured that this leniency would 
secure quiet, and freedom from robbery and invasion to the good people of Bulacan, 
Bizal, and Cavite, whose welfare we both have at heart, I should be glad again to 
offer immunity to those to whom you desire your letter to be conveyed; but the 
difficulty is, my dear senor, that purely out of consideration for the welfare of the 
people of the three provinces, I ran the risk of allowing many criminals to go 
unwhipt of justice and did authorize an offer of immunity to these very persons 
should they come in and surrender all their arms — an offer which remained open for 
some six weeks from October 1 to November 15 of last year. Reports came from 
time to time that the offer was to be accepted, but finally nothing was done. There 
was for a time suspension of the police expeditions in order to permit a general 
surrender. The only effect of this was to exaggerate in the eyes of the poor people 
of the towns of Rizal and Bulacan the prestige of those to whom the offers of 
immunity were made, enabling them the better to terrorize such people, and to give 
to the individuals in arms an excessive idea of their own importance. The negotia- 
tion fell through chiefly because the men who made up the bands of these various 
individuals belonged to the criminal classes, were confirmed ladrones and escaped 
fugitives from justice, whom their leaders, even if they desired to do so, could not 
control to the extent of compelling them to give up their arms which they needed 
for their life's profession. They were all bent on a lawless life, were outlaws and 
bandits, and would continue to be so whatever the government at Manila. True 
they received reenforcement from time to time from the idle and worthless of 
the neighboring towns and doubtless had assistance from some of the municipal offi- 
cials, who, acting from motives of fear or gain, reaped a benefit from their complic- 
ity and assistance. After this experience, and after a conference with the members 
of the Commission, I reached the definite conclusion that patience with them had 
ceased to be a virtue, and that the worst possible course to pursue with them, having 
regard to the welfare of the Filipino people of the three provinces, was to temporize, 
negotiate, or offer immunity to them. Most of them were criminals and had been so 
since the Spanish times, and it could not reasonably be expected that they would, 
even if they surrendered, return to paths of peace, fan Miguel was selected as 
nominal leader and figurehead because the real leaders were jealous of each other. 
Santiago, a very obscure person, with facility only for intrigue, has been selected on 
the same principle. Apollonio Samson, Faustino Guillermo, Julian Santos (now 
under sentence of death), Manilang (now dead), Felizardo, Montiilon, and Contre- 
ras were the real leaders and they always have been robbers, kidnapers, and cara- 
bao thieves, and Guillermo, Santos, and Manilang, and possibly some of the others, 
were fugitives from justice under charge of murder. They are unworthy of either 
the encouragement or sympathy of any Filipino of honor and integrity, no matter 
what his views as to the present civil government, or the independence of the 
islands. It is difficult for those who are sincerely irreconcilable not to sympathize 
with any disturbance involving attacks upon the peace and order of the community, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 29 

because they can hardly repress the hope that such disturbance, whatever the motive, 
may embarrass the present government and ultimately germinate into a new insur- 
rection. In the blindness of their zeal they are willing to sacrifice their own people — 
for it is only their own people who suffer by such outlawry — to a vague hope that out 
of pure ladronism, murder, and robbery may grow a successful revolution based on 
patriotic sentiment. Those whose duty it is, however, to keep informed as to the 
character and nature of these persons who keep up such disturbances know that 
while these persons may receive encouragement and even material assistance from 
irreconcilable persons of respectability, they are essentially only robber bands, 
thieves, murderers, and kidnapers for ransom, determined to live on their neigh- 
bors and willing to sacrifice any number of Filipinos to the enjoyment of an outlaw 
life. They masquerade at times as ' ' revolucionarios ' ' in order to win the assistance 
just mentioned, but they are nothing but ladrones and should be punished only as 
violators of the law. Were there established in these islands a self-respecting and 
responsible independent Filipino government, almost its first duty would be the 
suppression and punishment of exactly this class of persons, who in their hearts 
recognize no law and wish no condition of affairs save that of violence and rapine, 
for in no other can they acquire a livelihood, or attain the position of prominence or 
influence which their vanity demands. 

I have written, my dear Senor, to you with great frankness, not with the idea of 
publishing our correspondence, but merely to show you my exact attitude and to 
explain why it is that I can not facilitate communication between you and the per- 
sons whom you name, whose past history you say you do not know, because if I 
were to do so, it would lend support to the view that I am willing to offer immunity 
in case of their surrender. 

I have the honor to be, with sentiments of very great respect, 
Very sincerely, yours, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Sefior Don A. Mabini, 

Manila, P. I. 

Within a few weeks after this Mabini died of cholera. My letter 
to Mabini states, with as much care as I can state it, the character 
of the men who were engaged in disturbing the peace and tran- 
quillity of Bulacan and Rizal provinces last winter. Subsequent to 
the defeats in the field a secret service was established, in the two 
provinces and in Manila, which gradually obtained evidence against 
the persons who had been part of the ladrone forces. Alejandro 
Santiago and Faustino Guillermo have been among those captured. 
All the persons were brought to trial, and now most of them are in 
Bilibid, either under sentences for long terms or awaiting execution. 
The same result is being brought about in Cavite, where conditions 
have much improved since last year, though the two ladrone chiefs, 
Montillon and Felizardo, have thus far avoided capture. The prov- 
ince has been thoroughly policed, and more than 150 ladrones have 
been arrested and are on their way to. the penitentiary. Arms are 
being brought in every day and the government is receiving aid from 
the people in its work. 

The arrest, trial, and punishment of certain criminals in Surigao 
led to their being sentenced for long terms. This rendered the pris- 
oners desperate, and in their desire to escape they communicated with 



30 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

some confederates in the neighborhood of the province, who at a cer- 
tain time came into town to assist the prisoners. The prisoners 
awaited a good opportunity while the constabulary were at their 
meals, seized all their guns, killed the American Captain Clark, and 
with the only guns in the town of Surigao took the town, except the 
provincial building. This was occupied by the treasurer, Captain 
Kelly, and the other American officials, who bravely held out against 
the lawless band. From the provincial building telegraphic commu- 
nication was had by the besieged with Iligan, the nearest military sta- 
tion on the north coast of Mindanao, and the dispatch was forwarded 
to Cebu and Manila. A small force of 15 or 20 men started by a 
small boat at once from Iligan to Surigao. Colonel Taylor, the assist- 
ant chief of constabulary, was reached by telephonic message, and he, 
with a coast guard boat, took a force of men from Leyte to Surigao, 
reaching there about twelve hours after the detachment of soldiers. 
The criminal malcontents had deserted the town before Taylor reached 
it. In view of the remoteness of the province and the nearness of a 
military post thereto, I concluded to turn the province over to the 
military, and the general commanding, General Lee, at once visited 
Surigao with a sufficient force to restore complete confidence in our 
power to suppress lawlessness. In a few weeks all the criminals 
except Concepcion, the leader, were captured, and all the guns with 
the exception of four or five were recovered. It is possible that had 
prompt steps not been taken the trouble might have spread, but as it 
was it was nothing more than a breaking of jail b}^ a lot of desperate 
prisoners and their escape with the arms of their captors. It never 
took on the aspect of an uprising of the population or an insurrection. 
In Misamis the taking of the census, in which the enumeration of 
cattle, hogs, chickens, and other animals was required, aroused the 
suspicions of the people against the census enumerators because they 
thought that these statistics were being taken as a basis for taxation, 
and in the island of Camiguin, a part of Misamis, there was a rising 
among the people, which was quickly suppressed, however, by one of 
the scout companies. For the same reasons Avhich obtained in the case 
of Surigao, I requested the aid of the military commander in Misamis. 
The scouts and the constabulaiy worked together under the military 
commander in Misamis as in Surigao, and subsequently all the lawless 
elements were captured or killed and the living are now in Bilibid. 
Both the provinces of Misamis and Surigao are entirely quiet, and the 
people are pursuing their usual vocations without disturbance. At 
one time during the winter there was a disturbance in the island of 
Cebu. The pulajanes, who are a band of religious fanatics in the 
mountains, attacked the civilized towns and succeeded in defeating a 
small force of constabulaiy and in killing two of its officers. Colonel 
Taylor, together with 100 men, inflicted such a severe defeat on them 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 31 

that their leaders were killed and their power was broken. Many of 
the most violent were arrested and are now confined in the state's 
prison. They present a curious combination of religion and robbery 
and can hardly be regarded as of the civilized tribes. Cebu is entirelv 
quiet now. Occasional reports of ladronism in the provinces of Iloilo 
andOipiz, on the border between the two provinces, indicate that all the 
guns have not been captured, but the conditions in the two provinces 
are on the whole quite satisfactory. 

The most serious trouble of this kind has been in the province of 
Albay, which, due to its hemp production, is the richest province in 
the entire archipelago. When the insurgents in command of the 
forces in 1901 surrendered in Albay, two of the subordinates named 
Toledo and Saria with a very small force remained in the mountains 
with a few guns, but were unable to create substantial disturbance in 
the province until a former insurgent named Ola, said to be a Tagalog, 
left the town of Guinobatan because of a quarrel with a presidente 
who had threatened to prosecute him for burning his house during the 
previous insurrection while Ola was an insurgent soldier. Ola sur- 
rounded himself with a number of malcontents, whose objection seems 
to have been not to the insular government or to the American Gov- 
ernment, but to the political rule of the wealthy hemp growers in 
municipal governments in the province of Albay. It was the custom 
there to elect rich men to the presidencias in the province, and there 
may have been some abuse of power. At any rate, Ola's career began 
as a protest against municipal tyranny and awakened the sympathy of 
the poor masses. After he went into the mountains he was soon 
joined by Toledo and Saria and there was begun a regular campaign 
of collecting contributions, which was so profitable in the rich prov- 
ince that the forces of Ola continued to grow. At the town of Ola 
some of Ola's followers were able to secure assistance from the 
townspeople and also from the municipal police in surprising 
the constabulary who were there and taking away about 40 guns. 
This of course was a great aid to Ola's force, and the disturbance soon 
spread to the entire province. It is undeniable that there was both 
s}mipathy on the part of the poor people with Ola's cause and there 
was also fear of vengeance at his hands sufficient to induce inaction by 
the people. In consequence a reign of terror was inaugurated through 
the province which it was necessary to meet by radical measures. 
Accordingly, authority was given, by section 6 of the act of the Com- 
mission numbered 728, and a resolution of the Commission (copies of 
which are appended) to the governor and the constabulary authorities 
to bring the people from the outlying barrios, where they were exposed 
to the invasion of ladrones, nearer to the populated portions of their 
respective towns. Under the law it became the duty of the provin- 
cial board to see to it that the people thus brought in were properly 



32 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

fed and not subjected to unnecessary privations. For a time the 
action did not have any effect. No guns were being obtained, and 
while the number of attacks by the ladrones was very much reduced 
substantial progress did not seem to be making. The province was 
visited by Vice-Governor Wright and Commissioner Tavera, who 
talked to the people on the subject of their dut} r to suppress this dis- 
order. The effect of the visit of these gentlemen and the policy 
adopted of depriving those in the mountains of means of support was 
finally crowned with success when Ola and his entire body of follow- 
ers with all their guns came into Guinobatan and surrendered uncon- 
ditionally. They were in a most ragged and pitiable condition. Later 
on Toledo with his small body of followers came in, and most of 
Saria's men having been captured, there is complete peace and quiet 
in Albay. All the prisoners are being tried. Some have been sen- 
tenced to death for particular murders. The remainder will doubtless 
be sent to state's prison for long terms. 

The effect of the disturbance has produced substantial financial loss 
in the province. The governor estimates that hemp production and 
sale have been interfered with to the extent of some ten or twelve 
millions of dollars Mexican. Still the province is rapidly recovering 
from the effect of the disturbed conditions. By telegram of December 
8 Governor Betts advises me that "the clearances of hemp in this 
province for the month of November exceeded any previous month in 
the history of the province." 

Ola could have been induced to surrender some months earlier had 
the authorities been willing to grant immunit} T from prosecution. As 
it had now become the settled policy of the government to treat per- 
sons in arms in their proper light, as ladrones and outlaws, and not to 
accept them as prisoners of war or to grant them immunity from ordi- 
nary or criminal prosecutions, permission was not granted to extend 
immunity. The reason which actuated the government in insisting 
upon this course is that surrenders made with promises of immunity 
do not ordinarily, when the dealings are with the criminal class, result 
in anything but a temporary cure, for as soon as the hard effects of 
the campaign have worn off the criminal thus pardoned in advance 
feels a longing for his old-time business and returns to the woods and 
mountains, there to begin again the practice of his profession of a 
ladron. The confinement of the leaders, and all the rank and file, 
under long sentences of confinement in the penitentiary has a much 
more permanently tranquilizing effect. 

In Nueva Ecija and Tarlac a man named Felipe Salvador, who pro- 
fesses to exercise miraculous and supernatural power, has been 
attempting to rouse the people of his neighborhood to resistance to 
lawful authority and association with him in a kind of religious rite. 
Their religious character, however, does not prevent Salvador and 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 33 

his friends from constituting a ladrone band preying on the neighbor- 
ing country. Salvador has made one or two raids on towns, but he 
has been punished severely in several engagements with the constab- 
ulaiy, and has now withdrawn into an obscure part of Nueva Ecija. 

As an instance of the character of people, that in the mountain dis- 
tricts of these islands are reported as insurrectos sometimes, asladrones 
at other times, as Pulajanes at other times, and as mere ordinary out- 
laws at others, I copy a report from Lieutenant Guild in regard to the 
action of three ladrones in Capiz. The report is as follows: 

Oalivo, Panay, October 12, 1903. 

Sir: I have the honor to report that on the 29th day of September two ladrones, 
by name Ompong and Tuest, accompanied by one unknown, entered the barrio of 
Ilijan, of Navas, and murdered 13 women and children. The constabulary of Ibajay 
were notified the same afternoon, and at once set out for the scene of the crime. On 
arriving at the barrio, no trace of the ladrones could be found, nor could any informa- 
tion be gotten from the inhabitants, as they seemed terror stricken. The only 
information of any value at all was that the leader of the ladrones, Ompong, had a 
Remington rifle and 20 rounds of ammunition, but that his companions had only 
spears and bolos. As far as can be learned, the killing was not done for the sake of 
gain, but for the sake of one of the customs of the mountaineers. The child of 
Ompong having died of cholera, he, as is their custom, went out and had these others 
killed so his might have company and servants in the other world. The killing was 
all done with the bolos and spears, Ompong simply threatening the men of the 
barrio with his gun while the women and children were being murdered. The 
killing of the people could never have occurred had the men of the barrio interfered, 
instead of looking on and doing nothing. The country has been thoroughly 
searched, but no trace of the ladrones found, and it is generally believed that they 
returned to Antique Province, where they live. 

Very respectfully, James J. Guild, 

Third Lieutenant, Philippine Constabulary, 

Commanding Second Section. 

The Senior Inspector, Capiz, Capiz, P. I. 

THE USE OF SCOUTS WITH THE CONSTABULARY. 

The act of Congress authorizing the use of the native scout com- 
panies under the command of those constabulary officers who were 
detailed from the Regular Army has worked exceedingly well. Gen- 
eral Davis and General Wade have both acted with the utmost dispatch 
in responding to the call of the civil governor for scout companies, 
and there have been in use during the last year from three to five 
thousand native scouts operating with the constabulary. This arrange- 
ment presents some anomalies which seem greater to the military com- 
mander than to the civil government; but however unsymmetrical the 
union of the two forces under a constabulary officer may seem to be, 
it has had the immense advantage of enabling the civil government, 
with native troops, to suppress disorder, It is of the utmost political 
importance that the regular soldier} 7 , under a command more or less 
independent of the civil government, should not be called in to sup- 

wak 1903— vol 5 3 



34 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

press disorders and to maintain the authority of the civil government 
until all the forces of natives, whether constabulary or scouts, should 
be used for this purpose. Nothing could be further from the truth, 
nothing could be more unfounded or unfair, than the inference that 
the use of scouts in association with the constabulary for the suppress- 
ing of disorder is a reflection upon the military establishment or upon 
those who are in command thereof; but we know in our own country 
how loth governors of States are to call out militia, and how loth the 
President is to summon the Regular Army in the suppression of 
domestic disorder. In this country it is politically most important 
that Filipinos should suppress Filipino disturbances and arrest Filipino 
outlaws. 

RECONCENTRATION. 

With reference to the act of the ^Commission which authorized, upon 
resolution of the Commission, the provincial governors to withdraw 
the outlying barrios of towns to their respective centers of population 
and, in a sense, to reconcentrate the residents of the outlying barrios, 
it may be said that this course is justified by the peculiar character of 
the country and the wonderful opportunity that it offers a compara- 
tively small body of men to terrorize an entire province and to allow 
persons to evade the utmost efforts of large bodies of constabulary. 
The act is appended hereto as Exhibit E. So effective is this system 
against ladrones, if carried on properly, and so comparatively easy is 
it for the people in this country, without great suffering or incon- 
venience, to move from one part of the country to another, erecting 
temporary houses of light material, that in Tayabas, which at one 
time was much afflicted with ladrones under a man named Rios, to 
whom I referred in my last annual report and who has now expiated 
his crimes on the gallows, the so-called reconcentration was used vol- 
untarily by the towns that were invaded by Rios and carried to a 
successful conclusion before the central authorities were advised of 
the methods pursued. 

BANDOLERISMO STATUTE. 

The treatment of ladrones by criminal prosecution has been most 
effective. A statute known as the u bandolerismo statute " was enacted 
in November of last }^ear to meet an emergency which then seemed to 
be great. The statute is as follows: 

Section 1. Whenever three or more persons, conspiring together, shall form a band 
of robbers for the purpose of stealing carabao or other personal property by means of 
force and violence, and shall go out upon the highway or roam over the country 
armed with deadly weapons for this purpose, they shall be deemed highway robbers 
or brigands, and every person engaged in the original formation of the band, or join- 
ing it thereafter, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by death, or imprison- 
ment for not less than twenty years, in the discretion of the court. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 35 

Sec. 2. To prove the crime described in the previous section, it shall not be neces- 
sary to adduce evidence that any member of the band has in fact committed robbery 
or theft, but it shall be sufficient to justify conviction thereunder if, from the circum- 
stances, it can be inferred beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was a member 
of such an armed band as that described in said section. 

Sec. 3. Persons guilty of the crime denned in section one may be punished therefor 
in the court of first instance in any province in which they may be taken or from 
which they may have fled. 

Sec 4. Every person knowingly aiding or abetting such a band of brigands as that 
described in section one by giving them information of the movement of the police 
or constabulary, or by securing stolen property from them, or by procuring supplies 
of food, clothing, arms, or ammunition, and furnishing the same to them shall, upon 
conviction, be punished by imprisonment for not less than ten years and not more 
than twenty years. 

The difficulty of proof against persons known to be ladrones in fixing 
upon them particular acts of violence or robbery and the necessity 
for severe punishment led to the enactment of this statute. It is fre- 
quently very easy of proof to show that the persons captured have 
been members of an armed band running about the country, commit- 
ting or attempting to commit robberies and murder, but to prove that 
individuals were present at particular robberies is entirely impossible. 
The act was therefore drawn to permit the proof of the existence of 
the band and the membership in the band, beyond reasonable doubt, as 
establishing the crime of ladronism. It is not too much to say that 
the act has been most effective in securing convictions and ridding the 
various provinces of this pest of centuries. The courts have had an 
immense amount of labor to perform in hearing the various cases, but 
they have responded with energy and with justice to the call, and both 
Filipino and American judges have exercised much firmness in impos- 
ing suitable penalties when the proof required conviction. 

During the year several members of the Hongkong junta have come 
to Manila. They have been required to take the oath of allegiance to 
the government and after that have not been disturbed. I am in receipt 
of a verbal communication from Senors Apacible and Agoncillo, the two 
most prominent members of the junta. They have signified their inten- 
tion of coming to Manila if they are not to be subjected to prosecution. 

They distinctly repudiate having had any communication with San 
Miguel or the recent ladrone leaders, whom they characterize as cattle 
thieves and not worthy the support of men who have been actuated 
by other motives. I have assured them that should they return to 
Manila they would simply be required to take the oath of allegiance, 
and if they thereafter lead lawful lives and take no part in the insur- 
rection movements they will be wholly undisturbed. (December 18. 
Since writing the above, Doctor Apacible has presented himself and 
taken the oath.) 

There is one Filipino, named Ricarte, who was at the head of the 
plot to explode dynamite bombs during the Lawton funeral in Manila, 



36 IfcEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

and also set on foot a number of conspiracies to burn the city. He 
was subsequently sent to Guam, and then on his return from there 
declined to take the oath of allegiance and went on to Hongkong. It 
is reported that he has quarreled with the other members of the junta 
and that he continues his plotting. There is also said to be a social- 
istic or anarchistic society which has its headquarters at Paris, directed 
to the establishment of a universal democratic Filipino republic, on 
socialistic lines, but, so far as we are advised, they have attempted 
nothing in the way of actual operations, though they occasionally favor 
the mails with their publications. 

Dominador Gomez y Jesus was born in the Philippines and subse- 
quently went to Spain where he studied medicine and was graduated 
as a surgeon. He entered the Spanish army as a surgeon and served 
in Spain during the two revolutions of 1896 and 1898. He appears 
to have been a member of the junta of Madrid, organized to oppose 
American sovereignty in the islands after 1898, and to have written 
articles for a paper published in Madrid, called the "Filipinas ante 
Europa." After peace had been completely restored in the islands, 
Doctor Gomez came to Manila. His cooperator, Isabelo de los Reyes, 
had organized a working man's union, called the "Union Obrera 
Democratica," but having been arrested and subjected to criminal 
prosecution for an illegal connection with a strike, he resigned the 
presidency and Doctor Gomez was elected to take his place at the 
head of the union. Subsequently Doctor Gomez also became the presi- 
dent of the Nationalist party. By contributions from the members of 
the Union Obrera, he was able to publish a newspaper called the a Los 
Obreros." He was a man of considerable power of speech and able to 
arouse audiences of the lower class of Filipinos by his grandiloquence. 
It soon became evident that there were members of the Union Obrera 
and of the Nationalist party who were very strongly in sympathy with 
the ladrone bands, headed by San Miguel, then operating in Rizal 
and Bulacan. Doctor Gomez recommended to me in his newspaper 
that as a solution of the difficulties, we invite all the ladrones to come 
in and surrender their arms on the agreement that we should guarantee 
them immunity and insure them food or labor for one year. Subse- 
quently Doctor Gomez applied to me for the pardon in advance of 
Faustino Guillermo, second in command in Rizal, one of the most 
noted desperadoes and ladrones in the islands, a man since captured 
and now under sentence of death for murder, It was reported that 
Doctor Gomez was using the Union Obrera as a means of collecting 
money to run his newspaper, and to enrich his own pocket. This led 
to the passage of a law, denouncing as embezzlement the diversion of 
funds collected in such societies from the purpose for which the 
society was organized and for which the funds were contributed. 
Prosecution of Doctor Gomez was begun under several different 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 37 

charges. Under the first charge of organizing an illegal association 
he has been convicted and sentenced for four years to Bilibid. There 
are other charges against him for which he will be tried, including 
embezzlement and aiding and abetting ladrones. His prosecution has 
much assisted in bringing about the present satisfactory condition 
throughout the Archipelago. 

DISSOLUTE AMERICANS AND YAGRANCY ACTS. 

One of the great obstacles that this government has to contend 
with is the presence, in a large majority of the towns of the Archi- 
pelago, of dissolute, drunken, and lawless Americans who are willing 
to associate with low Filipino women and live upon the proceeds of 
their labor. They are truculent and dishonest. They borrow, beg, 
and steal from the native. Their conduct and mode of life are not 
calculated to impress the native with the advantage of American civili- 
zation. When opportunity offers, however, they are loudest in 
denunciation of the Filipinos as an inferior, lying race. To rid the 
country of this class of Americans the Commission passed two acts. 

The first of these is No. 519, "An act defining vagrancy and provid- 
ing for punishment therefor," and reads as follows: 

Section 1. Every person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the 
physical ability to work and who neglects to apply himself or herself to some lawful 
calling; every person found loitering about saloons or dramshops or gambling houses 
or tramping or straying through the country without visible means of support; every 
person known to be a pickpocket, thief, burglar, ladron, either by his own confession 
or by his having been convicted of either of said offenses, and having no visible 
or lawful means of support when found loitering about any gambling house, cockpit, 
or in any outlying barrio of a pueblo; every idle or dissolute person or associate of 
known thieves or ladrones who wanders about the country at unusual hours of the 
night; every idle person who lodges in any barn, shed, outhouse, vessel, or place 
other than such as is kept for lodging purposes, without the permission of the owner 
or person entitled to the possession thereof; every lewd or dissolute person who lives 
in and about houses of ill-fame; every common prostitute and common drunkard, is 
a vagrant, and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine of not exceeding one hun- 
dred dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding one year and one day, or both, in the 
discretion of the court. 

The second is as follows: 

Section 1. Upon the conviction of any citizen of the United States under act num- 
bered five hundred and nineteen, entitled "An act defining vagrancy and providing 
for punishment therefor," the court may suspend sentence, conditioned upon the 
convict leaving the Philippine Islands and not returning thereto for a period of not 
more than ten years; and the fulfillment of this obligation shall be deemed as an 
extinguishment of the prescribed sentence. 

Sec 2. In such cases the court or judge may order the removal of the convict to 
Bilibid Prison, in the city of Manila, there to remain in custody until he can be 
placed upon a steamer returning to the United States. This order shall be executed in 
the manner prescribed by the civil governor in each case. 

Sec. 3. There is hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the insular treasury not 
otherwise appropriated, an amount sufficient to pay the actual and necessary expen- 
ses in carrying out the provisions of this act. 



38 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The former of the two acts has also been useful in enabling towns 
to rid themselves of Filipinos suspected of complicity with ladrones, 
who have no visible means of support and who are probably spies of 
the ladrones for the purpose of enabling them to make lucrative raids. 

FRIARS' LANDS AND RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS. 

As early as 1898, the Peace Commission, which negotiated the treaty 
of Paris, became convinced that one of the most important steps in 
tranquilizing the islands and in reconciling the Filipinos to the Amer- 
ican Government would be the governmental purchase of the so-called 
friars' agricultural lands in the Philippines, and the sale of these 
lands to the tenants upon long, easy payments. The same policy 
was recommended by the first or Schurman Commission after an 
investigation by it, and in the first report of the present Philippine 
Commission much time was devoted to the political phases of the rela- 
tions of the four great religious orders to the people and the wisdom 
of buying the agricultural lands and selling them to the tenants was 
much commented on and approved. The Secretary of War and the 
President concurred in the recommendations of the Commission. 
Accordingly in May, 1902, the writer, as civil governor of the Philip- 
pine Islands, was directed by the Secretary of War to visit Rome and 
to confer with the Pope or such agents as he might designate in 
respect to the question of buying the friars' agricultural lands and 
other questions of a similar character which were pending between 
the Roman Catholic Church and the Government. The negotiations 
which were had on this subject in Rome were set forth in the corre 
spondence published by the Secretary of War in his report to Con- 
gress for last year. In a word, the Pope approved the purchase of 
the agricultural lands of the three great religious orders that owned 
agricultural lands in the islands and appointed an apostolic delegate 
with as full powers as he could be invested with to bring about this 
result. 

The apostolic delegate, Monsignor Jean Baptiste Guidi, arch- 
bishop of Staurpoli, reached the islands in the fall of 1902, and 
negotiations were at once begun. In one of the letters written by 
Cardinal Rampolla, contained in the correspondence already referred 
to, he stated on behalf of the Holy See that the resources of the 
religious orders would be taken into charge by the supreme authori- 
ties for the benefit of the church in the Philippines, and it at first 
seemed that the religious orders, with little prospect of reaping much 
pecuniary benefit from the sale of the lands under this arrangement, 
were not anxious to further the proposed purchase. Probably this 
inference did an injustice to the religious orders in view of the event. 
It turned out upon examination that the agricultural lands which had 
originally belonged to the three religious orders of the Philippines, 



BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 39 

to wit, the Dominicans, the Augustinians, and the Recoletos, aggre- 
gated 420,000 acres. The Commission in 1901 had directed a survey 
to be made by a Filipino surveyor or agrimensor, skilled both in 
surveying agricultural land and in estimating its value, by name Juan 
Yillegas. He surveyed between 1901 and 1903 all the agricultural 
holdings of the three religious orders, except an estate belonging to 
the Augustinians in the province of Isabela and an estate belonging to 
the Recoletos in the province of Mindoro. He classified the lands 
and placed a value upon the differing classes, giving data from which 
it was possible to estimate the total value of the lands, except the two 
estates in Isabela and Mindoro, respectively, already mentioned, the 
value of which was determined by the agents of the Commission 
from other sources. The event proved that the Dominicans had con- 
veyed their holdings, amounting to 60,461 hectares, to one Andrews, 
an Englishman living in Manila, under a promoter's contract; that 
Andrews organized a company, under the supposed existing laws of 
the Philippines, known as the "Philippine Sugar Estates Developing 
Company (Limited)," to which he conveyed all the Dominican lands, 
with the exception of a small estate known as San Juan Del Monte, 
containing 156 hectares, which was held under such trust restrictions 
as to prevent its sale. Investigation showed that the Augustinian 
order as far back as 1893 or 1894 had conveyed to a Spanish corpo- 
ration, known as the "Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar," all of its agri- 
cultural holdings. It further appeared that the Recoletos had con- 
veyed the estate of Imus, or rather the estates of San Juan and San 
Nicolas, known as the "Imus estate," containing 18,419 hectares, to a 
company organized under the laws of Hongkong or Great Britain. 
The Mindoro estate remained in title and possession with the Recoleto 
order of the Philippines. It became necessary therefore to deal with 
the representatives of the title holders to the lands. The Domin- 
ican lands, the title to which was in the Philippine Sugar Estates 
Development Company (Limited), were represented by Senor Don 
Francisco Gutierrez, a stockholder and managing director of the com- 
pany. The Augustinian lands owned by the Sociedad Agricola de 
Ultramar were represented by the attorney in fact of the compan}^, an 
Augustinian friar, Padre Juan M. Yanez. The Imus estate, conveyed 
to the British Manila Estates Company (Limited), was represented 
by a } 7 oung Englishman named Marcus McGregor. The Mindoro 
estate of the Recoletos was represented by the procurator of the 
Recoleto order in the Philippines. 

In order to determine the value of the estates, the representatives 
of the various companies and other interests were invited to attend a 
hearing, when various witnesses were called to testify. The apostolic 
delegate was also present. A stenographic report of these hearings 
is hereto attached and marked " Exhibit F." 



40 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

In addition to the hearings written statements were made by experts 
for each interest and were filed with the apostolic delegate and with 
me. The representatives of the various interests were not disposed at 
first to welcome the presence in the conference of the apostolic dele- 
gate. It was vigorously denied that the friars retained any titular 
interest in the lands which were the subject of the negotiation, and the 
right of the apostolic delegate to intervene was therefore questioned. 
From the best information that I could obtain it was true that the 
religious orders had parted with their legal title to the shares in the 
new companies, except the Recoletos in Mindoro, and that it was very 
difficult to find out just what their interest in the property continued 
to be. That they had an interest, and a most substantial one, went 
without saying, but, for reasons it is unnecessary to comment on, these 
interests had been made as ambiguous and doubtful as possible. In 
accordance with the agreement reached in Rome, I sent to the apostolic 
delegate a request for a statement of the exact interests retained by 
the religious orders in the Philippines in the lands which were the 
subject of negotiation. No formal answer to this letter was ever 
received, but informally it was stated to me by the delegate that the 
authorities in the Philippines had informed him that they had so dis- 
posed of their interests that they were unable to make a statement of 
what their interests were, if any. The value of the lands, as estimated 
according to the statements of the agents of the companies, aggregated 
a sum between thirteen and fourteen millions of dollars gold. The 
estimate of Villegas, the surveyor employed by the Commission, 
showed the valuation of the lands to be $6,043,000 gold, if his value 
in Mexican should be reduced to gold at the rate of two to one, which 
was the gold rate about the time of his survey and classification, 
though the Mexican dollar fell considerably after that. Considering 
the bad conditions which prevailed in agriculture, the loss of cattle, 
the dispute concerning title, and the agrarian question that must always 
remain in the management of these estates and embarrass the owner, 
I considered — and I believe the Commission generally agreed with 
me — that $6,043,000 gold was a full price for the lands. The sum, 
however, was scouted by the persons representing the owners, and there 
appeared to be very little prospect of reaching an agreement. With 
the knowledge and approval of the Commission and of the Secretary 
of War and the President subsequently had, I sent a letter to the 
apostolic delegate and forwarded a copy to each representative of the 
respective estates, as follows: 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. J., July 5, 190S. 

Your Excellency f After a very full consideration of the subject, and with the 

concurrence of the Commission, I beg to make an offer on behalf of the Philippine 

Government for the so-called Friars' lands, which include, first, certain haciendas 

at one time owned by the Dominican order of these islands and now owned by the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 41 

Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, represented by Mr. Gutierrez; 
second, certain haciendas at one time owned by the Augustinian order and now 
owned by the Compania Agricola de Ultramar, represented by the Augustinian 
friar, Padre Juan; and third, the haciendas of San Juan and San Nicolas, generally 
known as the Imus estates, at one time owned by the Recoleto order, and now 
owned by ar English corporation, the British Manila Estates Company (Limited), 
represented by Mr. McGregor, and also an estate in Mindoro of 60,000 acres, 
still owned, as I am informed, by the "Recoleto order. The offer I am about 
to make is, of course, subject to the approval of the Secretary of War, but if 
accepted, it will doubtless receive his approval. 

The members of the Commission believe that the evidence of Juan Villegas as to 
the value of these lands at present is just. At the conferences between your excel- 
lency, the representatives of the three corporations now holding title, and myself, 
there was some discussion as to whether the fall in the price of silver and the varia- 
tion in the silver standard in the gold values ought not to play a large part in 
weighing Sefior Villegas' s evidence. My own strong conviction is that Senor Ville- 
gas' s evidence is not in the slightest degree affected by the variation in the price of 
silver, for the reason that the persons who own lands and who buy and sell them in 
the provinces where the lands in question are situated know no other standard for 
the estimation of the value of lands than that of Mexican silver. It may be that 
indirectly the fall in the price of silver will ultimately affect the value of these lands 
in silver, and it is possible that some slight increase has already taken place in the 
value of the lands estimated in silver. But it seems clear from the evidence that 
the increase is not at all commensurate with the fall in silver. Nevertheless, for the 
purpose of reaching an agreement, we are willing to waive any such discussion by 
treating the value placed by Senor Villegas on the lands in Mexican as a value to be 
reduced to gold at the ratio of two to one. This ratio in fact did prevail when Senor 
Villegas began his surveys in November, 1901, but very soon changed. This is a 
concession which amounts to an increase in the valuation of the land over what it 
would be at the present rate of Mexican of a little less than 20 per cent. 

I inclose herewith as Exhibit G detailed and summarized statements of the various 
valuations of Senor Villegas, who has examined and placed a value upon all the 
estates involved in this matter, except an estate of the Augustinians in Isabela of 
some 60,000 acres, which is almost wholly unimproved, and an estate of the Reco- 
letos in Mindoro of about the same extent. I asked Mr. Webber, the manager of 
the General Tobacco Company, who knows the Isabela estate well, what value he 
placed upon it. He said that at one time he had offered one hundred thousand gold 
for it, but that the offer was declined. I asked him if he would give one hundred 
and fifty thousand or two hundred thousand for it in gold, and he said that he 
would give $200,000 for it in gold if he could obtain free admission of Chinese labor- 
ers into the islands. I said to him that that was impossible, and then he said that 
he would not give $150,000 for the land. The value of this land is in the statement 
assessed at $300,000 Mexican, which is a full price. The Mindoro estate is fixed at 
$600,000 Mexican, because of definite information that this estate, together with the 
cattle on it, was offered as late as last fall to certain gentlemen in the city of Manila 
for $700,000 Mexican, and that the offer was declined. At that time the gold Mexican 
ratio was between two-forty and two-fifty. The other valuations in the inclosed 
statement are taken from Senor Villegas' s evidence. The total valuations in Mexican 
are as follows: 

The Dominican lands $5, 473, 799. 13 

The Augustinian lands 4, 407, 335. 65 

The Recoleto lands 2, 205, 303. 33 

Making a total in Mexican currency of 12, 086, 438. 11 



42 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The civil government proposes to pay for a good title to these lands, free and unin- 
cumbered, the prices above named reduced to gold at the ratio of two to one, as 
follows: 

For the Dominican lands $2,736,899.57 

For the Augustinian lands 2,203,667.83 

For the Recoleto lands 1, 102, 651. 67 

Making a total in gold of 6, 043, 219. 07 

I have sent a copy of this letter of the representatives who were present at our 
conferences, Senor Gutierrez for the Dominican lands, Padre Juan for the Augustin- 
ian lands, and Mr. McGregor for the Imus estate. I have not seen any representative 
of the Mindoro estate, and so assume that your excellency either represents the Order 
of the Eecoletos or will forward a copy, if you deem it wise, to the proper person. 

I have so often said to your excellency and to the representatives of these estates 
that the motive of the Government in taking this land is purely political, and not 
for the purpose of profit, that perhaps it is unnecessary to repeat it. Still, as this is 
a formal offer, it may not be improper to state again that the civil government in 
making the purchase at the prices herein named, if they shall be accepted, has not 
the slightest idea that it will make any profit in disposing of the lands, in accordance 
with the act of Congress, to the tenants who now occupy it. On the contrary, the 
members of the Commission are confident that it will result in a pecuniary loss to 
the civil government. It is hoped that if the Government takes charge of the land, 
it will be better able to secure peaceable possession of the land and an attornment of 
the tenants than would private corporations, especially those in which the Spanish 
friars are supposed to have a large interest. What the Government proposes is to 
buy a lawsuit, and something more than a lawsuit, an agrarian dispute. If peaceable 
transfer of the title to these lands from the corporations now claiming ownership in 
them to the tenants in possession could be accomplished without the intervention 
of the civil government, the civil government would be most anxious to avoid any 
intervention in the matter at all. Indeed it would be to its interest to contribute by a 
substantial sum to this peaceable result. While we hope that ownership by the Gov- 
ernment may accomplish good, the hope is largely based on conjecture. Certainly 
the purchase of these lands will mean the assumption of another very heavy burden 
by the Government in addition to those which it is now attempting to carry. We are 
convinced that it would be greatly to the advantage of the present owners of the 
land to accept the offer. It involves the expenditure of $6,000,000 gold, a sum which 
must be secured by issuing bonds to that amount under the act of Congress. The 
members of the Commission are unanimously of opinion that the disadvantage of any 
substantial increase of such a financial burden would outweigh any advantage which 
might accrue from the Government ownership of the lands. 

In making this offer I beg to call your excellency's attention to the fact that the 
Secretary of War, in a telegraphic dispatch, a copy of which I transmitted to his 
eminence, Cardinal Rampolla, in my letter of July 15, 1902, requested that a detailed 
statement of the interests retained by the monastic orders in the corporate stock of 
the companies now claiming to own the lands be furnished to me by the Apostolic 
Delegate, who was to be sent to the Philippine Islands, in order that the statement 
might be made the basis for the proposed negotiation. The request of the Secretary 
was acquiesced in by Cardinal Rampolla. In February, 1903, I invited your excel- 
lency's attention to this matter and requested that the details requested be furnished. 
I have as yet received no formal reply. Without waiting for it, however, I have 
ventured to make this offer with the hope that if it is accepted further investigation 
and discussion may be avoided. 

With the hope that your excellency will find it consistent with your views of the 



EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 43 

situation to advise the representatives of the owners of these lands to accept this 
offer, I beg to subscribe myself, with great respect, 
Your excellency's most obedient servant, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
Monsignor Jean Baptiste Guidi, 

Archbishop of Staurpoli and Apostolic Delegate 

to the Philippine Islands, Manila. 

I received a negative answer from all of the representatives. Not 
discouraged, however, by circumstances that seemed most discourag- 
ing, the apostolic delegate bent his energies to bringing the parties to 
a settlement. After some negotiation the delegate first stated that he 
thought he could arrange a sale for $10,500,000 gold. I told him 
there was no hope of bringing about a purchase at that figure. Some 
months later I was advised by Mr. McGregor that if an offer was 
made for $8,500,000 he thought he could compass the sale. This was 
definitely declined. I then advised the apostolic delegate and those 
interested that 1 would recommend to the Commission and the Secre- 
tary of War an increase in the price offered, for the sake of peace, 
of $1,500,000, but no more. Then followed a long and protracted 
discussion between the parties who were to be the venders as to how 
this sum should be divided, and there was much difficulty in arriving 
at a solution — so great a difficulty, indeed, that I was informed that 
unless $7,770,000 was paid there was no hope of reaching an agree- 
ment. With the approval of the Secretary of War and the Commis- 
sion, I replied that $7,543,000 was our ultimatum and that we would 
not give more than that, and this was ultimately the basis upon which 
the price was fixed. It turned out, upon further investigation, that the 
Augustinian Company and the Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar had 
contracted to sell the Mandaloya estate, which lay in the province of 
Rizal and extended from the city of Manila to the town of Pasig along 
the Pasig River, at a certain price, and that a strip 150 meters wide by 
6 kilometers running along the river had been contracted to be sold to 
the railroad company for mercantile purposes. The Mandaloya estate 
is a poor estate, from an agricultural standpoint, and its use for mer- 
cantile purposes we were entirely willing to acquiesce in, because it 
would not present the difficulties concerning agricultural tenancy as 
the remainder of the land. The estate contains about 10,000 acres. 
By omitting this from the land sold and deducting the price fixed by 
Villegas, with 25 per cent added thereto, and making certain other 
reductions for parcels sold bona fide by the owners, and leaving to the 
Sugar Estates Development Company a tract of sugar land of 2,500 
acres on the hillside of the Calamba estate, we finally closed the pur- 
chase of upward of 410,000 acres, at a price of $7,239,000 gold. Copies 
of the contracts of sale are hereby appended and marked Exhibit H. 

It is thought that the result of these negotiations and the purchase 
of the lands form a most important step in the rehabilitation of the 



44 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

people of the islands and the readjustment of their relations to the 
Roman Catholic Church, which can not but be of material benefit in a 
political way to the insular and provincial governments. The disposi- 
tion of the lands to the tenants on contracts of sale with easy payments 
for a number of years entails a work of tremendous labor upon the 
insular government and will necessitate the organization of a separate 
bureau for that purpose. We can not prophesy that the adjustment 
will rid us entirely of the agrarian questions. There will be doubtless 
litigation and local centers of disturbance growing out of government 
landlordism; but the elimination of the friars from the question can 
not but tend greatly to facilitate satisfactory adjustments. During 
the last six months I have been in receipt of petitions from tenants 
in the provinces of Cavite and Laguna, where the agrarian question 
has been most bitter, urging the purchase of the lands, with a state- 
ment that the tenants fully understood that the lands are to be sold 
to them and that they are to pay for the same. The visit to Rome 
was watched with intense interest by the people of the islands, and 
had it not resulted in a purchase of the lands, my judgment is that 
great disappointment would have been felt. As will be seen by a 
statement which follows, the number of friars in the islands is rapidly 
diminishing from year to year, and with the adjustment of the land 
question and the division of the proceeds between the orders and the 
church and the use of the part belonging to the Roman Church for the 
improvement of the Philippine church, we may reasonably hope that 
in a decade the agrarian and political question of the friars in the 
Philippines will have been completely removed from among the obsta- 
cles to good government with which the Americans, in coming to the 
islands and assuming control thereof, were confronted. 

Arrangements are being made for the floating of the bonds neces- 
sary to raise the money to pay for the lands. It is understood that 
the bonds may be floated at 4 per cent and that they will take the form 
of bonds payable after ten and before thirty years at the option of the 
Government. This will entail an interest charge upon the revenues 
of the Government of $290,000 a year in addition to the expense of 
administration, which will be considerable. It is not thought that the 
income from the islands for several years will be enough to meet the 
actual outgo, but with a restoration of normal conditions — speaking 
for myself alone — I hope that the lands will sell for as much as we 
have paid for them. Other members of the Commission do not think 
so. It is to be noted, however, that the insular government has not 
entered upon the purchase of these lands with a view to a profitable 
investment, but that it is knowingly paying a considerable sum of 
money merely for the purpose of ridding the administration of the 
government in the islands of an issue dangerous to the peace and 
prosperity of the people of the islands. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 45 

Following the policy which it was announced by the Vatican would 
be pursued, the bishops who were Spanish friars in all the dioceses of 
the islands have been allowed to resign and their places have been filled 
by American Catholic bishops. I can not state with too much emphasis 
the satisfaction I feel in this change. It means, in my judgment, the 
beginning of a new era in the islands. It is to be expected that a large 
part of the people of the islands will continue to be communicants of 
the Roman Catholic Church, and it can not but have a liberalizing 
effect upon them that their bishops shall be Americans with the Ameri- 
can ideas of a separation of church and state, and with the American 
respect for individual rights and individual liberties. The powerful 
influence of a Roman Catholic bishop in his diocese, exercised over the 
priests of his diocese, can not but be productive of good and full of 
cooperation in our purpose to educate these people. A comparatively 
small number of Spanish friars remains in the islands, and it is to be 
expected that the American bishops shall use them for the benefit of 
the Church, though it is hoped that there will be no departure from 
the policy of the Church announced by Cardinal Rampolla in his letter 
to me, in which he said that it was not the intention of the Roman 
Catholic authorities to send back the Spanish friars to any parishes in 
which the majority of the people were opposed to their coming. 

I am officially informed by the apostolic delegate that in 1898 the 
number of friars in the islands was as follows: 

Dominicans ........ 233 

Recoletos ..' 327 

Augustinians 346 

Franciscans 107 

Total . 1,013 

That, by December 1, 1902, they had been reduced as follows: 

Dominicans 127 

Recoletos ..-..-—,..-- 76 

Augustinians Ill 

Franciscans 66 

Total 380 

And that, by December 1, 1903, they have been still further reduced, 
so that the number in the islands is as follows: 

Dominicans 83 

Recoletos 53 

Augustinians 67 

Franciscans .43 

Total L: 246 



46 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

That many of the monks are old and infirm, incapable of doing 
parish or any other work, and that the Dominicans have renounced 
before the Holy See all their former parishes and dedicate themselves 
exclusively to teaching. 

Whatever may happen during the first few months of the coming of 
the American bishops, it is certain that the spirit of the American 
Catholic Church is so different from that of the Spanish church from 
a political standpoint, that the influence of the Spanish friars will 
gradually wane and that of the American bishops become controlling. 
The purchase of the friars' land, the division of the proceeds, the 
application of a large part thereof for the benefit of the Philippine 
church, the establishment of the American hierarchy here, and the 
gradual withdrawal of the Spanish friars, all will bring about what 
we so much desire — the Americanizing of the Roman Catholic 
Church in the Philippines. The attitude of the Government has 
been very much criticised by some American Catholic priests and 
bishops, and it has been charged that we have withheld from 
Spanish friars the protection assured to them by the treaty of 
Paris, and that we have been neglectful in not protecting the 
interests of the Roman Catholic Church when they were unjustly or 
unlawfully attacked by schismatics under Aglipay. These charges 
are wholly unfounded, as may be seen by an examination of the records 
taken from the executive files showing the executive decision and 
action with respect to religious matters, which is hereby appended as 
a part of this report and marked ' ' Exhibit I. " We have known that the 
great majority of the people of these islands were strongly opposed to 
the return of the Spanish friars to their parishes, and we have felt 
certain that if such a policy were adopted and the friars were sent 
back there would necessarily follow disturbances of the peace and 
discontent among the people; that the people would not be able to 
distinguish between a government which protected friars going back 
of their own volition and a government which sent the friars back and 
maintained them in their pastorates. Therefore the Government has 
deprecated and still deprecates the return of the friars to their 
parishes, and has made representations to the church authorities in 
these islands and to the Vatican, urging that the Spanish friars be not 
sent back, but when a friar has been sent back, the Government has 
never refused to protect him in his rights and to punish those who 
have violated his rights. There is the utmost religious freedom 
enjoyed in these islands, and no one, whether Roman Catholic, Filipino 
Catholic, or Protestant, is disturbed in worshipping God as he chooses. 
The instances in which one sect has interfered with another are com- 
paratively few, but in every case the Government has sought to punish 
the offender and to prevent a recurrence of the trouble. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 47 

BUSINESS CONDITIONS. 

Business conditions in Manila, if the general report from American 
merchants can be trusted, have not been good during the year. The 
change in the currency from a silver to a gold standard has been in 
progress. The demand for Mexican silver in this business, up to the 
time of writing this report, in other places has been sufficiently great 
to drain the islands of Mexican silver, though there are indications, 
as this is written, that it may become profitable to import Mexican 
silver again. Of course the great difficulty in getting into circulation 
the new coinage grows out of the fact that Mexican silver is worth 
less than the Philippine peso, as established by act of Congress, by 
about 10 per cent, and everyone, business men or not, in paying his 
debts and making his purchases, naturally prefers to use the poorer 
currency when it will go as far as the more valuable, because of the 
ignorance of the people as to the real difference in value. The steps 
taken to maintain the parity, the laws passed, and the accumulation of 
a reserve fund, I shall not dwell upon because they will all be contained 
in the report of the secretary of finance and justice. It is only neces- 
sary to remark here that the advantages of the new coinage will not be 
apparent until some time in the future; not until January 1, 1904, can 
the Mexican coin be demonetized and denied a legal-tender value. 
The policy of the government is to purchase the Spanish-Filipino 
coins, of which there are some ten or twelve millions of dollars in the 
islands, and recoin them into Filipino pesos. 

Notwithstanding the statement that business conditions in the islands 
have been exceedingly unfavorable, and in spite of the very depressing 
agricultural condition, so far as rice, corn, and other food products are 
concerned, the statistics as to exports and imports into the islands 
show a considerable improvement for the better over last year and a 
substantial increase in the production and exportation of hemp and 
copra. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, the total imports were 
$41,072,738, but of this 18,652,648 was silver coin. The total exports 
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, were $27,157,087, of which 
exports the silver coin amounted to $2,423,200. Excluding silver coin 
and gold to the value of $278,248 the total merchandise imported for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, amounted to $32,141,842, whereas the 
total merchandise exported, aside from silver coin, already mentioned, 
and gold valued at $806,208, amounted to $23,927,679. In other words, 
the balance of trade against the islands last year was $8,214,163. For 
the year ending June 30, 1903, the total imports were $35,099,241, the 
silver coin in which amounted to $2,077,137, and gold valued at $50,222. 
The total imported merchandise, therefore, for the year ending June 
30, 1903, was $32,971,882, or a gain in the entire year of $830,040. The 
total exports for the year ending June 30, 1903, amounted to $39,668,366, 



48 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



of which $6,366,106 was silver and $180,480 gold, leaving a balance of 
merchandise exported of $33,121,780, which makes a balance of trade 
in favor of the islands for the year ending June 30, 1903, of $149,898. 
It will be seen that there is an increase in the exports for the year 
ending June 30, 1903, over those of 1902, of $9,194,101. The total 
foreign business of the islands, excluding coin, for the year ending 
June 30, 1902, was $56,069,521, while the total foreign trade for the 
year ending July 30, 1903, was $66,093,662, or a gain of $10,024,141. 
It should be borne in mind in respect to all these statements that 
they do not include any importations for the Army of the United States 
which pay no duty and are not included in the statistics. The com- 
parative amounts of the various commodities exported during the two 
years are shown by the following table: 



Article of export. 



Hemp 

Copra 

Sugar . 

Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes 
Miscellaneous 

Total 



1902. 



$15, 841, 316 
1,001,656 
2,761,432 
2,501,367 
1,821,908 



23, 927, 679 



1903. 



$21,701,575 
4,473,029 
3,955,568 
1,882,012 
1,109,596 



33,121,780 



The decrease in tobacco was due to increase of duties on tobacco in 
Australia, Java, and Japan. The business of the United States exports 
and imports is also shown by the following table, excluding always 
the United States Government importations: 



Imports from United States, excluding United States Government imports. 
Exports to United States 



Total business, exclusive of United States Government imports. 
Increase total business 



1902. 



$4, 035, 243 
7, 691, 743 



11, 726, 986 



1903. 



$3,944,098 
13, 863, 059 



17,807,157 
6,080,171 



The imports of rice show the depressed condition of the rice culture 
in the islands. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the amount 
of rice imported was $3,113,423; for the next fiscal year, 1901, it was 
$5,490,958; for the fiscal year of 1902, $6,578,481, and for the fiscal 
year of 1903, it was $10,061,323. It is hoped that this abnormal 
importation of rice will be unnecessary next year, and that the balance 
of trade in favor of the islands will increase. 

Some reason for the complaints in respect to business conditions in 
the islands which come from the American merchants, may be found 
in certain especial circumstances with respect to the American trade 
in the islands that are not a legitimate cause for complaint. When 
the Americans first entered the islands, enterprising business men fol- 
lowed the army and established what were called trading companies, 
which naturally catered to the demand caused by the presence of the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 49 

army and the Americans that followed in its wake. The army was 
rapidly increased, until during the }^ear 1900 there were in the Archi- 
pelago upward of 70,000 troops distributed through the islands in 600 
posts. This presented an opportunity for the sale of liquors and 
other goods likely to be purchased by soldiers, which continued for 
two 3^ears or more. The army has now been reduced from 70,000 
men to a little more than 15,000 Americans, and the number of posts 
has been reduced from 600 to a few more than 100. In addition to 
this the Commission has passed an act forbidding the sale of liquor 
within 2 miles of an army reservation, which it is said has much 
interfered with the canteen trade. The enormous profits which were 
reaped by the American trading companies (of which there are some 
half a dozen in Manila), growing out of the demand produced by the 
presence of 70,000 soldiers, fell off rapidly as the changes which. I 
have indicated took place, and to this, more than any other one cause, 
is due the interference with large returns upon much of the American 
capital invested in the islands. I venture to say that the opportu- 
nities which the American merchants have had for making quick and 
large profits out of the American soldier has had a bad effect upon 
American methods of doing business and upon the attitude of most of 
the American merchants in these islands. It has made them feel inde- 
pendent of the Filipino demand for American commodities. It has 
lessened the necessity for effort on their part to create a demand among 
the Filipino people for those articles which the United States can make 
and ought to sell in these islands. The natural hostility of the Ameri- 
can business men growing out of the war was not neutralized by a 
desire and an effort to win the patronage and good will of the Filipino. 
The American business men controlled much of the advertising in 
the American papers, and the newspapers naturally reflected the 
opinions of their advertisers and subscribers in the advocacy of most 
unconciliatory measures to the native Filipinos and in decrying all 
efforts of the government to teach Filipinos how to govern by asso- 
ciating the more intelligent of them in the government. One of the 
first principles of good business success is not to antagonize unneces- 
sarily those whose patronage you seek and must depend on for the 
building up of your business. The number of Americans that the 
American merchants or any merchants in these islands can count upon 
for business demands is never likely to exceed 20,000. The number 
of Filipinos whose trade might make a most lucrative business in these 
islands is 7,000,000. It would seem to be the wiser policy on the part 
of the American merchant to cultivate the good will of those potential 
patrons rather than through the press and in society and in all other 
ways to antagonize them, to give the impression of bitter hostility and 
racial prejudice toward them too deep to be overcome. Neither the 
German nor the English nor even the Spanish merchants have allowed 
war 1903— vol 5 4 



50 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

themselves to be put in this attitude. Indeed, there are a few Ameri- 
cans who have pursued a different policy with respect to the Filipinos, 
to their profit. I venture to predict that as the American business 
men of these islands become more conservative, as more capital comes 
in, the utter fatuousness of the present attitude of a majority of the 
American business men of to-day of these islands will become apparent. 
There is an immense field here for the sale of American goods. 

The Filipinos are imitative, take quickly to new things, may easily 
be taught, as their wealth shall grow, to regard American products, 
which are now luxuries to them, as necessities. The sale of cotton 
goods is almost wholly with the English houses to-day. The handling 
of hemp, which is the largest export of these islands, is almost wholly 
confined to foreign houses. There is not the slightest reason why this 
business should not be done largely by Americans, especially in view 
of the fact that the United States is the largest purchaser of hemp in 
the world. It requires the investment of a very considerable capital, 
the construction of warehouses in the various hemp provinces, and the 
establishment of friendly relations with the hemp growers and buyers 
in each province. The American business man in the islands has 
really, up to this time, done very little to make or influence trade. 
He has kept close to the American patronage and has not extended 
his efforts to an expansion of trade among the Filipinos. Until this 
is done and more American capital is brought here for the purpose, 
we can not hope that the imports from the United States to the islands 
will be increased in very large proportion. 

PROPOSED OFFICIAL INSPECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEMP. 

About the beginning of this year complaints reached the Commission 
that the hemp being exported from the islands was of very inferior 
quality and that there was fraud in its packing. The Secretary of 
Agriculture of the United States recommended investigation and 
action, suggesting that if the Manila hemp continued to be of such 
poor quality, purchasers and users of fiber would be driven to other 
fibers and countries. It was recommended that the hemp exported be 
officially inspected and classified and carry the mark of the Govern- 
ment upon it to indicate its quality. A bill was drawn providing for 
official inspection and classification, and it was submitted to discussion 
in a public session. The public discussion satisfied the Commission 
that little if any good could be brought about by such legislation. 
Everyone who came to discuss the bill was opposed to it as it was 
drawn. It was insisted that the only thing possible was to have an 
inspection which should prevent false packing, but that governmental 
classification would be not only impracticable but a serious obstacle to 
business. It further developed that so far as fraud was concerned 
the purchasers in America were completely protected by the ordinary 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 51 

terms of purchase which enabled them to reject the hemp or to recoup 
at once from the price for any failure in quality. When the amended 
bill was drawn providing only for the inspection into the packing and 
for the punishment of false packing and of fraud in baling, a repre- 
sentative of the American hemp purchasers stated that the bill would 
do them no good because it was not radical enough. So far as we 
were able to determine, the bill which was desired by the American 
merchants was a bill which should forbid the exportation of hemp 
of poor quality, and should impose such restrictions on the method 
of raising and cleaning hemp as to insure the production of only 
good fiber at a reasonable price. The discussion showed that much 
poor hemp was exported for use in making paper and hats in Japan 
and in other countries. Because of the high prices paid for poor 
hemp, the faulty cleaning of hemp was much more profitable than 
the preparation of the finer qualities. Inferior qualities of hemp are 
produced by using a serrated knife in stripping the fiber. Men, women, 
and children can use a serrated knife for hemp cleaning, whereas the 
knife with the even blade requires the strength of an adult man. A 
law forbidding the use of a serrated knife in cleaning hemp, or pre- 
venting the export of hemp thus cleaned, would deprive many people 
of a means of livelihood in the islands and would savor much of pater- 
nalism; nor is a law of this kind necessaiy if purchasers use proper 
discretion in buying the quality which they desire. The object of the 
persons asking legislation, when analyzed, seems to be rather to secure 
a law which shall hold the price of good hemp down. The bill proposed 
has, therefore, been allowed to lie on the table, and it is unlikely that 
any further action will be taken in the matter. The high price of hemp 
always increases the production of inferior quality. This is a natural 
economic result; if the dealers do not desire to pay high prices for the 
inferior quality, their refusing to do so will soon bring up the quality 
of hemp. The report of the committee on the bill, consisting of Gen- 
eral Wright, is hereto appended, and marked Exhibit J. 

SUGAR. 

It will be observed that the value of the sugar exports from the 
islands for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, was $3,955,568, an 
increase of $1,191,136 over the value of the exports of sugar for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. This increase was the natural result 
of a betterment of conditions as to tranquillity, More than that, the 
planters of Negros, where the increase chiefly was, had used greater 
efforts than the landowners of the other parts of the islands to import 
carabao to take the place of the carabao destroyed by the rinderpest. 
The increase in the exports, however, should not be taken as an evi- 
dence of prosperity in sugar production. I append a petition of the 
Agricultural Society of Panay and Negros, marked "Exhibit K,"in 



52 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

respect to the production of sugar in the Philippines, together with a 
statement made by the collector of customs at Iloilo, Colonel Colton, 
who has looked into the matter with great thoroughness, and whose 
opportunities for exact information are great, because Iloilo is the 
port through which almost all the sugar in the islands is exported. 
The statement of Colonel Col ton is marked ' 4 Exhibit L. " I also append 
a statement made by Governor Wright from data furnished him on 
the same general subject, marked "Exhibit M." 

It may be deduced from these sources of information that the sugar 
production was first introduced into the Philippine Islands in the year 
1856, and that the first official record of exportation is of the year 
1859, when 5,427 tons of raw sugar were exported from Iloilo. In 1869, 
7,344 tons were exported; in 1879, 47,625 tons; in 1889, 112,007 tons; 
in 1899, 154,462, and the largest exportation in any one year was in 1892, 
when 165,897 tons of sugar were exported. In 1901 the exportation 
fell to 34,500 tons. In the early years the sugar production was car- 
ried on by the use of wooden rolling mills worked by cattle, a process 
resulting in a loss of from 40 to 50 per cent of the sugar. Some of 
these mills are still in use, but most of them have been supplanted by 
steam mills which extract from 3i to 7i tons of juice per day with a loss 
of from 20 to 40 per cent of sugar. The sugar produced is classified as 
follows: Class No. 1 contains 88 per cent of saccharine; No. 2 contains 
85£ per cent; No. 3, 81 per cent, and damp 70 per cent. The various 
qualities of sugar are produced in about the following proportions: 
No. 1 quality, one-fourth; No. 2, three-sixteenths; No. 3 and damp, 
nine-sixteenths. Sugar polarizing as high as 92 per cent is produced 
by the old wooden mills in some localities of Panay. The expense of 
production was a very large percentage. Under ordinary circum- 
stances Negros should produce 150,000 tons and Panay 50,000 tons of 
sugar annually on land now under cultivation. Those who have had 
experience in the business assert that with suitable machinery, trans- 
portation facilities and capital, the production could be doubled with- 
out extending the area of land under cultivation; that at present there 
are no means of transportation in Negros except for sugar brought to 
the market by lighters from the estates of the owners, from 5 to 14 
miles, depending solely upon the condition of the roads, which is usually 
bad. The actual cost of producing sugar which is marketed at Iloilo, 
per ton, is as follows: Tilling and planting, $22; cutting and carding 
to mill, milling, bagging and shipping, $18, and delivering, $6, mak- 
ing a total of $56 Mexican. These figures exclude material items like 
interest, investment, taxes, or rents, which are hard to estimate. The 
present selling price of sugar in the Iloilo market, based on the price 
in foreign markets, is about $64 Mexican per ton, which allows little 
or no profit on the sugar from the most favorably located estates, and is 
considerably less than the cost of production on the interior estates. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



53 



The following table shows the quantity and value of sugar exported 
through the port of Iloilo, b}^ fiscal years, since American occupation: 



Year. 


Number of 
pounds. 


Value. 


1899 


96, 831, 930 
116, 258, 922 

77, 089, 391 
135. 687, 751 
226, 056, 793 


$1,873,183 
2, 103, 344 


1900 


1901 


1,471,281 


1902 


2,471,820 


1903 


3, 649, 536 






Total 


651, 924, 787 


11, 569, 164 





At first glance it would seem from the returns of 1893 that the 
sugar planters were subject to congratulations upon the substantial 
increase both as to price and quantity of their product, and the appar- 
ently improved conditions. As a matter of fact, however, owing to 
the increased cost of labor and the extraordinary expenditure for ani- 
mals to replace those killed by the rinderpest, the planters are more 
deeply in debt at the close of the 1903 season than at any previous 
time in their history, and if it had not been for the low-ruling rate of 
exchange enabling buyers to pay more in Mexican currency on prac- 
tically the same gold prices as last 3 7 ear, a large percentage of the 
planters would have been entirely ruined and compelled to abandon 
their estates. The planters have been steadily losing ground since 
1899, and have only been encouraged to continue the operation of 
their estates by the hope each year that their products would be 
admitted to the markets of the United States at a much more favor- 
able rate of duty than is now imposed. The shipments to the United 
States have been very small; 71, 000, 000 pounds of sugar were exported 
last year in vessels which cleared for the Delaware Breakwater ' ' for 
orders." A very small proportion of this was shipped into the United 
States, the larger portion being carried into Canada or England, and 
all the sugar entering the United States, except one cargo which was 
allowed to enter free during the brief period when there was no 
import tax on imports from the Philippine Islands, resulted in a heavy 
loss to the shippers. The islands of Panay and Negros are among the 
most thickly populated, and the inhabitants and business interests 
depend directly or indirectly upon the sugar industry, which is at this 
time in an exceedingly precarious condition, and unless something is 
done by Congress to relieve the situation there must be a total indus- 
trial collapse in those provinces. Were there admitted to the United 
States three or four hundred thousand tons — and there is no likelihood 
that in the near future the exports of sugar from the islands to the 
United States will reach any such sum — it would not have any effect 
upon the price of sugar in the United States, but it would greatly 
increase the prosperity of the two important provinces named. Sugar 
is also raised in Pampanga, Cavite, and Laguna, but not so successfully 



54 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

as in Negros and Panay. The conditions prevailing in the islands of 
Negros and Panay are typical of those throughout the islands. The 
growth of sugar in Formosa is apt to interfere very largely with the 
sugar trade of Japan, which already is hampered by a heavy duty. 

TOBACCO. 

The falling off in the production of leaf tobacco has already been 
alluded to, as well as the causes for the same. I can not too strongly 
urge the necessity for the reduction of the Dingley tariff in its appli- 
cation to goods imported from the Philippine Islands to 25 per cent 
of the rates therein imposed. I am confident that neither in the sugar 
market nor in the tobacco market will the effect of the amount to be 
introduced be materially injurious to any interest in the United States, 
while at the same time it will be of the greatest importance to the 
prosperity of the islands, and will be a most convincing argument 
with the people of the Archipelago to show the real interest that the 
people of the United States feel in the welfare of the Filipino people. 

THE LABOR QUESTION. 

American and foreign business men continue to complain of the 
difficulty in securing good labor. This question was discussed in my 
last annual report, and nothing has occurred since that time to change 
my views. I think it would be a great political mistake to admit the 
Chinamen freely into these islands as laborers. I am convinced that 
the Filipino, as conditions settle, can be made a good laborer; not so 
good as the American, not so good as the Chinaman, but one with 
whom it will be entirely possible to carry on great works of construc- 
tion. We are now employing 2,500 Filipino laborers on the Benguet 
road, and our engineer reports that, wages considered, they are doing 
good work. We had an unfortunate experience in obtaining labor for 
this road, due to a misunderstanding with the proposed laborers, and 
to the fact that the men were obtained from an undesirable class in 
Manila and the neighboring provinces. It was fairly inferable from 
the facts that the persons who agreed to furnish the laborers, either 
intentionally or unintentionally, misled the laborers as to the terms 
upon which they should be employed. I append hereto, as Exhibit N, 
the report of the investigation made by the supervisor of fiscals con- 
cerning the failure of the first attempt to employ large numbers of 
laborers on the Benguet road. Since that time, however, the super- 
intendent has been able to get Filipino laborers from all over Luzon, 
and, as already stated, the number is 2,500 and it is growing. The 
Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company, which is engaged in building the 
great Manila port works, needing in its employ from 500 to 1,000 
men, has adopted the system of making the laborers comfortable and 
at home, and now can procure more labor than it needs, and good 



KErORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 55 

labor, too. The following letters from the vice-president of the com- 
pany seem to leave no doubt upon this point: 

Manila, July 2, 1903. 

Sir: Answering your esteemed verbal inquiry as to our success with the Filipino 
labor, we be«: leave to state as follows: 

First. We believe that Filipino labor can successfully be used. We are employing 
about 1,000 Filipinos, which is a practical demonstration that this statement is not 
a theory. 

Second. To successfully employ Filipino labor is, to the American employer of 
labor, a new business, which has to be learned. If he can not learn it he can not do 
business in the Philippine Islands. 

Third. In general, the Filipinos have to be taught how to work. This requires a 
considerable proportion of intelligent high-grade American foremen and mechanics. 

Fourth. The way to keep the Filipino laborer permanently in one's employ is to 
so arrange his surroundings that he is better off and more contented there than any- 
where else. This we have attained by means of providing homes for the Filipinos 
and their families; also amusements, including Sunday fiestas, and schools where 
their children may be educated. 

Fifth. We are opposed to the introduction of the Chinese. The only argument 
that we can see in its favor is that it may somewhat expedite the development of 
the resources of the islands. This temporary advantage is, we believe, overbalanced 
and overwhelmed by the ultimate injury to both the Americans and natives in the 
islands. 

Sixth. We believe that the greatest need of the islands is the abolition of the 
Dingley tariff as far as it applies to the Philippines. We want the American market, 
not the Chinese laborer. 

Very respectfully, Atlantic, Gulp and Pacific Company, 

By H. Krusi, Vice-President. 

Hon. Wm. H. Tapt, 

Governor Philippine Archipelago, Manila, P. I. 

Manila, November 12, 1903. 

Sir: Referring to your esfeemed verbal request to state whether our subsequent 
experience with the labor situation here is in accord with our letter dated July 2, on 
this subject, would state that our experience since that time has confirmed us in our 
opinion therein advanced. We are having no difficulty whatsoever with our Fili- 
pino labor, who are doing the bulk of the work under our harbor contract. 

The well-known civil engineer, Maj. C. F. Case, was recently at our quarry, and 
can advise you, if desired, as to the state of affairs there. 

I wish to strengthen the statement made in my former letter with reference to the 
use of American foremen and mechanics. These men are the backbone of our organi- 
zation, and a certain proportion of them are absolutely essential to the success of any 
enterprise requiring labor. They are required both to lead and instruct the Filipinos. 
They must be practical men and not afraid to work with their own hands. Our 
experience is that about 8 per cent of American foremen and mechanics is advisable. 

We are firmly convinced that the best interests of the Philippines demand the use 
of Filipino and American labor, to the exclusion of the Chinese. 
Very respectfully, 

Atlantic, Gulp, and Pacific Company, 
By H. Krusi, Vice-President. 

Hon. Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor Philippine Archipelago, Manila, P. I. 

I also append the report of Captain Couden, of the United States 
Navy, upon the capacity of the Filipino for labor. He has charge of 



56 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

the large number of laborers employed at the Cavite Navy- Yard. It 
is marked Exhibit O. 

The new electric street railway company of Manila, which is just 
beginning its work of construction, has had no difficulty in securing 
all the labor it desires. 

The Commission employed Messrs. Norton and Drew as railroad 
engineers to make a reconnaissance survey for trunk lines through the 
island of Luzon. This report has been published, but will be hereto 
appended, for the sake of convenience, as Exhibit P. Mr. Norton is 
quite discouraging in regard to the possibility of securing native labor 
for the construction of railroads. I think that the facts do not justify 
his position in this respect. The Manila and Dagupan Railway was 
built with native labor, and the extensions which are now being con- 
structed under franchises granted by the Commission are being built 
by the same labor. It is possible that were a very general s} T stem of 
railroad construction begun all at once in the islands, the supply of 
laborers here would be found deficient. In such contingency the emer- 
gency could be met by special legislation permitting use of coolie 
labor for a short period; but I anticipate no such necessity. 

There is more importation of Japanese labor, but it has not as yet 
reached any proportion likely to have an effect upon the labor market. 

THE EFFECT OF LABOR ON THE INVESTMENTS OF CAPITAL. 

There is no doubt that the iteration and reiteration of the deficiency 
in the supply of labor in the Philippine Islands have had the effect of 
frightening American investors of capital from coming into the islands. 
The Commission is strongly desirous of encouraging American capital 
to come here, but it should be noted that if American capital declines 
to come that English, Belgian, and other foreign capital is merely 
awaiting the franchises which are requested for railroad and other 
constructive enterprises, and that it will be the duty of the Commission 
to grant such franchises for the benefit of the islands. The owners of 
English capital already invested in the Manila and Dagupan Railway 
have accepted two franchises granted for the construction and opera- 
tion of branches for that railway, and are very anxious to secure 
other franchises extending their railway in other directions. They are 
sufficiently familiar with the possibility of securing native labor and 
of making it available for reasonably economical construction of their 
works not to be frightened away from the accepting of such franchises 
and making such investments. A reluctance on the part of American 
investors will certainly lead to the acceptance of their propositions. 
It seems to me that this much ought to be said by way of warning 
American investors that when later on they shall come into the islands, 
and shall find foreign capital strongly intrenched in many profitable 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 57 

enterprises, they will have only themselves to blame for a failure to 
seize the opportunity when it was offered them. 

The disposition to harken to pessimistic malign ers of conditions in 
the Philippines may prove to be, in this sense, quite costly. 

RAILROAD AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION. 

The political conditions in the islands are now such as to make the 
time ripe for a period of great construction. For the next decade 
railroads^ canals, and steamship companies should revolutionize the 
interior trade of the islands, and should have a most marked effect 
upon the export trade. There are a number of short lines of railroads 
that could be constructed, and doubtless will be, without governmental 
aid, but there are other lines of longer and more difficult construction 
which should at once be begun, but which we can not expect to have 
begun unless there is actual governmental financial encouragement. 
For this reason it seems to me wise that the Commission be authorized, 
with the approval of the Secretary of War and the President of the 
United States, to enter into contracts of guaranty with railroad com- 
panies to whom a franchise for the construction of a road shall be 
granted by which an income of not exceeding 4 per cent, and probably 
not exceeding 3 per cent, shall be guaranteed on the investment, the 
amount of which shall be fixed in the law. This method of financial 
encouragement is much to be preferred to the granting of lands or 
other forms of governmental subsidy, and I recommend to the Com- 
mission that in its report to the Secretary of War, to be transmitted to 
Congress, it ask for the granting of such power. It is very possible 
that under the Philippine act, as now passed such power exists, but it 
would greatly aid in securing public confidence if this power were 
expressly granted. 

HEALTH. 

The cholera, which began in March, 1902, has continued in the islands 
down to the time of writing. The number of cases was something over 
150,000 and the number of deaths something over 100,000. The num- 
ber of deaths and cases has been very much smaller in the city of 
Manila than in the provinces which the disease has visited. This is 
due to the fact that Manila has a water supply which has been care- 
fully guarded from pollution. There is a great need of improvement 
in the water supply of the smaller towns. The Commission has 
directed the consulting engineer to investigate the cost of a plant for 
driving deep or artesian wells in each province of the islands. 

Few cases of plague have been found or reported this last year in 
Manila. An outbreak of plague occurred in Cebu, disclosing an 
unsanitary condition in that city that required some radical measures 
on the part of the board of health to remedy. 



58 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

There is no bureau of government more important in the devel- 
opment of these islands than that which is charged with looking 
after the health of the inhabitants. The islands, though thej^ contain 
8,000,000 people, are sparsely settled. The natural increase by births 
should be far greater. The immense loss of life from infantile diseases, 
before the age of 6 months is reached, is one reason why the increase 
of population is slow. It is within the function of the health board to 
encourage a better hygienic treatment of young children than now 
prevails. The improvement of the drinking water, too, will much 
decrease the death rate. 

In connection with the subject of health, reference should be made 
to the province of Benguet and to Baguio, the capital of that province. 
The secretary of commerce and police will refer to the work now being 
done in the construction of the Benquet road from Pozorrubio, through 
Twin Peaks, to Baguio. There have been serious engineering mis- 
takes made in the road, and it is proving to be much more costly than 
was expected; but when completed its importance in the development 
of these islands can hardly be overestimated. One of the things essen- 
tial to progress in the islands is the coming of more Americans and 
Europeans who shall make this their business home. If there can be 
brought within twelve hours' travel of Manila a place with a climate 
not unlike that of the Adirondacks, or of Wyoming in summer, it will 
add greatly to the possibility of living in Manila for ten months of 
the year without risk. It will take away the necessity for long vaca- 
tions spent in America; will reduce the number who go invalided 
home, and will be a saving to the insular government of many thou- 
sands of dollars a year. It will lengthen the period during which the 
American soldiers who are stationed here may remain without injury 
to their health and will thus reduce largely the expense of transporta- 
tion of troops between the islands and the United States. More than 
this, Filipinos of the wealthier class frequently visit Japan or China 
for the purpose of recuperating. People of this class are much inter- 
ested in the establishment of Baguio as a summer capital, and when 
the road is completed a town will spring up, made up of comfortable 
residences, of a fine, extensive army post, and sanitariums for the 
relief of persons suffering from diseases prevalent in the lowlands. 
It is the hope of the government that the Roman Catholic Church will 
send American priests as it has sent American bishops to the islands, 
to assist in the moral elevation of the people. The fear of the effect 
of the climate has kept many from coming. The Roman Catholic 
Church authorities have announced their intention of erecting rest 
houses at Baguio for the purpose of the recuperation of their minis- 
ters and agents. The Methodists and Episcopalians have already 
secured building lots in Baguio for this purpose. It is the settled 
purpose of the Commission to see this improvement through, no matter 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 59 

what the cost, because eventually the expenditures must redound to 
the benefit of the government and people of the islands. We have 
already stated, in the report on the public-land act, that it is proposed, 
under that act, which allows the organizing of town sites, to sell the 
public land in suitable lots at auction so that everyone interested shall 
have the opportunity to obtain a good lot upon which to build a suit- 
able house. 

schools. 

One of the most gratifying things to report this year is the great 
increase in the school attendance in all the provinces but one. This 
increase is seen both in the attendance of children at day schools and 
also in the doubled attendance at night schools by adults. Still, only 
about 150,000, or 10 per cent of the population of school age, are 
receiving public instruction. We have neither teachers nor school- 
houses enough to carry out our purpose of giving primary English 
education to every child of school age in the Archipelago. Our 
resources are not sufficient to permit the necessary expenditure. 
Several millions could be well expended in the erection of large, airy, 
and healthy schoolhouses, and the number of teachers might well be 
multiplied by seven. There is an intense desire throughout the islands 
to learn English, and when one is familiar with the number of requests 
for American teachers and for the establishment of schools in which 
English can be taught, from Aparri to Mindanao, he is justified in 
smiling at the utterly unfounded charge made by persons professing 
to have some knowledge in respect to the islands, that we are forcing 
the English language upon an unwilling people. Here is possibly not 
the place to defend the policy of a general system of common school 
education in the islands. I am aware that our plans for education 
have been the subject of considerable criticism by men whose experi- 
ence in eastern countries entitles their views to great weight, on the 
ground that by giving education to the people we unfit them for agri- 
cultural and other manual pursuits and inspire them with a desire to 
succeed only as clerks and professional men. That the result of higher 
education upon a people unfitted by training and moral stamina to use 
it to good purpose may be productive of evil need not here be denied 
or discussed. That superficial education frequently produces discon- 
tent and brings about social disturbances may also be conceded. The 
condition, however, which is most productive of social disturbances is 
the existence of a vast mass of ignorant people easily and blindly led 
by the comparatively few of their superficially educated countrymen 
into insurrection and lawless violence without any definite knowledge 
or certainty as to the beneficial results therefrom. The theory upon 
which we justify, even on political grounds, the spread of education 
is that the more the mass of ignorant persons is reduced in number by 
diffusing among them common school education the less likely are 



60 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

they to be led away b}^ degenerate political fakirs into experiences and 
projects that can lead to nothing but disaster. The common school 
education does not unfit either the oriental or the occidental laborer 
for manual effort, but it does enlighten him as to a more civilized life, 
and does increase his wants and thus does furnish a motive for more 
continuous and harder labor. 

The Commission has thought it wise to inaugurate the plan of send- 
ing to America each year for education an average of 100 boys and girls 
of high-school age for the purpose of enabling them to become teachers, 
lawyers, doctors, and engineers, on condition that for five years after 
their return they shall be subject to call by the Government for public 
service. One hundred boys were sent in October. Seventy-five of 
the appointments were allotted to the provinces in proportion to the 
school population and interest in the schools shown in the provinces. 
They were selected in each province by the division school superin- 
tendent after a conference with the provincial governor, and then 25 
were selected at large by the Civil Governor. Seventy-five were re- 
quired to come from the public schools. They left Manila in charge 
of Professor and Mrs. Sutherland. They go to southern California, 
and will, in groups of eight and ten, be sent to the county high schools 
of that State which bear a high reputation. It is thought that by June 
of next year Professor Sutherland, who will have general supervision 
of them, may be able to classify them properly and distribute them 
among the preparatory schools or colleges of the East. The pro- 
ficiency of the students in English formed an important element in the 
grounds for their selection. The plan was very popular and awakened 
a great interest in every town in the islands. As far as possible the 
selections made this year were by competitive examination. Next 
year a more rigid system will be followed. Next year probably one- 
third or one-half of those selected will be girls, with a view to their 
education as teachers. 

THE PHILIPPINE EXHIBIT AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION AT 

ST. LOUIS. 

By Act No. 514, passed on the 11th of November, 1902, for the pur- 
pose of securing, organizing, and making an exhibit of Filipino prod- 
ucts, manufactures, art, ethnology, education, and habits of the people, 
it was provided that there should be a board of three members, to be 
appointed by the civil governor, with the consent of the Philippine 
Commission. The board was authorized and directed to hold a pre- 
liminary exposition of certain of the exhibits at Manila in the autumn 
of 1903, and to establish a permanent museum in Manila. It was 
authorized to secure the needed land from the authorities of the St. 
Louis Exposition, to expend the necessary sums in the drawing of 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 61 

plans for the necessary buildings and for their construction, and for 
the laying out of the ground included in the tract assigned to the 
Philippine exhibit; to incur all necessary expenses in securing the 
exhibits, including the necessary advertising, in the transportation of 
exhibits from the point where secured in the Philippine Islands to 
Manila and thence to St. Louis. The board was authorized to incur 
in all this work obligations not exceeding in the aggregate the sum of 
$250,000. The heads of all the bureaus of the insular government and 
the governor and members of the provincial boards of provinces and 
all municipal presidents and other officers were directed to furnish 
ever}' assistance in their power to the exposition board in obtaining 
the exhibits. The board was directed to render a monthly report of 
the work done by it to the civil governor, and a quarterly account of 
its receipts and expenditures to the civil governor and the auditor of the 
islands. By another section the civil governor was authorized to appoint 
five honorary commissioners to visit the exposition and to report upon 
the same. One hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars gold was 
appropriated to meet the obligations incurred under the act. Amend- 
ments were made to the act subsequently, varying some of the pow- 
ers of the commission and dispensing with the necessity for a pre- 
liminary exposition in Manila, which proved to be impracticable, and 
appropriating $325,000, making the total appropriation half a million 
dollars for the expense of the exhibit. At the same time there was 
obtained from the authorities of the St. Louis Purchase Exposition the 
use of 40 acres of land, the promise of a contribution of $200,000 to 
the erection of the necessary buildings at the exhibit at St. Louis, and 
the proceeds of concessions granted in the grounds of the exhibit. 
Dr. William P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Commercial 
Museum, Dr. Gustavo Mederlein, his assistant, and Senor Pedro A. 
Paterno, who had had much to do with a Filipino exhibit at Madrid, 
were named the exposition board, and Senor Leon M. Guerrero, a Fili- 
pino of high scientific attainments, was made the secretary of the board. 
Doctor Niederlein came to the islands immediately upon his appoint- 
ment, and with extraordinary energy has secured upward of 50,000 
exhibits, which will probably be increased to 80,000. The Secretary of 
War has ordered a battalion of four companies of Philippine Scouts 
to be sent to the exposition, and the Philippine Commission has or- 
dered two companies of constabulary and one constabulary band of 80 
pieces also to visit the exposition and remain there while it is open. 
Among the exhibits will be several colonies of the various tribes, 
civilized and uncivilized, for the purpose of giving opportunity for 
ethnographic study of the people of the Philippines. 

The work has not been without its obstacles, but it is hoped that the 
exhibit will be of interest to the American people and give them a 



62 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

clearer idea than they now have, not only of the inhabitants of the 
islands, but also of their extent and the variety of their products, the 
work which has been done in the matter of education, their artistic 
tastes, and their capacity in many directions. The section directing the 
appointment of five honorary commissioners has not yet been amended, 
but it is the purpose of the Commission to increase the number to a 
delegation of from 30 to 50 prominent Filipino gentlemen of education 
and culture, who will visit the exposition and various cities of the 
United States at the expense of the insular treasury, with a view to 
bringing the two peoples nearer together and to showing the intelli- 
gent Filipinos what our country is and what our institutions mean. 
At the same time this delegation will be able, in the congresses at 
St. Louis, to represent with dignity the intellectual development of 
the islands and to speak with authority upon the needs of their peo- 
ple. It is thought that the large amount of money expended is justi- 
fied by the commercial advantages to the Philippine Islands which will 
follow an exhibit of its products and resources, as well as the great 
benefit to be derived from a closer union and a better mutual under- 
standing between the American and Filipino people. 1 append hereto 
as Exhibit Q the report of the exposition board. 

THE CENSUS. 

The details of the taking of the census will doubtless appear in the 
report of the secretary of public instruction, in whose department the 
bureau of the census by law is put, and the rough results of the census, 
so far as population is concerned, will there appear. It is sufficient to 
say that the census was almost wholly taken by Filipinos under the 
direction of General Sanger and his skilled assistants, Mr. Gannett and 
Mr. Olmstead, and that on the whole the machinery proved to be very 
satisfactory. The returns are now being compiled in Washington, but 
will probably not be published before October of 1904. At the end of 
two years from that date, if the President shall find that tranquillity 
prevails in the Christian Filipino provinces, it will become his duty to 
direct a holding of an election for selection of members for a general 
assembly of the Christian Filipino people, which will be a coordinate 
branch of a legislature to be composed of the Commission and the leg- 
islative assembly. This will doubtless prove to be a most important 
step in the growth and development of the Philippine people, and I 
have abiding confidence that the conservative elements in the Filipino 
people will accept this concession on the part of the Congress of the 
United States as a proffered test of their capacity to avoid foolish and 
impracticable legislative measures and of demonstrating the existence 
among them of that self-restraint which is indispensable to the growth 
of popular and effective self-government. 



BEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 63 

OPIUM. 

Reports from various provinces and information from other sources 
have convinced the Commission that the smoking of opium is spread- 
ing among the native Filipinos. Under the Spanish regime Filipinos 
were under penalty- of fine or imprisonment if convicted of smoking 
opium, but opium joints or smoking places were licensed to be used 
only by Chinamen. Under the tariff act now in force the tariff on 
opium was somewhat reduced, on the theory that a high tax on the 
importation of the drug increased the smuggling of it. The result is 
that except for the tariff there is no restriction at all on the sale of 
opium at present, except that town councils are required to pass 
ordinances suppressing opium joints. 

Commissioner Moses was appointed to draft an opium bill, and on 
his resignation the task fell to Commissioner Smith. He drafted a 
bill which, in short, forbade the use of opium by Filipinos, or the 
sale of it to Filipinos, but provided for the granting of the monopoly 
for the sale of opium to Chinamen for one year to the highest 
bidder. The maintaining of a public place for the smoking of opium 
was punished by a fine, and every Chinaman was forbidden to smoke 
opium except on his own premises. This bill called forth consid- 
erable opposition, especially from the president of the Evangelical 
Union, of Manila. Doctor Stuntz, of that association, who had had 
a large experience in India, was especially emphatic in condemning 
the sale of the monopoly, which he insisted had a tendency to increase 
rather than to diminish the use of opium. A very extended discussion 
before the Commission was carried on, and communications were had 
with the Secretary of War upon the subject. A stenographic report 
of the discussion has already been forwarded to Washington. 

The result was that the Commission hesitated to take action before 
a more thorough investigation could be made into the methods of 
dealing with opium smoking in oriental countries. Accordingly a law 
was passed, No. 800, under which a committee was to be appointed by 
the civil governor to visit the various oriental countries and make a 
report upon the methods of restricting the sale and use of opium 
which were in force in the East. Major Carter, surgeon, United States 
Army, and commissioner of health of the Philippine Islands, Dr. Jose 
Albert, a prominent Filipino physician of Manila, and the Right 
Rev. Charles H. Brent, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the Philip- 
pine Islands, were appointed to make up this committee. Their 
report is expected in February or March, and until that time action 
by the Commission has been delayed. 

CIVIL SERVICE. 

The report of the civil-service board, which is attached hereto and 
marked " Exhibit R," shows that the principles of the merit system are 



64 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

being enforced with much rigor, that the examinations for places are 
increasing, especially among the Filipinos, and that the proportion of 
the places given to the Filipinos is becoming greater. In the next 
three or four years the proportion of Filipinos in the government is 
certain to increase rapidly. There are many places in the executive 
departments which can only be filled by one who knows English. 
The rapidity with which the Filipinos are learning English gives 
assurance that this cause of their exclusion will not much longer 
continue. 

Americans responsible for the government of these islands have 
suffered a most humiliating experience during the past year in the 
numerous defalcations of Americans charged with the official duty of 
collecting and disbursing money. The defalcations in the islands have 
extended also to the clerical service of the American business firms in 
the islands. The practice of the government has been to appoint to 
positions of pecuniary trust, especially to those where the amount of 
money handled was large, Americans alone. They were all placed 
under bond in either the Union Surety and Guaranty Company, or, 
later, in the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland, or the Amer- 
ican Surety Company of New York. The insular treasurer and the 
insular auditor have had great difficulty in securing examiners in suffi- 
cient number to make the examinations as frequently as the law re- 
quires, and the immunity from frequent examinations, which in future 
will not continue, may explain some of the defalcations. Everyone 
connected with the government realized as soon as the defalcations 
were made public the demoralizing effect that such revelations must 
have upon the service unless such dishonesty was promptly punished. 
A still more serious result was the effect upon the Filipinos, who had 
been advised that Americans would be honest where others had not 
been so careful in accounting for public money. Prosecutions were 
vigorously begun against all defaulting officers, and the surety com- 
panies have responded when shown their liability. 

So far as is known, the only defaulting officer who has escaped 
trial is a deputy collector named Stewart, at Iloilo, who managed to 
reach the United States at a time when there was no extradition law. 
It is hoped that he will be apprehended and brought back. In other 
cases defaulting officials have reached Hongkong, Shanghai, or even 
Montreal before their arrest, but the insular government, sparing no 
effort or expense, has succeeded in bringing them to their well-deserved 
punishment. Two defaulters, though tried, have escaped conviction 
of embezzlement on the ground that others had stolen the money. In 
the case of one of these, three subordinates were convicted. 

The question that naturally presents itself after a review of these 
instances of dishonesty is whether we are to expect a recurrence of 
them. I am glad to say that I think not. They are the natural result 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 65 

of the circumstances under which selections for official positions in the 
beginning of this government had to be made. The mode of selec- 
tion under the civil-service law could not, of course, be applied at first, 
because the government had to become at once a going concern. The 
army officers who had begun the civil government here had to be 
relieved, the number of officers, as civil government spread through 
the provinces, had to be largely increased, and the material from which 
selections had to be made was those men who had resigned from the 
Army or had been mustered out and proposed to remain in the Philip- 
pines. It was impossible in the selection of so many officers to insti- 
tute a thorough investigation into their lives in the States. There 
were men among those who have proven since to be defaulters who 
changed their names with the view of avoiding the investigation which 
would have disclosed dishonesty in their past lives. Then, too, in the 
very unsettled conditions which have prevailed here, men who would 
not have yielded to temptation to dishonesty in the States were unable 
to resist it here. As was said in the first report of the Commission: 

Many leave the United States honest, but with the weakening of the restraints of 
home associations and with the anxious desire to make so long a trip result success- 
fully in a pecuniary advantage, demoralization and dishonesty are much more likely 
to follow than at home. To avoid the dangers presented by these conditions it is 
necessary, first, to banish all favoritism and political considerations from the selec- 
tion of civil servants and rigidly enforce the requirements of a competitive examina- 
tion and a satisfactory showing by the applicant of his good moral character; second, 
to pay adequate salaries and to allow liberal leaves of absence adapted to preserva- 
tion of health in the Tropics, thus securing that contentment with the service with- 
out which good work is not possible, and, third, to awaken an enthusiasm in the 
service by offering as a reward for faithful and highly efficient work a reasonable 
prospect of promotion to the highest position in the government. 

The lack of ordinary, rational, and healthful amusements for one 
engaged as a provincial officer in the country itself turns the minds of 
not overstrong natures toward vicious pursuits and enjoyments like 
those of gambling and licentious association with native women. 
There is thus furnished a means of spending money in excess of the 
legitimate salaries, which soon leads on to an appropriation of the pub- 
lic funds. In the beginning of this government it was impossible to 
organize a system of inspection which should enable us to follow the 
private lives of our employees charged with the ^custody of money, 
but as the organization becomes better and our system of inspection 
becomes more thorough we are able to furnish the weaker of our 
employees the fear of expected inspection as a strong motive for pur- 
suing honest ways. There follows below a short statement of the 
history of each of the defaulting officials in the Philippine civil service 
during the period July 1, 1902, to November 9, 1903: 

James F. Beahax.— Born at Boston, Mass., in 1877. Enlisted in Company A, 
Ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, May 4, 1898; discharged November 26, 1898. 

AVAR 1903 — VOL 5 5 



66 PEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Enlisted in Company F, Ninth U. S. Infantry, January 14, 1899; discharged Janu- 
ary 31, 1900, to accept employment as clerk in the office of the chief surgeon, provost 
guard, Manila. Continued with the board of health, and promoted to clerk at $1,600 
October 1, 1901; appointed disbursing officer April 1, 1902, at $1,800 per annum. An 
examination, made in October, 1902, of his accounts disclosed numerous claims for 
credit covering duplicated payments, besides evidence of forgery of names to a pay 
roll for which he had claimed credit. These fraudulent claims for credit amounted 
to about $4,300 Mexican currency, but there were besides many irregular vouchers 
and improper transactions. Mr. Beahan was tried and convicted on two charges, 
the first of "falsification of public documents," for which he was sentenced to twelve 
years imprisonment December 16, 1902. On the second charge, "misappropriation 
of public funds," he was given an additional sentence of twelve years imprisonment 
March 31, 1903. Between the time of his arrest and final conviction Mr. Beahan 
fled to Shanghai, China, where he was apprehended and returned. The government 
secured by attachment the amount of a personal deposit of $2,000 gold made by him 
in one of the Manila banks. 

William A. Wilson.— Born at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1871. Enlisted in the Thirty- 
fifth Infantry, U. S. Volunteers, August 22, 1899; discharged March 13, 1901, as 
regimental commissary sergeant; temporarily employed in police department, April 
1 to August 9, 1901, as clerk at $1,200 per annum; appointed to the bureau of the 
insular treasury as clerk at $1,200 per annum August 12, 1901, as a result of civil- 
service examination; transferred to office of the captain of the port at $1,600 Sep- 
tember 12, 1901 ; transferred to the bureau of coastguard and transportation January 
1, 1902, at $1,800; promoted to disbursing officer April 1, 1902, at $2,000. In Decem- 
ber, 1902, he disappeared, and in the examination of his accounts which followed an 
actual cash shortage of $19,265.65 Mexican currency was discovered. Wilson was 
traced by way of Hongkong and Shanghai to Montreal, Canada, where he was 
arrested by United States secret service agents and returned to Manila for trial. He 
was charged with ' ' misappropriation of public funds ' ' and ' ' falsification of a public 
document." In the first case he received a sentence, April 13, 1903, of tw 7 elve years 
imprisonment, and in the second case a sentence of twelve years and one day and a 
fine of 1,250 pesetas, April 20, 1903. Demand was made for the full amount of the 
shortage upon the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland and the American 
Surety Company of New York, joint sureties, and the claim was settled in full 
October 22, 1903. 

Matthew T. E. Ward. — Appointed subinspector in the Philippines Constabulary 
May 1, 1902; promoted to fourth-class inspector July 1, 1902. In October, 1902, he 
was found short in his cash and commissary accounts to the amount of $1, 266.26 
Mexican currency, and was tried on the charge of "misappropriation of pubic funds," 
and was sentenced to imprisonment for two years, four months, and one day on 
December 4, 1902. The full amount of his shortage was paid by the Union Surety 
and Guaranty Company of Philadelphia August 31, 1903. An additional shortage 
on account of property is still undetermined. 

Charles J. De Witt.— Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1876. Formerly an enlisted 
man in the Third U. S. Cavalry; appointed fourth-class inspector, Philippines Con- 
stabulary, at $800 per annum, September 19, 1902. In January, 1903, he was found 
short $10,498.83 Mexican currency in his cash, commissary, and property accounts; 
was tried for "misappropriation of public funds" and sentenced, February 9, 1903, 
to ten years' imprisonment. The amount of his shortage was paid August 15, 1903, 
by the Fidelity and Deposit Company and the American Surety Company, joint 
sureties. 

0. G. Milne. — Born in New York in 1881. Appointed postmaster at Tacloban, 
Leyte, September 1, 1902, at $1,000 per annum. In November, 1902, he claimed to 
have been the victim of a robbery of over $12,000 United States currency in money- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 67 

order funds from his office. His statements were not consistent. The matter was 
investigated by the inspectors of the bureau of posts, and upon the evidence secured 
Milne was arrested and convicted of ''misappropriation of public funds" to the 
amount of $12,140.80 United States currency. He was sentenced, May 1, 1903, to 
imprisonment for eight years and one day. After his conviction he confessed his 
crime and pointed out where $9,102.50 United States currency, for which he was 
accountable, was concealed. This sum was recovered and a further sum of $3,000 
United States currency, the full amount of his bond, was paid July 21, 1903, by the 
Union Surety and Guaranty Company of Philadelphia. 

Albert C. Roberts. — Born in Kentucky in 1873. Served as sergeant of Company 
D, Second Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, and as regimental quartermaster-sergeant 
of the same regiment; enlisted May 3 and discharged August 31, 1898. Served in 
subsistence and quartermaster's departments of U. S. Army from November 1, 
1898, to June 30, 1901; appointed bookkeeper in the Insular Cold Storage and Ice 
Plant, July 1, 1901, at $1,500 per annum; compensation increased to $1,800 January 
1, 1902. Upon examination of his accounts in May, 1903, he was found short to the 
extent of $1,622.42 United States currency, and $7,014.65 Mexican currency, and 
was tried on the charge of "misappropriation of public funds," but was convicted 
of permitting others to abstract public funds, and sentenced July 10, 1903, to pay a 
fine equal to the amount of the shortage in addition to the civil liability under his 
bond. Demand was made upon the Fidelity and Deposit Company and the Ameri- 
can Surety Company, joint sureties, and the claim was settled in full October 22, 
1903. Case pending on appeal of the government, seeking a sentence of imprison- 
ment for years in the penitentiary. 

J. Valentine Karelson. — Born in New York City in 1875. Enlisted in the 
Twenty-seventh Battery, Indiana Light Artillery, May 10, 1898; discharged July 17, 
1898, for disability; appointed to the position of clerk, at $900 per annum, in the 
Manila post-office, May 16, 1902, as a result of civil-service examination; transferred 
to the position of postmaster at Calamba, Laguna, January 15, 1903, at $1,000 per 
annum. In April, 1903, he claimed to have lost $1,000, United States currency, in 
transit to his depositary at Manila. Investigation showed that his claim was a false 
one. He was charged with "misappropriation of public funds," convicted, and 
sentenced July 5, 1903, to imprisonment for ten years and one day, and to pay a 
fine of $1,000 United States currency. Demand has been made upon the Union 
Surety and Guaranty Company, but the matter is unadjusted. 

Walter Shttltz. — Born at Houstonia, Mo., in 1875. Enlisted in Company H, 
First Territorial Infantry, July 27, 1898; mustered out February 17, 1899; reenlisted in 
Company H, Thirty-fourth Infantry, July 25, 1900; discharged as sergeant February 
26, 1901; appointed postmaster at Laoag, Ilocos Norte, on a percentage basis, March 
1, 1901; salary fixed at $1,000 per annum April 1, 1901; returned to the percentage 
basis October 1, 1901; reappointed postmaster at Laoag April 1, 1903, at $900 per 
annum; salary increased to $1,000 July 1, 1903. In July, 1903, he was found short 
$2,500 United States currency by Post-Office Inspector Ladd. Shultz confessed and 
made a full statement of his peculations. He was charged with " misappropriation 
of public funds," and sentenced to imprisonment for eight years and one day. The 
final audit of this account showed a net shortage of $2, 511. 97 United States currency. 
It appeared by the confession of the late postmaster that the sum of $809. 52 United 
States currency was abstracted from the money-order funds prior to October 1, 1902, 
at which time a bond given by the Union Surety and Guaranty Company was 
effective. For the remainder of the shortage, $1, 702. 45 United States currency, the 
Fidelity and Deposit Company and the American Surety Company were deemed 
jointly liable. Demand was made upon the surety companies concerned, and the 
amount for which each was liable was paid October 22, 1903. 

Bartlett Sinclair. — Born at Lancaster, S. C, in 1864. A member of the New 
York bar and subsequently auditor of the State of Idaho. Most highly recom- 



68 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

mended. Appointed treasurer province of Rizal September 25, 1901. In January, 
1903, he was found short in his accounts in the sum of $1, 410. 40 United States cur- 
rency. He was removed from office and charged under a Spanish statute still in 
force^with "carelessness and negligence in office," as a result of which he permitted 
others to abstract public funds. The books of the late treasurer, as kept by him, 
showed a shortage of over $10, 000 Mexican currency, while additional debits not 
charged, amounting to over $10, 000 Mexican currency, were discovered in the 
examination of his office. The case against Sinclair resulted in acquittal, on the 
peculiar ground that he was as attentive to his duties as a man with his lack of 
money accounting sense could be expected to be, October 20, 1903. The loss has 
been paid in full by the sureties. 

Emory H. Fogerty. — Born at Worcester, Mass., in 1874. Cadet United States 
Revenue-Cutter Service, 1898-1900. Appointed to the Philippine civil service from 
the United States as a result of civil-service examination April 21, 1902; assigned to 
the position of deputy treasurer, province of Rizal, under Bartlett Sinclair. Mr. 
Fogerty made a written confession of having appropriated to his own use a sum 
equivalent to $1,276 United States currency, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced 
April 8, 1903, to three years' imprisonment. 

Ricardo Gutierrez. — Born in Baliuag, P. I., in 1882. Appointed clerk in the 
office of the treasurer, province of Rizal at $180, July 9, 1901; promoted September 
15, 1901, to the position of deputy treasurer at $300 per annum. While deputy of 
ex-Treasurer Sinclair, was charged with misappropriation of $244. 34 Mexican cur- 
rency, but reimbursed the government before the date of his sentence, which was 
imprisonment for four months and one day. 

Gregorio de Silva. — Born at Pasig, P. I., in 1875. Appointed clerk in the office 
of the treasurer, province of Rizal, on July 15, 1901, at $180 per annum. While 
deputy of ex-Treasurer Sinclair, he was convicted of having appropriated $46.28 
Mexican currency, but reimbursed the government before a sentence of two months' 
imprisonment was imposed. 

Frank Dean Tompkins. — Born at Troy, N. Y., in 1870. Appointed first lieu- 
tenant, First U. S. Volunteer Infantry, June 21, 1898 ; honorably mustered out 
October 28, 1898; appointed first lieutenant, Thirty-third U. S. Volunteer Infantry, 
April 5, 1899; detailed as treasurer and collector of internal revenue, province of La 
Union, while in the military service, and appointed treasurer of the province of La 
Union August 15, 1901, at $2,000 per annum. An examination of the accounts of 
Dean Tompkins made in June, 1903, disclosed a shortage of $221.15 United States 
currency, and $22,744.25 Mexican currency. After the seizure of his office, July 5, 
1903, by the deputy of the insular treasurer, Mr. Tompkins made cash payments on 
his shortage amounting to $1,129.99 United States currency and $7,061.26 Mexican 
currency, besides payment by personal notes given by him to various persons for 
salary vouchers, for which he claimed credit in his accounts, amounting to $294.50 
United States currency and $1,338.74 Mexican currency. The persons who accepted 
these notes now state that they did so with the understanding that the province was 
cramped for funds or that the actual cash was not available, and that the obligation 
of the government to pay was not discharged by acceptance of the notes. The notes 
were given to provincial officers and employees after the seizure of the office, how- 
ever. Mne charges were filed against ex-Treasurer Tompkins — four for "estafa," 
four for falsification of public documents in forging names of municipal treasurers to 
receipts for money for which he took credit, and one for misappropriation of public 
funds amounting to $221.15 United States currency and $22,744.25 Mexican currency. 
One of the cases for ' ' estafa ' ' resulted in acquittal on account of a technicality. In 
the next case heard, the charge being forgery, the defendant was found guilty and 
sentenced to imprisonment for seventeen years, four months, and one day. During 
the hearing of the third case brought to trial, that of misappropriation of public 
funds, the defendant fell sick, and further hearing of the case was postponed to 






REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 69 

October 1, 1903. This case resulted in conviction, and an additional sentence of 
imprisonment for nine years was imposed October 15. The loss is unadjusted. The 
remainder of the indictments are in abeyance. 

Alfred E. Wood. — Born at Reigate, England, in 1864. Appointed in the United 
States to the Philippine civil service as clerk, at $1,400 per annum, as a result of civil- 
service examination; assigned to the bureau of the insular purchasing agent upon 
arrival; resigned and appointed in the Census Bureau October 31, 1902; resigned 
December 5, 1902; reinstated and appointed chief clerk and deputy treasurer of the 
province of La Union December 15, 1902, at $1,200 per annum. As deputy to Dean 
Tompkins, ex-treasurer of Union province, he made certain illegal collections from 
municipal treasurers and embezzled the same. The amount involved is a part of the 
treasurer's shortage. Wood was found guilty September 10, 1903, of "estafa," and 
sentenced to four months' imprisonment in the provincial jail. 

Thomas P. Coates. — Born in Illinois in 1880. Appointed to the position of clerk, 
bureau of customs, Condon, P. I., at $600, on February 20, 1900. Promoted to coast 
district inspector of customs, San Fernando, Union, at $1,400, on June 24, 1901. 
In July, 1903, he was found short in his accounts $1,990.22 Mexican currency, by 
Supervising Special Agent Edwards, of the customs service. Coates was charged with 
misappropriation of funds, and also with "estafa," in using a false and fraudulent 
check of Dean Tompkins to deceive the special agent. He was found guilty of the 
first charge September 9, 1903, and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. The 
defendant paid the amount of his shortage in open court. 

Charles H. Osborn. — Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1875. Enlisted in Company 
B, Ninth New York Voluntary Infantry, May 2, 1898. Reenlisted in Company L, 
Third U. S. Infantry, July 20, 1900; discharged to accept employment as clerk in the 
office of the adjutant-general, Department of North Philippines, June 23, 1901; trans- 
ferred to Quartermaster's Department December 21, 1901; appointed fourth-class 
inspector, Philippine Constabulary, June 20, 1902, at $800 per annum; assigned as 
supply officer at San Fernando, Union, September 30, 1902; compensation increased 
to $900 per annum June 1, 1903; June, 1903, he was found short $6,081.55 Mexican 
currency, in his disbursing and commissary accounts, and was charged with misap- 
propriation of public funds and "estafa" in using a false and fraudulent check of 
Dean Tompkins for $3,000, to be used as cash during inspection of his accounts. 
Osborn was found guilty of misappropriation of funds and sentenced September 9 to 
ten years' imprisonment. Demand will be made upon his sureties without delay. 

Qutxttn R. Gonzalez. — Born at Manila, P. I., in 1870. Appointed fourth-class 
inspector, Philippine Constabulary, September 20, 1901, at $800 per annum; pro- 
moted to third-class inspector June 17, 1902, at $950; promoted December 18, 1902, 
to -SI, 000. He was found short in his accounts to the amount of about $1,600 Mexi- 
can currency, and is under arrest pending trial. The shortage has been made good 
by him. 

William G. Hollis. — Born at Chatham, Mass., in 1873. Enlisted in Company L, 
Fifth Massachusetts Infantry, June 1, 1898; mustered out March 31, 1899; served as 
property clerk and stenographer in the Quartermaster's Department in Cuba and 
later in the office of the depot quartermaster, Department of Northern Luzon, from 
1899 to June 30, 1901; appointed clerk, office of the insular treasurer, July 1, 1901, 
as a result of civil-service examination, at $1,200 per annum; salary increased July 15 
to $1,400; September 1, to $1,600; October 17, to $1,800; February 1, 1902, to $2,000; 
appointed treasurer of Occidental Negros August 8, 1902. In June, 1903, an exami- 
nation of his cash accounts showed a shortage, as of June 23, 1903, of $11,063.11 
Mexican currency, with an overage of $86.71 United States currency. His trial is 
pending before the court of first instance of Bacolod. Demand will be made upon 
sureties for the amount misappropriated. 

James W. Walsh, Jr.— Born in North Dakota in 1876; appointed subinspector, 
Philippine Constabulary, at $480 per annum, February 13, 1902; promoted April 1 to 



70 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

fourth-class inspector at $800; defaulted in his accounts in October, 1903. From the 
incomplete records in this office it appears that he is short in his disbursing account 
in the sum of $10,557.66 Mexican currency, and in his commissary account in the 
sum of $5,603.98 Philippine currency. He was convicted and sentenced to ten years' 
imprisonment for the shortage of more than $10,000 in his local currency account, 
and was given an additional sentence of ten years' imprisonment for the embezzle- 
ment of commissary stores. 

Charles G. Johnson. — Appointed subinspector, Philippine Constabulary, April 
26, 1902, at $480 per annum; promoted to fourth-class inspector at $800 per annum 
on July 1, 1902. While acting in his capacity of supply officer of constabulary it 
appears that he turned pirate and was killed in an attempt to escape capture. Incom- 
plete reports at hand indicate a shortage of $8,625 Philippine currency. The defal- 
cation in his accounts occurred in September, 1903. Demand will be made upon his 
sureties for the full amount involved. 

For the purposes of comparison there follows a letter from the 
auditor showing the total number of officers in the Philippines hand- 
ling money, either as receiving or disbursing officers, and the amounts 

handled: 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Auditor, 
Manila, November 10, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with your verbal request, I have the honor to submit herewith 
lists of the collecting and disbursing officers, insular and provincial (including the 
city of Manila), who served during the fiscal year 1903. 

It should be noted that many persons served as collecting or disbursing officers in 
more than one capacity, and in such cases the name appears for each capacity, as 
such accounts, so far as the auditor is concerned, are as separate as if rendered by 
different individuals. 

The lists may be classified as follows: 

Number of officers who received or disbursed over $2,000,000 4 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $1,000,000 and less 

than $2, 000, 000 3 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $500,000 and less than 

$1,000,000 10 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $100,000 and less than 

$500,000 31 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $75,000 and less than 

$100, 000 22 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $50,000 and less than 

$75,000 29 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $40,000 and less than 

$50, 000 .' 15 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $20,000 and less than 

$40, 000 80 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $10,000 and less than 

$20,000 81 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $5,000 and less than 

$10,000 84 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $1,000 and less than 

$5,000 185 

Number of officers who received or disbursed more than $500 and less than 

$1,000 69 

Number of officers who received or disbursed less than $500 491 

Total 1 , 104 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 71 

The treasurer of the islands, who is not included in the foregoing classification, 
received during the fiscal year deposits of insular funds amounting, approximately, 
to $15,000,000 in United States currency and $25,000,000 in Mexican currency. As 
depositary he received additional deposits amounting to $27,965,608 in United States 
currency and $24,612,902 in Mexican currency. 
Eespectfully, 

A. L. Lawshe, Auditor. 
The honorable Civil Governor. 

The percentage of defaulters thus appears to be less than 2 per cent. 
This is far too large, but we feel assured that next year will show a 
notable decrease. "It is an ill wind that blows nobody good," and 
the punishment of American officials for dishonesty has furnished the 
Filipinos a spectacle which they never enjoyed during the Spanish 
regime. It is not a matter of inference, but it is a matter of observa- 
tion, that the prompt trial and severe punishment of American officials 
has inspired in the Filipinos confidence in the sense of justice of this 
government. The severe losses entailed on the surety companies 
during this year will probably necessitate an increase in the rate at 
which the bonds will be issued for the next year, and yet at no other 
time in the history of the islands, probably, is the surety business 
likely to be more lucrative than during the immediate future. 

The revelations of dishonesty in the officials above named have not 
shaken, but have only strengthened our confidence in the wisdom of 
the merit system. The means of obtaining information concerning a 
man's previous character are being much improved, and the certainty 
of tenure produced by the merit system all tend to inspire the civil 
servant with an esprit de corps and convince him that the only possible 
course for him to pursue with a view to success is a devotion to duty 
and to the interests of the public and the government. The merit 
system excludes favoritism, and with favoritism excluded and the 
reasonable hope of promotion for good work present, there is a cer- 
tainty of securing honest and enthusiastic civil servants. 

THE COASTWISE LAWS. 

Unless Congress takes some action, on July 1, 1904, the coastwise 
laws of the United States will apply not only to the interisland ship- 
ping trade, but also to the trade between the islands and the United 
States. In the present conditions nothing could be more disastrous to 
these islands. The effect of the laws would be to exclude from the 
islands and the American trade all but American bottoms. The inter- 
island trade is as necessary to the life of the islands as the arterial 
system to the human body. The application of the United States 
coastwise laws would exclude a great majority of the ships now engaged 
in the trade and would inflict immense damage to the business of the 
islands. In 1899, by Executive order, the coastwise trade was limited 
to vessels bona fide owned either by a citizen of the United States, 



72 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

resident in the islands, or a native inhabitant, or a resident who had 
become a citizen of the islands by the treaty of Paris. Even this 
order, if strictly enforced, would have excluded a large proportion of 
the available coasting vessels then engaged in the business, and the 
military authorities, to avoid the disaster of driving them out of the 
trade of the islands, winked at colorable transfers to Filipino clerks 
and agents in whose names certificates of protection were taken out. 
These vessels had been in the trade in Spanish times, and they were 
still needed. Any change in the existing laws should provide that 
vessels now having a certificate of protection should be allowed to 
continue in the trade. Indeed so convinced were the Commission 
that the interisland shipping was not extensive enough for the good 
of the islands that we procured an amendment to the Executive order 
by which, under certain restrictions, vessels under foreign flags may 
engage in the interisland trade. The occasion for this was a combina- 
tion among the interisland shippers to keep up unreasonable rates. 
The amendment has had an excellent effect and rates are more reason- 
able, although still too high. If the present profits of the interisland 
trade are not sufficient to attract American capital, then certainly it 
would be selfish exploitation of these islands of an indefensible char- 
acter to exclude vessels now in the trade and impose the heavy burden 
of higher freight rates in order to induce American capital to invest 
in coastwise vessels, and would furnish just ground for reproach 
against a government professing good will and doing evil. It seems 
to me that the best provision of law which could be adopted, so far as 
the interisland trade is concerned, would be to place the matter wholly 
in the discretion of the Commission, which, as conditions change and 
warrant it, could make the restrictions in favor of American and 
Filipino shipping greater. 

With respect to the trade between these islands and the United 
States, I concur fully in the remarks of Collector Shuster in his annual 
report in which he says: 

At the present time the greater jpart of the freight traffic between the Philippines 
and New York is carried on in foreign bottoms. So far as indications go, any law 
which prevented the continuance of that trade in foreign bottoms until an equal 
tonnage of cheaply operated American freighters are actually available to take up 
that trade and maintain healthy rate competition, would result in a decided increase 
over the present rates of freight. This additional burden would fall upon the already 
weakened resources of these islands and such a result would be more than lamentable 
from every standpoint. 

The tonnage plying between these islands and the Pacific coast is about equal to the 
present freight supply and no change in the present law seems advisable so far as 
trans-Pacific routes are concerned. 

It is, therefore, earnestly recommended that the present laws, so far as they permit 
foreign bottoms to trade between these islands and the mainland territory of the 
United States, be not changed for a period of at least five years from July 1, 1904, 
and that positive legislation to that effect be had by Congress at an early date. 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



73 



THE INSULAR REVENUES. 

The report of the auditor shows that the revenues of the islands for 
the year ending June 30, 1903, exceeded those for the year ending 
June 30, 1902, as follows: 

Comparative statement of revenues of the Philippine Islands, fiscal years 1902 and 1903, 
exclusive of provincial receipts and refundable collections. 



Items. 


Fiscal year 
1903. 


Fiscal year 
1902. 




$9, 215, 551. 88 

145,702.53 

7,867.01 

595,350.95 
567, 581. 97 


$8, 398, 864. 35 


Postal 


137, 811. 99 




94, 634. 84 


Miscellaneous: 


508, 120. 60 




42, 571. 86 


City of Manila under provost-marshal (exclusive of internal reve- 


85, 709. 51 








10,532,054.34 

1, 264, 341. 19 

1, 542, 463. 83 

428, 613. 76 

12,074,518.17 
1,692,954.95 


9, 267, 713. 15 






1,113,850.07 








10,381,563.22 


Increase in 1903 









In the fiscal year 1902 receipts in the city of Manila from July 1 to August 7, 1901, 
prior to the incorporation of the city of Manila, amounting to $82,813.43, are included 
in the internal revenues; and $85,709.51 was collected by the provost-marshal-general 
administrating the department of receipts and disbursements, making total collec- 
tions in the city of Manila, under the charter and otherwise, $1,282,373.01, as against 
$1,542,463.83 for 1903, an increase in 1903 of $260,090.82. 

Forestry taxes collected in each year are excluded, these collections being refund- 
able to the several provinces in which the timber was cut. 

The income for the year ending June 30, 1902, exclusive of the city 
of Manila, was $9,165,952.44, the income for the city of Manila was 
$1,199,559.58, and the total income was $10,665,512.02. The income 
for the year ending June 30, 1903, included about $560,000 of extraor- 
dinai^y items. These were the amount paid hy the United States for 
the gunboats turned over to the Navy, purchased out of insular funds; 
and the Spanish insurgent seized funds, turned over to the insular 
treasury. During the year we had the extraordinary expense of 
taking the census, for which there was appropriated something over 
$694,000; and in addition to that we had appropriated $125,000 for 
the exposition board for the preliminary expense for the Philippine 
exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Added to this were 
the appropriations of $1,000,000 for the continuance of the harbor 
works in the port of Manila, $350,000 for harbor works in the city of 
Cebu, and $150,000 for the harbor works in the city of lloilo. The 
result is that the surplus, which on June 30, 1902, amounted to 
$4,000,000, has been reduced to nearly $2,200,000 in round numbers. 
Of course the surplus was accumulated for the purpose of making 
permanent improvements, and its reduction by the amount required 
for the port works in the three cities is a reduction in accordance 



74 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

with the plan of the Commission. The revenues, in spite of the 
conditions, have kept up, although there has been a slight falling 
off during the first four months of the new fiscal year, as follows: 
For the first four months of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, 
the amount collected was $3,612,510.88; for the first four months of 
the year ending June 30, 1904, $3,492,729.88, or a loss of $119,781. 
This is exclusive of the income from the city of Manila. The ten- 
dency to the expensive conveniences and the pressure for increase in 
salaries in all departments and bureaus renders it most difficult to 
prevent expenditures from outrunning our income. We are anxious 
naturally to put as much money into permanent construction as possi- 
ble. We have as yet, however, no general authority to borrow money 
to pay for permanent improvements, and the cost falls on the results 
of taxation. We find it wiser to pay good salaries — salaries in excess 
of those paid for the same service in the United States — to all who 
occupy responsible positions. The cost of living is so high in Manila 
that a salary of $7,000 here hardly goes as far as a salary of $5,000 in 
any of the smaller cities of the United States. I am convinced that 
we made a mistake in fixing the salaries for the supreme judges at 
$7,000, and for that of the chief justice at $7,500. The court is of so 
much dignity and of so much importance that we might very well have 
fixed the salaries of the judges at $10,000 a year, and that of the chief 
justice at $10,500. We are likely to lose by resignation three of the 
Americans who have constituted the court of seven at the end of their 
service of three years, and that largely because the salary offers no 
inducement to hold the place. This is a deplorable condition, because 
the value of the supreme court depends largely on the experience of 
its members, and if we are not to obtain the benefit of the learning and 
experience acquired on the bench in the Spanish civil law by our 
American judges we lose much. 

An examination of the report of the secretary of finance and justice 
will show that the extraordinary expenses of the current six months 
provided for in the appropriations, if continued in the same propor- 
tions for the remaining six months of the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1904, would absorb the surplus and leave a considerable deficit. Part 
of this extraordinary expense is made up by the purchase of the 
Oriente Hotel for an office building, at a cost of $675,000 Mexican, 
the appropriation of $450,000 gold for the St. Louis Exposition pur- 
poses, which includes not only the direct appropriation for expendi- 
ture by the exposition board of $375,000, but also that of $75,000 to 
pay the expenses of sending fifty Filipinos of education, culture, and 
prominence to the United States for purposes already stated. The 
work is proceeding so rapidly on the port works of Manila that it is 
probable that another heavy appropriation will have to be made to 
meet that expenditure. It is quite unlikely that any considerable 



KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 75 

expenditure for public works and improvements of a permanent char- 
acter can continue to be made out of the current revenue, and a deficit 
would be exceedingly embarrassing. Of course, if the Dingley tariff 
were reduced and an impetus given to business in the islands by the 
increased production of sugar and tobacco and their sale in the United 
States, the increase in the revenues would probably keep pace with 
the increase in the expenditures, but to meet all contingencies it seems 
to me that a Congressional act authorizing the issuing of bonds for 
permanent improvements in the islands, not exceeding $5,000,000, 
each issue to be approved by the Secretary of War and the President 
of the United States, would not be conferring upon the Commission 
or legislature of the islands excessive authority, and that it is really a 
necessary provision to prevent possible financial embarrassment. 

OFFICE OF THE INSULAR PURCHASING AGENT. 

The report of the purchasing agent, which is attached hereto as an 
exhibit, shows the very large amount of business done by him for the 
purpose of supplying the departments with needed permanent equip- 
ment and consumable supplies. His total purchases for the year end- 
ing September 30, 1903, were $2,215,275.62, exclusive of rice purchases 
and carabaos. Of this amount it appears that over 80 per cent has 
been bought through the merchants of Manila, 14 per cent bought 
in the United States, and the remainder in other countries. The work 
needed in taking charge of the shipments when they arrived and in 
distributing them for shipment to all parts of the Archipelago has 
been very heavy. 

In addition to the supplies thus purchased, under special acts of the 
Commission, the insular purchasing agent has been charged with the 
duty of buying and selling rice, of which he purchased to the 1st 
of October $2,451,168.04 and sold $2,310,633.06, Mexican currency, 
having on hand at the present time rice amounting to $107,152.84 in 
value. He was also charged with the business of supervising the com- 
pletion of the contract with Keylock & Pratt for 10,000 head of cara- 
baos bought in Shanghai, to be delivered at the rate of 500 per month. 
At this date only 773 have been delivered, and they are being sold as 
rapidly as they can be permanently immunized against rinderpest by 
the bureau of government laboratories. The insular purchasing agent 
is also charged with the duty of maintaining and supervising a trans- 
portation department for the city of Manila. New stables are being 
erected for him on the San Lazaro estate, and when they are com- 
pleted he will furnish all the transportation for all the insular bureaus, 
including the bureau of health. 

The report shows the handling and shipping of $3,281,000 worth of 
property and the accounting for $5,021,045 of United States currency. 
There has been taken from the purchasing agent all obligation to pur- 



76 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

chase food supplies, which are now bought directly by the commissary 
department of the constabulary and are furnished for sale at cost price, 
with 10 per cent added, to all civil employees outside the city of 
Manila. 

PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS." 

THE GOVERNMENT OP THE MORO PROVINCE. 

Early in the present calendar year the Secretary of War called the 
attention of the civil governor to the fact that the time seemed now to 
have arrived when a more definite form of government might be given 
to the parts of the Archipelago occupied by the Moros. Accordingly, 
a bill for the government of the Moro Province was drafted. It was 
submitted to General Davis, then commanding the division, and who 
was formerly department commander of Mindanao and Jolo, and was 
thus familiar with Moro conditions. Subsequently the bill as revised 
by General Davis was presented to the Commission, and in the Com- 
mission it received many additions and changes. It became a law on 
the 1st of June, 1903, but did not take effect until the 15th of July 
next ensuing. 

The act makes the Moro Province to consist of all the islands of 
Mindanao and its adjacent islands, except the provinces of Misamis 
and Surigao, which had theretofore been established as Christian Fili- 
pino provinces under the general provincial act. The law takes away 
from the province of Misamis the town and district of Iligan, in which 
there are a great number or Moros resident, and also somewhat 
reduces the boundaries of the province of Surigao. The Moro Prov- 
ince also includes the island of Isabela de Basilan and all the islands to 
the south of Mindanao in the Archipelago. It embraces within the 
boundaries, therefore, all the Moros in the Archipelago except a small 
number of them resident in the south half of the island of Paragua or 
Palawan and possibly a few who live on the west coast of the province 
of Misamis, near the towns of Misamis and Oroquieta. The province 
is divided into five districts — the district of Zamboanga, the district of 
Lanao, the district of Cotabato, the district of Davao, and the district of 
Jolo. The executive head of the province is the provincial governor, 
who has as his assistants the provincial secretary, the provincial attor- 
ney, the provincial engineer, the provincial superintendent of schools, 
and the provincial treasurer. The officers named, with the governor, 
being six in number, constitute the legislative council for the prov- 
ince, and in case of an even division the proposition having the vote 
of the governor prevails. For the support of the province there are 
assigned all the customs receipts from the port of Jolo, the port of 
Zamboanga, and the new port of Bongao, making about $130,000 gold 
a year. Internal-revenue taxes are to be collected in towns organized 
under the municipal code, and such other taxes as the legislative coun- 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 77 

cil may see fit to impose. The legislative council is authorized to 
create municipalities under the municipal code or to modify its terms 
to suit local conditions. It is authorized to organize a public school 
system and to vary the character of the schools in different districts 
as the special and local necessities require. It is authorized: 

(h) To enact laws for the creation of local governments among the Moros and 
other non-Christian tribes, conforming as nearly as possible to the lawful customs of 
such peoples, and vesting in their local or tribe rulers as nearly as possible the same 
authority over their people as they now exercise, consistent with the act of Congress 
entitled ' 'An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil 
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and following 
as nearly as possible in the provisions of these laws any agreements heretofore made 
by the United States authorities with such local or tribe rulers concerning the pow- 
ers and privileges which under American sovereignty they are by such agreements 
to enjoy: Provided, That they have not by their conduct and the breach of the 
agreements forfeited such powers and privileges. 

(i) To enact laws investing the district governors in their respective districts, or 
other provincial or district officers with the power of adjusting, under the super- 
vision of the provincial governor, all differences between sultans, dattos, and any 
independent local authorities, and of enforcing their decisions upon such differences. 

(j) To enact laws which shall collect and codify the customary laws of the Moros 
as they now obtain and are enforced in the various parts of the Moro Province 
among the Moros, modifying such laws as the legislative council think best and 
amending them as they may be inconsistent with the provisions of the act of Con- 
gress entitled ' ' An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs 
of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes, ' ' and to pro- 
vide for the printing of such codification, when completed, in English, Arabic, or 
the local Moro dialects as may be deemed wise. The Moro customary laws thus 
amended and codified shall apply in all civil and criminal actions arising between 
Moros. In all civil and criminal actions arising between members of the same non- 
Christian tribe other than Moros, unless otherwise provided by the legislative coun- 
cil, the customary laws of such non-Christian tribe, if consistent with the act of 
Congress above mentioned, and if defined and well understood, shall govern the 
decision of the cause arising, but if there be no well-defined customary laws, or 
they are in conflict with such act of Congress ; then the cases shall be determined by 
the criminal or civil code according to the laws of the Philippine Islands until the 
legislative council shall make other provision. In actions, civil or criminal, arising 
between a Moro and a member of a non-Christian tribe, or between a Moro and a 
Christian Filipino, or an American or a subject or citizen of a foreign country, the 
criminal code and the substantive civil law of the Philippine Islands shall apply and 
be enforced. 

(k) To enact laws for the organization and procedure of district courts to consider 
and decide civil and criminal actions arising between Moros, between members of 
non-Christian tribes, and between Moros and members of other non-Christian 
tribes. The district court shall be presided over by the secretary of the district, 
and the other members of the court shall be appointed by the district governor and 
shall vary with the race or tribe of the litigants, so that where the action arises 
between Moros, there shall be at least two and not more than four Moros upon the 
court; when it arises between members of other non-Christian tribes there may 
be, if practicable, upon the court members from such non-Christian tribes, and 
when the litigation arises between Moros and members of other non-Christian 
tribes there shall be at least one Moro member of the court and at least one mem- 
ber from the tribe of the pagan litigant : Provided, however, That judgments of said 



78 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

courts shall not be given effect unless approved by the governor of the district in 
which the court is held: And provided further, That in case of sentence of death or 
imprisonment for a longer period of time than ten years, such sentence shall not 
be executed unless approved by the provincial governor. But the legislative council 
may, when it thinks proper, provide by law that civil and criminal actions arising 
between a Moro and a member of another non-Christian tribe shall be tried in the 
court of first instance or in the court of a convenient justice of the peace, according 
to the nature of the action and the proper and usual jurisdiction of the court of first 
instance or the justice of the peace. The legislative council shall prescribe a sim- 
ple procedure for the district courts and require a written record of its proceedings. 

(I) To enact laws for the abolition of slavery and the suppression of all slave 
hunting and slave trade. 

(m) To regulate by statute the use, registration, and licensing of boats of Moro or 
pagan construction of less than 10 tons measurement, which shall be followed by col- 
lectors of customs in the Moro Province, the provisions of the customs administrative 
act and regulations of the insular collector of customs to the contrary notwith- 
standing. 

It will be seen that the Commission has granted to the legislative 
council a very large measure of discretion in dealing with the Moros 
and in preserving as far as possible, consistent with the fundamental 
act, the customs of the Moros, the authority of the dattos, and a sys- 
tem of justice in which Moros should take part. 

One of the serious causes of friction in the Moro land has been the 
application of coastwise trade regulations to small Moro craft. This 
is now sought to be avoided by allowing the legislative council to make 
proper regulations for all Moro craft under 10 tons. 

The law provides for the appointment by the provincial governor, 
subject to the approval by the legislative council, of governors, treas- 
urers, and other officers of the five different districts of the province. 
The education of the Moro Province presents such a different problem 
from that of the Christian Filipinos that it was deemed unwise to pro- 
vide for any but a formal relation between the school system of the 
Moro Province and that which prevails in the rest of the archipelago, 
and the Moro Province is left to pay its own school expenses and to 
arrange such a system as shall meet and overcome the peculiar obsta- 
cles that now have to be met and overcome in the education of Moro 
children. The constabulary system has been extended into the Moro 
Province as an immediate branch of the constabulary system of the 
islands. It is thought that it will be entirely possible to enlist Moros 
and make successful and efficient military police of them under Ameri- 
can officers; and the expense of the constabulary will be met out of 
the insular treasury. 

By section 27 it is provided that — 

Courts of first instance and justices of the peace in the Moro Province shall not 
have jurisdiction to try civil or criminal actions arising between Moros or arising 
between non-Christians, or, except as otherwise provided by the legislative council, 
actions arising between Moros and other non-Christians, and the existing laws of 
the Philippine Islands are hereby amended accordingly: Provided, however, That in 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 79 

accordance with paragraph (k) of section thirteen of this act, the legislative council 
may by law vest jurisdiction to try cases between Moros and other non-Christians in 
such courts: And provided further, That the court of first instance shall have juris- 
diction in all habeas corpus cases, no matter between whom arising, to take cogni- 
zance of the petition for the release of any person within its territorial jurisdiction, 
to issue process, to hear the evidence, and to discharge the prisoner or to remand 
him to custody in accordance with the provisions of the chapter on habeas corpus in 
the code of civil procedure. 

This second proviso was adopted to enable the court of first instance 
to render its aid whenever called upon to free persons from slavery 
and thus to furnish a means of carrying out the inhibition against 
slavery contained in the so-called Philippine act of Congress, reenacted 
in paragraph (I) of section 14 above quoted. 

All laws passed by the legislative council take effect at the time 
fixed by the legislative council, subject to amendment or annulment by 
the Commission. Provision is made in the act for the appointment 
of military officers to fill the civil positions by the act created and for 
the payment to them of an amount equal to 20 per cent of their sal- 
aries as military officers in lieu of their allowances for quarters, forage, 
and other things. 

The first governor of the province appointed is Major-General 
Leonard Wood, the military commander of the department of Min- 
danao and Jolo. This union of the civil and the military power in 
one head seems to be admirably adapted to successful administration 
in the Moro Province, although it would be of very doubtful efficacy 
in the whole of the Philippine Islands. The Moro is himself a soldier 
and recognizes with reluctance any other authority than that which is 
clothed with immediate control of military forces. The appointments 
of the other executive officers of the provinces were made at the same 
time and the legislative council began its work. I inclose herewith 
the copies of its acts passed down to the time of rendering this report 
and submitted to the Commission and approved by it, as Exhibit S. 

The present conditions in the Moro Province are not as satisfactory as 
they might be. The campaigns of General Baldwin and Captain Persh- 
ing in and about the Lake Lanao district have resulted in subduing the 
wild Moros of that district so that there is no organized armed resistance 
to the sovereignty of the United States. The predatory habits of the 
Moro remain, however, and from time to time reports come of the 
robbery or killing of American soldiers by marauding bands of Moros 
whose identity it is difficult to establish. Still the questions presented 
are not of real difficulty and involve only patience and firmness in their 
solution. The Lake Lanao country is a beautiful country, and the 
Moros who inhabit it seem to be fairly good agriculturists. The Moros 
of Zamboanga and of the valley of the Rio Grande del Mindanao are 
pacified and make no trouble in accepting the regime under the new 
Moro law. In Jolo, however, we have a condition that needs thorough 
and drastic treatment. The Bates treaty may have been very useful 



80 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

in staying the hand of the Moros and reducing the necessity for the 
use of United States troops in the Sulu Archipelago at a time when 
they were needed badly in other parts of the Philippines, but the 
power and immunity recognized in that treaty as belonging to the 
Sultan of Jolo have not resulted in good government for the Moros 
themselves, but have brought about a condition of chaos and petty 
wars, of murder and rapine, and intriguing conspiracies of one datto 
against another and of dattos against the Sultan which the good of 
everybody requires us to put an end to. It is a condition precedent 
to the continuance upon the United States of the binding effect of the 
Bates treaty that the Sultan and the signing dattos should be powers 
capable of subduing lawlessness within their respective jurisdictions. 
Either the power or the will has been lacking, and the necessity arises 
for teaching them severe lessons of obedience to the government and 
the sense of obligation to maintain law and order between local dattos. 
The establishment of courts partly native will doubtless assist materi- 
ally in settling many questions that now have to be settled by the 
sword. The problem in dealing with the Moros is not very different 
from that which Sir Stamford Raffles and Sir Frank Swettenham have 
had to solve in dealing with the Malays in the Malay Peninsula. 
To-day the Malay in the Straits Settlements is most peaceable and law- 
abiding. The time was in that peninsula when every Malay went 
armed. To-day every Moro is armed with his kris, and if he has a 
gun, with a gun. Ultimately the government must compel the Moros 
to give up their arms and to trust to the peace authorities to preserve 
their rights. A judicious preservation of the authority of local dattos, 
and making them responsible for the preservation of order among their 
people, will doubtless work well here, but their absolute subordination 
to the sovereignty of the United States, which was not made as clear by 
the Bates treaty when translated into their language as it might have 
been, is a sine qua non to the maintenance of good government. The 
Moro does not understand popular government and does not desire it, 
and he is not likely to desire it until he is changed by education and 
the introduction of civilized life in his neighborhood. 

The Sultan of Jolo and the dattos under him, with whom General 
Bates entered into an agreement, have not complied with the terms of 
that agreement in maintaining order among those who acknowledge in 
a perfunctory way allegiance to them. They have not punished wrong- 
doers and their whole system of government seems to be one solely for 
the exaction of taxes. The Sultan of Jolo is a gambler and an 
intriguer, with not a spark of courage or patriotic and paternal interest 
in his people. So far as the Bates agreement could be regarded as a 
contract of the Executive of the United States Government, it has long 
ceased to be of binding force, because the Sultan long ago forfeited all 
his rights under it by his violation of the rights he assumed. When 
General Wood was appointed governor of the Moro Province, with 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 81 

the knowledge which both of us had of the necessity for the abroga- 
tion of the Bates treat}^ and the gross violation of his obligations under 
it b}^ the Sultan, we agreed that it would be well for him to accumulate 
the data showing in how many instances the Sultan had failed when 
called upon by the United States authorities to preserve order among 
his people, with a view to formal action in notifying him of the abro- 
gation of the treaty. I append the report of General Wood as 
Exhibit T upon this phase of the Moro question, and concur fully 
in his recommendation that for the causes shown by him in the exhibits 
which accompany his report that the Sultan and the signing dattos be 
advised of the abrogation of the Bates treaty and that the same is no 
longer binding on the United States or the insular government and 
will not be respected. 

Among the laws which the legislative council of the Moro Province 
has enacted will be found one denouncing kidnapping of persons with 
a view to making them slaves, and the detention of persons in slavery. 
General Wood has examined the question, as have other members of 
the legislative council, and has reached the conclusion that the 
announcement of the policy of the United States upon this question 
may as well be radical in the beginning. General W T ood advises me 
orally that the proclamation of the passage of the act in the river 
valley above Cotabato has been received with acquiescence by the 
dattos. It will probably give more trouble in Jolo. The fact is, 
however, that the military question in dealing with the Moros is a 
simple one, and is not at all as difficult as that which confronted the 
army in the Christian Filipino provinces. The Moros do not fight a 
guerilla warfare. They retreat to their forts and bid defiance to the 
foe, and thus expose themselves to an attack by modern artillery and 
other modern methods of overcoming insufficient fortifications. They 
are easily whipped, and though the whipping may have to be repeated 
once or twice, its effect ultimately is very salutary. Force seems to 
be the only method of reaching them in the first instance, and is the 
only preparation for the beginning of civilized restraints among them. 
It is probable that the government is itself subject to criticism for 
delay in giving to the Moro region something definite in the form of 
a government, but the vim and interest with which> the government 
of the Moro Province has been launched give every assurance of a 
satisfactory result. A continuance of the conditions which the exhibits 
submitted by General Wood, and hereto appended, show to exist in 
Jolo, Siassi, and other islands of the Sulu Archipelago would certainly 
be a disgrace to the United States Government and to the insular gov- 
ernment which is made responsible by the Philippine act for the main- 
tenance of law and order among the people. It is thought that another 
year will bring an improvement in conditions so great that even the 
Moros themselves will understand the advantage of it. 
war 1903— vol 5 6 



82 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINO PROVINCES. 

A severe agricultural depression in the provinces, together with the 
interference with tax collections by the cholera, has caused a number 
of the provinces to run behind in the matter of their income, and has 
required the insular government to lend money to them. The amount 
of money loaned is shown in the following list: 

List of loans to provinces during the period September 1, 1902, to October 31, 1903. 



Province. 


Philippine 
currency. 


Mexican 
currency. 






£"12,550.00 




F-25,000.00 






12, 250. 00 




2,000.00 
15, 000. 00 


62, 250. 00 








50,000.00 






6, 500. 00 




5,000.00 
15, 000. 00 






15, 300. 00 




13, 350. 00 






2, 600. 00 






31, 000. 00 






15, 960. 00 












Total 


62,000.00 

2,000.00 
5,000.00 


221, 760. 00 


Appropriated moneys undrawn October 31, 1903: 
For loan to — 








Iloilo 


50,000.00 








List of repayments by provinces during the period September 1, 1902, to October 31, 1903, 
of loans made by the insular government during that period and prior thereto. 


Province. 


United States 
currency. 


Mexican 
currency. 




$2,500.00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
5,000.00 




Bohol 














T6, 500. 00 


Ilocos Sur 


2,500.00 






6, 500. 00 




2,500.00 




Nueva Ecija 


7, 050. 00 




2,500.00 
2,500.00 
















Total 


22,500.00 


20,050.00 





In a number of the provinces it has been deemed wise to cut down 
the cost of officers by consolidating the offices of treasurer and super- 
visor, usually filled by Americans, into the office of treasurer-super- 
visor. This was possible in provinces where there is very little money 
for improvements, because in such provinces the supervisors of roads 
and improvements have few duties to perform. The supervisors who 
were released from office were provided for in the office of the con- 
sulting engineer to the Commission, who was greatly in need of 
engineers for the purpose of carrying on insular road construction, in 
which the Commission is now engaged. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



83 



MUNICIPALITIES. 

In the spring the Commission passed a resolution adopting the policy 
of a reduction of the number of municipalities in each province. The 
municipalities also had run behind in their incomes without reducing 
their expenditures, and it became perfectly evident that many of them 
were not able to maintain decent government with the tax-producing 
capacity which they had shown. The Filipino members of the Com- 
mission during the last six months have visited all the Christian prov- 
inces, and, after a conference with the provincial boards and with the 
municipal presidentes called in convention, have made report to the 
Commission in favor of a union of municipalities and a reduction in 
number. The Commission adopted their report and enacted the 
necessary laws. The reduction is shown in the following table: 



Province. 



Abra 

Albay 

Ambos Camarines 

Antique 

Bataan 

Batangas 

Bohol 

Bulacan 

Cagayan 

Capiz 

Cavite 

Cebu 

Docos Norte 

Ilocos Sur 

Iloilo 

Isabela 

LaLaguna 

La Union 



Municipalities. 


Former 


Present 


number. 


number. 


12 


12 


27 


27 


43 


35 


21 


11 


12 


8 


22 


15 


35 


32 


25 


13 


33 


22 


34 


22 


23 


11 


57 


41 


15 


10 


24 


14 


51 


17 


15 


11 


30 


19 


15 


12 



Province. 



Leyte 

Masbate 

Misamis 

Negros Occidental 
Negros Oriental . . 

Nueva Ecija 

Pampanga 

Pangasinan 

Rizal 

Pvomblon 

Samar 

Sorsogon 

Surigao 

Tarlac :. 

Tayabas 

Zambales 

Total 



Municipalities. 



Former Present 
number, number. 



1,035 



The above list shows a total reduction of 412 municipalities. The 
provinces of Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Mindoro, Moro, Nueva Viz- 
caya and Paragua are not included above, as they have special organi- 
zation, independent and apart from the municipal code. 

In doing this work the Commission has had to run counter to local 
prejudice. It is hard to convince municipal officials enjoying office 
that the public good requires any measure which will in effect prevent 
their continuing to hold office, and there is much krcal pride likely to 
be hurt. It is confidently expected, however, that the fusion of the 
municipalities thus effected will very greatly increase the efficiency of 
the municipal governments by reducing expenses and furnishing a 
much larger revenue in each town. The work has been very well 
done by the Filipino members and the Commission is greatly indebted 
to them for the time and trouble spent in solving a difficult problem. 
Municipal treasurers now selected by the council have not proven to 
be efficient officers. By law the council of a municipality is obliged 
to devote a certain part of the income of the town to schools, but in 



84 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

too many instances it has developed that, in the anxiety to secure his 
own salary, the presidente has induced the council and the municipal 
treasurer to appropriate from what are properly school funds to pay 
the salaries of municipal officials. The office of municipal treasurer 
has therefore been classified as part of the classified line service and 
provision made for appointment to it by the provincial board. The 
municipal treasurer will also act as deputy provincial treasurer. Thus 
a large body of persons will be led to prepare themselves for civil 
service examinations for the office of municipal treasurer. Their 
experience will fit them for promotion to the office of provincial treas- 
urer, which will hereafter be filled largely from such material. The 
difficulty about using Filipinos for provincial treasurers heretofore 
has been that the duties of the office are so difficult that Filipinos, 
with a knowledge of Spanish only, and without any familiarty with 
the auditing methods of the auditor's bureau and its requirements, are 
unable to perform them. This change can not but strengthen munic- 
ipal governments and at the same time bring into use for higher office 
trained Filipino material. 

The truth is that the municipal governments have not been as satis- 
factory in their operations as could be wished. By the misuse of the 
school fund already referred to, the native school-teachers have been 
compelled to go without their salaries. The municipal police have 
also gone unpaid and in many instances had not been made efficient 
because they were used as the personal servants of the municipal pres- 
identes. It is hoped that the increase of the resources of the towns 
by the fusion of municipalities may accomplish some reform in these 
matters and the coming of better times in agricultural and busi- 
ness way may also assist. In order to make the municipal police a 
more efficient body, a law was passed by the Commission, No. 781, the 
first and second sections of which are as follows: 

Section 1. The civil governor, or the provincial governor with the approval of the 
civil governor, is hereby authorized, whenever in his judgment the public interest 
will be subserved thereby, to place the municipal police of the respective municipal- 
ities of any province under the control of the senior inspector of constabulary on 
duty in the province at the time. The senior inspector in such case is hereby 
authorized and empowered, under the general supervision of the provincial governor, 
to control and direct the movements of the municipal police, and, with the approval 
of the provincial governor, to discharge any member of the police force and substi- 
tute a fit and suitable resident of the municipality in his place. It shall be the duty 
of the senior inspector when thus placed in charge of the municipal police of a prov- 
ince to see that they are properly uniformed, drilled and disciplined. When thus 
vested with authority over the municipal police he shall see that all lawful orders of 
the provincial governor, municipal president, and others in authority are executed 
as provided by the municipal code, and amendments thereof, and shall further see 
that all proper arrests are made for violations of law of municipal ordinances, and 
in case of emergencies is authorized, under the general supervision of the provincial 
governor, to unite the forces of the various municipalities of the province in sup- 
pressing ladronism or brigandage or other grave violations of the law which threaten 
the peace of the entire community; and he may also unite the constabulary forces 



BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 85 

under his command with the municipal forces in the execution of his authority for 
this purpose. 

Sec. 2. It is hereby made the duty of the provincial board of each and every 
province to prescribe a suitable uniform for the municipal police of each and every 
municipality, with a proper insignia to indicate the municipality to which the police 
belong. Authority is also hereby given the provincial board of each province to fix 
the number of police which is required to be maintained by each and every munici- 
pality of the province. In the event that the provincial board shall find that any 
municipality is unable properly to uniform and maintain the number of policemen 
fixed by the provincial board, the latter is authorized to vote necessary aid for the 
maintenance of such police out of provincial funds. In the event the provincial 
board should not have provincial funds adequate for this purpose it may apply to 
the Commission for aid in this behalf. 

This system had been adoped in the province of La Union before 
the passage of the law and had worked well, and it was the success in 
Union that suggested the passage of a general law on the subject. It 
has not been adopted in many provinces, but where adopted it has 
accomplished good results. 

Outside of the city of Manila, the two great commercial centers of 
the islands are lloilo and Cebu. Under the Spanish regime the town 
of lloilo did not have more than 10,000 inhabitants, and the town of Cebu 
did not exceed in population 15,000. There were, however, in the 
immediate neighborhood of the towns, which were really part of the 
commercial centers, three or four towns which ought to have been 
included for purposes of economy in government. By the acts already 
referred to, lloilo has had annexed to it the towns of Molo, Jaro, La 
Paz, and another, which will now make a city of from forty to fifty 
thousand. The same thing is true of the town of Cebu, which, being 
united with San Nicolas, a town separated by a small creek from Cebu, 
and containing 15,000 inhabitants, and other towns in the neighborhood, 
will also have a population of about 50,000. It will probably be nec- 
essary to provide special charters for these two cities, because the 
municipal code is adapted rather to country municipalities than to cities 
of a metropolitan size. The improvements in both cities which are 
badly needed are a water supply and a sewer system. It is quite prob- 
able that the power to issue bonds already given in the Philippine act 
for municipalities would be sufficient if the restriction contained in the 
act requiring the consent of Congress were removed/ It is not under- 
stood why it was thought necessary to insert a provision of law requir- 
ing the consent of Congress to the issuing of bonds. Certainly with 
the consent of Congress, without such a provision, bonds might be 
issued, and it is thought that the requirement of Congressional consent 
was an error in the drafting of the Congressional legislation. In any 
event, it is exceedingly awkward and unduly limiting the power of the 
Commission, to require that where within the narrow limitations con- 
tained in the law, the Commission desires to issue bonds for a small 
amount to aid municipalities, it should be required to apply to Con- 
gress for its consent. It is respectfully recommended to the Commis- 



86 EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

sion that Congress be urged to repeal the particular provision of the 
Philippine act requiring the specific consent of Congress to the issue 
of bonds for the benefit of any municipality in the Archipelago, where 
such issue shall not exceed the percentage of taxable value now imposed 
as a limit by the law. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 

The secretary of finance and justice will comment upon the general 
subject of the administration of justice in these islands. It is enough 
for me to say, that so far as the courts of first instance and the other 
superior courts are concerned, it is very satisfactory, and is doing much 
to tranquilize the islands, and teach the people what real justice is. 
Indeed, it is not too much to say that crime in the islands is punished 
with more speed and certainty than in many parts of the United States. 

With respect to the justices of the peace, however, this is not true, 
and some new system must be devised. The justice of the peace and 
an auxiliary justice are now appointed for every town. They do not 
receive salaries, and are dependent for compensation upon fees. It is 
difficult to secure good men. The amount of business of any one town 
is ordinarily so little that the office is not lucrative at all unless it is 
made the center of petty litigation by local pettifoggers, or, as the 
Spanish term is, " picapleitos," and in that case the office is an unmixed 
evil. For this reason the Commission will doubtless feel called upon 
to change the system within the coming year. There are several rem- 
edies recommended, but in my judgment the best one is that of dividing 
the province into comparatively large districts, and appointing a justice 
of the peace for each district with a living salary. This will dignify 
the office, will secure the best man in the district, and will give a much 
better character to the administration of justice in what ought to be 
the people's court. 

THE CITY OF MANILA. 

The report of the city of Manila is a very interesting one, and 
shows the progress which has been made in the material welfare of the 
city. The two great improvements which are needed are the addition 
to the water supply and the construction of sewers. Plans and speci- 
fications have been prepared for the water supply, which, if the plans 
are carried out, will be brought by gravity directly from a dam co~ 
structed between two marble cliffs, shutting off and securing enough 
water to remove all danger of a scarcity of water during the dry 
season. The plans for a sewerage system are being rapidly prepared, 
and it is expected that they will be ready for submission by the first 
of January. The Commission has engaged the services of an expert 
engineer of high repute, Mr. Desmond Fitzgerald, of Brookline, Mass., 
who will visit the islands in January and preside over a board of 
engineers which will consider the feasibility of the plans for the 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



87 



increase in the water supply and the construction of sewers. The 
change in the source of the water supply will remove great danger of 
contagion from cholera and other epidemic diseases. So far as we are 
able to obtain estimates from the engineers making the plans, it would 
seem that the cost of construction of the sewers and the new water 
plant will fall within the four millions allowed by law. 

It ought to be urged upon Congress, in my judgment, that the bonds 
issued for the improvement of Manila should be as exempt from tax- 
ation as the bonds to be issued for the purchase of the friars' land. 
They are only exempt from Federal taxation in the United States and 
taxation in the Philippine Islands. The friars' lands bonds are made 
exempt from State, county, and municipal taxation in the United 
States, which enables us to sell bonds of that sort at a very much lower 
rate of interest. It is thought that it will injure no one if the city 
bonds of Manila are given as wide exemption. 

Manila has increased in houses during the last year, as will be seen 
from the following table : 

Building operations in the city of Manila, P. I., during the fiscal year ending June SO, 1903. 



Month and year. 



Applica- 
tions 
made. 



Permits 
paid. 



Issued 
gratis. 



Receipts. 



United States Mexican 
currency. currency. 



1902 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total 



257 
257 
320 
331 
360 
348 



426 
451 
554 
469 
801 
,119 



207 
196 
314 
269 
304 
324 



362 
374 
487 
450 
523 



116 

367 



8427. 30 
343. 90 
546.39 
413.31 
708. 38 
600. 07 



203. 59 
160. 92 
251. 86 
325. 81 
201. 36 
279. 56 



869.00 
10.00 



1, 644. 89 
1,301.63 
1,286.08 
1,327.40 
1, 320. 80 
1,277.25 



5,693 



4,479 



595 



4,480.45 



, 237. 05 



Month and year. 



1902. 

July 

August 

September . 
October — 
November . 
December.. 

1903 

January 

February .. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total. 



Strong materials. 



New buildings. 



Num- 
ber. 



40 

39 

48 

116 

123 



100 
67 
72 



73 



873 



Value. 



$154, 870 
128, 205 
256, 585 
135,236 
269, 210 
97,015 



246, 025 
150, 240 
122, 535 
85, 360 
147, 410 
145, 180 



1,946,871 



Repairs. 



Num- 
ber. 



519 



Value. 



510,955 
24,915 
23,035 
12,586 
10,340 



23, 995 
5,280 
5,965 
12, 020 
15,310 
20, 950 



171, 741 



Light materials. 



New buildings. 



Num- 
ber. 



80 
76 
102 
166 
120 
122 



172 
180 
273 
227 
306 
418 



2,242 



Value. 



87,060 
6,355 
10, 220 
13, 705 
10, 789 
11,014 



15, 140 
14, 116 
25, 243 
18, 408 
22, 905 
34, 625 



189, 580 



Repaii 



Num- 
ber. 



32 
43 
71 
81 
103 
132 



Value. 



81, 730 

750 

905 

925 

2,190 

1,775 



1,545 
1,855 
2,442 
2,790 
4,285 
5,130 



702 



26, 322 



88 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

During the year about 150 buildings were condemned and ordered 
removed. 

Much has been done in the way of repairs to streets, widening 
streets, and giving the city a modern cleaning every day. Of course 
the absence of the sewerage system entails very heavy expense in the 
introduction of the pail system, and there is an immense amount of 
work to be done before it can be called a really modern city. I ven- 
ture to say, however, that there is no city better policed than Manila. 
It is singularly free from crimes of violence, and one feels quite secure 
at any time of day or night in any part of the city. 

The falling off of the population of the city of Manila between 1900 
and 1903 from 260,000 to 221,000, as shown by two censuses, is 
not inexplicable. In 1900 there was much disturbance through the 
country, and the insurrection had not ceased in many parts. The effect 
of the insurrection upon those who were wealthy or who had money 
enough to come into Manila was very marked, and they fled to Manila 
as a place of refuge. As soon, however, as conditions became more 
tranquil they went to the country, so that the reduction in the popu- 
lation of Manila is a significant evidence of the tranquillity of the 
provinces. The introduction and maintenance of a modern fire system 
and a metropolitan and native police force, and of an effective street- 
cleaning gang are all shown in the report of the city, hereto 
appended and marked Exhibit U. There is considerable doubt as to 
what ought to be done about taking down the walls of the walled city 
of Manila, and how the open spaces in the city ought to be improved. 
Major-General Davis, commanding the Division of the Philippines, 
wrote a long application to the Secretary of War, in which he asked for 
the reservation by the President for military purposes of a great many 
pieces of land in the city. This application has been vigorously resisted 
and attacked by the advisory board of Manila, by the municipal board, 
and by mass meetings of prominent citizens. The Commission has 
passed a resolution, inviting the Secretary of War to make a contract 
with a landscape architect of eminence in the United States, empower- 
ing him to visit Manila and make a sketch of the improvements needed 
with a view to art and utility, and until this report is made it is hoped 
that the President will make no permanent reservation for military pur- 
poses. There are in the city itself and in the environs of the cit}^ great 
opportunities for beautifying the landscape, and it is hoped that we 
may be able in time to make the city of Manila the handsomest city in 
the Orient. Improvements are expensive, however, and must be 
accordingly slow. Manila is interlaced with what are called esteros, 
small creeks or arms of the sea that are useful for navigation and that 
are now made the vehicle for much of the deleterious sewage of the 
town. The rise and fall of the tide assists in carrying off the sewage, 
but the fall of the tide exposes the mud and filth of the bottom to the 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 89 

sun in such a way as probably to produce illness. The ultimate hope 
of the introduction of the sewerage system into the city is that the 
esteros not useful for navigation may be filled, and that those which 
are useful for navigation may be, as the term is, canalized — that is, 
dredged out and have their banks walled so that the coming and going 
of the tides shall only cleanse the water without exposing the filthy 
bottom. A comprehensive sewer system would take much away from 
the esteros and would leave them to discharge only the useful function 
of cheap interurban transportation. 

I am glad to call attention to the fact that since our last report on 
March 3, the bids for a franchise for an electric street railway were 
opened; and that Mr. Charles Swift, of Detroit, Mich., and his asso- 
ciates made a bid which the Commission and the municipal board 
thought it wise to accept, for the construction of a first-class, standard- 
grade electric street-car line, which will gridiron the city and furnish 
the much-needed cheap transportation from the absence of which 
Manila has always suffered. A copy of the charter which was granted 
under a law of the Commission and by a vote of the municipal board 
is hereto appended and marked Exhibit V. The term of the charter 
is fifty years. The restrictions in it are those which usually obtain in 
charters of modern street railways in the United States. The com- 
pany has the right to run two classes of cars, first and second class, 
the terms of the charter covering rate of fares being as follows: 

The fare charged by the grantee shall not exceed six cents in money of the United 
States on a first-class car, or five cents in money of the United States on a second- 
class car, for one continuous ride from one point to another on the railway system of 
the grantee within the city limits as now or hereafter established, whether it be 
necessary to transfer the passenger from one car or line of the grantee to another 
during said ride or not: Provided always, That where a change of cars is necessary 
there shall be established by the grantee a method of transfers not unreasonably 
burdensome in its restrictions to the transferred passengers; and in case of a failure 
to comply with the foregoing requirement as to transfers it may be enforced upon 
application of the municipal board by mandamus to the proper court of first instance 
or the supreme court: And provided further , That on lines running outside of the city 
limits an additional fare or fares may be charged at the rate of five cents in money of 
the I nited States on first-class cars, or three cents in money of the United States on 
second-class cars, for each two miles or fraction thereof beyond the then city limits: And 
provided further, That the grantee shall for four years from the date hereof accept 
local currency in lieu of money of the United States in payment for any ride or fare at 
the ratio of two cents local currency for one cent in money of the United States, until 
such time as there shall be established for these islands a gold-standard coinage and 
money thereunder shall be made legal tender, after which time the fares to be charged 
shall be the equivalent of those stated above in money of the United States: And pro- 
vider] further, That pending the adoption of thegold standard, if theofficial ratioexisting 
between the money of the United States and local currency shall exceed two dollars 
and forty cents of local currency for one dollar of money of the United States, then 
and in that case the grantee may require from the passengers the payment for fares 
of sufficient local currency to be the equivalent of the fares above fixed in money of 
the United States at the official ratio: And provided further, That at any time after 



90 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

twenty-five years from the date hereof, upon due notice from the city of Manila to the 
grantee, the fares charged by the grantee may be readjusted on a reasonable basis 
by three arbitrators, one to be chosen by the city, one by the grantee, and the third 
to be selected by the two so chosen if they can agree, but if not, then to be selected 
by the chief executive of the islands. The award of the majority of such arbitra- 
tors shall be final. 

There is also a provision for sale of 20 first-class tickets for a dollar 
and of six second-class tickets for 25 cents. 

The contract required that construction should be begun in six 
months, and a formal breaking of ground was made in September. 
The material for the construction has been distributed all over the 
city, and the real work of construction has begun this month, it hav- 
ing been delayed because of the rainy season and a fear that the con- 
tinued fall of rain would only subject the people of the city to the 
inconvenience of obstructed streets without real progress. The 
municipal board assures the Commission that the street cars will be 
running about Thanksgiving Day of next year. Such good interurban 
transportation as this will afford will reduce the cost of living in 
Manila certainly 25 per cent for all persons enjoying salaries of less 
than $2,500, for it is almost impossible now to live in Manila without 
maintaining some sort of a conveyance. It is hoped that the company 
will deem it wise to reduce below the bid the fare to be charged second 
class, for it is quite certain that a reduction will vastly increase the 
patronage. The oriental people are very fond of riding in rapidly 
moving cars. 

THE POKT WORKS. 

The port works of Manila are progressing with all convenient 
speed, as shown by the report of the officer in charge, hereto attached 
and marked Exhibit W. The dredging of the 30-foot harbor by a 
monster hydraulic dredge and the filling in of 168 acres in front of the 
city running out into the bay goes on rapidly. The dredge delivers 
25,000 cubic yards a day and works with great regularity. The break- 
water which is to protect the harbor from the southwest monsoon has 
been filled in to a depth of 30 feet, so that it is visible at high water. 
There will be no finer harbor in the Orient than Manila will have when 
this great work is accomplished. Two millions of dollars have already 
been appropriated and it will probably cost two millions more, perhaps 
three millions, before everything connected with the port is completed, 
including wharves and suitable warehouses. However, the govern- 
ment will have 160 acres of most valuable warehouse property which 
it may sell and which will go far toward recouping itself for the 
expense. The tonnage of the shipping coming into this harbor has 
increased so much that the wisdom of the engineers and of the Com- 
mission in enlarging the harbor be}^ond the projected lines of the 
Spanish engineers and Government has already been vindicated. Little 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. . 91 

or no progress has been made with respect to the Cebu and Iloilo har- 
bor improvements, because no one has been willing to contract for the 
work. The Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company, engaged in the 
Manila improvement, is not yet able to take up another work and there 
is no one else, apparently, who has plant enough in the vicinity to make 
the undertaking of such contracts for dredging profitable. It is quite 
probable that the government will have to undertake the contracts by 
its own engineers and workmen. 

EXECUTIVE BUREAU. 

The work which has been done by the executive bureau, which has 
not inaptly been called a clearing house for all the bureaus of the 
government, fairly gauges the size and importance of the government 
work which has been done in the Philippines. The report of Mr. 
Fergusson, the executive secretary, who is the efficient head of the 
executive bureau, which is annexed hereto and marked Exhibit X, shows 
clearly the earnest work done by government clerks and completely 
refutes the suggestion that their places are sinecures. Their fidelity 
and earnestness are largely due to the consciousness that steady appli- 
cation will bring promotion, and no fear or favor will be shown in 
giving it. I invite especial attention to the report of the recorder of 
the Commission, which is appended to the report of the executive 
secretary, and which probably gives a better idea of the labors of the 
Commission than any more general statement could. It is not too 
much to say that the executive bureau is organized with the utmost 
efficiency and dispatches an immense amount of work. I am glad to 
say that the number of Filipinos employed during the present year in 
the bureau has increased 150 per cent over previous years, and that the 
Filipinos are displaying an adaptability and capacity for work which 
justifies the prophecy that in ten years the expense of carrying on the 
government will be largely decreased by the fact that Filipinos can be 
had to do the work as well as Americans in many positions, and at 
very considerably less salaries, because the supply of such clerks will 
be far greater than of American clerks, and because in their own country 
they are able to live on much less. I append as Exhibit Y the execu- 
tive orders and proclamations from October 1, 1902, to September 30, 
1903. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

The Philippine Commission, 

Manila, P. L 



EXHIBIT A. 



Executive Oedek, 1 The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bueeau, 

No. 64. j Manila, July 31, 1903. 

The following regulations will govern the sale and distribution of rice furnished 
under the appropriation by Congress for the relief of the people of the Philippine 
Islands: 

Before rice is furnished to any province its provincial board will submit to the civil 
governor an estimate of the quantity of rice which can be used to advantage in a given 
period and a statement of the conditions in the province which make the distribution 
of rice desirable. 

All rice furnished by the civil government will be consigned to the supervisor or 
the supervisor-treasurer of the province to which it is shipped. At the time of ship- 
ment the insular purchasing agent will forward to the insular auditor a copy of the 
notice of shipment, together with a statement of the price at which the rice is to be 
sold, which shall include cost of transportation and handling, but shall exclude 
duty, if any. The expense of storing and subsequent handling of the rice shall 
be at the expense of the province, except when the civil governor shall order 
otherwise. 

All rice shall be receipted for to the insular purchasing agent by the supervisor or 
supervisor-treasurer to whom consigned, and shall be taken up by the latter officer 
who shall be accountable on his official bond for the same and render accounts 
therefor to the insular auditor as hereinafter provided. 

Where the rice is used for public works a full report of its issue and distribution 
shall be made to the civil governor, in addition to the account which is required 
by the Auditor, with a definite statement of the public improvement upon which it 
has been used, the number of days of labor, and the amount of material secured. 

Xo rice shall be distributed gratuitously, except in limited quantities to deserving 
persons unable to work, and upon the recommendation and order of the provincial 
board, approved by the civil governor, to whom will be made a statement of the 
peculiar circumstances calling for such action. 

In cases where rice is sold, the proceeds of the sales will be deposited in the provin- 
cial treasury. The money so received shall be placed to the credit of a " Congressional 
relief fund," and thereafter maybe disbursed as other funds, on the order of the 
provincial board, for public works, and accounted for in the usual manner to the 
auditor, full report thereon being made to the civil governor. 

The accounts of the supervisor or supervisor-treasurer to the insular auditor will be 
rendered on a regular property return, Auditor's Form 700, monthly instead of quar- 
terly, supported as follows: 

(a) In the case of direct sales, by proper abstracts, showing date of sale, name of 
purchaser, quantity sold, with price and total amount received. This abstract should 
be certified as correct by the person in charge of the sales and by the supervisor, 
and be accompanied by the receipt of the provincial treasurer for the amount deposited 
in the provincial treasury. 

Sales to commercial firms will not be allowed except upon advance approval of 
the civil governor. 

(b) In the case of the issue of rice in payment of labor performed, the regular 
labor pay roll, Provincial Form 57, will be used, modified so as to show in the 
columns marked "Rate of pay" and "Amount paid," certain fixed units of measure 
in rice instead of money. The certificates at the bottom of the roll should also be 
modified by substituting the words "issue" and "issued," respectively, for "pay- 
ment" and "paid." The money value of the rice so issued in payment for labor 
will be computed and stated on the pay roll, and the amount represented by such 
money value of such pay rolls will be taken up by the provincial treasurer in his 
revenue account as receipts from rice sales and placed to the credit of the aforesaid 

93 



94 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

"Congressional relief fund." Credit will be taken for the same amount as a 
disbursement for labor on public works, the voucher being the pay rolls received 
from the supervisor or supervisor-treasurer. The latter officer will drop the rice so 
disposed of on his returns, supporting the same by the receipt of the provincial 
treasurer for the amount represented by the pay rolls, and taken up by the latter, 
as in the case of sales made in the regular way. 

(c) In case of gratuitous distribution ordered by the provincial board and approved 
by the civil governor, the same abstract will be used as in the case of sales, modified 
to show gratuitous distribution instead of sale, certified as correct by the officer mak- 
ing the distribution, which distribution will be witnessed by two disinterested, repu- 
table citizens, whose certificate that they were present and witnessed the issue must 
appear on the abstract. 

In order to facilitate the operation of this order throughout the province, the pro- 
vincial supervisor or the supervisor-treasurer shall have power to designate in writing 
any municipal officer as his deputy for the purpose of this issue, who shall serve 
without additional compensation. 

Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 



[No. 797.] 



AN ACT appropriating the sum of five hundred thousand dollars, in money of the United States, 
from the fund of three million dollars appropriated hy the Congress of the United States for the 
relief of distress in the Philippine Islands, for expenditure under the direction of the civil governor 
upon resolutions of the Philippine Commission. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. The sum of five hundred thousand dollars, in money of the United 
States, is hereby appropriated out of the fund of three million dollars appropriated 
by the Congress of the United States for the relief of distress in the Philippine 
Islands, for expenditure under the direction of the civil governor for such purposes 
and in such manner as may from time to time be authorized by resolutions of the 
Philippine Commission, and in carrying out the intent of the Congress of the United 
States in appropriating the fund aforesaid. 

Sec. 2. The sum of money by this act appropriated shall be withdrawn from the 
insular treasury by requisitions in favor of the disbursing officer of the executive 
bureau or of the insular purchasing agent, as the civil governor may direct, in such 
allotments as may from time to time be necessary, and shall be accounted for as pro- 
vided by law. 

Sec 3. The resolutions of the Philippine Commission upon which the funds herein 
appropriated shall be expended shall be printed and published in quarterly volumes. 

Sec 4. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 
the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of " An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Sep- 
tember twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 5. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, July 10, 1903. 



[No. 738.] 



AN ACT appropriating the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, in money of the United States, for 
preliminary expenses in the purchase of draft cattle for the relief of agricultural conditions in the 
Philippine Islands. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 
Section 1. The sum of one hundred thousand dollars, in money of the United 
States, is hereby appropriated out of the three million dollars voted by the Congress 
of the United States for the relief of agricultural depression in the Philippine Islands 
and now on deposit in the depository of the Philippine government in the city of 
New York to the credit of the insular treasury, for the preliminary expenses of the 
insular purchasing agent and other agents of the insular government in visiting the 
ports and countries where draft cattle may be purchased, in paying agents for the 
procuring of such cattle, in securing the necessary immunization against rinderpest 
of the cattle purchased, in paying the purchase price for same, in chartering the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 95 

necessary transportation for their importation into the Philippine Islands, and for all 
other expenses incident to their purchase and delivery in the Philippine Islands. 

Sec. 2. The sum of money by this act appropriated shall be expended by the insular 
purchasing agent, and accounted for by him as provided by law. 

Sec 3. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 
the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of " An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Sep- 
tember twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec. 4. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, April 8, 1903. 



[No. 817.] 

AN ACT declaring that the presence of locusts in various provinces of the islands so threatens the 
food supplv for the coming year as to present a public emergency requiring radical action, and 
authorizing and providing for the appointment of a board in each province with full powers to call 
upon all able-bodied inhabitants thereof to take united action to suppress the pest, and for other 
purposes. 

Whereas the presence of locusts in various provinces of the Philippine Archipelago 
so threatens the entire food supply of the islands for the coming year, and presents 
such an emergency and danger to the welfare of the whole people as to require 
prompt and radical action for its suppression: Therefore, 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. Under the presidency of the provincial governor a board is hereby cre- 
ated in each province for the purpose of suppressing the locust pest, such board to 
be made up of the members of the provincial board and three agriculturalists to be 
appointed by the civil governor, with the advice and consent of the Commission, and 
to be known as the locust board. The provincial secretary shall act as secretary of 
the locust board without additional compensation. It shall be the duty of the locust 
board to enforce the provisions of this act. 

Sec 2. In every province in which a plague of locusts is threatened or exists 
every able-bodied inhabitant, subject to such regulations and limitations as the 
board constituted under this act may adopt, is hereby declared to be liable to 
service in suppressing the locust pest.. The board is hereby empowered to issue 
regulations directing the conduct of the persons summoned for the purposes of 
this act and to control their operations, either directly or through the municipal 
officers of the various municipalities who are hereby, in respect to the scope of this 
act, made subordinates of the board hereby constituted. The regulations of the 
board may require that the inhabitants shall work en masse or in such force and in 
such manner as may be deemed by the board most efficacious to the end in view, or 
the board may require that each inhabitant subject to this act shall collect a given 
quantity of locusts, fixing the amount thereof in "gantas" or "cavanes." It is 
hereby declared to be the intent of this act to give the board hereby constituted full 
discretion in the manner of suppressing the locust pest. . 

Sec 3. It shall be the duty of municipal councilors, and of all other municipal 
officers, upon the appearance of locusts within their respective barrios to bring the 
fact at once to the attention of the municipal president, whose duty it shall be to 
take the necessary steps prescribed by the regulations of the board hereby constituted, 
and to bring the fact to the notice of the board through the provincial governor. 

Sec 4. Where any persons summoned under this act to the public service herein 
required shall, by reason of their poverty, be unable to suppprt themselves with food 
during their service, the board hereby constituted may authorize the municipality to 
furnish them with sufficient rice from the store of rice sent to the province by the 
civil governor and paid for from the "congressional relief fund," reporting at once 
to the civil governor, and by telegram where possible, the amount needed for such 
purpose. 

Sec 5. Every person liable under this act to the lawful orders of the board hereby 
constituted who shall fail to comply with the same shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor and shall be fined or imprisoned, or both, in the discretion of the munici- 
pal president, in accordance with the regulations to be provided by the board: Pro- 
vided, however, That the penalty shall not exceed in any case ten dollars fine or ten 
days' imprisonment, or both. 

Sec 6. The moneys accruing from fines for violations of this act shall constitute a 
special fund to be deposited with the municipal treasurer of the municipality in 



96 BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

which such violation occurs for the purpose of being applied by him in payment 
for the hoppers or "loctones" turned over to him by such persons as have already 
fulfilled the requirements of the obligation imposed upon them by virtue of the pro- 
visions of section two of this act. The price to be paid for this purpose shall also 
be determined and fixed in the regulations to be adopted by the board constituted 
under this act. 

Sec. 7. The board constituted by this act is hereby authorized to purchase the 
number of galvanized-iron sheets considered indispensable in the suppression of the 
locusts by the method of destroying them in trenches, reporting the amount needed 
at once by telegram to the civil governor, who is hereby authorized to expend such 
amount as in his discretion is needed for the purchase of such galvanized-iron sheets. 
The provincial supervisor or supervisor-treasurer of the province is required to take 
up such galvanized-iron sheets upon his property return and to duly account for the 
same. 

Sec. 8. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of ' ' An act pre- 
scribing the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," 
passed September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 9. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, August 3, 1903. 



By the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands. 

A PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas the Philippine Commission did, on the twelfth day of November, nine- 
teen hundred and two, pass the following act: 

"AN ACT to provide against the danger of famine in the provinces of the Philippine Archipelago. 

u By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

" Section 1. To provide against the danger of famine, due to the short crop for the 
coming year in rice and other food stuffs usually produced in the provinces of the 
Philippine Archipelago, it shall be the duty of all municipal presidents to call meet- 
ings of the people of their respective municipalities, to notify them of the impending 
danger of famine, and to urge them at once to take steps to secure the necessary seed 
and to plant quick-growing crops of corn, camotes, rice, or other food plants, which- 
ever may furnish the most abundant crop in the particular locality, sufficient in 
quantity to produce the requisite food for the people of the municipality for the com- 
ing year. 

"Sec. 2. Any municipal president is authorized to allot to the citizens of his 
municipality such public land as there may be within the boundaries of the munici- 
pality at present unoccupied, for the planting of the seed and the raising of the crops 
provided for in this act. 

"Sec. 3. The crops planted and gathered under this act shall belong to the persons 
planting and gathering the same, even though they be planted upon the public land; 
and no rent for the public land thus used shall be chargeable against the persons so 
using same. 

' ' Sec. 4. In cases where it is impossible in the municipality or province to secure 
the proper seed, the municipal council shall call upon the provincial board to pro- 
cure the needed seed through the insular purchasing agent. The provincial board shall 
purchase the needed seed from the general funds of the province, and shall sell the 
same to the presidents of the municipalities whose councils have called for seed. 
The seed furnished by a provincial board to any municipality shall be receipted for 
by the municipal president and paid for out of the municipal funds by order of the 
municipal council. The seed shall then be sold to the residents of the municipality 
at the cost price thereof. If any person having land of his own, or tilling the public 
land, shall be known to be unable to pay for the seed, the municipal president may 
furnish him the seed without receiving the price thereof, in which case he shall col- 
lect an amount equal to the value of the seed furnished from the new crop, and shall 
sell the same and reimburse the municipal treasury with the proceeds. 

"Sec. 5. Each municipal president shall keep a record of the amount of seed 
furnished to the inhabitants of his municipality and the number of hectares planted 
by each inhabitant in accordance with the requirements of this act, and it shall be 
his further duty to make monthly reports of his proceedings under this act to the 
provincial governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 97 

" Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the provincial governor to see that the municipal 
presidents discharge their duties under this act, and if they fail to do so to suspend 
them and bring them before the provincial board to answer to the charges of non- 
compliance therewith. 

"The provincial governor shall make monthly reports of the proceedings of the 
municipal presidents and his own proceedings under this act to the civil governor. 

"Sec. 7. Any municipal president receiving seed from the provincial board under 
section four of this act who shall appropriate it to his own use or shall fail to dis- 
tribute it in accordance with the terms of this act, or who shall knowingly permit or 
connive at the use of the seed for any other purpose than planting a new crop as in 
this act provided, shall be held to be guilty of embezzlement, and shall be punished 
by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding 
three years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

"Sec 8. It shall be the duty of the civil governor to issue a proclamation to the 
governors of the provinces, reciting the terms of this act and directing them to order 
the municipal presidents in accordance herewith to call the people of their respec- 
tive municipalities together and secure the action required by this act. 

"Sec 9. The said proclamation of the civil governor shall be printed in English 
and Spanish and in the principal dialects of the islands, and shall be forwarded to the 
various provincial governors to be by them distributed among the municipalities of 
their respective provinces. 

"Sec 10. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of 'An act prescrib- 
ing the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws,' passed 
September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

"Sec 11. This act shall take effect on its passage." 

Now, therefore, I, William H. Taft, civil governor of the Philippine Islands, do 
hereby direct all provincial governors to order the municipal presidents to call the 
people of their respective municipalities together and secure the action required by 
the provisions of the act just quoted. 

In testimony w T hereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the 
government of the Philippine Islands to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Manila this nineteenth day of November, one thousand nine 
hundred and two. 

[seal.] Wm. H. Taft. 

By the civil governor: 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



[No. 517.] 
AN ACT to provide against the danger of famine in the provinces of the Philippine Archipelago. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. To provide against the danger of famine, due to the short crop for the 
coming year in rice and other food stuffs usually produced in the provinces of the 
Philippine Archipelago, it shall be the duty of all municipal presidents to call meet- 
ings of the people of their respective municipalities, to notify them of the impending 
danger of famine, and to urge them at once to take steps to secure the necessary seed 
and to plant quick-growing crops of corn, camotes, rice, or other food plants, which- 
ever may furnish the most abundant crop in the particular locality, sufficient in 
quantity to produce the requisite food for the people of the municipality for the 
coming year. 

Sec 2. .Any municipal president is authorized to allot to the citizens of his munici- 
pality such public land as there may be within the boundaries of the municipality at 
present unoccupied, for the planting of the seed and the raising of the crops provided 
for in this act. 

Sec 3. The crops planted and gathered under this act shall belong to the persons 
planting and gathering the same, even though they be planted upon the public land, 
and no rent for the public land thus used shall be chargeable against the persons so 
using same. 

Sec 4. In cases where it is impossible in the municipality or province to secure 
the proper seed, the municipal council shall call upon the provincial board to procure 
the needed seed through the insular purchasing agent. The provincial board shall 

WAR 1903— VOL 5 7 



98 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

purchase the needed seed from the general funds of the province, and shall sell the 
same to the presidents of the municipalities whose councils have called for seed. 
The seed furnished by a provincial board to any municipality shall be receipted for 
by the municipal president and paid for out of the municipal funds by order of the 
municipal council. The seed shall then be sold to the residents of the municipality at 
the cost price thereof. If any person having land of his own, or tilling the public 
land, shall be known to be unable to pay for the seed, the municipal president may 
furnish him the seed without receiving the price thereof, in which case he shall col- 
lect an amount equal to the value of the seed furnished from the new crop, and shall 
sell the same and reimburse the municipal treasury with the proceeds. 

Sec. 5. Each municipal president shall keep a record of the amount of seed fur- 
nished to the inhabitants of his municipality and the number of hectares planted by 
each inhabitant in accordance with the requirements of this act, and it shall be his 
further duty to make monthly reports of his proceedings under this act to the pro- 
vincial governor. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the provincial governor to see that the municipal 
presidents discharge their duties under this act, and if they fail to do so to suspend 
them and bring them before the provincial board to answer to the charges of non- 
compliance therewith. 

The provincial governor shall make monthly reports of the proceedings of the 
municipal presidents and his own proceedings under this act to the civil governor. 

Sec 7. Any municipal president receiving seed from the provincial board under 
section four of this act who shall appropriate it to his own use or shall fail to dis- 
tribute it in accordance with the terms of this act, or who shall knowingly permit or 
connive at the use of the seed for any other purpose than planting a new crop as in 
this act provided, shall be held to be guilty of embezzlement, and shall be punished 
by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding 
three years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the civil governor to issue a proclamation to the gov- 
ernors of the provinces, reciting the terms of this act and directing them to order the 
municipal presidents in accordance herewith to call the people of their respective 
municipalities together and secure the action required by this act. 

Sec. 9. The said proclamation of the civil governor shall be printed in English and 
Spanish and in the principal dialects of the islands, and shall be forwarded to the 
various provincial governors, to be by them distributed among the municipalities of 
their respective provinces. 

Sec 10. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of ' ' An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Sep- 
tember twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 11. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, November 12, 1902. 



[No. 495.] 



AN ACT appropriating the sum of two million dollars, local currency, for expenses in connection 
with the purchase and distribution of rice to inhabitants of the Philippine Islands in provinces suf- 
fering from scarcity of food, and for other purposes. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. The sum of two million dollars, local currency, is hereby appropriated, 
from any funds in .the insular treasury not otherwise appropriated, for expenses in 
the purchase and distribution of rice for the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands in 
provinces suffering from lack of food. 

Sec 2. The purchase of rice shall be made by the insular purchasing agent in such 
quantities and at such prices and times as the civil governor may direct. The rice 
so purchased shall be distributed in such manner and sold at such prices and in such 
localities as the civil governor may direct; but no sale shall be made except for cash 
nor at a price less than the actual cost thereof, including all expenses in connection 
with the distribution and sale of the same, such as transportation, shrinkage, storage, 
and customs duties. 

Sec 3. The amounts received from the sale of such rice shall be deposited in the 
insular treasury as soon as the same are received. 

Sec 4. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 



EEPOET OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 99 

the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of "An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Sep- 
tember twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, November 4, 1902. 



[No. 828.] 



AN ACT authorizing the insular purchasing agent and provincial boards to sell carabao and other 
draft animals purchased out of the congressional relief fund by the insular government for the 
purpose of restocking the islands with draft animals and replacing draft animals destroyed by 
disease or other causes. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. All carabao and other draft animals purchased by the insular government 
out of the congressional relief fund shall be branded by the insular purchasing agent 
with the government brand and a consecutive number, of which proper entry and 
account shall be kept by said insular purchasing agent, together with the name of 
the vessel on which the animals were shipped to the islands, the number under 
which they were shipped, the date of their arrival in the Philippines, and their final 
disposition under proper regulations to be prescribed in executive orders by the civil 
governor. 

Sec 2. The insular purchasing agent may consign to provincial boards for sale 
upon proper requisition such number of said carabao or other draft animals as may 
be required by the board and authorized by resolution of the Commission. 

Sec 3. The insular purchasing agent and provincial boards to which consignments 
of carabao and other draft animals may be made in accordance with section two of 
this act are hereby authorized to sell such animals at public auction or in such other 
manner as may be authorized by resolution of the Commission to farmers and other 
persons requiring and needing them to perform work or labor on the property of the 
buyers or on property leased, hired, or occupied by them, or in or about a business 
owned, managed, or conducted by them. In case of the sale of cattle under this act 
a certificate of purchase of the cattle, with the proper descriptions, shall be issued to 
such purchaser of such cattle by the insular purchasing agent or the provincial treas- 
urer for the provincial board, in the form and containing details to be set forth in 
regulations of the civil governor to accord, so far as may be, with certificates of pur- 
chase required by law for private sales of carabao: Provided, however, That no stamp 
for such sale shall be required. 

Sec 4. Where practicable, reasonable notice of all sales of carabao and other draft 
animals shall be given by the insular purchasing agent or the provincial board, as the 
case may be, and if at the time and place of sale more than one purchaser is present 
the privilege of choice shall be put up at auction and awarded to the person bidding 
the highest sum therefor, in addition to the minimum price for each carabao pur- 
chased, which minimum price is hereby fixed at seventy pesos, Philippines currency, 
for cash sales, and ninety-three pesos, Philippines currency, for part cash and part 
credit sales as hereafter defined, or the equivalent of these prices in Mexican or 
Spanish-Filipino currency at the official rate. 

Sec 5. All animals provided to be sold by this act shall be sold either for cash or 
one-third cash, one-third in one year from date of sale, and one-third in two years 
from date of sale, without interest, or upon such other terms as may be fixed by reso- 
lution of the Commission: Provided, That all deferred payments shall be secured by 
pledge, mortgage, or personal guaranty satisfactory to the provincial board or the 
insular purchasing agent, as the case may be: And provided further, That any part of 
the purchase money unpaid shall constitute a preferred lien on the animals sold, in 
favor of the insular government as against all persons whomsoever: And provided 
further, That where a purchaser on credit shall desire to anticipate the second install- 
ment by payment of the entire price in one year he shall be allowed to satisfy the 
debt by a total payment of eighty-one pesos, Philippines currency, instead of ninety- 
three pesos, as above provided. 

Sec 6. The insular purchasing agent shall keep a true and correct account of all 
sales made by him under the terms of this act, together with the consecutive num- 
bers and brands of the animals sold, the name, address, business, or occupation of the 
purchaser, the full price for which sold, the cash paid, the amount due and security 
given (in case of credit sales), and make true report thereof to the insular auditor. 



100 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Sec. 7. The provincial treasurer shall keep a true account of all sales of animals 
made by the provincial board under the terms of this act, together with the consecu- 
tive numbers and brands of the animals sold, the name, address, business, or 
occupation of the purchaser, the full price for which sold, the cash paid, the amount 
due and the security given (in case of credit sales), and make a true report thereof 
to the insular auditor and to the insular purchasing agent. 

Sec. 8. No animal purchased under the terms of this act for which the full price 
has not been paid and a certificate given therefor shallbe sold, transferred, or pledged 
without the permission of the provincial board making the sale by resolution or of 
the insular purchasing agent in writing, which resolution or written permission shall 
contain the name of the first purchaser and of the vendee, transferree, or pledgee 
and his business and address and a description of the animal with its brands, and 
shall be recorded in the books of the provincial treasurer and of the insular pur- 
chasing agent. In case the permission is given by the insular purchasing agent, he 
shall forward a copy thereof to the insular auditor and to the provincial treasurer of 
the province where the animal was originally sold, and when the permission is 
granted by a provincial board a copy of the resolution shall be forwarded by the 
provincial treasurer to the insular purchasing agent and the insular auditor. A pur- 
chaser or his agent violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by a 
fine not exceeding five hundred Philippine pesos or by imprisonment not exceeding 
one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment as to the court may seem just. 

Sec. 9. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of ' ' An act pre- 
scribing the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," 
passed September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec. 10. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted August 7, 1903. 



[No. 786.] 



AN ACT appropriating the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in money of the United 
States, for expenses in connection with the purchase, sale, and distribution of rice to inhabitants of 
the Philippine Islands in the discretion of the civil governor. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. The sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in money of the 
United States, is hereby appropriated out of the fund of three million dollars appro- 
priated by the Congress of the United States for the relief of distress in the Philippine 
Islands, for expenditure in the purchase of rice for the purpose of securing to the 
inhabitants of the Philippine Islands opportunity to purchase rice at reasonable prices 
and for the purpose of distributing rice gratuitously to those people who are suffering 
from lack of food and unable to pay for the same. 

Sec. 2. The purchase of rice, authorized by section one hereof, shall be made by 
the insular purchasing agent in such manner and quantities and at such prices and 
times as the civil governor may direct. The rice so purchased shall be distributed 
by sale at such prices and in such localities as the civil governor may direct, or shall 
be paid for by work on roads or other public improvements, or shall be distributed 
in emergencies gratuitously to starving people upon order of the civil governor: Pro- 
vided, however, That it is the declared policy of the Commission to distribute rice 
gratuitously only in cases of sudden emergencies and in all other cases of destitution 
to furnish rice in consideration of work done for the public. Where distribution of 
rice, either by sale or gratuitously, is made under the provisions of this act for the 
inhabitants of any province, such rice shall be sent to the provincial supervisor of 
such province, by him to be distributed under the orders of the provincial board and 
the civil governor. 

Sec 3. When any of the rice purchased under this actshall be sold by a provincial 
supervisor or supervisor-treasurer, as the case may be, the proceeds of the sale shall 
be paid into the provincial treasury upon order of the supervisor. The provincial 
treasurer or provincial supervisor-treasurer shall then account to the insular treasurer 
for all moneys thus received and remit the same to the insular treasurer upon order of 
the insular auditor. When the rice shall be sold directly by the insular purchasing 
agent, the proceeds of the sale shall be deposited in the insular treasmy forthwith 
upon order of the auditor. When the rice is distributed for work done or gratuitously, 
the supervisor shall keep careful account of the rice thus distributed and make 
report thereof to the insular auditor, including a statement of the work done for the 
rice distributed, with copy of the receipts received by him from the beneficiaries or from 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 101 

the presidents or other municipal officers, through whom such distribution is made. 
The accounting by the insular purchasing agent and the provincial supervisors and 
treasurers under this act shall be in accordance with regulations to be prescribed by 
the insular auditor. 

Sec. 4. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 
the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of "An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Sep- 
tember twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted June 1, 1003. 



EXCERPTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION CONCERNING KICE. 

Excerpt from minutes of July 23, 1903. 

Be it resolved, That under act No. 797 the civil governor is hereby authorized to 
direct the auditor to draw a warrant on the insular treasury in favor of the provin- 
cial treasurer of Albay for the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, United States 
currency, the same to be deposited in the provincial treasury of Albay and to be 
disbursed upon the order of the provincial board of Albay for public improvements 
in such a manner as to furnish labor to the people of the province who shall be in 
necessitous circumstances; the disbursement of the funds to be made by the provin- 
cial treasurer in accordance with law, subject to the same accounting to the auditor 
as provided for the disbursement of other provincial funds. The provincial treasurer 
is also required to make a full report of the expenditure of this fund to the civil gov- 
ernor to enable the civil governor, as required by the act of Congress, to report to 
Congress the disposition of the money. The provincial board of Albay is authorized 
to purchase rice with this fund and to use the rice in the payment of labor in so far 
as it may be wise. The provincial board of Albay may also authorize in limited 
quantities the use of rice purchased to relieve the wants of the indigent poor unable 
to earn money by labor, but the amount thus expended can only be expended by 
approval of the provincial board concurred in by the civil governor. 

Excerpt from minutes of August 5, 1903. 

On motion, 

Resolved, That the civil governor be, and he is hereby, authorized to pay, from the 
appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars made by act No. 797 from the Con- 
gressional relief fund, a sum equivalent at the authorized rate of exchange to $130.81, 
Mexican currency, to pay the expenses of transportation on one hundred and twenty- 
five sacks of rice furnished to the provincial government of Abra for the relief of the 
inhabitants of that province. 

Excerpt from minutes of August 29, 1903. 

On motion, 

Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to expend from the fund 
of five hundred thousand dollars appropriated from the three million dollar Con- 
gressional relief fund by act No. 797 and made available for expenditure under his 
direction, upon authorization by the Commission, the sum of two thousand dollars, 
Philippines currency, to be used for the purpose of paying the charges of transporta- 
tion on five hundred piculs of rice from San Fernando, in the x province of La Union 
to Baguio, in the province o-f Benguet, which rice is to be used for the feeding of 
laborers engaged on public improvements, and for other purposes, as directed by 
the civil governor. 

Excerpt from minutes of September 24, 1903. 

On motion, 

Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct an expenditure 
from the funds appropriated under act No. 797 of the sum of one hundred thousand 
dollars, United States currency, in the purchase of rice and the payment of trans- 
portation and other charges incident to its distribution among the inhabitants of the 
Philippine Islands, for the purpose of relieving famine and distress therein, said 
funds having been withdrawn from the insular treasury by accountable warrant No. 
3716, issued from the insular purchasing agent's requisition, dated August 12, 1903. 



102 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Excerpt from minutes of October 1, 1903. 

On motion, 

Resolved, That the action of the insular purchasing agent in chartering the schooner 
Kodiak at thirty dollars, United States currency, per day, for a period not to exceed 
six months, to be used in the transportation of carabao, rice, coal, and other govern- 
ment property between ports of the archipelago, for the purpose of relieving distress 
among the inhabitants thereof, be, and is hereby, approved by the Commission; and 

Be it further resolved, That the civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized to expend 
from the funds appropriated by act No. 797, out of the Congressional relief fund, a 
sum not exceeding five thousand five hundred dollars, United States currency, for 
the payment of the charter fee of said schooner during such period as the same may 
be in use by the insular purchasing agent. 

Excerpt from minutes of October 2, 1903. 

On motion of the president, 

Resolved, That for the purpose of using the rice in the suppression of the locust 
pest, in the construction and repair of roads and bridges and other public works, and 
for the sale of rice in order to prevent the excessive prices in parts of the archipelago 
where such prices are reported, the civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized to 
purchase two shiploads of rice; one from Messrs. Castle Brothers, Wolf and Son, 
Saigon white rice No. 2, at six pesos and two centavos, Philippines currency, per 
picul, duty paid, said shipload containing between twenty-eight thousand and thirty- 
two thousand piculs; and the second shipload from Messrs. Holliday, Wise and Com- 
pany, Rangoon white rice No. 2, at six dollars and nineteen cents, Mexican currency, 
per picul, duty paid, said shipload containing between twenty-eight thousand and 
thirty-two thousand piculs; and that the civil governor is further authorized to dis- 
tribute the rice bought in the various provinces in accordance with the methods 
now provided by law for the purposes above recited. 

Be it further resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to expend from 
the moneys appropriated from the Congressional relief fund by act No. 797 a suffi- 
cient sum to meet the expenditures authorized herein; these resolutions being adopted 
in accordance with section two of said act No. 797. 

Excerpt from minutes of October 22, 1903. 

On motion, it was 

Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct an expenditure 
from the funds appropriated under act No. 797 of the sum of $88,858.75, United States 
currency, in payment of 29,521.18 piculs of Saigon No. 2 rice purchased from Castle 
Brothers, Wolf and Sons at 6.02 pesos per picul, such rice being required for the pur- 
pose of relieving famine and distress within the Philippine Islands. 

Excerpt from minutes of November 6, 1903. 

On motion, 

Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct an expenditure 
from the funds appropriated from the Congressional relief fund by act No. 797 of the 
sum of one hundred thousand dollars, United States currency, in the purchase of rice 
and the payment of transportation and other charges incident to its distribution 
among the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands for the purpose of relieving famine 
and distress therein. 



EXHIBIT B. 



ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INSULAR PURCHASING AGENT FOR 
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEM- 
BER 30, 1903. 

Office of the Insular Purchasing Age^t 

For the Philippine Islands, 
Manila, P. I., October 15, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, 

Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of the bureau of the 
insular purchasing agent for the year commencing October 1, 1902, and ending Sep- 
tember 30, 1903. 

In order to show an aggregate of the business, as shown in the detailed statements 
attached hereto, I have reduced the amount shown as local currency, under the head 
of "Purchase of supplies," to United States currency at the present legal rate: 

Purchase of supplies (not including rice or carabao). 

Total purchases, this office $1, 456, 065. 16 

Transferred to United States 326, 026. 00 

Contracts awarded, not fully completed 433, 184. 46 

Total purchases 2, 215, 275. 62 

Of this amount purchases have been made as follows: 

Manila merchants $1, 785, 660. 52 

United States 327, 782. 31 

Japan 34, 437. 56 

China 27, 449. 67 

Australia 12, 474. 31 

Germany 14, 152. 84 

England 10, 732. 68 

Italy 148. 00 

France 2, 345. 81 

British East Indies 91. 92 

Total 2, 215, 275. 62 

It will be seen from the above that but about 14 per cent oi all the purchases have 
been made in the United States, and but a little over 4 per cent in all other coun- 
tries, and that over 80 per cent of the entire purchase of supplies have been made 
through the merchants of Manila. 

The two buyers of this bureau have issued during this period 11,840 orders, making 
an average of 38 orders placed in the local markets each working day of the year. 

Seven thousand and forty-four requisitions were received from the various bureaus 
and provinces, calling for 48,590 different items — an item consisting of any quantity 
of articles; thus, 150 tons hay or 2,000,000 slate pencils being considered as one item. 

The local receiving and shipping offices received and delivered during the year 
50,941,122 articles. The foreign and provincial shipping office received 394,050 
packages, weighing 62,446,224 pounds, or 1,244,522 cubic feet, making 31,223 tons, 
and shipped 271,889 packages, weighing 44,156,465 pounds, or 749,065 cubic feet, 
weighing 22,403 tons, making a total of 53,626 tons handled. 

There were 11,459 letters received and 8,594 written and 621 free entries issued 

103 



104 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Under the provisions of Acts Nos. 495, 786, and 797 of the Philippine Commission 
this bureau, in addition to the regular purchase of supplies, has purchased rice 
amounting to $2,451,168.04 local currency, and has sold rice to the amount of 
$2,310,633.06; having on hand at the present time rice amounting to $107,152.84. A 
full and detailed statement of all rice transactions is attached hereto. 

Under an act of the Commission a part of the Congressional relief fund was set 
aside to be used for the purchase of carabao for the purpose of restocking the Philip- 
pine Islands by the sale of carabao to the provinces depleted by rhinderpest. A con- 
tract for 10,000 head of these animals has been entered into by this bureau with 
Messrs. Keylock & Pratt, of Shanghai, in deliveries of 500 per month. Up to the 
present but 773 have been delivered under the contract, and these are being sold as 
rapidly as they are permanently immunized against rhinderpest by the bureau of 
government laboratories. 

The demands on the transportation department of this bureau are rapidly increas- 
ing, and there is now in use in that department 18 American horses, 18 Australian 
horses, 34 mules, 158 native horses, 80 carromatas, 13 carratelas, 15 escort wagons, 7 
trucks, 3 delivery wagons, 5 quilez, 1 calesa. 

Plans have been drawn for new stables, and when completed the work of this 
department can be carried on in a more satisfactory manner. 

The total amount of money received from all sources and accounted for by this 
bureau, as shown by the attached statements of the disbursing officer, aggregate 
$3,221,803.71 United States currency and $3,988,108.36 local currency, showing a bal- 
ance on hand of $65,281.21 United States currency. There is also stock on hand in 
regular supplies amounting to $571,319.64 Philippine pesos. 

The disbursements and collections of this amount entailed 2,539 separate settle- 
ments, carried on 3,948 vouchers, covering approximately 15,000 invoices, as audited 
and checked against 12,908 purchase orders; the issuing of 11,719 invoices in quad- 
ruplicate; 718 settlements with provinces, covering 2,193 vouchers, and the settle- 
ment of 2,500 bills of lading. 

In rendering this report, showing as it does the purchasing, handling, and shipping 
of $3,281,000.85 worth of property and the accounting of $5,021,045.09 United States 
currency, I desire to express my appreciation of the able assistance rendered the 
chief of this bureau by Mr. Gus Johnson, chief clerk; Mr. W. W. Garver, disbursing 
officer; Mr. F. H. Garrett, chief of property division; Mr. H. J. Black and J. N. 
Weir, local buyers; Mr. S. J. Epperly, chief record division; Mr. George Raetzell, 
chief property returns, and their assistants. They have worked many hours over- 
time in order to help in meeting the demands made on this bureau. 

Respectfully submitted. 

M. L. Stewart, 
Assistant ana Acting Insular Purchasing Agent. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



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108 



KEPOftT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Disbursing officer's statement for the year ending September 30, 1903. 

[United States currency.] 

RECEIPTS. 

Balance on hand October 1, 1902 (Inclosure A) $13, 975. 36 

Sundry refunds (Inclosure A) = 4, 913. 40 

From treasurer Philippine Islands, sundry warrants 2, 793, 925. 71 

2,812,814.47 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

Loss in exchange (Inclosure A) 7.78 

Transfers to officers (Inclosure A) 101, 806. 00 

Purchase of supplies ( Inclosure B) 1, 340, 580. 10 

Purchase of rice, act 495 (Inclosure C) 723, 640. 37 

Purchase of rice, act 786 (Inclosure D ) 250, 000. 00 

Furchase of rice, act 797 (Inclosure D) 81, 820. 82 

Purchase of carabao, act 797 (Inclosure D) 41, 528. 44 

Contingent expenses (Inclosure B) 23, 125. 24 

Salaries and wages 152, 907. 80 

Deposits with treasurer Philippine Islands 32, 116. 71 

Balance on hand September 30, 1903 65, 281. 21 

Total '. 2,812,814.47 

Statement of departmental sales for the year ending September 30, 1903. 



Name. 



United States 
currency. 



Local 
currency. 



Attorney-general 

Auditor, Philippine Islands 

Ayunlamiento building 

Benguet road 

Magalan Baguio road 

Benguet improvement 

Bilibid prison 

Board of health 

Bureau of agriculture 

Bureau of architecture 

Bureau of archives 

Bureau of patents and copyright 

Bureau of ethnology and natural history 

Bureau of forestry 

Government laboratories 

Bureau of mines 

Bureau of non-Christian tribes 

Bureau of public land 

Bureau of public printing 

Bureau of public instruction 

Captain of the port 

City assessor and collector 

City attorney 

Engineer in charge Calbayog pier 

City engineer 

Civil hospital 

Civil hospital at Baguio 

Civil-service board 

Collector of customs 

Court of first instance, Manila 

Court of first instance, Zamboanga 

Court of first instance, Jolo 

Department of city schools 

Secretary of finance and justice 

Secretary of interior 

Secretary of public instruction 

Department of streets, parks, etc 

Bureau of posts 

Executive bureau 

Fire department 

Government farm, San Ramon 

Insular cold storage and ice plant 

Intendencia building 

Municipal board 

Municipal court, Pasig 

City municipal court 

Municipal court, south of Pasig 

Philippines Constabulary 

Ordnance department, Philippines Constabulary. 

Prosecuting attorney 

Police department 

Quarantine officer 

San Lazaro Hospital 

Sheriff of Manila 



$8,401.92 

1,089.71 

501. 84 

22, 944. 23 

294. 84 

1,558.34 

37, 927. 53 

25,592.90 

25,201.89 

35, 120. 13 

401. 57 

154.69 

456.53 

6, 972. 32 

22,651.61 

525. 98 

2,016.23 

855. 97 

30, 007. 87 

48, 872. 25 

80.85 

2, 151. 93 

645.28 

186. 74 

154, 924. 97 

10,450.65 

1,564.28 

1, 010. 05 

37, 087. 03 

1,011.68 

6.60 

107. 32 



6.13 



4,054.54 

6,268.19 

100,736.13 

27.94 

74, 235. 95 

486. 41 

1,471.91 

59.70 

72.51 

7.34 

6,467.95 

510. 54 

545. 96 

50,232.04 

4, 454. 52 

30.09 

690. 16 



$3,247.61 
1,688.22 

373. 23 
16,587.49 

398. 75 

214. 24 
102, 304. 60 

66, 151. 69 

20, 920. 84 

181,449.50 

24.61 

142. 70 

1,140.15 

6,098.10 

41,971.65 

53.36 

1,437.86 

21.17 

11, 756. 28 

211, 147. 46 

80.52 

4,139.06 

14,698.83 

4,639.94 

212,458.65 

11,508.53 

6, 051. 44 

730. 30 

26,864.65 

713. 14 





2, 753. 07 


1.43 


6.16 


35. 77 


15,844.11 


524. 48 


819. 23 


9, 637. 61 


86. 78 


80, 635. 02 


860. 14 


2, 289. 54 


407. 28 


37.82 


4, 820. 10 



1, 027. 16 

8, 369. 15 

8,929.81 

131. 10 

904. 69 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



109 



Statement of departmental sales for year ending September 30, 1903 — Continued. 



Name. 



United States 
currency. 



Local 
currency. 



Chief signal officer 

Supreme court 

Treasurer, Philippine Islands 

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 

U. S. Philippine Commission 

Weather Bureau 

Pail system 

Collector of internal revenue 

Bureau coast guard and transportation. 

Court of customs appeals 

Insular purchasing agent 

Trades School, Manila 

Bureau of engineering 

Census bureau 

Potenciana building 

Official Gazette 

Exposition board 

Court of land registration 

Carabao corral 

Opium commission 

Register of deeds 

Malacafiang 



$8,215.14 

2,653.20 

2, 170. 43 

743. 95 

429. 63 

16, 680. 84 

256. 32 

151, 230. 63 

101.03 

49,759.72 



5,596.69 

2,509.28 

192. 66 

672. 98 

11, 628. 55 



755. 94. 
259. 98 
58.93 
304. 05 
446. 99 



Total. 



988,384.71 



$4.41 

543.35 

5,528.87 

7,284.93 

920. 13 

4, 453. 51 

8, 793. 81 

87.07 

217, 468. 13 

1, 131. 99 

45,391.87 

4, 798. 73 

2, 784. 43 

4, 194. 61 

180. 75 

241.86 

15,325.15 

242. 32 



21.55 
1, 248. 60 



1, 407, 714. 38 



Statement of outstandings from the fiscal year 1902. 
[United States currency.] 



Name. 


Amount. 


Name. 


Amount. 




$838. 19 
729.26 

1, 551. 23 

2,636.56 
754.98 

4, 103. 44 
143. 00 

1,252.06 




$13. 75 


Philippines Constabulary 

Province of Capiz 


Province of Abra 


824. 21 


Province of Masbate 


1, 933. 86 


Insular cold storage and ice plant 




17.53 




3.30 






98.45 










14,899.82 





Statement of sales for the year ending September 30, 1903. 





United States 
currency. 


Local currency. 


Supplies to departments, Exhibit A .- 


$988,384.71 
174, 149. 40 


$1,407,714.38 

147,742.06 

1, 085, 532. 79 

482, 110. 12 

735, 618. 42 

9, 628. 60 


Supplies to provinces, Exhibit B 


Rice, act 495, Exhibit C 


Rice, act 495, Exhibit D 




Rice, acts 786 and 797, Exhibit E 






5,282.27 

1,500.00 

10.21 


Carabao, act 797 


Miscellaneous sales, etc 


820. 66 






Total 


1, 169, 326. 59 


3,869, 167. 03 





Memorandum of accounts outstanding for the year ending September 30, 1903. 





United States 
currency. 


Local currency. 


Account sales of rice, act 495 




$48, 351. 02 
56, 813. 60 


Account sales of supplies to provinces 


$54,852.83 
14, 899. 82 


Account sales to sundry provinces and departments, fiscal year 1902.. 






Total 


69, 752. 65 


105, 164. 62 





110 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Cashier's statement for the year ending September 30, 1903. 





United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 




United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


October 1,1902, cash 
on hand 


$3, 630. 50 
403,848.53 


$51, 310. 74 
2, 898, 794. 99 
1,037,182.47 


By sundry deposits 
with treasurer 
Philippine Is- 
lands 


$408, 989. 24 




Receipts from sales 

of supplies 

Receipts from sales 


$3, 988, 108. 86 


Total 


Receipts from sales 
of carabao, act 
797 


1,500.00 

10.21 




Receipts from mis- 
cellaneous sources 


820. 66 




Total . . 


408,989.24 


3, 988, 108. 86 


408, 989. 24 


3, 988, 108. 86 







Exhibit B. 
Statement of provincial sales and indebtedness for the year ending September 30, 1903. 





Sales. 


Outstandings. 


Name. 


United States 
currency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 


United States 
currency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 


Province of Abra 


$309. 65 

515. 62 
3,675.68 
7,605.80 

162.04 
1,171.50 

136. 41 
3, 260. 05 
6, 973. 26 

877. 43 
1, 039. 19 
2, 427. 76 
2, 503. 10 

214. 46 
2, 037. 29 

159. 79 
4, 001. 07 
1,649.27 

188. 82 
5, 817. 60 
1,464.86 
7, 309. 28 
1, 718. 80 

3, 037. 38 

75.73 

484. 50 

168. 99 

824. 56 

8, 520. 07 

1, 109. 03 

754. 33 

2, 262. 07 

112. 90 

12.10 

23.66 

1, 176. 46 

5, 310. 76 

2,474.36 

615. 76 

923. 46 

90.30 

1, 753. 90 

32.10 

14,286.09 

3, 656. 53 

8, 469. 51 

135. 24 

2, 694. 30 


$251. 98 

340. 37 

3, 994. 09 

2, 974. 18 

112. 36 

1,363.03 

120. 98 

2, 779. 90 

6, 611. 82 

1, 057. 46 

1,586.87 

2, 612. 28 

2, 968. 25 

851. 02 

4, 136. 92 

16.12 

1,246.26 

1,028.75 

17.79 

5,411.80 

1, 599. 86 

577. 39 

965. 58 


$309. 65 

502. 13 

1, 534. 91 

5,262.43 

126. 99 

9.87 


$391. 19 




276. 87 




286.11 


Province of Albav 


1,041.82 
101.54 


Province of Bataan 


Province of Batangas 




Province of Benguet 


69.85 


Province of Bohol 


1, 710. 32 

2, 483. 86 
828. 78 
493. 34 
612. 21 

1, 144. 83 
54.62 

2, 003. 34 
159. 79 
468. 35 

1, 022. 11 
159. 49 

5,763.15 
582. 26 

1,580.24 
194. 26 

3, 037. 38 
75.73 


1,788.45 


Province of Bulacan 


434. 60 




3,111.40 




Province of Cavite 


1, 012. 85 


Province of Cebu 


2, 385. 90 


District Commander, Basilan 


179. 69 


Province of Iloilo 


5, 095. 68 


District Commander, Pollock 


16.12 


Province of Ilocos Sur 


110. 62 


Province of Ilocos Norte. . . 


989.00 


Province of Isabela 




Province of La Union 


11,844.05 


Province of Lepanto-Bontoc 


35.81 


Province of Levte 


28.82 


Province of Laguna 


318. 56 


Philippine Constabulary, commissary 
officer 




Province of Masbate 




545.42 


Lieut. W. C. Hannum 


99.69 

7.98 

2, 378. 43 

7, 381. 27 

88.00 

356. 91 

321. 64 

1,945.43 




Province of Marinduque 






Province of Misamis 


394. 91 
8, 520. 07 
168. 23 
411. 99 
672. 83 
112. 05 


1, 192. 21 


Province of Mindoro 


6, 508. 93 


Province of Nueva Ecija 


Province of Nueva Viscava 


241. 71 


Province of Occidental Negros. . . 


164. 45 


Lieut. W. A. Mitchell 


1, 945. 43 


Lieutenant Ryan 


Lieutenant Rand 


158. 53 

591. 67 
2, 494. 89 
3, 245. 62 

378.41 
2, 812. 27 

117. 23 
5,449.05 
2, 936. 05 
30, 170. 28 
9, 725. 89 
5, 518. 39 

127. 17 

2, 129. 24 

2.71 

2.71 


5.23 
247. 60 
1, 674. 32 
768. 82 
306. 09 
669. 92 






121 55 


Province of Pangasinan 


166. 16 


Province of Pampanga 


54.91 


Province of Romblon 


79.20 


Province of Rizal 


1, 309. 86 


Province of Surigao 


Province of Samar 


344. 57 

32. 10 

5, 183. 07 

1,383.63 

1, 941. 46 

132. 05 

708. 61 




Lieut, C. O. Sherill 


2, 936. 05 




7,174 09 


Province of Tarlac 


1, 593. 50 
1 702 31 






74 04 


Province of Paragua 


375. 98 


Postmaster, Cebu 






1.42 

1.42 

1.42 

52.03 

258. 50 






Postmaster, San Isidro 






Postmaster, Calbavog 






Capt. J. B. Barnes 


203. 59 
550.00 






Capt. D. H. Boughton 








KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Ill 



Statement of provincial sales and indebtedness for the year ending September 30, 1903 — Con. 





Sales. 


Outstandings. 


Name. 


United States 
currency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 


United States 
currency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 






S3. 86 
355. 85 
274. 08 








811. 88 

652.38 

33, 127. 68 

22, 370. 24 

253.00 

1,894.88 

683.77 

1,875.29 

30.12 

70.47 

35.75 

2.50 

1.42 

1.42 


























Lieut. Earl C. Brown 












82.75 
136.44 
875.29 






5, 436. 68 


8855.89 












Ensrineer in charge Jolo pier 


262. 66 
965. 91 
11.98 


2.51 

35.75 

2.50 


147. 11 


Engineer in charge Iligan wharf 


54.78 


Engineer in charge Calbayog pier 


11.98 


















Total 


174, 149. 40 


147, 742. 06 


54,852.83 


56, 813. 60 







Statement of purchases paid for and bureau equipment and expense for the year ending 

September 30, 1903. 





Local 
currency. 


United States 
currency. 


Purchase of supplies: 

Coal 


8415, 006. 60 

230, 147. 66 

413, 208. 98 

138,325.91 

77, 108. 67 

57, 130. 55 

150, 709. 53 

182,026.51 

18, 798. 10 

12, 808. 30 

50, 621. 74 

83, 749. 89 

73, 007. 46 

51,561.07 

19, 370. 91 

108, 416. 64 

76,681.95 

574, 674. 04 


851, 733. 06 


Lumber 


20, 876. 13 


Hardware 


49, 433. 88 


Office supples 


19, 688. 53 


Office furniture 


12, 515. 09 


Typewriters 


4, 097. 50 




2,725.78 
18, 124. 24 




Vehicles 


1, 667. 41 




3,540.13 


Machinery 


16, 098. 02 




9, 914. 90 
8, 190. 77 


Cement and lime 


Freight 


3, 710. 79 


Clothing and materials 


1,798.53 




7,020.74 




3, 202. 42 




33,313.10 








2, 733, 354. 51 


267, 651. 02 


Purchase of rice: 

Act 495 


1, 806, 793. 33 
237,481.51 


1, 266. 38 
153, 068. 77 
181, 820. 82 


Act 786 


Act 797 










2, 044, 274. 84 


336, 155. 97 


Purchase of carabao: 

Act 797 




41, 528. 43 








Bureau equipment and expense: 

Repairs to transportation 


196. 57 

35, 267. 00 

3, 374. 92 




Rent of offices, etc 


7, 606. 52 


Incidental 


175. 58 




38, 838. 49 


7, 782. 10 


Salaries and wages 


286, 159. 02 


42,142 88 






Total disbursements 


5, 102, 626. 86 


695, 260. 40 





112 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903, showing to whom 
(individuals or firms) payments have been made. 



To whom paid. 



United States 
currency. 



Local 
currency. 



Philippine 
currency. 



H. W. Peabody&Co 

E. C. McCullough & Co 

Frank L. Strong 

A. S. Watson & Co 

San Nicholas Iron Works 

Manuel Earnshaw & Co 

M. Garchitoreno 

John T. Pickett 

Bazar Velasco 

Boie & Schadenberg 

Erlanger & Galinger 

A. Grossman 

Manila Railway Co. (Limited) . 

Standard Oil Co. of New York 

American Drug Co 

Pacific Oriental Trading Co 

Insular Cold Storage and Ice Plant 

Philippine Gaslight Co 

Mariano Uy Chaco 

Squires & Bingham 

Warlomont Hos 

Henry D. Woolfe 

American Bazar .'. 

Compafiia Maritima 

Carmen & Co 

Castle Bros., Wolf & Sons 

Ynchausti & Co 

Shewan, Tomes & Co 

Holliday, Wise & Co 

Philippine Lumber and Development Co 

Frank S. Bourns 

Civil Supply Store 

R. V. R. Penelosa 

American Hardware and Plumbing Co 

Wm. Wesley & Sons 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co 

Suca. de R. Bren 

American Book and News Co 

Cameron & Mclaughlin 

Manila Navigation Co 

Bilibid Prison '. 

Zee Tai On 

Stahl & Rumcke 

H. S. Townsend 

B. W. Cadwallader & Co 

Pedro Blanc 

W. T. Nolting 

C. N. Ferricr 

M. Fuster & Co 

C. Fressel & Co 

Macondry & Van Buskirk 

Warner Barnes & Co 

Mnreaida & Co 

Luis R. Yangco 

A. F. Allen 

Macondray & Co 

A. Roensch & Co 

Caldcr & Co 

Bazar Siglo XX 

C. E. Lemunyon 

Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Co. 

F. W. Home 

A. Richt er & Co 

American Commercial Co 

Botica Santa Cruz 

Jose Q. Ho 

Michael, Gaspar, Grant Co 

Viuda de Tan Auco 

North American Trading Co 

Smith Bell & Co .... . 

Viuda y Sucesora de Zobel 

Sociedad de los Telefonos de Manila 

Suiliong & Co , 

A.J.Gies 



Cull & Maddy 

Hongkong and Shanghai Bank 

M.A.Clarke 

Quartermaster's Department, TJ. S. Army . . . 

Pedro P. Roxas 

Kwong Wah Hing & Co 

California-Manila Lumber Commercial Co. 



SI, 170. 40 



$49, 199. 96 
107, 949. 17 
80,950.79 

2, 177. 41 
28, 462. 74 
19, 802. 76 

3, 639. 76 
19,125.82 
35,460.90 

5, 623. 71 
31,443.52 

7, 436. 16 

1,059.81 
16,837.25 

2, 007. 75 
31,139.70 
11, 378. 45 

6. 350. 19 
130, 790. 11 

2, 823. 82 

2,207.29 

649. 96 

1, 474. 25 

38, 969. 62 

681. 96 

96, 651. 60 

22,688.89 

44, 408. 99 

436,829.44 

6, 216. 81 

32, 726. 94 

5,789.22 

2. 727. 25 
72, Oil. 72 

1, 860. 69 

37, 672. 41 

228. 60 

5, 744. 04 

12, 512. 75 

42, 955. 39 

972. 38 

12, 664. 18 

8. 042. 26 
289. 04 

21,619.62 

3,904.95 

390. 93 

281.00 

2, 908. 95 

2, 275. 00 

727. 34 

120, 098. 04 

2, 978. 12 

13, 743. 54 

8,437.22 

27, 454. 50 

3, 494. 59 

287, 177. 24 

909. 93 

911. 22 

1, 629. 92 

19,397.02 

1, 277. 12 

11, 720. 72 

1, 744. 18 

3. 182. 20 
1,489.10 
1, 513. 12 
1, 050. 31 

15, 968. 00 

308.90 

33.00 

143,489.70 

13, 622. 90 

936. 73 

587, 274. 81 

4,491.02 

45,574.42 

17,308.04 

182. 19 

55, 653. 56 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



113 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903, etc. — Continued. 



To ay horn. paid. 


United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Philippine 
currency. 


Ralli Bros 




$734, 237. 13 

5,027.85 

734. 00 

191. 60 

1,744.50 

8, 813. 67 

3, 890. 20 

156. 50 

201, 103. 68 

3, 395. 55 

900. 00 

246. 09 

305. 50 

4, 193. 79 

220. 46 

171. 10 

129. 29 

6, 612. 10 

1, 325. 00 

551.44 

401. 63 

51.00 

70.00 

612. 00 

1,338.75 

3, 907. 84 

5, 707. 50 

1, 690. 00 

85.00 

6, 796. 40 

1, 428. 00 

891. 19 

475. 00 

1, 560. 00 

30.88 

28, 690. 92 

857. 50 

171. 50 

5, 224. 06 

267. 70 

188. 90 

1,326.00 

1,-135.28 

250. 00 

14,003.00 

588. 00 

200. 00 

147. 00 

250. 00 

17, 194. 69 

675. 00 

796. 25 

1, 975. 00 

2, 198. 95 

1,537.30 

187. 33 

13,458.57 

8,453.34 

46.30 

1, 627. 40 

359. 32 

86, 470. 01 

633. 00 

2, 262. 92 

22. 00 

366. 12 

9, 192. 00 

793. 99 

203. 85 

40.00 

488.75 

148. 23 

245. 98 

937. 07 

2,273.14 

18, 225. 15 

16,816.48 

116. 00 

830. 49 

30, 255. 27 

643. 55 

169. 68 










Sv Chui Chin 










$127. 87 






528. 00 








Ker & Co 






Smith & Reed 




50.00 


A. J. Coffee Co 
























H S Jo;,es 






S. D. Martinez 




292. 82 














F.M. Kendall 










4, 769. 38 


Rich & Rosenberg 




12, 180. 00 






J. R. Edgar 












G. W. Hollis 






J. C. Raymond 












McLeod & Co 






B. F. Tavlor 


















D. W. Rilev & Co 






J. Kernan 






H. R. Spencer 




1,407.07 
7, 385. 76 


John Lysaught & Co 








366. 00 








S. W. Ferrv 






J. C. Ryan 






Helen M. Green 




F. W.Nash 






C. H. Lamb 






Compania Nayier Mercantil Filipina 






Tan Dico 






C. A. Clark 






E. W. MacDaniel 










3, 910. 95 


R. V. Dell 




D. H. Ward 






F. Moffatt 






Dorr & Co 












J. W. Grey 






J. B. Thomas & Co 




129. 73 


G. Ocampo 




3,377.05 


J. Hoffmann 




A. Siebrand Sigart 




783. 07 






187 32 


H. S. Crocker & Co 






Sunico y Hermanos 




1, 398. 47 


Electrical Construction Co 




R. Ong Pin 




603. 80 


Martinez y Guzman 






Mitsu Busan Kaisha 




8, 960. 70 


M. Barreto 




E. Herbert 






Chofre & Co 






\ u Biao Sontua 






Rieardo Flores 




800. 00 


M. Moreno 






Hidalgo & Co 






Gomez & Co 




13.05 


Gee Hi 




78 26 


M. C. Santiago 






Si Giang 






Kwong Ong Long & Co 







C. Alkan 




1, 690. 00 


F. R. Button 




800. 50 


Union Truck Co 






M. SDyestre 






American Sheet and Metal Works 




144. 88 


German & Co 






Compania General de Tabaco de Filipinas 






Eastern Electric Co 1 





WAR 1903 — TOT, 5- 



114 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903, etc. — Continued. 



To whom paid. 


United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Philippine 
currency. 


S C Farnham Boyd & Co 




$5, 397. 69 

1, 981. 67 

372. 50 

268. 80 
2, 193. 70 

963. 00 

176. 70 

2, 306. 36 

412. 10 

12.60 

15,323.96 

2.00 

2, 251. 00 

6.00 

40.00 

4, 161. 96 

70.13 

409. 99 

186. 25 

754. 96 

471. 10 

539. 35 

5,400.20 

36.14 

507. 36 

61, 256. 00 

76.80 

13.00 

3.00 

518.70 

682. 50 

420. 00 

6, 841. 90 

200. 00 

320. 00 

2, 035. 73 

48.00 

3, 588. 67 

223. 34 

50.55 

501. 79 

82.20 

196. 00 

936. 00 

14.00 

4.30 

105. 81 
6.30 

1,535.80 

325. 00 

165. 00 

991. 67 

220. 00 

8.00 

354.96 

12.50 

332. 84 

160. 00 

202. 00 

87.30 

615. 70 

37.50 

433. 31 

50.00 

241, 775. 00 

1,202.65 

4,321.45 

10.42 

280. 00 

756. 38 

1, 917. 50 

4.00 

638. 94 

226. 16 

15.60 

650. 44 

98.88 

18.20 

68.12 

10.40 

17, 627. 98 

1, 095. 95 


$41.58 






280. 00 


















744. 00 






40.00 












1, 412. 54 






125. 22 












366. 46 












































C. K. Zorn 






M. Tagawa & Co 






W. W. Richards 






F. 0. Roberts 




380. 00 






2, 543. 28 


J. Geronimo 


























8.09 














W. Ah ern & Co 






D. Mann 






Manila Sheet Metal Works 




1, 117. 38 














F. Gutierrez & Co 




110. 33 








M. K. N ewman & Co 




10.00 


























United States Sail, Tent and Awning Co 






E. Spitz 




274. 20 


P. Hernandez 






D. Enfransia 












Yick Fat 












F. Burton 






T. J. Wolf 






J. Arrila . 






J. Hewitt 












J. P. Yutico 






Yu Chui Co 






Armstrong & Mackav 




72.% 


Dan Fingco 






Viuda de E. Boca 






F. Reyes 












Talabarceria Progreso 






M. Kraus 






Go Angco 






E. F. Ongcapin 






J. R. Edgar Co 






E. de Mercaida 




2, 078. 43 


D. Bodero 




Lyon & Wolfson 






A. Bryan 




283. 62 


J. R. Martin, U. S. N 






C. Martin 






L. S. Bliss 






H. B. Matthews 






F. A. Gantz 






Z. K. Miller , 






Ballv Paper Mills Co 






H. St. John Jackson 












J. Vil Bouchewitch 






A. W. Po ber ■ 






Juan Hing 







KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



115 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903, etc. — Continued. 



To whom paid. 


United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Philippine 
currency. 






$3.28 

45.80 

2,302.73 

4.20 

8, 201. 36 

15.80 

818.06 

451.41 

117. 00 

10.00 

1, 353. 83 

89,554.12 

68.20 

200. 00 

2, 129. 95 

650. 00 

559. 39 

200. 00 

150. 00 

2, 106. 00 

65.00 

520. 00 

130. 00 

300. 00 

394.47 

30.00 

1,750.00 

585. 00 

600.00 

200. 00 

385. 00 

2, 761. 75 

333. 50 

7.50 

64.50 

101. 40 

5.00 

5.00 

6.60 

2.40 

200. 00 

5. 578. 66 
536. 18 

60.00 

830. 00 

1, 923. 71 

10,313.74 

86.59 

460. 17 

1, 338. 50 

34.43 

754. 00 

433.46 

340.85 

96.20 

48.00 

4,171.84 

77.76 

25.00 

35.65 

325.00 

802.72 

88.66 

596.70 

603. 08 

300. 00 

480.00 

6, 494. 00 

2.45 

1. 193. 67 
141. 30 
692. 99 
273. 13 

45.00 

37.77 

288. 00 

46.86 

26.50 

30.00 

392. 50 

250. 00 

10.00 




















































N W McAllen 










$2, 498. 30 


Findlav & Co 














































































E. G. Shields 












T Joseph 




































D Hardie 
















12.18 








A Villan .. 
















































W. G. Hagle 












C. A. Kahlhaurn 












L. Boehimer & Co 












A. Luniere & ses Fils 












Cox Seed Co 
























H. J. Andrews & Co 






U. Gallino 






J. A. Johnson 






Chas. Esplin, jr 






J. D. Coolev 










1,002.18 












E. Brammer 


















Moreno y Ca 






M. Henry 






U. Batanante 






Yap Coa Fuion 












Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China 






Janarmal Tejoomal & Co „• 






Via Oluis 






Sol Berliner 






Kwong Hop Sang 












If. Genato 












P. Canuel 






C. Aguino 







116 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September SO, 1903, etc. — Continued. 



To whom paid. 


United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Philippine 
currency. 


H. Finkel 




$399. 42 
200. 00 
250. 00 

1, 858. 75 
253. 11 

1, 143. 34 
324. 59 
866. 89 
850. 10 
218. 65 

2, 715. 55 
10, 495. 03 

199. 50 
10, 578. 40 

1.00 

59.85 

1, 732. 76 

66.50 

85.25 

592. 00 

34.00 

212. 40 

25.00 

162. 00 

62.50 

88.00 

80.00 

955. 43 

400. 00 

106. 48 

142. 65 

183. 14 

10.00 

250. 00 

469. 50 

235. 56 

6, 103. 23 

135. 00 

80.00 

720. 20 

6,046.91 

117. 30 

7.10 

447. 30 

3,887.75 

15.00 

188. 00 

3, 508. 79 

7, 719. 30 

45.50 

175. 00 

200. 00 
20.67 

731. 07 
5.00 

49.00 
375. 00 
148. 87 

69.83 

450. 00 

330. 00 

2.40 

1,232.58 

120. 00 

36.00 

36.00 

30.00 
1, 040. 00 

40.00 
250. 00 
980. 00 

41.75 

80.00 

283. 53 

4.20 

140. 00 

69.70 
126. 72 

15.00 
180. 00 

97.20 

262. 80 

2.40 




























G E Stechert 




































C E Helves.. 
















$212. 60 












498. 00 


T T. Collins 




690. 00 


















77, 488. 38 












459. 80 


















































A. Ortiz 




































S. Shigematsu 




18, 766. 68 




















E. Thompson & Co. . „ 






























W. G. Skidmore 






E. W. Ladd 










3,659.83 


E. H. Hunter & Co 




Bur. of Veirtas 






D. Moranan 




























7.37 






221.56 


D. Salvacion 






Miles Hyul 






Allen G. Baker 






A. G. Tracy 






Primetico Mudina 












J. Boardman, jr 












J. Reyes 


















C. D. Rhodes 






C. Hock 












Yu Chuan 






Mrs. W. F. Taf t 






J. Sober 




105. 50 








A. H. Higley 












R. Perez 












Portifo & Co 












R. Jaconson 












F. Llanes 







REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



117 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903, etc. — Continued. 



To whom paid. 


United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Philippine 
currency. 


E.H.Cole 




$6.37 

1, 654. 76 

13.00 

96.00 

17.65 

778. 05 

38. 45 

116.50 

100. 00 

20. 00 

408. 00 

446. 25 

340. 00 

652. 00 

26. 00 

12.00 

15.00 

263. 75 

21.50 

483. 50 

56.25 

18.00 

143. 55 

160. 00 

280. 00 

90.44 

25.10 

28.35 

190. 00 

132. 00 

300. 00 

333. 00 

162. 04 

5.00 

29.84 

122. 54 

100. 00 

122. 50 

40.00 

9.00 

40.00 

8.00 

8.50 

10.00 

10.00 

8.50 

10.00 

3.40 

8.00 

21.56 

588. 00 

49.00 

50.00 

9.75 

6.75 

21.00 

3.00 

110. 00 

65.00 

66.00 

10.00 

29.16 

40.00 

18. 38 

176. 00 

4.90 

13.47 

16.00 

27.93 

34.30 

3.00 




Oliver & Trill 




81, 121. 00 




















Tan Tan 




58.33 














F R Miller 






C Pedilo 






P G Son 






J T. Sebree 
















1,263.65 


C. Heinszen & Co 




570. 47 
























13.04 








T. Codv 












M. Montanes 
























T. E. Samson 












Dv Sing Sia 












T. Nenwtrth 












J. F. Dostal 


















W. N. Swarthout '. 






Dv Ang Co 
























M. de Castro 












T. Clements 












A. Rullo 












R. Fidel 






P. Trinidad & Co 






La Democratica 












J. N. Wolfson 




60.00 






30.00 


D. Ty Angeo 






Kelley & Wolf 






Thacker, Spink & Co 




10.43 
















Ong Laico ' 








C. B. Weltner 






9.60 






J. W r Collins 
















American Optical Co 






A. C. Monks 












J. R. Calder Smith 




48.00 


Francisco Barrios 




543. 40 






36.00 


H. Diralan 






70.43 


E. H. Behr 






42.00 


J. L. Barrett 


i 


6.09 




1 


86.47 




1 


284. 60 


E. Chase 




140. 00 


E. de la Cruz ' 




100. 44 


H. E. Deputv i 




90.00 


Donaldson, Sims & Co 1 




8, 322. 36 






528. 59 


F. Fanlo ' 




315. 00 



118 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION, 



Statement of disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903 — Continued. 



To whom paid. 


United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Philippine 
currency. 


S. Farrell 






$246. 00 








900.00 








5.00 


F. E. Green 






2,075.40 
61.04 


F. W. Greer . . 












250. 0U 


H. L. Heath ... 






174. 78 








4.21 


E. T. Hitch 






20.00 


Lib. de R. Bren 






93. 22 








114. 78 


P. Martel . . 






22.46 








150.00 


Meyer, Wilson & Co 






928. 88 








332. 00 








608. 70 


F. Mountz 






44.78 








116. 09 








42.00 


C. W. O'Brien 






1, 700. 00 


Padern y Moreno & Co 






1, 198. 87 








33.38 


T. E. Prendergast , 






106. 74 








52.17 


V. Perez 






2.00 








310.00 


J. Porcuna '. 






27.30 








120.00 


Santiago Hospital 






869. 56 








9.39 


M. Sison 






82.17 








4, 563. 60 


W. F. Stevenson & Co 






64, 761. 80 


B. F. Sturtevant Co 






1, 447. 20 


Jose Tan Sunco 






11.30 








7.50 


Van Buskirk, Crook & Co 






9.00 








2.00 


W. Watson & Sons 






744.37 


W. L. Whitcomb 






2, 510. 90 


H. F. Wilson 






13.20 








1, 538. 32 
116. 10 


Grant & Co 










$41.04 
7.00 




G. Y. Taylor 












Total 


$1,170.40 


4, 816, 472. 84 


1,103,894.28 





Exhibit C. 

Disbursing officer's statement of famine relief fund, act 495, for the year ending 

30, 1903. 
[Local currency.] 



1903. 


Nov. 


11 




15 




25 


Dec. 


10 




10 




23 


Jan. 


16 


Feb. 


28 


Apr. 


17 


June 30 



July 25 



From whom received. 

Treasurer, Philippine Islands: 

WarrantNo. 2132 

Warrant No. 2146 

Warrant No. 2189 

Warrant No. 2277 

Warrant No. 2278 

Warrant No. 2353 

Ralli Bros., refund 

Treasurer, Philippine Islands: 

Warrant No. 2739 

Warrant No. 3048 

Warrant No. 3445 

E. C. McCullough & Co., refund 

Treasurer, Philippine Islands, warrant No. 3529. 



Total receipts, all sources. 



Rice. 



Purchase, Ogtag. 



Total. 



$870,840.00 
250, 000. 00 
300, 000. 00 
150, 000. 00 
150, 000. 00 
50, 000. 00 
2.13 

20, 000. 00 
8,425.00 

13, 625. 00 

400.00 

4,600.00 



1,817,892.13 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



ny 



Disbursing officer's statement of famine relief fund, act 495, for the year ending September 

30, 1903— Continued. 



Rice. 



Purchases. 



Contingent 
expenses. 



Total. 



Dec. 



1903. 
Nov. 14 
14 
26 
26 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
2 
2 

4 
5 
5 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 

11 

16 

17 
IS 
19 
19 

26 
26 
26 
27 

31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
31 
5 



Jan. 



Feb. 



To whom paid. 



Suiliong & Co., 21,000 piculs of rice 

Suiliong & Co., 262 rice mats 

E. F. Ongcapin, on account 

Clarke & Co., 29,605.59 piculs of rice 

E. E. A. &, C. Telegraph Co., sundry telegrams . . . 

Leon F. Bliss, foreman 

H. B. Matthews, foreman 

Frank A. Gantz, foreman 

Talmon K. Miller, foreman 

C. Findlay, reimbursement for sundry telegrams. 
Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

Clarke & Co., on account 

E. E. A. & C. Telegraph Co., sundry telegrams 

N. W. Mc Allen, foreman 

Ong Chunanco, 300 rice mats 

Clarke & Co., balance on 45,312.96 piculs of rice . . 

W. E. Sherman, lighterage 

do 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

Hamilton King, consul fees and telegrams 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

Denis Freres, 29,131.35 piculs of rice — part 

OngU. Co., 300 rice mats 

E. F. Ongcapin, on account 

Warner Barnes & Co. , freight for account of Denis 

Freres 

Ong U. Co., 600 rice mats 

Ong TJ. Co., 300 rice mats 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

Leon F. Bliss, foreman 

W. S. Beebe, foreman 

Antonio Villar, watchman 

J. N. Neill, foreman 

Pedro Ishmael, watchman 

Z. K. Miller, foreman 

Chin Jaine, candles 

H. B. Matthews, foreman 

T. Cobarrubias, rent of warehouse 

E. Davies, foreman 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

Ralli Bros., 100,000 sacks rice 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

M. F. Ong Ongco, 300 rice sacks 

H. D. Andrews & Co., rent of warehouse 

Suiliong & Co., 600 rice sacks 

E. Davies, foreman 

L. F. Bliss, foreman 

H. B. Matthews, foreman 

Z. K. Miller, foreman 

J. N. Neill, foreman 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

freight 

W. E. Sherman, lighterage 

Sundry persons, labor 

Do 

Do 

Treasurer, Philippine Islands, refund 

E. F. Ongcapin, balance on 35,000 piculs of rice.. 

H. J. Andrews & Co., rent of warehouse 

T. Cobarrubias, rent of warehouse 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co., 

lighterage 

G. Schneegans, United States consul, Saigon, bal- 
ance on account Denis Freres 

E. C. McCullough & Co., rent of warehouse 

Smith, Bell & Co. , demurrage 

Holliday, Wise & Co., insurance 

Chas. Yarneberg, freight 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 

Chee Kim Leong, loading rice 

Chas. Yarneberg, freight 

I Sundry persons, labor 



8143, 220. 00 



137,000.00 
170, 232. 14 



122, 572. 80 



144, 316. 74 

" 75," 666." 66' 

7, 237. 94 



734, 237. 13 



28, 875. 00 



18, 587. 50 



$65. 50 



284. 20 
113. 10 
15.60 
15.60 
89.70 
45.80 

3, 100. 00 



294. 92 
10.00 
75.00 



525. 00 
829. 50 



2,042.88 
559. 39 



2, 488. 40 
75."6o" 



150.00 

75.00 

5,016.75 

3, 359. 58 
382. 20 
101.40 

5.00 
288.60 

5.00 
399.44 

6.60 
113. 10 
450. 66 
353.78 

1,018.95 



7,027.00 
48.00 
823. 34 
165. 00 
182.40 
143. 64 
97.46 
161. 30 
141.35 

3,372.67 

85.50 

598.50 

12.00 

222. 50 



1, 330. 00 
1, 064. 00 



5, 366. 70 



573. 33 
1, 428. 57 
7, 680. 00 
1,064.00 
2, 566. 26 
59.85 
1,822.10 

159.50 



$143,220.00 

65.50 

137, 000. 00 

170, 232. 14 

284. 20 

113. 10 

15.60 

15.60 

89.70 

45.80 

3, 100. 00 

122,572.80 

294. 92 

10.00 

75.00 

149,304.96 

525.00 

829.50 

2,042.88 

559. 39 

2,488.40 

144, 316. 74 

75.00 

75, 000. 00 

7, 237. 94 

150. 00 

75.00 

5, 016. 75 

3, 359. 58 
382. 20 
101.40 

5.00 
288. 60 

5.00 
399. 44 

6.60 
113. 10 
450.66 
353. 78 

1,018.95 
734,237.13 

7,027.00 

48.00 

823.34 

165. 00 

182. 40 
143.64 

97.46 
161. 30 
141.35 

3, 372. 67 

85.50 

598. 50 

12.00 

222. 50 

3,265.00 

28, 875. 00 

1, 330. 00 

1,064.00 

5, 366. 70 

18, 587. 50 

573. 33 

1,428.57 

7,680.00 

1,064.00 

2, 566. 26 

59.85 

1,822.10 

159. 50 



120 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Disbursing officer's statement of famine relief fund, act 495, for the year ending September 

SO, 1903 — Continued. 



Rice. 



'•"'-' 'SSf 



To whom paid — Continued, 

Philippine Transportation and Construction Co. 

lighterage 

E. E. A. & C. Telegram Co., sundry telegrams . . . 

E. C. McCullough & Co., rent of warehouse 

Compania Maritima, charter steamship Heim.. 

Mariano Uy Chaco, sack twine and needles 

Sundry persons, labor 

H. J. Andrews & Co., rent of warehouse 

E. F. Ongcapin, insurance and housing 

Tan Tan, loading rice 

W. E. Sherman, lighterage 

T. Cobarrubias, rent of warehouse 

Sundry persons, labor 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 

Henry Fleischer, checker on steamship Heim.. 

Sundry persons, labor, steamship Heim 

Horace L. Higgins, freight 

John Boardman, jr., freight 

J. Reyes, hire of cascos 

Ong Chuanco, 300 rice mats 

Ynchausti & Co., towing steamship Kodiak 

F. Danielson, loading rice 

Manila Pilots' Association, pilotage 

Manila Navigation Co., lighterage 

Reider Jacobsen, services as checker 

Fernando Llanes, services as checker 

Nils Hyul, services as checker 

Sundry persons, labor 

T. Cobarrubias, rent of warehouse 

H. J. Andrews & Co., rent of warehouse 

Tan Tan, loading rice 

do 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 

Manila Navigation Co., lighterage 

Tan Tan, loading rice 

Ong Chuanco, 200 rice mats 

E. C. McCullough & Co., rent of warehouse 

Tan Tan, loading rice 

H. R. Spencer, freight 

J. N. Neill, foreman 

Sundry persons, labor 

T. Cobarrubias, rent of warehouse 

Smith Bell & Co. , hire of lorcha 

Tan Tan, loading rice 

Michael & Caspar, tow 

Manila Navigation Co., lighterage 

Chas. A. Clark, freight 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 

Calixto Garcia, labor 

T. Clements, labor 

Eduardo Bulos, labor 

Alberto Rullo, labor 

B. Maglabang, labor 

Sundry persons, labor 

Rafael Fidel, labor 

E. C. McCullough & Co., rent of warehouse 

T. Cobarrubias, rent of warehouse 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 

Endres Herbert, freight 

Armstrong & McKay, freight 

Frank S. Bourns, freight 

E. C. McCullough & Co., rent of warehouse 

Manila Navigation Co., freight 

F. Danielson, lighterage 

Sundry persons, labor 

do 

do 

J. W. Collins, foreman 

Lizarraga Hermanos, freight 

E. E. A. & C. Telegraph Co., sundry telegrams. . 

Treasurer, Philippine Islands, refund 

Compania Maritima, freight 

Pedro P. Roxas, rent of warehouse 



Total 

Balance on hand, Sept. 30 



$1, 713, 855. 46 



$432. 00 

34.47 

400. 00 

4, 950. 00 

4.65 

128. 50 
1,330.00 

250. 00 

132.40 

192. 80 

1,064.00 

111.00 

2, 508. 38 

4.00 

11.25 

402. 27 

1,232.58 

12.00 

75.00 

48.45 

65.00 

74.82 

115. 05 

3.00 

2.40 

6.00 

187. 50 

1, 020. 00 

510. 00 

184. 80 

20.00 

2, 460. 14 

44.60 

113. 65 

50.00 

800. 00 

101. 30 

891. 19 

53.55 

30.00 

1,000.00 

250. 00 

129. 90 
30.00 

903. 56 

1,135.28 

2,363.66 

7.00 

8.50 

10.00 

10.00 

8.50 

29.00 

10.00 

400. 00 

980. 00 

4, 363. 66 

1, 155. 18 

249. 38 

925. 75 



661. 25 

75.00 

42.00 

192. 00 

889. 35 

18.38 

78.00 

5.15 



2, 370. 18 
312. 50 



95, 220. 55 



1,815,974.81 
1,917.32 



1, 817, 892. 13 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



121 



Statement of famine rice, Act 495, sold by the insular purchasing agent (to be accounted for 
by him ) , for the year ending September 30, 1903. 

[Local currency.] 



Date. 



To whom sold. 



Unit. 



Quantity 



Price 
per 

unit. 



Amount. 



Collected. 



Balance. 



1903. 
Jan. 7 



30 



Feb. 21 
Mar. 23 



Apr. 



13 



May 11 
15 

June 2 
2 

Aug. 2 
18 
18 

Apr. 30 



Jose Q. Ho 

Z. F. Tinco 

Philippines Con- 
stabulary. 

....do 

Armstrong & Mac- 
kay. 

E. F. Ongcapin 

McLeod & Co 

Florente Ternate. 
Smith Bell &Co... 

TySue 

Chau Bundo 

do 

....do 

F. S. Bourns 

Tu Teco 

E. F. Ongcapin — 

Co. Jico 

McLeod & Co 

do 

Compania General 

de Tabacos de 
Filipinas. 

Chan Bundo 

Frank S. Bourns.. 

M. Linyap 

Frank's. Bourns. . 

Philippines Con- 
stabulary. 

do 

do 

Frank S. Bourns.. 

do 

Florente Ternate . 

A.S.Reich 

Frank S. Bourns.. 

Chan Bundo 

Maraqumafire suf- 
ferers. 

I. P. A. stock 

do 



Sacks, damaged . . 

do 

Pounds 



....do 

Sacks . 



Piculs 

....do 

Sacks 

....do 

do 

Piculs, sweepings . 
Sacks, Calcutta . . . 

Piculs, Saigon 

Piculs 

Piculs, sweepings . 

Piculs 

....do 

do 

Sacks 

Piculs 



do 

do 

do 

Piculs, Calcutta.. 
Pounds, Siam 



do 

do 

Piculs, Calcutta... 

....do 

Lot of sweepings.. 
Piculs, sweepings. 
Piculs, Calcutta... 

Piculs 

do 



Piculs, white 
Sacks 



1,941 

695 

100, 800 

161, 280 
5,700 

12,469 
10, 039^ 
500 
500 
1,500 
782. 12 
190 
137. 63 
8,128 
71.52 
15, 000. 305 
6,370§£ 
12, 177 
10 
17, 034. 31 



65.38 
25,310.25 
1,000 
23, 053. 83 
107,520 

196, 224 
27, 776 
12,230.11 
23, 562. 4 
1 

6, 791. 57 
785.84 
182. 10 

3,134.25 

44| 



$3.70 
5.60 
.045 

.045 
6.00 

6.20 

6.375 

6.00 

6.00 

6.00 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 

5.00 

6.70 

6.375 

6.375 

6.375 

6.00 

6.375 



7.06 
5.00 
6.00 
5.00 
.0475 

.0475 

.0475 
5.00 
5.00 



5.00 
(a) 
6.75 

6.50 
6.00 



$7, 181. 70 
3,892.00 
4,536.00 

7,257. 
34, 200. 00 

77, 307. 80 

64, 000. 46 

3, 000. 00 

3, 000. 00 

9,000.00 

4, 301. 66 

1, 140. 00 

894. 60 

40, 640. 00 

479. 19 

95, 626. 94 

40, 614. 66 

77, 633. 09 

60.00 

108, 593. 73 



460. 93 
126, 551. 25 

6, 000. 00 
115, 269. 40 

5,107.20 

9, 320. 64 

1, 219. 36 

61, 150. 55 

117, 812. 00 

595. 56 

66.61 

33, 957. 85 

2, 794. 22 

1,229.17 

20, 372. 62 
266. 00 



$7, 181. 70 
3,892.00 
4, 536. 00 

7,257.60 
34, 200. 00 

77, 307. 80 

64, 000. 46 

3, 000. 00 

3,000.00 

9, 000. 00 

4, 301. 66 

1, 140. 00 

894. 60 

40,640.00 

479. 19 

90,000.00 

38,000.00 

77, 633. 09 

60.00 

106, 000. 00 



460. 93 

126, 551. 25 

6,000.00 

115, 269. 40 



$5, 620. 94 
2, 614. 66 



,73 



5, 107. 20 



9, 320. 64 
1,219.36 



61,150.55 

117, 812. 00 

595. 56 

66.61 

33, 957. 85 

2,794.22 



1,229.17 



Total 



1,085,532.79 



1, 037, 182. 47 



a Auction sale. 



122 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Exhibit D. 



Statement of famine rice, Act 495, transferred to provinces for the year 
September SO, 1903. 

[Local currency.] 



To whom transferred. 



Quantity. Price 



Value. 



Mar. 



1902. 

Dec. 20 

24 

19 

11 

1903. 

Jan. 30 

22 

22 

22 

Feb. 14 

20 

20 

21 

1 

4 

5 

6 

23 

23 

23 

Apr. 2 

3 

23 

28 

May 1 

4 

8 

7 

16 

18 

21 

21 

June 26 



Treasurer, Sorsogon 

Do 

Treasurer, Mindoro 

Supervisor, Oriental Negros. . 

Do 

Governor, Tayabas 

Do 

Do 

Captain Boughton, Batangas 
Supervisor, Oriental Negros. . 
Captain Boughton, Batangas 

Treasurer, Sorsogon 

Treasurer, Zambales 

Captain Boughton, Batangas 
Supervisor, Oriental Negros . 

Governor, Samar 

C. O. Salamague 

Treasurer, Sorsogon 

Supervisor, La Union 

Supervisor, Oriental Negros.. 

Do 

Treasurer, Sorsogon 

Supervisor, Oriental Negros . 

Treasurer, Tayabas 

Supervisor, Oriental Negros.. 

Supervisor, Abra 

Treasurer, Occidental Negros 

Supervisor, La Union 

Treasurer, Sorsogon 

Governor, Tayabas 

Do 

Supervisor, Cebu 

Total 



Piculs. 

819. 85 
7, 768. 93 

660. 80 
1,803.67 



531. 00 
413. 65 
450. 00 
020. 11 

157. 02 
555. 55 
000. 00 
813.87 

505. 03 
005. 53 
092. 70 
299. 99 
251. 38 
108.36 
621.82 
546.26 
243. 63 
676. 36 
265. 80 
432. 72 
687. 35 
202. 73 
303. 35 
249. 46 
621. 82 
486. 54 
676. 36 



$6.50 
6.50 
7.00 
6.50 



6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.50 
6.10 
6.50 
6.10 
6.50 
7.00 
6.45 
6.75 
6.75 
6.75 
6.75 
6.50 
6.75 
6.75 
6.75 
7.00 
7.00 
7.00 
6.75 
6.75 
6.50 
7.00 
7.00 
7.65 
7.00 



$5, 329. 03 

50, 498. 05 

4, 625. 60 

11, 723. 86 



16,451.50 

13, 688. 73 

2, 925. 00 

13, 130. 72 

13, 157. 82 

16, 611. 07 

6, 100. 00 

5,290.16 

3,535.21 

6,485.67 

20, 875. 72 

15, 524. 93 

1,696.81 

14,231.43 

10,541.83 

17,187.25 

21,894.50 

38,315.43 

23, 000. 60 

17,029.04 

18,811.45 

1, 368. 43 

35, 797. 61 

14, 621. 49 

11,352.74 

3, 405. 78 

43, 424. 15 

3,478.51 



71, 788. 57 



482,110.12 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



123 



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124 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



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REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 
Exhibit E. 



125 



Statement of rice distribution under provisions of Acts 786 and 797, Congressional relief 
fund, for the year ending September 30, 1903. 

[Local currency.] 



To whom transferred. 



Piculs. 



Price. 



Value. 



Governor, Benguet 

Supervisor: 

Occidental Negros 

Union 

Samar 

Bulacan 

Oriental Negros 

Capiz 

Bulacan 

Capiz 

Pampanga 

Tayabas 

Tavabas 

Iloilo 

Mindoro 

Antique 

Cavite 

Sorsogon 

Cebu 

Tayabas 

Batangas 

Ilocos Norte 

Abra 

Tayabas 

Ilocos Sur 

Ilocos Norte 

Misarnis 

Batangas 

Batangas 

Masbate 

Oriental Negros 

Pangasinan 

Nueva Ecija 

Batangas 

Ambos Camarines 

Occidental Negros 

Zambales 

Ilocos Norte 

Benguet road 

Government farm, Zamboanga 
Supervisor: 

Cavite 

Capiz 

Mindoro 

Lepanto-Bontoc 

Union 

Ilocos Norte 

Ilocos Sur 

Tarlac 

Tayabas 

Tayabas 

Tarlac 

Zambales 

Surigao 

Abra 

Ilocos Norte 

Misarnis 

Occidental Negros 

Iloilo 

Antique 

Capiz 

Laguna 

Cavite 

Cebu 

Total 



494. 30 

, 943. 75 
988. 75 
,997.94 
,997.94 
,996.91 
, 198. 76 
, 996. 91 
799. 18 
,994.78 
,497.43 
,497.43 
, 994. 85 
998. 97 
500. 66 
, 973. 53 
, 999. 95 
,480.97 
501. 84 
,000.00 
, 000. 00 
,000.00 
500. 00 
, 000. 00 
700. 00 
500. 00 
, 000. 00 
,000.00 
, 000. 00 
,000.00 
100. 00 
,000.00 
, 000. 00 
, 000. 00 
, 000. 00 
400. 00 
109. 75 
70.31 
, 000. 00 

000. 00 
000. 00 
000. 00 
110. 00 
000. 00 
000. 00 
000. 00 
988. 35 
983. 10 
981. 25 
979. 56 
559. 50 
33.70 
987. 00 
467. 50 
988. 75 

978. 65 

491. 66 
746. 90 
991. 91 
313. 60 
991. 77 
965. 68 



$6.50 

6.75 

6.60 

6.85 

6.50 

6.85 

6.90 

6.50 

6.90 

6.60 

6.75 

6.75 

6.75 

6.75 

6.75 

6.50 

6.75 

6.75 

6.90 

6.75' 

6.85 

6.85 

6.90 

6. 8225 

6. 8225 

7.10 

6.75 

6.75 

6.75 

6.85 

6.75 

6.58 

6.75 

7.00 

6.75 

7.10 

6.50 

6.50 

7.10 

6.65 
6.90 
6.75 
6.70 
6.75 
6.85 
6.85 
6.70 
8.00 
7.50 
7.50 
7.40 
7.40 
7.60 
7.60 
7.85 
7.50 
7.50 
7.50 
7.25 
7.50 
7.50 
7.45 



$3, 212. 95 

33. 370. 31 

6,416.87 
13, 685. 89 
12, 9S6. 61 
20,528.83 

8,271.44 
19, 479. 91 

5,514.34 
32, 935. 55 
16,857.65 

16. 857. 65 
33, 715. 24 

6,743.05 
3, 379. 45 
12,827.94 

26. 999. 66 
30, 246. 54 

3,462.70 
6, 750. 00 

13,700.00 
6,850.00 
3,450.00 
6, 822. 50 
4, 775. 75 
3, 550. 00 
6, 750. 00 

13, 500. 00 
6, 750. 00 

27, 400. 00 

675.00 

6,580.00 

13,500.00 
7,000.00 

27,000.00 

2,840.00 

715.17 

457.02 

7, 100. 00 

6, 550. 00 

6, 900. 00 

13, 500. 00 

737.00 

6, 750. 00 

6,850.00 

6, 850. 00 

6, 621. 94 

7,864.80 

7, 349. 37 

22,346.70 

11,540.30 

249. 38 

7, 501. 20 

18, 753. 00 

23, 461. 69 

29, 839. 87 

18,687.45 

5, 601. 75 

7, 191. 35 

2,352.00 

7,438.28 

36. 994. 32 



105, 793. 79 



735,618.42 



126 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Exhibit F. 

Statement of distribution of corrugated iron under the provisions of Acts 786 and 797, Con- 
gressional relief fund, for the year ending September 30, 1903. 



1903. 



Aug. 19 
19 
19 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 

Sept. 8 



To whom issued. 



Supervisor: 

Ilocos Sur 

Cavite 

Batangas 

Occidental Negros. 

Pampanga 

Tayabas 

Oriental Negros . . . 

Pangasinan 

Nueva Ecija 

Zambales 

Tayabas 

Capiz 

Bataan 

Union 

Abra 

Northern Viscaya . 

Cagayan 

Samar 

Tayabas 

Iloilo 

Antique 

Bulacan 

Cagayan 



Total 258,326 



Quantity 



Pounds. 

12,387.5 

3,233 

6,825 

48, 385 

16, 800 

3, 412. 5 

11, 375 

3,233 

28,000 

2,800 

3, 412. 5 

11,850 

2,600 

10, 750 

11,200 

14,000 

2,150 

8,750 

3, 412. 5 

32,250 

10,750 

10,750 

10,750 



Price. 



$0. 034 
.0322 
.034 
.0337 
.0332 
.0332 
.0342 
.0332 
.0332 
.0362 
.0332 
.092 
.083 
.083 
.083 
.085 
.085 
.0762 
.0353 
.083 
.083 
.083 
.043 



Value. 



United 

States 

currency. 



$421. 18 
104. 10 
232. 05 

L, 630. 57 
557. 76 
113. 29 
389.02 
107. 33 
929. 60 
101. 36 
113. 30 



120. 46 



462. 25 



5, 282. 27 



Local 
currency. 



81,090.20 
215.80 
892.25 
929.60 
1,190.00 
182. 75 
182.75 



2, 676. 75 
892.25 
892.25 



9,628.60 



EXHIBIT C. 



REPORT OF THE INSTJLAR PURCHASING AGENT AS TO CARABAO 
TO NOVEMBER 20, 1903. 

Office of the Insular Purchasing Agent 

for the Philippine Islands, 
Manila, P. I. , August 13, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to report that under Act No. 828 and under resolution of 
the Philippine Commission under date of August 7 I have sold the following described 
carabao : 

MALVINO DE JESUS, AGRICULTURIST, GUAGUA, PAMPANGA. 



Sex. 


C. G. No. 


Shippers' 
No. 


Approxi- 
mate age. 


Transfer 
certifi- 
cate No. 


Value. 




96 
97 


384 
334 


Years. 
7 
7 


1 

2 


$100.00 


Do 


100. 00 







RICARDO VELEZ CORRALES, AGRICULTURIST, GUAGUA, PAMPANGA. 



Male... 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Female 

Do. 

Do. 
Male... 
Female 
Male... 

Do. 
Female 
Male... 
Female 
Male... 
Female 



74 


367 


7 


3 


81 


98 


9 


4 


90 


296 


7 


5 


99 


375 


6 


6 


100 


368 


9 


7 


101 


103 


10 


8 


116 


336 


8 


9 


126 


43 


8 


10 


127 


266 


7 


11 


132 


56 


8 


12 


133 


361 


8 


13 


134 


218 


8 


14 


136 


341 


9 


15 


141 


183 


7 


16 


142 


338 


8 


17 


146 


381 


10 


18 



$70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 



JOSE DE JESUS, AGRICULTURIST, POROC, PAMPANGA. 



Male... 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Female 



137 

78 

145 

188 
168 



285 
352 
566 
580 



$70. 00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 



FRANCISCO DE GUITERRES, AGRICULTURIST, POROC, PAMPANGA. 



Male... 

Do. 

Female 

Male... 



150 


(«) 


8 


24 


162 


609 


8 


25 


164 


574 


6 


26 


163 


(a) 


8 


27 



a Lost. 



$70.00 
70.00 
70.00 
70.00 



127 



128 JREPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The above sales were for cash, the first two at $100 being selected by the buyer, 
and the balance being taken as turned out by this bureau. Transfer certificates have 
been issued in each case, and will be accounted for to the auditor. 

In selling the above carabao I find that purchasers prefer a large percentage of 
females, and would recommend that, if possible, the contractor send at least 50 per 
cent females. 

Very respectfully, M. L. Stewart, 

Assistant Insular Purchasing Agent. 
Chairman of Committee on Sale op Carabao, 

Manila, P. I. 
(Through executive secretary. ) 

General statement carabao, November 20, 1903. 

Shanghai 
currency. 

Purchased under old contract 649, at $75 $48,675 

Dying at Shanghai after inoculation, old contract. 435, at $40 17, 400 

Purchased under new contract 721, at $79 56, 979 



Total 1,805 123,054 

Actually received and accepted 1 , 370 

Total amount paid 123,054 

Which amounted to, at time of payment, at the current rate of exchange, $118,805.45, 
Philippine currency. 

Disposition: 

By transfer — 

Rizal Province 105 

Bataan Province 230 

Laguna Province 51 

Occidental Negros 20 

Zamboanga 33 



441 

By sale 91 

23, at $100 $2,300 

68, at $70 , 7,060 



9,360 

Dead, after acceptance 429 

On hand: 

Santa Mesa _• 370 

Pasay 29 

399 

In charge Lack & Davis 7 

Missing 3 

1, 370 



EXHIBIT D. 



STATEMENT SHOWING ACTUAL EXPENDITURES UNDER THE 
CONGRESSIONAL RELIEF FUND. 

The Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Auditor, 
Manila, December 1, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with your verbal request of recent date, I have the honor to 
submit herewith a special report covering operations under the Congressional relief 
fund to this date since the same was made available to the insular government. 

The original appropriation by Congress was of the sum of $3,000,000, United States 
currency, entered on the books of the auditor as 5*6,000,000. 

The first appropriation made from this relief fund was by Act No. 738 of the sum 
of 1*200,000, or §100,000 United States currency, "for the preliminary expenses of 
the insular purchasing agent and other agents of the insular government in visiting 
the ports and countries where draft cattle may be purchased, in paying the purchase 
price of same, in chartering the necessary transportation for their importation into 
the Philippine Islands, and for all other expenses incident to their purchase and 
delivery in the Philippine Islands. ' ' This appropriation was fully withdrawn April 
27, 1903, by warrant No. 3060, payable to the insular purchasing agent. The sum of 
5*196,239. 02 was recently repaid to the insular treasury, leaving the net withdrawals 
but 5*3,760.98 which substantially represents the expense of the acting insular pur- 
chasing agent while in China making the preliminary contracts as contemplated. 

By Act 750 of the Commission, an appropriation of an indefinite sum was made 
to reimburse the insular purchasing agent for food supplies and tents issued under 
authority of the Commission for the relief of the inhabitants of the town of Mariquina 
who were rendered homeless by a fire in that town on April 26, 1903. The insular 
purchasing agent's claim for reimbursement under this act has not been settled. 

The next appropriation from the Congressional relief fund was of the equivalent of 
5*500,000, by Act No. 786, "for expenditure in the purchase of rice for the purpose 
of securing to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands opportunity to purchase rice 
at reasonable rates and for the purpose of distributing rice gratuitously to those peo- 
ple who are suffering from lack of food and unable to pay for the same." This act 
provided that the purchase of rice should be made by the insular purchasing agent 
in such manner and quantities and at such prices and times as the civil governor 
might direct, and the law further provided that the rice should be distributed in such 
localities as the civil governor might direct or applied to payment for work on roads 
or other public improvements, in addition to gratuitous distribution to starving peo- 
ple upon the order of the civil governor. Act No. 786 was amended by Act No. 814, 
and in order to carry out the provisions of Act No. 786, as amended by Act No. 814, 
executive order No. 64 was issued, as follows: 

Executive Order, ^ The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

>■ Executive "Bureau, 

No. 64. J Manila, July 31, 1903. 

The following regulations will govern the sale and distribution of rice furnished 
under the appropriation by Congress for the relief of the people of the Philippine 
Islands: 

Before rice is furnished to any province its provincial board will submit to the 
civil governor an estimate of the quantity of rice which can be used to advantage 
in a given period and a statement of the conditions in the province which make the 
distribution of rice desirable. 

All rice furnished by the civil government will be consigned to the supervisor or 
the supervisor-treasurer of the province to which it is shipped. At the time of ship- 
ment the insular purchasing agent will forward to the insular auditor a copy of the 
notice of shipment, together with a statement of the price at which the rice is to be 

WAK 1903— VOL 5 9 129 



130 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

sold, which shall include cost of transportation and handling, but shall exclude duty, 
if any. The expense of storing and subsequent handling of the rice shall be at the 
expense of the province, except when the civil governor shall order otherwise. 

All rice shall be receipted for to the insular purchasing agent by the supervisor or 
supervisor-treasurer to whom consigned, and shall be taken up by the latter officer, 
who shall be accountable on his official bond for the same, and render accounts there- 
for to the insular auditor as hereinafter provided. 

Where the rice is used for public works a full report of its issue and distribution 
shall be made to the civil governor, in addition to the account which is required by 
the auditor, with a definite statement of the public improvement upon which it has 
been used the number of days of labor, and the amount of material secured. 

No rice 'shall be distributed gratuitously, except in limited quantities, to deserving 
persons unable to work, and upon the recommendation and order of the provincial 
board, approved by the civil governor, to whom will be made a statement of the 
peculiar circumstances calling for such action. 

In cases where rice is sold, the proceeds of the sales will be deposited in the pro- 
vincial treasury. The money so received shall be placed to the credit of a " Con- 
gressional relief fund," and thereafter may be disbursed as other funds on the order 
of the provincial board, for public works, and accounted for in the usual manner to 
the auditor, full report thereon being made to the civil governor. 

The accounts of the supervisor or supervisor-treasurer to the insular auditor will 
be rendered on a regular property return, auditor's Form 700, monthly instead of 
quarterly, supported as follows : 

(a) In the case of direct sales, by proper abstracts, showing date of sale, name of 
purchaser, quantity sold, with price and total amount received. This abstract should 
be certified as correct by the person in charge of the sales and by the supervisor, and 
be accompanied by the receipt of the provincial treasurer for the amount deposited 
in the provincial treasury. 

Sales to commercial firms will not be allowed except upon advance approval of the 
civil governor. 

(6) In the case of the issue of rice in payment of labor performed, the regular 
labor pay roll, provincial Form 57, will be used, modified so as to show in the col- 
umns marked "Rate of pay" and "Amount paid," certain fixed units of measure in 
rice instead of money. The certificates at the bottom of the roll should also be 
modified by substituting the words "issue" and "issued," respectively, for "pay- 
ment" and "paid." The money value of the rice so issued in payment for labor 
will be computed and stated on the pay roll, and the amount represented by such 
money value of such pay rolls will be taken up by the provincial treasurer in his 
revenue account as receipts from rice sales and placed to the credit of the aforesaid 
"Congressional relief fund." Credit will be taken for the same amount as a dis- 
bursement for labor on public works, the voucher being the pay rolls rece : ved from 
the supervisor or supervisor-treasurer. The latter officer will drop the rice so dis- 
posed of on his returns, supporting the same by the receipt of the provincial treas- 
urer for the amount represented by the pay rolls, and taken up by the latter, as in 
the case of sales made in the regular way. 

(c) In case of gratuitous distribution ordered by the provincial board and approved 
by the civil governor the same abstract will be used as in the case of sales, modified 
to show gratuitous distribution instead of sale, certified as correct by the officer 
making the distribution, which distribution will be witnessed by two disinterested, 
reputable citizens, whose certificate that they were present and witnessed the issue 
must appear on the abstract. 

In order to facilitate the operation of this order throughout the province, the pro- 
vincial supervisor or the supervisor-treasurer shall have power to designate in writing 
any municipal officer as his deputy for the purpose of this issue, who shall serve 
without additional compensation. 

Wm, H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Withdrawals have been made to date from the funds appropriated by act No. 786, 
as follows: 

June 10, warrant No. 3344 f*200,000 

July 22, warrant No. 3530 200,000 

Sept. 22, warrant No. 3877 100,000 

Total 500,000 

A repayment of 1*6,137.54 was made to this appropriation and again withdrawn, 
leaving the net withdrawals at the full amount appropriated. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 131 

It is not practicable at this time to state the actual expenditures under these 
various subappropriations, but the same will be submitted at the earliest practicable 
date. 

Act No. 795 appropriated from the Congressional relief fund the sum of 1*3,000 for 
certain contingent expenses of the Government laboratories for reimbursement to 
that bureau for expense incurred in immunizing and caring for draft animals, and 
this appropriation was withdrawn July 11, 1903, by warrant No. 3471, in the sum of 
!P3,000. There has been repaid to this appropriation the sum of n, 853. 87, leaving 
the net withdrawals for the purpose named !P1,146.13. 

Act No. 797 made an appropriation from the Congressional relief fund of $500,000, 
equivalent to !P1,000,000, "for expenditure, under the direction of the civil governor, 
for such purposes and in such manner as might from time to time be authorized by 
resolutions of the Philippine Commission and in carrying out the intent of the Con- 
gress of the United States in appropriating the fund aforesaid." The withdrawals 
under these resolutions are of such recent date that accounts of the expenditures 
made have not been rendered with sufficient completeness to permit of any state- 
ment at this time of the actual disbursements thereunder. 

July 22, 1903, by warrant No. 3528, the sum of 1*30,000 was withdrawn pursuant 
to the following resolution of the Philippine Commission, dated July 10: 

"On motion, 

"Resolved, That the insular purchasing agent be, and he is hereby, authorized and 
directed to provide transportation for all carabaos to be sold in the provinces and to 
make requisition for the expenses of such transportation in accordance with act num- 
bered seven hundred and ninety-seven, these expenses of transportation to include 
also the lighterage of cattle from ships in Manila Bay, or wherever the ships bring- 
ing the cattle from foreign countries are anchored, to the shore; and also the expenses 
of the maintenance of the cattle, including the rent of suitable places for yarding the 
same pending their transportation to the provinces where they are to be sold; and 
also the expenses of branding the cattle with the Government brand, the same to 
bear consecutive numbers and series; and 

"Be it further resolved, That the insular purchasing agent be, and he is hereby, 
directed to keep a careful and separate account of the cattle purchased and of the 
expenses connected with the purchase, distribution, care, and sale of the cattle and 
of the proceeds received therefrom; and 

"Be it further resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the insular 
purchasing agent. ' ' 

On July 25, by warrant No. 1539, the sum of !P50,000 was withdrawn pursuant 
to the following "resolution of the Philippine Commission, dated July 23: 

' ' Whereas one hundred thousand dollars in Mexican currency was collected by 
forced contributions to the insurgents during the insurrection from the inhabitants 
of the province of Albay at a time prior to American occupation of that province; and 

"Whereas there is much evidence to show that this one hundred thousand dol- 
lars was embraced in a draft which was subsequently seized by the United States 
Government, and the proceeds of the draft turned into the insular treasury; and 

' j Whereas the conditions in the province of Albay are such as to require the insti- 
tution of public works with a view to furnishing labor to the people thereof; and 

' ' Whereas, although the facts enumerated above do not form the basis of any legal 
claim for the return of the money referred to from the insular treasury to the people 
of the province of Albay, the circumstances nevertheless present an equitable basis 
for action in the discretion of the Commission in this regard in view of the present 
needs of the province; 

"Now, therefore, be it resolved, That under act No. 797 the civil governor is 
hereby authorized to direct the. auditor to draw a warrant on the insular treasury in 
favor of the provincial treasurer of Albay for the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars 
United States currency, the same to be deposited in the provincial treasury of Albay 
and to be disbursed upon the order of the provincial board of Albay for public 
improvements in such a manner as to furnish labor to the people of the province 
who shall be in necessitous circumstances; the disbursement of the funds to be made 
by the provincial treasurer in accordance with law, subject to the same accounting 
to the auditor as provided for the disbursement of other provincial funds. The 
provincial treasurer is also required to make a full report of the expenditure of this 
fund to the civil governor to enable the civil governor, as required by the act of 
Congress, to report to Congress the disposition of the money. The provincial board 
of Albay is authorized to purchase rice with this fund and to use the rice in pay- 
ment of labor in so far as it may be wise. The provincial board of Albay may also 
authorize in limited quantities the use of the rice purchased to relieve the wants of 
the indigent poor unable to earn money by labor, but the amount thus expended can 



132 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

only be expended by approval of the provincial board, concurred in by the civil 
governor. ' ' 

Only July 30, by warrant No. 3609, the sum of 1*10,000 was withdrawn pursuant 
to the following resolution of the Philippine Commission, dated July 27: 

"Whereas, the employment of additional veterinarians and inoculators by the 
board of health for the Philippine Islands for the purpose of combating the spread 
of disease among draft cattle in the islands is considered by the Commission to be a 
proper charge against the three million dollar relief fund voted by the Congress of 
the United States; 

"Now, therefore, be it resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to 
expend from the fund of five hundred thousand dollars, appropriated' from the three 
million dollar relief fund by act No. 797, and made available for expenditure under 
the direction of the civil governor, upon authorization by the Commission, the sum 
of twenty-nine thousand one hundred and forty dollars United States currency, for 
the payment of the following expenses: 

' ' Salaries and wages, board of health for the Philippine Islands, nineteen hundred 
and four; one supervisor of inoculating veterinarians and of inoculators, at eighteen 
hundred dollars per annum; nine veterinarians, class seven, twenty inoculators, 
class A, seventeen thousand one hundred dollars; 

"For the payment of services and expenses of interpreters in provinces to aid 
inoculators etc., one thousand dollars; 

"Transportation, board of health for the Philippine Islands, nineteen hundred 
and four, for the actual and necessary traveling expenses, including subsistence, of 
the veterinarians and inoculators while on duty in the provinces, eleven thousand 
and forty dollars." 

On August 20, by warrant No. 3716, the sum of 3*200,000 was withdrawn pursuant 
to the following resolution of the Commission, dated September 24: 

"On motion, 

' ' Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct an expenditure 
from the funds appropriated under act No. 797 of the sum of one hundred thousand 
dollars United States currency, in the purchase of rice and the pajmient of trans- 
portation and other charges incident to its distribution among the inhabitants of the 
Philippine Islands for the purpose of relieving famine and distress therein, said funds 
having been withdrawn from the insular treasury by accountable warrant No. 3716, 
issued upon the insular purchasing agent's requisition, dated August 12, 1903." 

On August 27, by warrant No. 3778, the sum of 5*2,000 was withdrawn pursuant 
to the following resolution of the Commission, dated August 18: 

"On motion, 

11 Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to expend from the fund of 
five hundred thousand dollars appropriated "from the three million dollar Congres- 
sional relief fund by act No. 797, and made available for expenditure under his direc- 
tion, upon authorization by the Commission, the sum of one hundred thousand dol- 
lars United States currency, to be used for the following purposes: 

"For the payment of an assistant foreman, at $3.50 United States currency, per 
day, whose employment by the insular purchasing agent for the purpose of superin- 
tending, under his direction, the sale and care of carabaos purchased by the insular 
government, is hereby authorized; 

' ' For the payment of transportation expenses of employees of the insular purchasing 
agent, engaged in the sale or care of carabaos in an amount not to exceed twenty- 
five dollars United States currency, per month; and 

' ' For the purchase of carabao carts and yokes to be used in connection with the 
care of carabaos in charge of the insular purchasing agent; and 

"Beit further resolved, That Commissioner Luzuriaga, chairman of the committee 
on the purchase and sale of carabaos be, and he is hereby, authorized to extend the 
contract entered into by the insular purchasing agent with the firm of Lack & Davis 
for the care and feeding of carabaos loelonging to the insular government as he may 
deem wise." 

On August 31, by warrant No. 3805, the sum of 5*2,000 was withdrawn pursuant to 
the following resolution of the Commission, dated August 29: 

"On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to expend from the fund 
of five hundred thousand dollars, appropriated from the three million dollar Con- 
gressional relief fund by act No. 797, and made available for expenditure under his 
direction, upon the authorization of the Commission, the sum of two thousand dol- 
lars Philippine currency, to be used for the purpose of paying the charges of trans- 
portation on five hundred piculs of rice from San Fernando in the province of La 
Union, to Baguio in the province of Benguet, which rice is to be used for the feeding 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 133 

of laborers engaged in public improvements, and for other purposes, as directed by 
the civil governor." 

On September 11, 1903, by warrant No. 3834, the sum of 1*49,033.88 was withdrawn 
pursuant to the following resolution of the Commission, dated September 7: 

' ' On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor be, and he is hereby, authorized to expend from 
the appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars, made by act No. 797 from the 
Congressional relief fund and made available for expenditure in his discretion, upon 
authorization by resolution of the Commission, the sum of $24,516.94 in money of 
the United States, to be devoted to the payment of drafts against the insular purchas- 
ing agent on account of carabaos purchased by the insular goverment under the con- 
tract Vith Messrs. Keylock & Pratt, of Shanghai, in such amount." 

On September 24, by warrant No. 3920, the sum of 1*364.34 was withdrawn, pur- 
suant to the following resolutions of the Commission, dated July 30 and August 5, 
respectively : 

"Resolved, That the expenses of the trip of the superintendent of the government 
laboratories to Shanghai and return should properly be paid out of the fund of five 
hundred thousand dollars, appropriated from the three million dollars Congressional 
relief fund by act No. 797, and made available for expenditure under the direction 
of the civil governor upon authorization of the Commission, and that authorization 
for this action by the civil governor be hereby conveyed." 

On motion, 

' ' Resolved, That the civil governor be, and he is hereby, authorized to pay, from 
the appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars, made by act No. 797, from the 
Congressional relief fund, a sum equivalent, at the authorized rate of exchange, to 
$130.81, Mexican currency, to pay the expenses of transportation on one hundred 
and twenty-five sacks of rice furnished to the provincial government of Abra for the 
relief of the inhabitants of that province." 

On September 28, by warrant No. 3939, the sum of 1*18,961.90 was withdrawn, 
pursuant to the following resolution of the Commission, dated September 24, 1903: 

1 ' The chairman of the committee oh the purchase and sale of carabao presented 
to the Commission correspondence, under dates of September 23 and September 24, 
1903, Executive Bureau File No. 30, 275- All, between the committee and the insular 
purchasing agent, in regard to payment for carabao purchased by the insular gov- 
ernment from Messrs. Keylock & Pratt, of Shanghai, China. It appearing from 
the communication of the insular purchasing agent that there is now due Messrs. 
Keylock & Pratt the sum of $4,200, Shanghai currency, for 56 carabao, under the 
old contract, at $75 each; $13,825 for 175 carabao, delivered under the new contract, 
at S79 each; and $1,360 for 34 carabao, which died under immunization, and for 
which the government is obliged to pay, under the old contract, the sum of $40 
each, making a total of $19,385, Shanghai currency; and it appearing that the sum of 
818,461.90 in Philippines currency is the equivalent on this date of $19,385 in 
Shanghai currency, the whole amount reported due to Messrs. Keylock & Pratt: 

" Now therefore be it resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct 
the expenditure of $18,461.90, Philippines currency, by the insular purchasing agent, 
from the fund of five hundred thousand dollars appropriated from the three-million- 
dollar Congressional relief fund by act No. 797, and made available for expenditure 
under his direction upon authorization of the Commission for the payment of the 
above account of Messrs. Keylock & Pratt: Provided, That this authorization of the 
insular purchasing agent to pay this amount is with the reservation of the right of 
the government to exact from Messrs. Keylock & Pratt an adjustment of claims 
existing in favor of the government against them for prior deliveries, as per their 
telegrams and letters." 

On October 24, by warrant No. 4047, the sum of 1*12,000 was withdrawn, pursuant 
to the following resolutions of the Commission, dated July 27 and September 9, 
respectively: 

(Resolution of July 27, authorizing employment of additional veterinarians, etc., 
is quoted above under warrant No. 3609. ) 

"Whereas the civil governor did, on August 8, 1903, in conformity with an informal 
agreement with the Commission, advise the provincial governors of all provinces that 
a daily allowance of five Philippine pesos for traveling expenses would be made to 
the agricultural members of the locust boards authorized by act No. 817, while said 
members were engaged in the work of the boards and away from their usual places 
of residence, such days to be certified by the provincial governors: Therefore, 

"Be U resolved, That the action of the civil governor, as above set forth, be, and the 
same is hereby, confirmed by the Commission, and that the civfl governor is hereby 
authorized to pay the traveling expenses above referred to out of the appropriation 



134 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

of five hundred thousand dollars made by act No. 797 from the Congressional 
relief fund, which is available for expenditure by him upon authorization of the 
Commission." 

On October 26, by warrant No. 4058, the sum of P\L77, 717.50 was withdrawn, pur- 
suant to the following resolution of the Commission, dated October 22: 

" On motion it was resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct 
an expenditure, from the funds appropriated under act 797, of the sum of $88,858.75, 
United States currency, in payment of 29,521.18 piculs of Saigon No. 2 rice purchased 
from Castle Brothers, Wolf & Sons at IP6.02 per picul, such rice being required for 
the purpose of relieving famine and distress within the Philippine Islands." 

On October 27, by warrant No. 4059, the sum of !P19, 144.53 was withdrawn, pur- 
suant to the following resolution of the Commission, dated October 23: 

On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct an expenditure 
from the funds appropriated under act No. 797 of the sum of nine thousand five 
hundred and seventy-two dollars and twenty-seven cents, United States currency, 
in payment of two hundred and forty-nine head of carabao, purchased from Messrs. 
Keylock & Pratt for distribution and sale within the Archipelago, to relieve distress 
therein." 

The following resolutions of the Commission were passed under the dates indi- 
cated, the expenditures thereunder authorized being made proper charges against 
the Congressional relief fund. The accounts arising under these resolutions have not 
yet been rendered to the auditor with sufficient completeness to enable definite state- 
ment at this time of the actual expenditures made: 

The following resolution was passed July 31, 1903: 

"On motion it teas resolved, That the civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized 
to employ Benito Laureano, the person recommended by Commissioner Luzuriaga, 
at a salary of one hundred dollars, United States currency, per month, who shall 
visit Shanghai, China, and there, under the supervision of Veterinarian Slee, now 
on duty at Shanghai, inspect the carabaos presented for fulfillment of the con- 
tract of Messrs. Keylock & Pratt, and that Mr. Laureano be allowed his actual pas- 
sage expenses, first class, from Manila to Shanghai and return, and three dollars, 
United States currency, per day for his subsistence and all other expenses while in 
Shanghai; all of the money expended under this resolution to be charged to the 
fund of five hundred thousand dollars appropriated from the three million dollar 
Congressional relief fund by act No. 797, and made available for expenditure under 
the direction of the civil governor, upon authorization by the Commission; and 

"Be it further resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the auditor and to 
the disbursing officer of the executive bureau, and that the disbursing officer of the 
executive bureau be, and is hereby, authorized to advance to Mr. Laureano a suffi- 
cient sum with which to purchase his passage and to meet the expenses of his trip, 
not to exceed one hundred and fifty dollars, United States currency, which sum shall 
be accounted for as provided by law." 

The following resolution was passed August 3, 1903: 

"On motion, 

" Resolved, That the civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized to expend from 
the sum of five hundred thousand dollars, appropriated by act No. 797 from the 
Congressional relief fund, to be expended by the civil governor upon authorization 
of the Commission, the sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars, United States cur- 
rency, for the purpose of combating the locust pest in the province of Abra." 

The following resolution was passed September 7, 1903: 

"On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor be authorized to place at the disposal of the 
committee on the purchase and sale of carabaos the sum of ten thousand dollars in 
money of the United States, to be expended out of the appropriation of five hundred 
thousand dollars made by act No. 797 out of the Congressional relief fund, and made 
available for expenditure by the civil governor, upon authorization by the Commission, 
said sum to be expended as may seem wise to the committee, in the construction of 
shelters, corrals, and other means for the custody, care, and support, pending their 
sale, of carabaos, owned by the insular government." 

The following resolution was passed September 23, 1903: 

"It appearing to the Commission that a sum of mony is required immediately for 
the construction of a suitable shelter, on the hacienda of Senor Lopez, near Orani, 
Bataan, for employees engaged in the care of carabaos, purchased by the insular 
government; for the construction of corrals in which to keep carabao purchased by 
the government, during the night time and while they are being inoculated; for the 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 135 

payment of the necessary labor to be employed for the herding and care of carabaos; 
for the necessary contingent expenses arising from the care of said carabaos in the 
province of Bataan, near the municipality of Orani:" Now, therefore, 

"Be it resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to expend from the 
appropriation made by act No. 797, out of the Congressional relief fund, the sum of 
five hundred dollars, United States currency, to be expended for the purposes here- 
inbefore mentioned; and 

"Be it further resolved, That these funds be withdrawn upon requisition in favor of 
the disbursing officer of the insular purchasing agent, as provided by section 2 of 
act No. 797, and transfer of the same directed to the provincial supervisor-treasurer 
of Bataan, who is authorized to expend such moneys for the purpose above set forth, 
upon vouchers to be approved by the provincial board of that province." 

The following resolution was passed September 25, 1903: 

" On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized to direct the 
insular purchasing agent to purchase five hundred shovels and five hundred 
crowbars and to forward the same to the supervisor of the province of Kizal for 
use in the suppression of locusts and in road work; and that the provincial supervisor 
shall take up such property upon his property accounts as in cases of other property 
of the province, and be accountable for the same according to law; and 

"Be it further resolved, That the civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized to pay 
for such supplies from the funds appropriated by act No. 797 from the Congressional 
relief fund." 

The following resolution was passed October 1, 1903: 

"On motion, 

"Resolved, Thatthe action of the insular purchasing agent in chartering the schooner 
Kodiac at thirty dollars, United States currency, per day, for a period not to exceed 
six months, to be used in the transportation of carabao, rice, coal, and other govern- 
ment property, between ports of the archipelago, for the purpose of relieving dis- 
tress among the inhabitants thereof, be, and is hereby, approved by the Commission; 
and 

" Be it further resolved, Thatthe civil governor be, and is hereby, authorized to 
expend from the funds appropriated by act No. 797, out of the Congressional relief 
fund, a sum not exceeding five thousand five hundred dollars, United States currency, 
for the payment of the charter fee of the said schooner, during such period as the 
same may be in use by the insular purchasing agent." 

The following resolution was passed October 1, 1903: 

"On motion, 

"Resolved, That the insular purchasing agent be, and is hereby, authorized to 
make a contract with the agent of the owners of the Santa Mesa estate for the rental 
of a tract of land for the pasturage of carabao, at the rate of seventy-five centavos, 
Philippines currency, per month per head; and he is further authorized to incur the 
necessary expense of employing men to guard the carabao and of erecting the neces- 
sary shelter for the men and the necessary corrals for the cattle for use at night; and 
the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct the payment of a sufficient sum to 
meet the expenditures authorized by this resolution out of the appropriation of five 
hundred thousand dollars, made by act No. 797, from the Congressional relief fund." 

The following resolution was passed October 26, 1903 : 

"On motion of Commissioner Smith, 

"Resolved, That the carabao of the insular government, purchased from the Con- 
gressional relief fund, be placed in charge of Mr. A. J. Washburn, manager of the 
Culion stock farm, whose duty it shall be to make all provision for their pasturage, 
care, feed, and interisland shipment under the direction o£ 1;he insular purchasing 
agent; that Mr. Washburn shall have authority to employ the necessary labor to 
enable him properly to perform the duties thus imposed, payment for same to be 
made by the insular purchasing agent on his certificate as to the time labor was 
employed; that the insular purchasing agent is hereby authorized to assign to Mr. 
Washburn one saddle horse and equipment therefor, to be used by him in the per- 
formance of his duties under this resolution, and if necessary to purchase such horse 
and equipment for this purpose; and that the salary of Mr. Washburn, now paid out 
of the appropriation for the bureau of agriculture, as well as the funds necessary to 
carry out the provisions of this resolution, be paid by the insular purchasing agent, on 
approval of the committee on purchase and sale of carabao out of the ten thousand 
dollars set aside by resolution of the Commission, dated September 1, 1903, from the 
three million dollar Congressional relief fund for the custody, care, and support of 
government carabao, pending their sale." 



136 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The following resolution was passed November 21, 1903: 

"On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor be, and he is hereby, authorized to pay from 
the appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars, made by act No. 797, from the 
Congressional relief fund, a sum equivalent, at the authorized rate of exchange, to 
$692.41, Mexican currency, for the expenses of transportation from the ship's side 
into the province of Abra, and storage en route of one thousand sacks of rice furnished 
to the provincial government of Abra for the subsistence of the inhabitants of that 
province while engaged in the destruction of locusts." 

Under these resolutions a total sum of ¥=571,222.15 has been withdrawn from the 
treasury, and repayment has been made amounting to 1*7,060, leaving net withdrawals 
amounting to 1*564,162.15, and balance to the credit of the subappropriation on the 
books of the auditor of 1*435,337.85. 

On June 30, 1903, the sum of $1,000, United States currency, equivalent to 1*2,000, 
was appropriated by act No. 793 as a loan to the province of Batangas, "to be used 
by the provincial board as it might deem wise in aid of the municipality of Batangas 
to meet the emergency presented by a fire destroying its market and rendering 
homeless a large number of its people." This sum w T as withdrawn August 8, on 
settlement warrant No. 1652. 

Under date of October 2, 1903, by act No. 918, the Commission appropriated the 
sum of $25,000, United States currency, equivalent to 1*50,000, from the Con- 
gressional relief fund, for the purpose of constructing a wagon road from Pasacao to 
Nueva Caceres, in the province of Ambos Camarines, the said appropriation to be 
expended for labor and material in money or in rice, as the civil governor might 
direct. The sum of 1*10,000 was withdrawn by warrant No. 4116, November 13. 

Under date of October 3, by act No. 920, the sum of $84,000, United States cur- 
rency, equivalent to 1*168,000, was appropriated from the Congressional relief fund 
for the purpose of constructing roads and necessary bridges thereon as follows: 

For a road from Vigan to Bangued, in the provinces of Ilocos Sur and Abra, 
1*80,000. 

For the construction of a road from Bacon to Bulasan, connecting the Pacific 
Ocean and China Sea, via Sorsogon, Gubat, and Barcelona, in the province of Sorso- 
gon, 1*80,000. 

For the Padre Juan Villaverde trail, Bayombong to San Nicolas, provinces of 
Nueva Vizcaya and Pangasinan, 1*8,000. 

From these appropriations the sum of 1*4,000 was withdrawn, under date of Octo- 
ber 28, by warrant No. 4072, for one-half of the sum appropriated for the Villaverde 
trail. The sum of !P10,000 was withdrawn November 20, by warrant No. 4140, for 
the Vigan-Bangued road, and PIS, 000 was withdrawn for the Bacon-Bulasan road, 
by warrant No. 4166, November 24. 

On October 8 the following resolution was passed by the Commission for the 
improvement of the Pancipit River, Batangas Province: 

"On motion, 

' '■Resolved, That the consulting engineer be directed to prepare, as soon as possible, 
detailed plans, and to draw up the specifications and contract for the construction 
of locks, dams, bridges, embankment dredging, and other works involved in the 
improvement of the Pancipit River, and, upon the completion of this work, to 
advertise the same in accordance with the provisions of Act No. 584, section 6, for 
at least thirty days; and, upon opening bids for this work, that the consulting 
engineer be further directed to draft and submit an act or resolution providing for 
the necessary -appropriation from the Congressional relief fund, for the prosecution 
of the work, before contracts for the same are entered into. ' ' 

This resolution contemplates an expenditure of approximately 1*370,000, but, as 
indicated by the resolution, no appropriation thereunder has as yet been made. 

Under date of November 7, by warrant No. 4094, the sum of 1*200,000 was with- 
drawn pursuant to the following resolution of the Philippine Commission, dated 
November 6: 
"On motion, 

"Resolved, That the civil governor is hereby authorized to direct an expenditure, 
from the funds appropriated from the Congressional relief fund by Act No. 797, of 
the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, United States currency, in the purchase 
of rice and the payment of transportation and other charges incident to its distribu- 
tion among the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands for the purpose of relieving 
famine and distress therein." 

On November 27, by warrant No. 4200, the sum of 1*2,093.16 was withdrawn under 
resolutions of July 30 and September 8, respectively, already quoted. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 137 

Under date of November 20, by Act No. 1000, the sum of P=234,000, equivalent to 
$117,000, United States currency, was appropriated from the Congressional relief 
fund for the purpose of constructing roads and bridges in the province of Cebu, as 
follows: For the Carcal-Barili road, P=56,000; for the Sogod-Putad road, P=178,000. 

No withdrawals have as yet been made from this appropriation. 

Under date of November 27, the Commission passed the following resolution: 

' ' Upon motion of the president, it was 

" Resolved, That the sum of two thousand seven hundred dollars. United States cur- 
rency, should be expended from the appropriation made by Act 797, from the Con- 
gressional relief fund, in the purchase of a well-boring machine for use in the province 
of Ambos Camarines to secure good water for the people of that province." 

No withdrawal has been made as yet under this resolution. 

Under date of November 30, by Act No. 1015, the sum of $87,000, United States 
currency, equivalent to 1*174,000, was appropriated from the Congressional relief 
fund, for the purpose of constructing a wagon road from Pagbilao to Atimonan, in the 
province of Tayabas. No withdrawals have as yet been made under this appropriation. 

Under date of November 30, by Act No. 1016, the sum of $180,000, equivalent to 
1*360,000, was appropriated from the Congressional relief fund for the purpose of 
constructing the Capiz-O'Donnell-Iba wagon road in the province of Tarlac and 
Zambales. No withdrawals have as yet been made. 

It therefore appears that of the total sum of 1*6,000,000 appropriated by Congress, 
the sum of 1*2, 691, 000 has been appropriated or allotted by the Philippine Commission 
for the purposes herein named, and that net withdrawals from such allotments have 
been made amounting to 1*1, 312, 162.42, leaving a balance to the credit of the allot- 
ments amounting to PI, 378,837. 58. There was in the Treasury on December 1, to 
the credit of the Congressional relief fund, a balance unappropriated of T 3, 309, 000, 
and a balance of the original fund in the Treasury, allotted and unallotted, amounting 
to ^4,687,837.58. 

I submit herewith a tabulated statement comprehending the figures above given. 
Kespectfully, 

A. L. Lawshe, Auditor. 

The Civil Governor. 



138 



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EXHIBIT E. 



[No. 781.] 

AN ACT amending act numbered one hundred and seventy-five, entitled "An act providing for the 
organization of an insular constabulary and for the inspection of the municipal police," and acts 
numbered six hundred and ten, six hundred and eighteen, and six hundred and nineteen, amenda- 
tory thereof. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. The civil governor, or the provincial governor with the approval of the 
civil governor, is hereby authorized, whenever in his judgment the public interest 
will be subserved thereby, to place the municipal police of the respective municipali- 
ties of any province under the control of the senior inspector of constabulary on duty 
in the province at the time. The senior inspector in such case is hereby authorized 
and empowered, under the general supervision of the provincial governor, to con- 
trol and direct the movements of the municipal police and, with the approval of the 
provincial governor, to discharge any member of the police force and substitute a fit 
and suitable resident of the municipality in his place. It shall be the duty of the 
senior inspector when thus placed in charge of the municipal police of a province to 
see that they are properly uniformed, drilled, and disciplined. When thus vested 
with authority over the municipal police he shall see that all lawful orders of the 
provincial governor, municipal president, and others in authority are executed as 
provided by the municipal code and amendments thereof, and shall further see that 
all proper arrests are made for violations of law or municipal ordinances, and in case 
of emergencies is authorized, under the general supervision of the provincial gov- 
ernor, to unite the forces of the various municipalities of the province in suppressing 
ladronism or brigandage or other grave violations of the law which threaten the 
peace of the entire community; and he may also unite the constabulary forces under 
his command with the municipal forces in the execution of his authority for this 
purpose. 

Sec 2. It is hereby made the duty of the provincial board of each and every 
province to prescribe a suitable uniform for the municipal police of each and every 
municipality, with a proper insignia to indicate the municipality to which the police 
belong. Authority is also hereby given the provincial board of each province to fix 
the number of police which is required to be maintained by each and every munici- 
pality of the province. In the event that the provincial board shall find that any 
municipality is unable properly to uniform and maintain the number of policemen 
fixed by the provincial board, the latter is authorized to vote necessary aid for the 
maintenance of such police out of provincial funds. In the event the provincial 
board should not have provincial funds adequate for this purpose it niay apply to the 
Commission for aid in this behalf. 

Sec 3. Whenever the chief of Philippines Constabulary shall report to the civil 
governor that in any province the efficiency of the constabulary of the province is 
being interfered with by frivolous arrests and unfounded prosecutions leading to the 
imprisonment of members of the constabulary and their unnecessary detention from 
duty, it shall be in the power of the civil governor, if he finds the report to be well 
founded, by executive order to make the following section numbered four applicable 
to the method of arrests in such province instead of the ordinary method of arrests 
now in force. But until the civil governor shall issue such executive order the section 
following shall have no force and effect, and it shall cease to have effect as may be 
provided in said order. 

Sec 4. When in respect to any province the civil governor shall issue the 
executive order described in the next preceding section, and any officer or member 
of the Philippine Constabulary shall in such province be charged with the violation 
of any criminal law or ordinance and a warrant is issued for the arrest of the alleged 
offender, such warrant shall be placed in the hands of a constabulary officer on 

140 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 141 

duty ir the province for execution; and it shall be the duty of said officer to arrest 
such person and bring him before the justice of the peace or officer issuing such 
warrant, to be dealt with as the law directs. No officer or member of the police of a 
municipality in such province shall have authority to arrest an officer or member of 
the constabulary upon any criminal charge, save for a criminal offense committed 
in. his presence, and when such offense is committed in his presence it shall be the 
duty of the municipal officer making the arrest to deliver the prisoner to the nearest 
constabulary officer on duty in the province with a statement of the cause of the 
arrest of the offender and the names of the witnesses to the offense; and it shall be 
the duty of the constabulary officer receiving the prisoner, as soon as practicable, to 
bring him before a justice of the peace, or the court of first instance of the province, 
to be dealt with as the law directs. In case the justice of the peace shall bind over 
any officer or member of the constabulary to answer a criminal charge and the 
defendant fails to give bail, when the offense is bailable, the defendant shall be 
delivered to the custody of the senior inspector of constabulary on duty in the prov- 
ince for safe-keeping; and it shall be the duty of the inspector to safely guard and 
keep the prisoner and produce him before the court of first instance, as required by 
law, to be dealt with as the law directs; and such prisoner shall be committed to the 
provincial jail by the inspector, if necessary for safe custody. 

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of all municipal officers, as soon as practicable, to give 
notice to the provincial governor, or inspector of constabulary in the province, of 
the presence of any bands of ladrones or brigands or other persons threatening the 
peace of the community within their jurisdiction, or any act of robbery or theft by 
such bands, when the offenders are at large; and any violation of the provisions of 
this section shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars and 
imprisonment not exceeding two years. 

Sec. 6. In provinces which are infested to such an extent with ladrones or outlaws 
that the lives and property of residents in the outlying barrios are rendered wholly 
insecure by continued predatory raids, and such outlying barrios thus furnish to 
the ladrones or outlaws their sources of food supply, and it is not possible with 
the available police forces constantly to provide protection to such barrios, it 
shall be within the power of the civil governor, upon resolution of the Philip- 
pine Commission, to authorize the provincial governor to order that the residents 
of such outlying barrios be temporarily brought within stated proximity to the 
poblacion or larger barrios of the municipality, there to remain until the necessity 
for such order ceases to exist, and during such temporary residence it shall be the 
duty of the provincial board, out of provincial funds, to furnish such sustenance and 
shelter as may be needed to prevent suffering among the residents of the barrios 
thus withdrawn, and in case the provincial funds are not adequate for such purpose 
application may be made to the Commission for an appropriation to meet the 
exigency. 

Sec. 7. Act Numbered Six hundred and eighteen is hereby amended by inserting 
immediately after section one the following: 

"Sec. 2. The pay of an assistant chief and lieutenant-colonel, not an army officer, 
shall be not less than two thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars and not exceed- 
ing three thousand five hundred dollars per annum, the amount to be fixed, within 
the limitations above mentioned, by the civil governor. The grade of major and 
senior inspector is hereby created, at a salary of two thousand dollars per annum. 
The chief of Philippines Constabulary is hereby authorized and empowered to select 
from the most meritorious of the captains and senior inspectors of constabulary, not 
exceeding four in number, officers of this grade. The chief of Philippines Constabu- 
lary is further authorized and empowered to increase the pay of ten of the most 
meritorious and deserving captains and senior inspectors of constabulary from the 
amount now fixed by law to a sum not exceeding one tnousand eight hundred 
dollars per annum, and he is further authorized to increase the pay of a like number 
of first lieutenants and inspectors of constabulary to an amount not exceeding one 
thousand two hundred dollars per annum: Provided, however, That the total number 
ot constabulary officers as now provided by law shall not be increased." 

Said act is further amended by changing section two to be section three and 
section three to be section four. 

Sec 8. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of "An act prescrib- 
ing the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed 
September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 9. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, June 1, 1903. 



EXHIBIT F. 



TESTIMONY TAKEN AT MALACNAN PALACE FEBRUARY 16, 1903, 
RELATIVE TO THE VALUE OF LANDS OWNED BY THE RELI- 
GIOUS ORDERS. 

The first witness called was Senor JUAN VILLEGAS, who testified as follows: 

Governor Taft. What is your name and age? 

Senor Villegas. My name is Juan Yillegas, and I am 47 years old. 

Governor Taft. What is your profession? 

Senor Villegas. I was an assistant in the department of public works, both local 
and general, during the Spanish regime. 

Governor Taft. Did that involve any knowledge of surveying? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; I am a graduate in that profession. 

Governor Taft. Have you any local familiarity with any of these estates, especially 
the Imus estate? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Did you while in the employ of the government as established in 
the Philippine Islands make a survey of the Imus estate? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Did you make this yourself, personally? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Did you make this map here? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What were you directed to do? 

Senor Villegas. My orders were to survey the entire two estates of San Juan and 
San Nicolas. 

Governor Taft. Had you any duty as to valuation? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. During the time of the Spanish Government I had made 
some valuations and I was also ordered by Mr. Legarda to make the valuation of this 
estate. 

Goverror Taft. Did the making of valuations come within your profession? 

Senor Villegas. During the time of the Spanish Government I made some valua- 
tions of private properties, but up to the present time I have not made any valuations 
of haciendas or estates. 

Governor Taft. What do you mean by private properties? 

Senor Villegas. I mean the property belonging to private persons and not to 
corporations. 

Governor Taft. Agricultural or business property? 

Senor Villegas. City property. 

Governor Taft. Have you ever made any valuations of agricultural property? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How did you get your valuations if you had never had any experi- 
ence before? 

Senor Villegas. It was because I had studied both agriculture and topography at 
the University of Santo Tomas. My brother during the time of the Spanish Govern- 
ment gave me a great deal of practical work in the shape of surveying and of judging 
the value of land. 

Governor Taft. Agricultural land? 

Senor Villegas. My experience of agricultural land has been with the estate of San 
Francisco de Malabon and with the estate of Malita. I have been nearly two years 
in the former place and also a length of time in the second place, and my work as a 
surveyor and going over this land has given me a knowledge of its valuation. 

Governor Taft. Did you prepare a valuation of this land? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

142 . 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 143 

Archbishop Guidi. Did you make this valuation through your own proper knowl- 
edge of the facts? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; I made conscientiously, and through my love for the 
government. 

Archbishop Guidi. How is it, if you have testified that you do not know the pres- 
ent value of the lands, that you are able to make, in view of this assertion, a valu- 
ation of the land now? You have declared in your testimony that you do not know 
the present actual value of this land. How is it possible for you to have made out a 
valuation of this land in view of your assertion? 

Senor Villegas. The valuation has been made according to my knowledge of the 
value of the lands before the land assessment was placed. 

Archbishop Guidi. But the fact remains that you do not know the present actual 
value of the lands? 

Senor Villegas. I do not know the actual present value of the lands because the 
valuation has been made since the assessment of the land tax. 

Governor Taft. When was that placed? 

Senor Villegas. I believe in the month of July or September — somewhere around 
that neighborhood — of last year. 

Archbishop Guidi. Do you know if, since the imposition of the land tax, the 
value of the land has increased, or has decreased? 

Senor Villegas. In parts of Luzon it has decreased and in parts it has increased. 
The decrease is owing to the loss of cattle, while other lands have increased because 
of the fact that they work at them. 

Archbishop Guidi. That, however, is simply incidental. Is it not true that with 
the return of plenty of draft cattle the value of the lands will go up? 

Governor Taft. I want to ask when he made the valuation of this land? 

Senor Villegas. If I remember correctly, it was either during the month of 
December, 1901, or in the month of January of 1902. 

Governor Taft. When you made that valuation, did you make the valuation as 
of that time? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. I repeat my first question to you, and I ask you what value 
did you give to the dollar when you placed the value on these lands? 

Senor Villegas. I gave it the same value as the current local value of the peso. 

Governor Taft. Two to one? 

Senor Villegas. The value is given at its local current value at par with gold. 

Governor Taft. What was the current value at that time? 

Senor Villegas. Eight reales silver. 

Governor Taft. Do you mean the current value of the peso in December of 1901, 
and January, 1902 ? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; that is what I mean. 

Governor Taft. Do you remember what it was, how many pesos were worth a 
gold dollar? 

Senor Villegas. They were at par at that time. 

Governor Taft. What do you mean by par? 

Senor Villegas. That they were not subject to an exchange, not as they are now, 
at 2.66. 

Governor Taft. What was it if it was not 2.66? 

Senor Villegas. Equal in value to the Spanish dollar. 

Governor Taft. In January of last year? 

Senor Villegas. Either in "December of 1901, or January, 1902; yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Do you mean that you could get a gold dollar for a Mexican peso? 
Is that what you mean? 

Senor Villegas. The peso at that time was not subject to discount as the Mexican 
peso is to-day. As I understand it, the Mexican peso is worth 64 cents to-day, but at 
that time it was worth 100 cents. 

Governor Taft. He evidently does not understand us. This was in December of 
1901, wasn't it? 

Senor Villegas. I started the survey on the 23d of December, 1901, and continued 
it until it was finished in the month of January, 1902. 

Governor Taft. You have made this assessment in Mexican dollars, haven't you? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. If you wished to state that, instead of in Mexican dollars, in 
American dollars, at the time you made this survey, would you estimate it at the 
same amount in American dollars that you have in Mexican dollars, or not? At the 
time that you made this survey how many Mexican dollars could you get for an 
American dollar, gold? 



144 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Seiior Villegas. Two dollars American. 

Governor Taft. If you were to estimate this in American dollars— for instance, 
you have an estimate here of 150 dollars Mexican a hectare of first-class land — how 
many dollars would that be in American at the time the assessment was made? 

Sehor Villegas. I would value it in proportion to the difference in value between 
the silver and the gold. 

Governor Taft. What was the difference between silver and gold? 

Seiior Villegas. Nothing, only that $1 gold was worth $2 Mexican. 

Archbishop Guidi. The witness has contradicted himself repeatedly, for he has 
repeatedly said from the beginning that his idea of the Mexican dollar as made in 
this assessment was, that it was equivalent to a Spanish peso or duro of 8 reals, and 
that the Spanish peso or duro of 8 reals was equivalent to a gold dollar. Afterwards 
there was a small change of 5 cents or something like that. It is not for us to find 
out what the actual difference was between the two moneys, but what was the value 
of it in the mind of the man who made the assessment at that time. 

Governor Taft. It seems to me that the witness and his excellency have misunder- 
stood each other. I have never, that I recollect, had any conversation with this wit- 
ness on this subject at all. The witness says that he estimated this at the time when 
Mexican and gold were at par. For as much as two years Mexican and gold were at 
par in the sense that one was worth twice the other; and as I have understood the 
witness that is what he meant when he said that they were at par, and that his esti- 
mate in Mexican is, as he said, at the current rate of exchange at par, which was par 
and not one to two or 2.66. 

Mr. McCregor. If he had been asked what the value of this land was in 1884 or 
1885, would he have put the sum in Mexican dollars as he has to-day? 

Seiior Villegas. When I made this valuation I took into consideration the actual 
value of the land at that time. 

Mr. McGregor. Then you would not have put the same value on it in 1884 or 1885? 

Seiior Villegas. No, I would not. 

Mr. McGregor. Would you have put it at more or less? 

Seiior Villegas. Lower. The price of land has lowered in parts of the island of 
Luzon, through scarcity of carabaos, and it has risen in other parts. 

Governor Taft. What he said was that he thought that the land now was worth 
less than when he made the estimate, because of the scarcity of carabaos and of 
laborers. 

Mr. McGregor. He said, I believe, that he would have put the value lower in the 
years I mention. Why would he have put it lower? 

Seiior Villegas. Because there has been a small percentage of increase in the 
value of the land since that time up to the present time. 

Mr. McGregor. Is that the reason you would have put it different, on account of 
the increase in the value of the land? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Mr. McGregor. If the value of the land had remained the same would you have 
put the same value on it if it had not risen in value ? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir; I would have put it 10 per cent less. 

Mr. McGregor. Why? 

Seiior Villegas. On account of the lack of labor that there was at that time. 

Mr. McGregor. Otherwise you would have given it the same value? 

Seiior Villegas. I think the value has increased, because there are a greater num- 
ber of people there, and therefore there would be more call for the products of the 
land. 

Mr. McGregor. My idea was right, that he would have put the same valuation on 
the land if the circumstances had been the same. At that time a Mexican dollar 
was equal to a gold dollar. 

Governor Taft. This witness says now that he put an estimate on the land in 
Mexican dollars and he put it at the current rate of exchange. Was it first-class 
land? 

Seiior Villegas. That is governed altogether by certain conditions; for instance, 
soil and subsoil, and cultivation; the state of cultivation of the land, character of the 
soil, and other conditions. But I should judge that first-class land is land that will 
yield from 80 to 100 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. Does that land, in order to yield as much as that, have to be 
irrigated? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What is second-class land? 

Seiior Villegas. It is land where the bed rock comes up nearer to the surface, or, 
in other words, where the soil is not so deep. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 145 

Governor Taft. How many crops do they get from first-class land in a year? 

Senor Villegas. Two crops a year. 

Governor Taft. How many crops do they get from second-class land? 

Senor Villegas. The same number of crops, but as the composition of the soil is 
different, being a poorer- class of soil, the yield is not so great. 

Governor Taft. What is the yield of second-class land? 

Senor Villegas. From 50 to 60 cavanes of palay. 

Governor Taft. Is all this land rice land? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir; other crops are grown, such as sugar. 

Governor Taft. How much ought first-class sugar land to produce? 

Senor Villegas. From 25 to 30 pilous of sugar to a hectare. 

Governor Taft. How much does second-class sugar land produce? 

Senor Villegas. From 16 to 20 pilons. 

Governor Taft. I would like to ask whether through Cavite, through this prov- 
ince, and Bulacan, first-class rice land among farmers, among people that deal in that 
kind of property, has a fixed value for sale, so that the people understand what -the 
value is? 

Senor Villegas. At the time I made this valuation such land was thought to be 
worth 150 pesos a hectare. If capitalists were ready with money to buy land in 
large amounts it might possibly be bought for less than that, and in small lots more; 
but I think haciendas of this size about 150 pesos. 

Governor Taft. The question asked is this — whether through these three prov- 
inces, and Lagudra, too, was first-class rice land a well understood kind of land, so 
that the people knew what was meant when they said first-class rice land? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What I intended to ask was — suppose we take province by prov- 
ince^ — suppose we take the province of Cavite: Is there a knowledge among men who 
deal in this thing of a value attached to first-class rice land in the province of Cavite — 
a generally understood value? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Does each hacienda vary in its value? I mean the first-class rice 
land. 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What makes it vary? 

Senor Villegas. It is because, for example, in the province of Bulacan, what is 
understood there by first class produces a greater number of cavanes of rice per hec- 
tare than in Cavite. In Cavite it is from 80 to 90; in Bulacan the first-class land pro- 
duces over 100; so that there is no fixed price for all the land. 

Governor Taft. Is there a limit within which it varies? 

Senor Villegas. There are limits between which the purchaser and the seller 
make their agreement. 

Governor Taft. You have said that it is higher in Bulacan than in Cavite. How 
does that compare with Rizal? 

Senor Villegas. What I have said was that the superior or first-class lands of 
Bulacan were of a higher grade and brought a higher price than in Cavite. I myself 
have valued first-class land in that province at 200 pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. What is it worth in Rizal? 

Senor Villegas. On account of its proximity to Manila first-class land may be 
worth more. 

Governor Taft. Does it produce more cavanes? 

Senor Villegas. About the same as any other province. I am talking of irrigated 
land. 

Governor Taft. Isn't all first-class land irrigated? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. It has to be irrigated to produce two crops', does it not? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is it not true that you have extended the urban zone at Imus, 
Santa Cruz, Lolomboy, and Orion? You have considered all this land in your esti- 
mate as urban land. Why is it that you have not included in the same urban zone 
the lots belonging to the places at Calamba, Binan, Santa Rosa, and Pandi? 

Senor Villegas. The area of all the town lots has been recorded in my report. I 
believe that I have put in the town lots in each case. The only one that I have not 
included within the urban zone is the one of Santa Maria de Pandi, of which part of 
the land belongs to the municipality. 

Archbishop Guidi. Why is it then, if you consider it as town property or within 
the urban zone, that you value them by the hectare instead of by the square meter, 
as if they were agricultural lands? 

war 1903— vol 5 10 



146 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Senor Villegas. It is because at those points we do not value land by square meters 
but by hectares. 

Archbishop Guidi. But all lands within the urban zone should be measured by 
the square meter. Upon what do you base your judgment when you value the town 
lots in Santa Cruz and Naic at $200 a hectare and at $125 at Lolomboy and Orion, 
when, as a matter of fact, the property at these two latter places, or at least at Lolom- 
boy, on account of its proximity to the railroad, should be worth more? 

Senor Villegas. I did not make the valuation of the lots at Lolomboy. 

Archbishop Guidi. Upon what ground did you place your present valuation of the 
lands, which is the same valuation or less valuation than it was twenty years ago, 
when that price was paid, not for the ownership of the land, but merely for the use 
of the land per hectare? 

Senor Villegas. I was helped in forming my judgment in this valuation by investi- 
gations made by me in the pueblos near the haciendas. I simply used the information 
that I got from the people of the locality as a help to me in forming my judgment. 

Archbishop Guidi. Explain why you have made the valuation at $200 a hectare 
when twenty years ago it was worth $200 Mexican, at that time worth $100 gold, 
that is to say the two metals being at par, and when rice was worth 6 or 7 reals and 
now it is worth two or three times as much, while the value of the Mexican money 
has depreciated to less than half that it was at that time. Explain why you have 
done this. It appears that this is contradictory of what you said before. 

Senor Villegas. I have not said that the land was worth $200 an acre twenty 
years ago. 

Archbishop Guidi. Even if you did not say so, we can take that fact into consid- 
eration that land was worth 200 pesos a hectare, equivalent to $200. 

Governor Taft. About Lolomboy. This gentleman (Senor Gutierrez) has said 
something about the value of the land at Lolomboy; that the town lots ought to be 
worth more because the railroad runs through them. As a matter of fact the rail- 
road does not run except through a corner of Lolomboy, and there is no station that 
I can find on this map showing that the railroad has a station on the estate of 
Lolomboy. 

Senor Gutierrez. There is a station within 500 meters of Lolomboy. 

Governor Taft. The value of a town lot depends upon the prosperity, the size, 
and the business of the town, and when these solares are situated 2 or 3 miles from 
the railroad the presence of the railroad does not affect their value as town lots. It 
may affect the value of the whole hacienda, because it brings the agricultural prop- 
erty within reasonable distance of the city, but it does not affect the value of the 
town lots unless those town lots are on a railroad or in a large town? The value of 
a town lot depends upon its use and utility, ordinarily, for a store or something that 
is used in a town, such as a factory or store. Now, 500 meters away from a station 
that has no buildings that can be used as a store or factory is likely to make the 
land much more useful for agricultural purposes than as a town lot. For instance, 
$200 a hectare which it may be worth for agricultural purposes may much exceed its 
value as a town lot. 

Senor Gutierrez. The reason that there are lots in some pueblos that are used for 
agricultural purposes is simply because there is not sufficient population in that town 
to utilize the land as town lots. 

Governor Taft. That's it, exactly; so it is not worth what you wish to impose on 
town lots. You do not use it for town lots because there is no demand for it as such. 

Senor Gutierrez. Still, some of the land even at Lolomboy is needed for building 
purposes, even if only a few hectares; but those hectares are needed for town lots, 
and must be considered as town lots. 

Governor Taft. That has got 164 hectares of solares in Lolomboy. 

Archbishop Guidi. Explain to me why you have valued rice land above sugar-cane 
land, when it is known that the latter gives a more valuable product. 

Senor Villegas. It is because they are higher lands than those of palay. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is it not true that the sugar-cane land gives a greater profit 
than rice land? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir; rice lands give a more valuable crop than sugar. 

Governor Taft. Are the expenses of cultivating sugar greater than the expenses of 
cultivating rice? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How do they differ; how much? 

Senor Villegas. It is slight but the difference consists in the using of machinery 
with sugar cane. 

Archbishop Guidi. Explain what method you have used in making the valuation 
of uncultivated lands. It appears that you have put a valuation of $25 Mexican on 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 147 

the lands of Santa Maria de Pandi. On all other uncultivated lands you nave placed 
a valuation of $5 Mexican a hectare, notwithstanding the fact that many of these 
lands have valuable timber on them. Explain why you have done this. 

Senor Yillegas. It is because the lands on the estate of Santa Maria de Pandi are 
all level lands which it is not necessary to clear. I have made this valuation of $5 
in consideration of the fact that uncultivated state lands were valued at from one to 
five dollars a hectare. 

Archbishop Guidi. You should not have done that when considering private 
lands. These are not state lands. The government lands naturally would be much 
cheaper than private lands, because the government sells those lands cheaper in 
order to promote agriculture. I wish to ask if, in making the valuation of these 
uncultivated lands, you have taken into consideration that many of them contain 
valuable woods and quarries; and have you taken into consideration the fact that the 
character of the soil and the subsoil must be considered, as is the custom in Italy and 
elsewhere? Have you considered that if they have waterfalls they may be considered 
valuable for manufacturing purposes? Have you, in short, considered the quality of 
the soil, the quality of the timber, the quarries, waterfalls, and all other sources of 
natural wealth which they contain? 

Senor Yillegas. I have taken into consideration the value of these quarries at 
Mandaluya. I have seen that there is mountainous land near Imus, but I do not 
see that there are quarries there. The trouble with the quarries at Imus is that they 
are so far removed that it is easier to get the stone from Manila than to get it out of 
the quarry. 

Governor Taft. In what condition are the roads ? 

Senor Villegas. The main road to Binicayan is almost impassable during the rainy 
season. They are in bad condition. 

Governor Taft. Are these rivers navigable with bancas? 

Senor Yillegas. They are navigable with small boats up to the bridge of Imus. 
Beyond that the river has a very stony bottom and is shallow. 

Archbishop Guidi. In your valuation of this property, have you considered the 
improvements ? 

Senor Yillegas. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have .you considered the value of the dams ? 

Senor Yillegas. I have also considered the value of the dams. 

Archbishop Guidi. You say that they are in a bad state and you have valued them 
accordingly ? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. The difference between the actual cost of this dam and the 
valuation put upon it by the witness is enormous. Irrigation can be done in two 
ways. One is the old-fashioned way, with a great deal of trouble, and the other is the 
modern system, and the land that has these modern improvements is worth a great 
deal more, irrespective of being first-class land. 

Governor Taft. The land is worth what it produces. 

Archbishop Guidi. You must take into consideration the difference that there is 
in paying 40 men to irrigate a certain piece of first-class land and paying 2 men to 
open up the doors and letting the water flow in. 

Governor Taft. It does not make any difference whether the irrigation is natural 
irrigation or whether it requires power to pump the water. If you have the water 
there and it can be put on the land just as cheap from natural resources as from 
engine, the engine is not to be valued in the value of the land. 

Archbishop Guidi. I can not agree with you. You must take into consideration 
the expense that there is of the irrigation afterwards, which is very high. 

Governor Taft. I agree to that. The point I am trying to make is that what we 
are paying for here is the agricultural land. Now, what I do' not want to pay for is 
the agricultural land and those amounts invested in the land — a million dollars, it 
may be, gold or silver, I do not care what — which made that land good agricultural 
land. If I pay for the land, then I get all there is; and to take, first, a valuation of the 
land and then add what it cost to make that land, is to make me pay double. 

Archbishop Guidi. We do not claim that we wish payment for these lands as first- 
class lands and payment for the improvements; but what we do claim is that these 
first-class lands with the improvements on them at present are worth more than if 
they were without the improvements. 

Governor Taft. I agree to that. You say superior first-class lands; that means 
land that can be economically irrigated so that it produces two crops a year. I agree 
that we ought to pay what that land will sell for — what that land is worth in the 
market. But we pay for the land; we do not pay for the improvements which made 
it that land. 



1-48 REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Archbishop Guidi. That is true, but you must value these first-class lands with the 
improvements. 

Governor Taft. The improvements are worth just what they add to the value of 
the land. Now, what we pay for this land is its value — its market value — what 
other people who would buy and had an opportunity to buy and who expected to 
use it for agricultural purposes would pay. In other words, it is what the land buys 
and sells for in the market. It is the demand for such land and the willingness to 
sell by those persons who hold. I agree that the number of cavanes that is produced 
a year affects what people will pay for the land; but the ultimate fact is the actual 
value in the market, controlled by many circumstances in addition to its productivity 
and the economy of its working, which is controlled by its distance from the market, 
by the amount of sugar, etc., that is produced, by the difficulties of getting labor, 
and by the difficulty of getting cattle to work it. All these things control what land 
sells for in the market. We are trying to get at the fair valuation of this land. What 
would you estimate the market value of the land to be? The income from the land 
influences those who wish to buy. I observe in reading over some of the calcula- 
tions as to the value of the Recoleto, or Augustinian lands, I think, that they calcu- 
lated that they ought to be capitalized on a net return of 6 per cent, I have asked 
gentlemen who are familiar with agricultural land what it ought to pay, and they say 
that it ought to pay 20 per cent in this countr}-, because of the danger from locusts 
and everything else that you have to take into calculation as you look at it for five 
or ten years. If there are no sales of lands, you have got to get at the price in 
some other way; but the best standard of what is the market value of land is what 
it sells for. 

Archbishop Guidi. I do not consider myself very strong on economic questions, 
but I have had some experience in Europe in the sale and purchase of lands; and it 
is generally the custom there, when trying to capitalize a piece of land, to take what 
it had produced net for twenty-five years and then get the average per year for the 
period, and work on that basis. 

Governor Taft. In Europe if a man gets 4 per cent on his investment he regards 
himself as very fortunate. In this country loans on real estate and agricultural 
property must have from 20 to 25 and 30 per cent interest a year. That illustrates 
the difference in the calculation of the value of this land from that which is made 
on European lands. Therefore, when you come to calculate what you ought to 
make here, you have got to calculate it on a much larger percentage of income than 
you calculate in England, in Italy, or in the United States. The difference in the con- 
ditions must necessarily affect the price to be paid for the land here. There is 
another consideration. These gentlemen, the friars, have owned this land from 
fifty to two hundred years, more or less. What did they actually make out of the 
land? How much a year did they get out of it? 

Continued from February 16, 1903. 

Malaca&an Palace, February 21, 1903. 

Mr. McGeegoe. With reference to the answers given by Senor Yillegas at the last 
meeting, I have a copy of the proceedings. Sehor Yillegas first of all says that there 
are no quarries at Imus, and then says that the trouble at Imus is that the quarries 
are so far removed that it is easier to get the stone from Manila than to get them out 
of the quarry. To this I replied that all the buildings there were built with stone 
from the neighborhood, as well as the dams and aqueducts. Senor Villegas says 
that the road to Binacayan is almost impassable during the rainy season; to which I 
replied that Binacayan is a most inconvenient point on the bay, and that the road to 
Imus is first class. I might add that Binacayan is a place that is not used as a means 
of getting to Imus. Everybody goes to Bacoor. I have only once been to Binacayan ; 
that is because I could not get to Bacoor. Senor Yillegas made a statement that all 
the roads on the property are in bad condition. I have personally seen most of the 
roads, and most of the other roads in Cavite Province, and I think that I can honestly 
say that most of the roads in the Imus hacienda are as good and better. During the 
dry season they are not at all bad, and during the wet season for about four months 
in the year many are very bad ; but during the time of the year when Ave want 
to transport rice, which is the dry season, they are good. The road from Imus 
to Bacoor is always good, because it is a first-class road. The principal road that 
runs right from the hacienda up to Silang is in pretty good condition up as far as 
Perez Dasmarinas, which is about halfway. It is just 500 yards outside. It was 
the original idea to make the road from Imus to Dasmarinas a first-class road 
throughout, but I believe people said the money ran short, and it is now not really 
a bad road. For provinces it is a good road. I might also say that almost every 
river or stream is bridged by a very substantial stone bridge, that you do not see 



EEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 149 

outside the friars' haciendas. Some have been broken down, but most of them are 
still in good order. All the principal ones are in good order. My statement regard- 
ing the value of the dams as a source of power for driving machinery was not 
recorded. I mentioned principally the dam at San Nicolas, called the Place de 
Molina. I said that it had a head of water of 22 or 23 yards, which would give all the 
power that you could possibly want for any factory, and above which is a considerable- 
sized lake, that, unless there 'was a very prolonged drought, would furnish power for 
a very long time. Sefior Yillegas says the Imtis Eiver is navigable only by small 
boats' up to the Imus Bridge. My reply, to the effect that large cascoes can go right 
up to the go-downs, was not recorded. [Shows Governor Taft a photograph in sup- 
port of his statement.] Seiior Yillegas says that the dams are in bad condition. My 
reply to the contrary is not recorded. I would like to add that some of them may 
have been neglected. Some of the canals have been neglected and allowed to grow 
over, but I have seen most of the waterworks, and I have not seen any signs of 
willful destruction. It has been through want of care if anything is not as it ought 
to be. 

Ask Seiior Yillegas on what grounds he bases the value that he has put on the 
whole of the waterworks on the Imus property. I think it is $84,000 Mexican he 
puts it at. 

Seiior Yillegas. I have placed that valuation in accordance with the actual con- 
dition of those works. 

Mr. McGregor. I would like to say in regard to the dam at Place de Molina — and 
there are other dams on the property — that it could not be built for that amount. 
I had an engineer up with me, Mr. Dock, an Englishman, who died a short time 
ago — last year. He valued the hacienda part of the place that has been occupied by 
troops; and I also had him up to see this dam, and I asked him what it could be 
built for, and he said that it could not be built for $160,000. He is a man that does 
that sort of work. 

Governor Taft. So that it is worth now $160,000 if you measure it by what it would 
cost to reproduce it. He added $84,000 to the valuation of the land. You paid — or 
your predecessors paid — for the property about $75,000 gold, and you say you have 
added $1,000,000 in improvements. Are you going to estimate the value by what it 
cost you to buy that land and then what it cost you to put the improvements on? If 
you add the value of the improvements, and you take what the value of the land is 
as made by those improvements, you just double the price for the purchaser. 

Mr. McGregor. I was getting at this statement of Seiior Yillegas, that the water- 
works now are worth $84,000. It is put at a very absurdly low price. 

Governor Taft. It is put in there as the basis for use in furnishing electric power 
for sawmills or something of that sort. If you put a sawmill on the land that adds 
to the value of the land, and its addition may be fairly estimated by what it costs to 
put up a sawmill. 

Mr. McGregor. I have seen Seiior Yillegas' s valuation once — Seiior Legarda showed 
it to me — and it looked to me as if his valuation of the land was quite separate and 
apart from any improvement on it, because he has valued the improvements sepa- 
rately. 

Governor Taft. It is fair to add to the value of the whole estate the dams, if they 
can be used for the purpose of creating water power. 

Archbishop Guidi. In principle I quite agree with Governor Taft as to the manner 
of placing a valuation on this land and improvements, but it appears to me that there 
is a mistake somewhere. Seiior Yillegas, in making the comparative study of the valua- 
tion which he has made of different estates, has not considered the added value of 
the lands by virtue of these improvements, and has assessed the land with improve- 
ments at very much the same ratio as he has the land without improvements. 

Governor Taft. That will appear as we go over the different estates. 

Archbishop Guidi. It appears to me that Sehor Yillegas, while he may be a capa- 
ble man in his profession as agricultural engineer, does not seem to me to be a man 
who is competent to know everything, and not a man competent to place a value 
upon engineering or hydraulic works. I think that there is a limit beyond which 
he must not go in the assessment of these estates. He has evidently had limits in 
his mind between which he fixed all these assessments. He has not taken into con- 
sideration, in the valuation of these lands, their proximity to Manila or their remote- 
ness from Manila, and other conditions that would bear upon their value. He has 
not taken into account at all those conditions which ought to be taken into consider- 
ation; that is to say, the quality of the land, its nearness to a market, and other con- 
ditions which bear upon value. It is impossible to fix a ratio or standard for all of 
these estates, because the conditions which prevail in regard to the quality of the 
soil, etc., are so very different. 



150 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Governor Taft. The delegate has stated some of his inferences from the examina- 
tion of the assessments as to what Senor Villegas has done. I would like to ask a 
few questions of Senor Villegas as to what instructions he had with reference to the 
examination of these estates. 

Archbishop Guidi. I have not made inferences with regard to Senor Villegas' s 
instructions, but my reply was simply in answer to your remark that the value of 
the land ought also to include the value of the improvements, and I have doubted 
whether Senor Villegas has taken into account the value of the improvements in the 
valuation that he has placed on the land. It appears that in his assessment he has 
not taken into consideration the improvements. 

Governor Taft. Let me ask Senor Villegas whether before he made the survey 
anybody suggested to him the limits of the valuation within which he was required 
to make this assessment. 

Senor Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. How did you reach your valuation of each estate? 

Senor Villegas. I have placed the value after an investigation of the value of land 
in the vicinity of the hacienda. 

Governor Taft. Did you go over the land yourself? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; I have been over all of the estates. 

Governor Taft. Did you take into consideration, in your estimation of the value 
of the lands, the ease or otherwise with which it could be irrigated? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have you also borne in mind the proximity or the remoteness 
of the hacienda from Manila and the ease with which the products could be marketed? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Let us take the two estates of San Francisco de Malabon and 
that of San Juan and San Nicolas, or what is usually called the hacienda of Imus. 
You have put $150 a hectare as the value of the first-class superior land, and there it 
is the same. Do these estates lie together? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; they are adjacent. 

Governor Taft. Are they similarly situated, speaking generally of the whole 
estate, with reference to the ease with which their products can be carried to Manila 
or elsewhere? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Mr. McGregor. I do not wish to detract in any way from the value of the other 
estates, but I simply want to speak for Imus. I notice that the valuations, at least I 
am told, are the same for first-class land. If you take into consideration the facility 
with which the products can be brought to the market, there ought to be a very con- 
siderable difference. Imus is situated by road about 14 or 15 miles from here, and 
with the exception of about four months in the year that road is a good road, and 
you can go in any way you like to it and it takes but a short time. It also is the 
cheaper way to put the goods into a casco and punt it along the shore. You can 
pull it right into the middle of Manila. 

Governor Taft. Can not you do that on the hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon? 

Mr. McGregor. You have got to go around the Cavite point. 

Augustinian Friar. The two estates are adjacent, and with regard to those condi- 
tions they apply to one and the other equally well, because he also can take his prod- 
uce from the hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon by casco to Manila. 

Mr. McGregor. He has to take it around the peninsula of Cavite, which takes it 
around the middle of the bay. 

Augustinian Friar. Our estate has a seashore, which the Imus estate has not, 
and if you take that into consideration the advantages are about equal. The distance 
by water is a little farther, but with regard to reaching the water front we have the 
advantage over Imus. 

Mr. McGregor. We have got the river and do not need shore frontage. 

Augustinian Friar. The estate of San Francisco de Malabon also has a river, and 
we have communication with the shore by river. They have a large number of 
dams and they also have a tunnel or canal there. 

Governor Taft. Are there not extensive improvements on the hacienda of San 
Francisco de Malabon? Have they dams there? 

Senor Villegas. They have dams there. 

Governor Taft. Is the irrigation system on the estate of San Francisco de Malabon 
in about as good a condition as on the estate of Imus? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; it is equally as efficient. The water for both irrigation 
systems is taken from one source, one river. 

Governor Taft. Is it not fair, therefore, looking at both haciendas, to place the 
same price on the different classes of land — on the one as on the other? 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 151 

Senor Villegas. In view of the fact that the soil is thinner in the San Nicolas 
estate, the Imus estate has a richer and deeper soil. 

Mr. McGregor. He is saying that Imus is better than San Nicolas. That is so. 

Governor Taft. Is the soil in Imus about the same as the soil of San Francisco de 
Malabon? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Which has the greater advantage? 

Seiior Yillegas. San Francisco de Malabon is better. There is a difference in my 
valuation of the two haciendas with regard to the second and third class lands. 
With regard to the first-class land they are both equally good. I have placed an 
equal valuation on first-class land of the two estates for the reason that I think that 
they are both equally good. 

Governor Taft. There is a great deal more first-class land in the San Francisco 
than in Imus, which shows that the land is better in the San Francisco than in 
Imus on the average. I want to ask as to the estate of Naic; that is a Dominican 
estate. Are there improvements on the estate of Naic? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What are they? 

Senor Villegas. They have large dams, small dams, and some tunnels or canals. 

Governor Taft. How does the soil of the estate of Naic compare with that of the 
estate of Imus and San Francisco? 

Senor Villegas. The soil of Naic is richer than the soil of either San Francisco de 
Malabon or the estate of Imus. 

Governor Taft. Is the soil of the estate of Naic the richest in the province of 
Cavite? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Hasn't it always had the reputation 01 oeing the best hacienda in 
Cavite? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. The estate of Naic is a considerable distance from Manila, isn't it? 

Senor Villegas. It is a little far. 

Governor Taft. Hasn' t the estate of Naic a sea frontage? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. I want to ask if it is not a fact, with reference to agricultural 
property that is not likely to become city property at all, but always likely to 
remain agricultural property, that it makes very little difference, provided there is 
access to the water and easy navigation to Manila, whether it be 10 miles or 15 miles 
or 20 miles from the city, in the valuation of land? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; that is true. Aside from this advantage which the 
Naic estate has from being on the water front, the pueblos of Silang and Indang, 
because they have sterile land around them, have to purchase the products which 
they need at this hacienda, so that it finds a market in the pueblos of Indang and 
Silang. 

Governor Taft. I observe that you have valued the first-class land of Naic at 25 
per cent more than you value the first-class land of Imus and San Francisco. Do 
you base that on the character of the soil? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; I have done so because I consider them superior, first- 
class lands. 

Governor Taft. I observe that you make all the land which is cultivated in the 
hacienda of Naic first-class land. 

Senor Villegas. No, sir; there is also third-class land there. 

Governor Taft. I think not; there is no third-class land here. There is only first- 
class and uncultivated land. 

Senor Villegas. Yes; I have some uncultivated lands the're at $5 a hectare. 

Governor Taft. Look at that map and see if you find any third-class land there. 

Senor Villegas. I have considered all of this land as first-class land on account 
of its proximity to the town. 

Governor Taft. Is it claimed by Senor Gutierrez that there is any more first-class 
land than appears on this map ? 

Senor Gutierrez. I would like to state in connection with this matter that it has 
not been possible for me to go all over these estates, and therefore I can not say 
whether these figures given in this estimate are correct or not. 

Governor Taft. As I calculate it, roughly, he has estimated that of the 7,000 hec- 
tares in the hacienda of Naic, a little less than half are cultivated or first-class land. 

Seiior Gutierrez. Yes, sir; so I see by his estimate. 

Governor Taft. I am trying to get at the classification of the land, of the culti- 
vated and uncultivated, whether his estimate differs in that respect from yours. 



152 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Sefior Gutierrez. It is impossible for me to say, or to estimate even whether the 
data given by Sefior Villegas are correct or not, because I have not any data at hand 
to show. I would have to go to my office to examine the data and find out how 
much of the land is cultivated or not. 

Governor Taft. In estimating the value of an estate the question as to how much 
land is cultivated and uncultivated is the first and most important matter to be 
determined, and I would be glad, in order that we may not disagree, if Sefior 
Gutierrez will examine his books and determine in round figures how much of the 
estate of Naic is cultivated, because Senor Gutierrez will understand that we are 
much more likely to reach an agreement if we can first find out those things upon 
which we agree. 

Sehor Gutierrez. My objection was simply now to be confined to the assessment 
of the valuation which has been placed by Sehor Villegas upon eight of our estates. 

Governor Taft. Where does the estate of Santa Cruz de Malabon lie with refer- 
ence to San Francisco de Malabon and the hacienda of Imus? 

Sefior Villegas. To the west of San Francisco de Malabon. 

Governor Taft. That is farther from Manila? 

Sefior Villegas. About the same distance from Manila. 

Governor Taft. Are there improvements on the estate of Santa Cruz de Malabon, 
and what do they consist of? 

Sefior Villegas. It has improvements. It has the dam of the Tres Cruces and other 
dams as well. 

Governor Taft. The dam of the Tres Cruces is a dam across the mouth of the lake, 
isn't it? Or it makes a lake? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir; it is in the bed of a stream. 

Governor Taft. What is the condition with reference to improvements, with refer- 
ence to roads, with reference to the irrigation of land, of the four estates of San Fran- 
cisco, Santa Cruz, Naic, and Imus, respectively, and comparatively? 

Sefior Villegas. Those conditions are almost similar in the four estates. 

Governor Taft. With reference to reaching Manila by the Bay of Cavite, are their 
conditions practically the same? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir; by water the communication is almost similar, but by 
land the conditions favor Imus first, then San Francisco de Malabon, then Naic, and 
then Santa Cruz. 

Governor Taft. Is water navigation to be preferred to land navigation now? 

Sefior Villegas. It is less costly and easier by water. 

Governor Taft. How does the soil of the hacienda of Santa Cruz compare with 
that of San Francisco and that of Imus ? 

Sefior Villegas. With regard to the comparison between Santa Cruz de Malabon 
and San Francisco de Malabon, the soil is very similar, but not so in comparison with 
that of Imus, because I do not think that the subsoil in the estate of Imus contains 
as many advantageous elements for cultivation as the subsoil of the other estates. 

Governor Taft. I observe that nearly one-half, or a little more than four-ninths, 
of all the estate of Santa Cruz you have made first-class superior land, but that you 
have no second and third class there. 

Sefior Villegas. I have not included any second or third class land in here, be- 
cause the amount of second and third class land in this estate is very insignificant. 

Governor Taft. As I understand your assessment, then, you have put the value of 
the Naic first-class land at 25 per cent more than the value of first-class land in the 
other three haciendas because it is richer? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

_ Governor Taft. And you have really made the average value per acre of San Fran- 
cisco and Santa Cruz higher than that of Imus, not by valuing the first-class land as 
any higher, but by classifying some of the cultivated land in Imus as second and 
third class and making all the cultivated land in San Francisco and Santa Cruz as 
first class. 

Sefior Villegas. I have done that because of the difference in the soil. 

Governor Taft. This covers all the estates in Cavite. 

Archbishop Guidi. It appears to me that the estates in the province of Bulacan 
have been assessed at about the same price. 

Governor Taft. I would be glad to call his excellency's attention to the fact that 
there are different ways of estimating the value of an hacienda, or rather that the 
value of an hacienda is affected not only by the price put upon first-class land, but by 
the classification of haciendas in the first-class, second-class, and third-class land, 
and that our friend McGregor, whose estate is at Imus, suffers in this assessment by 
the fact that a good deal of his cultivated land is classified as second and third class 
land. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 153 

Archbishop Guidi. But who makes these assessments? 

Governor Taft. We are discussing Senor Villegas' s evidence. His excellency criti- 
cises his estimate by saying that there is no variation between the estates, and I am 
showing by my examination that there is a difference; and I also want to show the 
purpose of this examination. His excellency has criticised very severely the esti- 
mate of Senor Villegas, on the ground that he makes no difference with reference to 
the proximity to Manila. We have four estates in Cavite and we have shown — and 
I do not think my friends on the other side of the table differ, except Brother 
McGregor — that practically the distances of the four estates in Cavite are the same. 

Mr. McGregor. I do not agree with that. 

Governor Taft. We have got through Cavite then, so far as that criticism is 
concerned. 

Archbishop Guidi. My remark was a general remark, applying to all of the estates; 
but with respect to these four estates I quite agree with you; but I wish it understood 
that I do not accept the classification that Senor Villegas has made, because I have no 
confidence in his j udgment. 

Governor Taft. I am not speaking of his judgment now, either as to classification 
or as to values. What I am trying to meet is specifically the criticisms of his excel- 
lency on Senor Villegas' s report, as he has examined it. What I am trying to show 
now by the examination of Senor Villegas is, that his classifications are consistent 
with themselves intrinsically. I understood his excellency to attack them as not 
consistent with themselves; that is what I am trying now to examine. I understood 
his excellency to begin with the statement that on the face of them they were wrong 
because they were not consistent with themselves. With reference to these four in 
Cavite this inconsistency does not appear. We are now considering his judgment of 
these lands. The question as to classification, as to whether it is first, second, or 
third class land, or whether it is uncultivated. I have not heard any dispute — it may 
be that there is a dispute, but I have not heard of it — of the correctness of Senor Vil- 
legas' s measurement as to cultivated and uncultivated land. I have seen a calculation 
made, I think by the representatives of the Augustinian friars, furnished me by his 
excellency, and possibly also by the Dominicans, whom Senor Gutierrez represents, 
in which, if I understood the calculations, the figures of the survey of Senor Villegas 
were accepted as the proper ones. If I am mistaken I would like to be corrected. 

Archbishop Guidi. In his measurement of the land there is practically no differ- 
ence at all, but it is simply in the valuation that has been placed upon it. 

Governor Taft. The question of cultivated and uncultivated land is a matter of 
measurement, because there can be no dispute as to whether the land is cultivated. 

Archbishop Guidi. I understand that the matter of cultivated and uncultivated 
land is a very easy one, because it is a matter of measuring; but the question lies in 
Senor Villegas' s classification of land as first and second class. If it has appeared 
from my silence that I have accepted any of the classifications made by Senor Ville- 
gas, I w r ish to correct that error and to reserve my criticisms until later. 

Governor Taft. I want to reach out and find how r far we agree, and when we 
have found how far we agree, then we can discuss those things we disagree about. 
Let us see about Cavite. In Cavite, except in the haciendas of San Juan and San 
Nicolas, of our friend McGregor, there isn't any land classified as second and third 
class land. All the land in Santa Cruz, in San Francisco, and in Naic is either uncul- 
tivated land or is first-class land as classified by him. Therefore our dispute with 
the Senor Padre and Senor Gutierrez is reduced solely, if I understand it, to a dispute 
over what is the real valuation of first-class land and of uncultivated land in those 
three estates, and therefore, that our only dispute as to classification of land is with 
Mr. McGregor as to what is second and third class land and what valuation ought to 
be put on first-class land in the haciendas of San Juan and San Nicolas. 

Mr. McGregor. Might I ask if there is no cultivated land in the province of Cavite 
except on the Imus estate — that is, cultivated land, simply relying on the rain and 
not on any artificial water — no land cultivated that is not irrigated? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; there is other land in the province of Cavite that is cul- 
tivated without irrigation — what is called here aventureres. 

Mr. McGregor. On these estates that have been mentioned, with the exception 
of Imus estates? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is there any such land on Imus? 

Mr. McGregor. Yes. 

Senor Villegas. Owing to the damages which have been caused to several of the 
dams there, the water did not reach some parts of the land on the Imus estate. These 
lands in spite of their not being irrigated were cultivated, and they have depended 
on rainfall for cultivation. 



154 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Mr. McGregor. I simply asked if there was any land cultivated that was not irri- 
gated and he said no. 

Senor Villegas. I said that there was, and that these lands that were cultivated 
without irrigation were called aventureres. They cultivate these lands on private 
property, but not on the haciendas. However, they could be on the haciendas. 

Mr. McGregor. Do you mean to say that the Imus hacienda is the only hacienda 
where the dams are damaged? 

Senor Villegas. No, I do not mean to say that. On the hacienda San Francisco 
de Malabon, Santa Cruz, and others, some of these dams have been damaged, and I 
have not included the land which is not irrigated owing to the damages to the dams 
as cultivated land. 

Mr. McGregor. But are they cultivating that land? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir. 

Mr. McGregor. Are they cultivating that land on the Imus? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir; that land is not cultivated at the present time; and I 
think another reason why it is not cultivated, aside from the fact that it is not irri- 
gated, is on account of the lack of labor. 

Governor Taft. I think you said that at Imus they still cultivate with the rains. 

Senor Villegas. I meant to say that such land was susceptible of cultivation by 
rain, but I did not mean to say that they were doing so at the present time. 

Mr. McGregor. Why have you made that difference in classification of the Imus 
and called it second and third class lands, and on the other estates uncultivated 
lands? 

Senor Villegas. On the other estates I have not classified land in the same con- 
dition as first-class land. 

Mr. McGregor. I asked why you have classified the same land on the other 
estates as uncultivated lands and on the Imus estate as third-class land. 

Senor Villegas. I classified it as third-class land because it is third-class land; 
but at the present time it is being cultivated. 

Mr. McGregor. But you said it was not. 

Governor Taft. His evidence is certainly very inconsistent. 

Mr. McGregor. First of all, he said that they cultivated that land on Imus, then 
he said they did not, then he said that similar land on the other estates was not 
cultivated, and then he contradicted himself. There is one question regarding 
Cavite Province that has not been brought up, and that is that Imus is celebrated 
for its mangoes. That has not been taken into consideration at all. 

Governor Taft. What will a mango tree produce annually ? 

Senor Villegas. One mango tree produces as high as $20 to $25, and sometimes as 
high as $50 and $100. I have taken it into account in making the assessment of the 
lots or solares. 

Mr. McGregor. But solares are building lots. 

Senor Villegas. The word solares is used in this country with reference to ground 
that is used for horticultural purposes. 

Mr. McGregor. We estimate that there are 8,000 mango trees in full bearing on the 
Imus property, and the Imus mangoes are the most expensive in the Manila market. 

Senor Villegas. Your remark with regard to the fame of the Imus mangoes 
applies to the whole province of Cavite as well. I have fixed the valuation on the 
ground itself and then taken into consideration the mango trees that were on it. I 
have not fixed it on the products also; that is to say, I have not valued the products 
also. 

Mr. McGregor. That does not appear to me as being the correct way of doing it. I 
think mango trees should certainly be valued. Being a special crop, it is a very 
valuable crop. 

Governor Taft. I am told by Senor Luzuriaga that the mango crop is a very uncer- 
tain crop. I met Mr. Jones, of Smith, Bell & Co., the other day, and said to him: 
"I see you have built a steamer for the Rio Grande de la Pampanga." " Yes," he 
said, ' ' I have, but I built it with a view of going up and down that river to Caba- 
natuan and San Isidro; but right in the wet season it got so dry that it could not go 
to San Isidro." ' ; That shows, " said Mr. Jones, "what happens in this country. " 
So, in estimating your mango trees, you have got to estimate the fact that the crop 
is uncertain and requires a good deal of labor to keep off the insects. 

Mr. McGregor. Still, don't you think mango trees ought to be taken into considera- 
tion? 

Governor Taft. I have no doubt it is. I think it is an element that ought to be 
considered in judging the correctness of bis valuation. 

Senor Villegas. Land which is cultivated to mangoes is not susceptible to culti- 
vation of any other thing, because once it is cultivated to mangoes it is not fit to be 
cultivated to anything else. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 155 

Mr. McGregor. Naturally; mango trees grow to an enormous age, and you do not 
want to cultivate anything else. 

Governor Taft. How are mangoes cultivated? 

Senor Yillegas. They are cultivated in orchards, generally; also on the banks of 
rivers. 

Governor Taft. I thought they grew where they did not interfere with the 
general crops. 

Senor Villegas. That is why I say that land which is devoted to the cultivation 
of the mango tree can not be used to the cultivation of any other crops. 

Senor Gutierrez. I wish to state that the assertion that land which is devoted to 
the cultivation of the mango tree is useless for the cultivation of anything else is not 
true, because I have an hacienda where I cultivate mango trees in the sugar-cane 
fields. I wish to ask Senor Villegas on what grounds he has fixed the valuation of 
$200 for each hectare of first-class land of the Naic estate, when he admits that land 
of the Naic estate is the best in Cavite Province. 

Senor Villegas. Because that is the price which rules around the neighboring 
pueblos to that estate. I have investigated the matter and have asked several people 
there, who have told me that first-class land is worth 200 pesos a hectare. 

Archbishop Guidi. Did you ask these questions at Naic itself ? 

Senor Villegas. I asked these questions as to the value of the land of people in 
the adjacent pueblos of Ternate and Maragondon. I refrained from asking the peo- 
ple of Naic because I was afraid that I could not get a just valuation there; so that 
the valuation which I have placed on the Naic estate has been based upon my inves- 
tigations of the value of land on testimony of people living in Maragondon and 
Ternate, and the capitalists living there told me that first-class land was worth 200 
pesos a hectare. 

Archbishop Guidi. You should have made inquiries at Naic itself. Are you sure 
that those capitalists at Ternate and Maragondon have given you a just valuation of 
the land at Naic? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Why are you sure ? 

Senor Villegas. Because I have absolute confidence in the people of whom I 
asked this question, and, furthermore, my conscience tells me that this price is fair 
and just. 

Archbishop Guidi. That is not a matter of conscience, but of science. 

Governor Taft. Ought these not to be united? 

Archbishop Guidi. That can not always be, because an ignorant man may have a 
conscience. Couscience and science ought to be united, but in the majority of men 
it is not so s 

Senor Gutierrez. Senor Villegas, therefore, has really not valued the lands at Naic, 
but at Ternate and Maragondon. 

Senor Villegas. I based my judgment after investigations and upon the evidence 
given to me by people living at Ternate and Maragondon. I did not ask the opinions 
of people living at Naic, because the people living at Naic were hostile to the corpo- 
rations which owned the land, and they would probably put it at a lower price than 
its true value. 

Archbishop Guidi. Are not the people of Ternate and Maragondon also hostile to 
the corporations? 

Senor Villegas. I asked only those people in whom I had confidence and upon 
whose word I could rely. 

Governor Taft. Did you ask those people what the value of the land in the haci- 
enda of Naic was, or did you ask what the value of the land which they owned in 
Maragondon and Ternate was? » 

Senor Villegas. I asked for the value of the land at the hacienda at Naic. 

Governor Taft. How near to the hacienda of Naic did they live? 

Sen or Villegas. A very short distance; Naic and Ternate are adjacent. Maragon- 
don is also very near. 

Senor Gutierrez. I first understood Senor Villegas to say that he had asked the 
capitalists living at Ternate and Maragondon the price of the land which they owned, 
but now he states that he had asked them the value of the land at Naic. How is it 
possible for them to know the value of those lands if there have been no sales of those 
lands at Naic? 

Senor Villegas. The reason 1 did not take the judgment of the people at Naic in 
regard to the value of those lands was because, after having asked them the value of 
theland, they had placed a value of §100 upon first-class land per hectare, owing to 
their hostility toward the owners of the estate. Therefore, knowing in my con- 
science that the price was too low, I consulted the capitalists of Ternate and Mara- 
gondon with respect to the value of those lands, and they fixed the value at 200 pesos. 



156 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Archbishop Guidi. What is the value of a peso now? 

Senor Villegas. The value of the peso to-day is the same as the peso that has been 
known from time immemorial. 

Archbishop Guidi. What was the value of the peso in time immemorial? 

Senor Villegas. The same as the Spanish duro in the time of the Spanish gov- 
ernment, and that is the value of the peso in which I estimated the value of the land. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is it not a fact that when people in that part of the country 
speak of the peso it is the same peso they have known from time immemorial? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; that is the peso they mean. 

Governor Taft. And they do not know anything about any other peso down there? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. And they have always measured the land in pesos, haven't they? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. When they sell land down there they sell it by the Mexican peso, 
do they not? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. When they sell it now they sell it by Mexican peso, don't they? 

Senor Villegas. I can not say as to just now. 

Governor Taft. What I mean is, since the Americans came here. Whenever land 
has been sold down there it has been sold by the Mexican peso, hasn't it? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; I also have just sold a lot for Mexican in Tondo. 

Archbishop Guidi. The question from which I can not get beyond is, what does 
the witness understand by a peso? What does he mean by a peso? What value 
does he place upon it when he values the land in pesos? I have understood that he 
regarded the peso as of the same value as of time immemorial, or the time during 
the Spanish government. 

Governor Taft. Let me make an explanation which seems to me entirely clear. 
These people, in selling land or in doing anything else, in the province of Cavite, 
deal with one standard of value, and that is the Mexican peso. 

Archbishop Guidi. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Now, when they say it is worth Mexican pesos, they mean Mexi- 
can pesos — those dollars that are stamped by the Mexican Government. If we are' 
dealing with values and a standard of value, we have got to take the Mexican stand- 
ard of value, because that is the only standard of value they know. Now, if it is said 
that in the Spanish times the Mexican dollar was worth an American dollar, it is 
not true unless you go back a long distance — say twenty years — and it is a little 
difficult to estimate values by referring to twenty years back. If it be true that the 
Mexican dollar has always been the standard, and we are to learn what the value of 
that land is, we must consult those who live in its neighborhood. Then -we take the 
Mexican dollar as our basis of valuation, and when I come to pay you I will pay you 
in gold what the Mexican dollar is then worth. That is the logical method of rea- 
soning. But the witness does not know anything about American dollars. 

Archbishop Guidi. I agree with you, but the difference lies in this assessment in 
exactly the same ratio as there is a difference in the value of the Mexican dollar 
to-day and twenty years ago. 

Governor Taft. That means that the land since 1896, if it is worth the same in 
Mexican, has simply in gold decreased in value. It is not reasonable to suppose that, 
in view of the six years of war that we have had, and the conditions of the country, 
with the carabaos gone and the scarcity of labor, that agricultural lands should be 
worth one-half in gold — estimated by commercial men — as much as it was when the 
conditions were favorable to the sale of land and to its cultivation. Therefore you 
do not prove anything when you say that people down there estimated the value 
in Mexican twenty years ago, and that they now estimate it in the same Mexican. 
In gold it means that the land has decreased in value. 

Mr. McGregor. Supposing the value has decreased one-half; the value of the prod- 
ucts has increased three or four times. 

Governor Taft. The cost of transportation, of labor, etc., has increased four times, 
so that the question of profit from the land, which makes the value of land, if you do 
not estimate it by its selling value, is the same. 

Mr. McGregor. These people have all the labor they want to cultivate their own 
fields. It is very difficult for an outsider, but these people can work their own lands 
all right. 

Archbishop Guidi. Your assertion, Governor, that the land, with regard to its 
gold value, has depreciated, is in contradiction of Senor Villegas' s statement that the 
land was worth more. 

Governor Taft. He estimates it in Mexican. But in real value, if you take the 
gold standard, it is reduced in value. 



KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 157 

Archbishop Guidi. We must take what he says — that he has estimated the value 
of the land in the Spanish dollar. 

Governor Taft. No; he has estimated it in the Mexican peso that was here at the 
time, and what they have in their pockets to-day; and when a man down there says 
a hectare is worth 200 pesos he has in his mind 200 large coins stamped with the 
Mexican stamp. 

(Adjourned until March 2, 1903.) 

Continued from February 27, 1903. 

Malacanan Palace, Manila, March %, 1903. 

Senor Gutierrez. I would like to know whether Sehor Villegas considers the 
lands of Maragondon and Ternate in equal conditions with those of Naic. 

Seilor Yillegas. Yes, sir; those that are contiguous to Naic. 

Senor Gutierrez. I object to this answer because of the fact that the lands of 
Naic are irrigated and are perfectly well cultivated, whereas those of Maragondon 
are not irrigated. 

Senor Yillegas. The lands are in equal conditions, because those that are con- 
tiguous have irrigation. 

Senor Gutierrez. The lands have not any irrigation from the pueblo itself, but only 
from the friars' lands; that is, from the hydraulic works which the friars have built, 
and when they steal the water from them, then they may be irrigated, but not from 
their own enterprises. 

Senor Yillegas. I did not value the lands of Maragondon or Ternate, but I 
appraised those of Naic. 

Senor Gutierrez. I am not in accord with this valuation of the lands of Naic, 
because they have never been sold; they have been owned by one party alone and 
have never been sold. 

Senor Yillegas. I made the valuation of this land according to my best knowledge 
and belief. 

Senor Gutierrez. The witness claims that a great part of the land of Naic is uncul- 
tivated; that is not true of the present time, and has not been so since the war. The 
whole land itself has been under cultivation at one time or another. 

Senor Yillegas. The statement which I make is exactly correct according to the 
plans and maps. What I put down as uncultivated is in an actual uncultivated state 
and has never been cultivated. 

Governor Taft. Where did you get the plans? 

Senor Yillegas. I measured it myself. 

Senor Gutierrez. So far as the present condition of the land is concerned, I can 
state that it has all been under cultivation. As is known in the Philippines, within 
six months cultivated land, if it is not cultivated, becomes wild again on account of 
the exuberance of the vegetation; but this land has been at one time cultivated and 
that cultivation was suspended on account of the war. The witness makes no mention 
of 111 kilometers of canals which are used for the distribution of water, whereas 
those canals exist on the property. 

Senor Yillegas. Their present condition is given in my report. 

Governor Taft. Did you actually measure the canals? 

Senor Yillegas. They are little narrow ditches and earthworks; those that exist 
at the present time do not amount to anything. 

Seilor Gutierrez. Since they are the means of carrying water to the people they 
should not in reality be considered so insignificant, because they have been built by 
the owners of the estate and furnish water to the people at the present time. He 
also omits, in the hacienda of San Francisco de Santa Cruz, to mention 15 kilometers 
and 10 bridges which are used for the distribution of water, and a large dam which 
cost over 8100,000 gold; he makes no mention of this. 

Seilor Villegas. I have it set forth in the valuation. 

Senor Gutierrez. He does mention it, but includes in all these waterworks a 
price of §50,000, whereas the dam itself, which is called the Three Crosses dam, 
cost §100,000 gold, and could not be replaced at the present time for $300,000. 

Seilor Yillegas. While the dam may have originally cost what it is claimed that 
it cost, in its present condition it could not be valued at more than the price which 
I have placed on it. It is quite old; in fact, older than I am. 

Senor Gutierrez. After these earthworks have settled they are much more solid 
and massive and durable than they are when they are first built. The danger is 
when they are first built; afterwards they become solidified. 

Governor Taft. I would like to ask Senor Gutierrez whether he claims that we 
ought to pay him for the dam at its cost or what it would cost now to build it, and 
also pay him the value of the land as increased by the irrigation that the dam fur- 
nishes? 



158 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Senor Gutierrez. No, sir; Ave desire to be paid for the land merely what it is 
worth now at its present value; that whether it has increased threefold, twofold, or 
onefold from the irrigation which it has undergone, I do not desire to consider. I 
simply desired to state that this dam cost some three or four times as much as Senor 
Villegas said it is worth. 

Governor Taft. Is the dam high enough, Senor Gutierrez, to furnish power for 
electrical works or things of that sort. 

Senor Gutierrez. I have not measured it and can not state at this time. 

Senor Villegas. I do not think it is over 25 meters from the bottom to the top. 
The waterfall is from 15 to 16 meters. 

Senor Gutierrez. I can not contradict that statement, because I have not the 
figures, but I really believe it is more. 

Archbishop Guidi. I believe that those lands which have improvements thereon 
are worth more; those that have not these improvements are consequently worth 
less. First-class lands of those estates whereon these improvements exist are cer- 
tainly worth more than first-class lands of those estates whereon there are no 
improvements. The witness does not seem to have made any distinction in his 
valuation; he seems to have set a standard of price and does not desire to go above it. 

Governor Taft. How much improvements may add to the value of land depends 
upon what they do for land. 

Archbishop Guidi. The production of the land is what determines it, and if the 
improvements are the cause of larger production, of course then the land is improved 
by it. 

Governor Taft. I would like to ask his excellency a question to test our differ- 
ences, if there are any. Suppose you take a hacienda in which there is a large 
stream from which by a dam and by easy methods of irrigation land can be irrigated. 
We will say that the cost of irrigation is the erection of a dam which may cost 
$20,000. Now, suppose you take another hacienda with the same kind of soil but 
with no stream on it at all, and suppose that in order to make that land good they 
sink an artesian well and put in expensive pumps and then irrigate the lands, so 
that the pumping plant, the well, and the irrigation cost $150,000, so that by the 
water which is pumped just as good crops are obtained from the second hacienda as 
from the first. Would you give any more for the second hacienda than you would 
for the first? 

Archbishop Guidi. I would, because the cost of the labor was more. 

Governor Taft. But you do not get any more returns from it. 

Friar Martin. In my opinion the two haciendas would be of equal value. I found 
my valuation of these lands upon the production.. 

Governor Taft. My hypothesis is that here I have one hacienda, and here 
another. There would be this difficulty, that probably on the pumping hacienda it 
would cost more to irrigate than it does where you only use a dam; but I was assum- 
ing that the cost was the same. I mean the cost of operation. 

Archbishop Guidi. If the product is the same their value is the same. 

Governor Taft. I quite agree, and I do not want to be understood to differ from the 
proposition that works that make land more economically irrigated and make them 
very frequently irrigated improve the value of the lands. It must be so where it 
increases the amount of irrigation or reduces its cost. But what I wish to eliminate, 
if I can, is the importance which Brother McGregor and Senor Gutierrez seem to 
place on the original cost or the present cost of reproducing dams and other things. 

Friar Martin. I agree with you in that case. 

Governor Taft. The present condition of these works is important only as it points 
to whether, in order to make the works workable, it is necessary to spend something 
to put them in repair. 

Archbishop Guidi. That is quite clear. I do not attach as great importance as you 
seem to think I do to the original cost of these works, but I desire to impress upon 
you the fact that these improvements do increase greatly the value of the land, because 
they increase the productiveness of the land. My great objection to Senor Villegas's 
testimony throughout is that he does not attach sufficient importance to the fact that 
these lands have these improvements existing upon them, but he sets an equal stand- 
ard for all of them and says that first-class land in this hacienda is the same as first- 
class land in that hacienda, irrespective of whether the improvements on the one are 
great or those on the other are less. 

Governor Taft. We have been through Cavite and there all the land is irrigated 
by practically the same system for practically the same cost. 

Friar Martin. As far as the dams are concerned, the price which thej^ cost in the 
first place or what they would cost now is the price we should obtain, because they 
never lose their value and as time passes they become stronger; but of course that does 
not apply to canals and those things which wear out. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 159 

Archbishop Guidi. What I want to set forth is that the price is the same all the way- 
through . 

Governor Taft. It is fair to give the witness an opportunity to explain the reason 
of his assessments. 

Mr. McGeegoe. I would like to ask in what pueblo he ascertained the value of the 
lands around Imus. 

Sefior Villegas. The first-class in San Francisco de Malabon; only the first-class. 

Mr. McGeegoe. Why did you not ascertain the value of that in the towm of Imus? 

Sefior Villegas. The presidente and the officials and leading men whom I asked 
there gave me a very low price, which I did not believe was the just one. 

Governor Taft. Herewith we have the hacienda of Malinta, Tala, and Piedra in 
the province of Bulacan in the pueblo of Polo. Did you survey this hacienda? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is it irrigated? 

Sefior Villegas. Only that part that is first-class. 

Governor Taft. How is it irrigated? 

Sefior Villegas. It is irrigated very little by dams or dikes. 

Governor Taft. Can they raise two crops on the first-class land? 

Sefior Villegas. They do not; but it produces more than 100 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. How does that compare with the production in Cavite? 

Sefior Villegas. The first-class is almost equal to that of Cavite. With one crop a 
year they raise as much as with two crops in Cavite in Malinta on the first-class land. 

Governor Taft. The hacienda of Malinta is given here as about 3,500 hectares and 
of this 3,500 hectares you place 650 hectares as first-class superior. 

Sefior Villegas. First-class only. 

Governor Taft. At 200 pesos a hectare. 

Sefior Villegas. Whatever it is stated there. 

Governor Taft. The second-class you state at 1,620 hectares, which you place at 
150 pesos. How does the second-class differ from the first-class? 

Sefior Villegas. It raises from 60 to 80 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. The third class you estimate at 180 hectares, at 100 pesos a hectare, 
and the remainder of 980 hectares you treat as uncultivated mountain land at $5 a 
hectare. 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What are the improvements on the Malinta estate? 

Sefior Villegas. Little dikes. 

Governor Taft. Here is the hacienda of Santa Maria del Pandi. Did you survey 
the plans? 

Sefior Villegas. I had it surveyed by my assistant; I was there investigating. 

Governor Taft. Did you supervise the inspection? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is that an improved estate? 

Sefior Villegas. It has small parts there that can be considered first class. 

Governor Taft. Is it well irrigated? 

Sefior Villegas. It has some irrigation of very little importance. 

Governor Taft. That contains, according to your measurement, 12,069 hectares. 
Of that you place about 1,000 hectares as first class, at 200 pesos a hectare, and 1,500 
second class. What will the first class produce? 

Sefior Villegas. More than 100 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. Does it produce more than one crop? 

Sefior Villegas. The land that is subject to irrigation there can raise two crops. 

Governor Taft. How much will, on the average, the first-class land produce? Do 
you mean by first-class superior the class upon which two crops can be produced? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir; about 100 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. As I understand the classification (I maybe mistaken in this), 
you call first-class land that which produces above 80 cavanes, but if it produces two 
crops a year you call it first-class superior? 

Sefior Villegas. I do not make any difference whether it produces more than one 
crop or not, but it is the annual production. 

Governor Taft. What is superior first class? 

Sefior Villegas. Land of 100 cavanes, more or less. 

Governor Taft. What is that which you call first-class land? 

Sefior Villegas. From 75 to 80 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. What is second class and third class? 

Sefior Villegas. Second class produces 50 to 60 cavanes, and third class 30 to 50. 

Governor Taft. What is fourth and fifth class land? 

Sefior Villegas. Fourth class is 20 to 25 cavanes, and fifth class less than 20 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. You make about half of this estate, about 2,025 hectares, worth 



160 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

$25 a hectare. Why do you put it at $25 a hectare when you put uncultivated land 
in the mountains in other haciendas at only $5 a hectare? 

Senor Villegas. Because they are very clean and they could be easily cultivated. 

Archbishop Guidi. I desire to call attention to the fact that in this estate, where 
there are very few improvements, the witness has put the first-class land at even 
more than he has in the other estates. 

Governor Taft. I would like to suggest an answer to it. I did not understand at 
first, and it shows the advantage of a constant discussion. I did not understand the 
theory on which Sefior Villegas had gone in his estimate. But I think in answer 
to the suggestion now, I can offer an explanation which I derive from his statements. 
The theory of the witness, as I understand it, is that superior land — that is, that 
which produces 100 cavanes to the hectare, within reasonable reach of the market — 
is worth about 200 pesos a hectare. Now, it is said that because he estimates superior 
land on one estate at 200 pesos which is not improved, and superior land on another 
estate at 200 pesos which is improved, that thereby he shows that he gives no weight 
to improvements. The explanation is this, as I understand it, justifying the action 
of the witness: The Cavite estates, it is true, are all improved; the estate of Pandi has 
very little improvement. Now, he does not apply the same standard to the estates as 
estates. He varies the standard, not by varying the price of the superior land, but he 
varies it by making a very small classification in the Pandi estate of superior land. 
The advantage to the Cavite estates by reason of their improvements is in the very 
large amount; in Naic all that is improved at all is classified as superior first-class 
land. Therefore the variation in his estimates is shown in the total price of the 
hacienda divided by the number of hectares. In other words, he makes his varia- 
tion by the classification to allow for the improvements, and not by changing the 
price of the superior land, the production of which is the same, whether it be by 
reason of improvements or by its fortunate location by natural waters. For instance, 
in this hacienda of Pandi, which consists of 12,000 hectares, only one-twelfth is 
superior land; in Naic three-sevenths. The entire cultivated land by reason of those 
improvements is classified as superior first-class lands. He has followed Sefior 
Padre's view, that the product of the land determines its price and the product is 
increased by the improvements. The more improvements you have the greater pro- 
portion of your hacienda is made first-class land; and that is the way he allows,* if I 
have understood his evidence, for the effect of the improvements. 

Archbishop Guidi. From all this we deduce the fact that the value of the land 
should be calculated upon the production as the basis of the valuation of it. 

Governor Taft. I have been explaining what I understand to be the theory of 
the witness in allowing for improvements. When it comes to stating the principle, 
it seems to me, with deference to his excellency, the principle should be stated this 
way: That land is worth, just as anything is worth, what it will bring, and that is 
the rule of law, the rule of evidence. But suppose you do not have a market, sup- 
pose land is not being sold, then you have got to take other means of finding what 
the value is. Land is planted and used agriculturally for the profit that is made out 
of it. Therefore when you go into the question of products you are furnishing a 
reason why a man ought to be willing to pay for that land in order that he may 
make the profit that the natural product will give him. 

Archbishop Guidi. It is the seller that makes the opportunity for selling and that 
makes rules whereby the sales should be made, and not the buyer. 

Governor Taft. It is both the buyer and the seller. 

Archbishop Guidi. But the seller" might say, "I will not sell." 

Governor Taft. If you depend on the wish of the seller alone you would never get 
any market reports at all. It is what the vendor and the buyer agree on. Both the 
seller and the buyer are affected by the profit to be gathered* from the land. Actual 
sales are the best evidence because they evidence an agreement between the vendor 
and the buyer as to what the land is worth. If you get two opposite interests 
agreeing, then you have got the best standard. 

Archbishop Guidi. Certainly. 

Governor Taft. But in the absence of those agreements we have got to do the best 
we can. 

Mr. McGeegoe. We have records of sales. 

Governor Taft. Then bring them out. Here is the Toro estate of 58 hectares, 
estimated at 150 pesos a hectare. Is that an improved estate? 

Senor Villegas. No, sir; but it is good land. 

Governor Taft. Is it in rice? 

Senor Villegas. Yes; in a very good condition. I make it first-class land because 
it is very low and convenient and easily cultivated. 

Governor Taft. Here is Anget hacienda, 294 hectares, 260 hectares, at 125 pesos. 
Do you make any difference in the value between rice and sugar? 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 161 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is this improved? 

Sefior Villegas. It has no improvements, but it is land which produces a great 
deal by being low. 

Archbishop Guldi. How much does it produce? 

Sefior Villegas. From 50 to 70 cavanes. 

Sefior Gutierrez. In one year, then, the produce will be more than the value of 
the land. 

Governor Taft. Does it produce more than one crop? 

Sefior Villegas. One crop onty. 

Governor Taft. There is no facility for irrigating so as to make it? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. How is it situated with reference to the market — to getting into 
Manila, for instance? 

Sefior Villegas. You can go by the river San Eafael, but it is a long way. 

Governor Taft. How far is it from Manila? 

Sefior Villegas. Leaving there in a loaded boat, it would take at least two days to 
get to Manila. 

Governor Taft. It is passable, however, all the year around, isn't it? 

Sefior Villegas. In the dry season you can not pass through. 

Governor Taft. Here is Dampol and Quingua, 962 hectares, one hacienda. What 
kind of a hacienda is that? 

Sefior Villegas. It has rice and sugar; mostly sugar and very little rice. 

Governor Taft. Is that improved? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. What kind of land is it? How many cavanes does it produce? 

Sefior Villegas. Seventy to 80 cavanes; it is very low and flat. 

Governor Taft. Is that an advantage? 

Sefior Villegas. They are conditions which cause land to be richer. 

Governor Taft. You estimate it at 150 pesos a hectare, and solares 60 hectares. 
What are solares? 

Sefior Villegas. Building grounds. 

Governor Taft. You estimate them at 125 pesos a hectare. Is not that pretty small? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is that near the the town of Quingua? 

Sefior Villegas. It is the pueblo of Quingua? 

Governor Taft. Here are eight parcels of land situated in the towns of Quingua, 
Calumpit, Barasuain, Santa Ysabel, and Guiguinto, province of Bulacan. This is rice 
and sugar land, 10 hectares, at $150 a hectare. At Calumpit, 74 hectares, at $150 a 
hectare. At Barasuain, 54 hectares, at $154. Whv did you make that $154 instead 
of 8150. 

Sefior Villegas. It is probably a mistake; it should be $150. 

Governor Taft. If you do not object, gentlemen, we will change it to $150. [Makes 
the correction on the map accordingly.] Now, Dakela and Santa Ysabel, are they 
the same kind of land? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. And Alangelang? That you estimate is superior. Why? 

Sefior Villegas. Because it raises 100 cavanes, more or less. 

Archbishop Grim. How much is a cavan worth on the market to-day? 

Sefior Villegas. I did not calculate on to-day's prices, but when I made the valua- 
tion. 

Governor Taft. What was it worth when you made the valuation? 

Sefior Villegas. One and one-half pesos; that was the price on the ground. I do 
not know what it was when brought to Manila. If a man needed money he would 
even take 50 cents. 

Governor Taft. Let us pass to Malapat, at 150 pesos a hectare. Is that the same 
kind of land? 

Sefior Villegas. The same as the others. 

Governor Taft. Here is the Recoleto hacienda, 456 hectares. What kind of land 
is that? 

Sefior Villegas. The class that is mentioned there; 150 pesos. 

Governor Taft. Did you survey the Lolomboy hacienda? 

Sefior Villegas. I measured the part which is in the pueblo of Polo — two parcels. 

Governor Taft. What is it, rich land? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir; that in Polo is. 

Governor Taft. Take this part that is in Malanday. You have marked it all rice 
land. What kind of rice land is it? 

WAR 1903 — VOL 5 11 



162 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Seilor Villegas. It produces 75 to 80 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. These 65 hectares in Pasolo, within the town of Polo. What kind 
of rice land is that? 

Senor Villegas. The same as the other. 

Governor Taft. What does it produce? 

Sefior Villegas. Palay; 70 to 80 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. And you put the price at $150. Is there any other land in Bula- 
can than that which we have gone over which produces 100 cavanes a year, not 
church property? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir; there are other lands. 

Governor Taft. Do you know whether there are any sales of that land? 

Senor Villegas. I can not state. 

Friar Martin. I would like to know if the Governor is in accord with the testi- 
mony of Senor Villegas, and wherein you agree with his testimony. 

Governor Taft. I do not know; I have no means, except through Senor Villegas 
and other witnesses whom I call, of knowing what the value of the land is. I would 
like to say, generally, this: That land like this, much of which has lain fallow for 
four or five years during the disturbed condition of the country, land that can not 
now be worked to advantage because of the absence of draft animals, land that lies 
in a country where agriculture is so depressed, it seems to must necessarily be lower 
in value than it was in 1896, or before that time. Another thing, were this land 
offered to the public, to capitalists, I venture to say that there are few capitalists 
that would go into it. On the other hand, I do not consider that it is the duty 
of myself, representing the Government, or of the Commission, representing the 
Government, to squeeze down the price on the theory that the land can not be 
used by you at all, practically. What we desire to do is to get a just price. We think 
if we give you a resonable price — reasonable not in the sense of what, if you were 
obliged to sell, you could get from capitalists in the market, but a reasonable price, 
excluding certain considerations that we are willing to exclude — that we are buying 
ourselves a lawsuit that will occupy us for a good many years, and that we are reliev- 
ing you from a great number of lawsuits that would occupy you for a great many 
years, it is as much as you can expect of us. We know we are going to have a great 
deal of trouble after we get the land, and yet we think that the trouble will be less 
if we buy it from you, and we are entirely willing to pay what is a fair price. But, on 
the other hand, I beg of you to consider that my constituents are not the people of 
the United States, they are the people of the Philippine Islands, and in doing justice 
to them I must avoid loading them with a burden, so far as I can, which would be 
too heavy for them to bear; and if we can not agree on a price that seems to me 
reasonable, my hands are tied, I must then let the thing work itself out the best way 
it can. But I think if we both yield some we can come to an agreement. When we 
make the agreement, if we reach it, it may take two or three months to get the 
money, but we will pay in gold. What I would like to propose, unless I am told 
that it will do no good, after we get all through the evidence that there is here and 
after I have added up to see what it all comes to, is to make a lump proposition in 
gold and then let you gentlemen, if you can, arrange the divisions among yourselves. 

Friar Martin. That is impossible. 

Sefior Gutierrez. It is impossible because the}' - are opposing interests. 

Archbishop Guidi. You can set a price for each corporation. 

Governor Taft. It would be easier to make it a lump sum, but I can possibly 
arrange it in some other way. I do not know whether the Senor Padre wished to 
invite that statement, but that is what I thought he wished me to discuss. 

Friar Martin. Those observations were probably well taken, but I have some 
objection to make to those statements of yours. 

Governor Taft. With reference to the estimates of Senor Villegas, I do not care 
to be bound by them. What I mean is, I might differ from Sefior Villegas. For 
instance, I might think that his estimate on certain land is too low. I might think, 
again, that the including in the estimate at all of the value of dams and that kind 
of thing was an error; but what I am groping for — and I think it is the case with 
his excellency, too — is light. I simply employed Senor Villegas because I under- 
stood that he had experience. I did not tell him anything to do except to go and 
make a survey and make an estimate on the land, and these are the results. 

Friar Martin. In the first place, without considering the price, I desire to know 
if you are satisfied with the measurement and the classification of Sefior Villegas. 

Governor Taft. I have no other information on the subject. 

Friar Martin. If you are not in accord with this, then it will be necessary to 
measure them over again. 

Governor Taft. I do not intend to bring any other evidence here at all on that 
subject, and if you agree with this measurement then I agree. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 163 

Friar Martin. I agree. 

Senor Gutierrez. I desire to remark that from the hacienda of Lolomboy they 
have taken away a thousand and some odd hectares. Surely it must be an error. 

Governor Tapt. Isn't it in this way: Isn't it the fact that the hacienda of Lolom- 
boy is surveyed in two different books? 

Mr. McGregor. Yes; in the total, but not in the division of the land. He has 
given us third-class land and no one else third-class land, and it strikes me that there 
is third-class land on the other haciendas, I have no doubt- 
Governor Taft. Senor Gutierrez, here is a parcel of Lolomboy, 106 hectares and 
65 hectares; that is 171 hectares. Then there is 4,158 hectares. 

Senor Gutierrez. I have 5,444, and according to this there is 4,329. 

Governor Taft. All I can say about that is that the surveyor is not here, but I 
will have him here. 

Senor Gutierrez. I wished simply to call attention to the fact that there is a dif- 
ference, and that difference can be settled, the land being all there. 

Friar Martin. When you examined the lands belonging to the corporation which 
I represent, the lands which you have put as cultivated, did you see yourself that 
they were? 

Senor Villegas. All that I have put as to the classification and the surface area is 
just as I have found it. 

Governor Taft. Do I understand the Senor Padre to agree to his survey and 
classification? 

Friar Martin. It is a very small difference, more or less. I desire to state that all 
the lands that are called cultivated — I know they were cultivated last year when I 
examined them. 

Governor Taft. That is what I understand to be the fact. 

Friar Martin. So that the production is calculated on the part that is cultivated. 
Do you accept the production which Senor Villegas gives as that of these lands? 

Governor Taft. I do. I have no other data. 

Mr. McGregor. I would like to ask Senor Villegas why he has omitted, in valuing 
the Imus property, to mention anything about the coffee lands. 

Senor Villegas. I have seen no coffee growing there. 

Mr. McGregor. There is a considerable area of coffee in sight of the hills, where I 
have not been able to get to. 

Senor Villegas. Perhaps the coffee trees have died. 

Mr. McGregor. I have not seen them myself, but I know they are there. 

Senor Villegas. I have considered all that part that I could not see cultivated as 
uncultivated, and so classified it. 

Mr. McGregor. You can hardly take coffee land as uncultivated land, although it 
may have been allowed to grow to jungle. 

Adjourned until March 6, 1903. 

Continued from March 2, 1903. 

Malacanan Palace, Manila, March 9, 1903. 

Friar Martin. By the reading of the copies of the three conferences I received 
last week, I have seen that the object of these conferences is the valuation of the 
friars' lands. If that be true, I can not intervene in such a business, because I have 
not a power of attorney from any of the religious orders to represent them here. 

Governor Taft. You do not bind anybody by being here. 

Friar Martin. On the other hand, I must say that from what I know and from what 
I have heard from my friends, Mr. McGregor and Senor Gutierrez, all the estates, 
object of the past conferences, do not belong to the friars. It is true that they pos- 
sessed them formerly, but it is also true that at present these estates belong to one 
of these three companies: Philippine Sugar, British Manila, and Compania Agricola 
de Ultramar. This last I represent, and I am the chief agent of it in these islands. 
My representation in these conferences is the representation of the Compania Agri- 
cola de Ultramar, from which I have received a power of attorney in order to admin- 
istrate or sell lands belonging to it. I have no other representation here. I would 
like to call the attention of the governor to some other points, but I prefer leaving it 
for the time when we have discussed everything relating to the haciendas, in order 
to get more exact information of what was expressed in the three conferences 
referred to. 

Governor Taft. It makes no difference in what capacity you come, lam delighted 
to see you here, and your knowledge of the conditions will doubtless assist us in 
getting to some basis with reference to the valuation of lands; but whatever you say 
or do in this matter won't bind anybody, whomever you represent or do not repre- 
sent. The same is true of Senor Gutierrez, who represents the Philippine Sugar, 
and Mr. McGregor, who represents the British Manila estates. When we closed 



164 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

we were on the Bulacan haciendas. Had you completed your questions about those, 
Seilor Gutierrez? 

Sefior Gutierrez. No, sir. At that time I had expressed my desire to continue 
questioning and also making some remarks with respect to the eight haciendas in 
which I am interested, but if the Governor desires it I can delay the matter until 
some other time and then take up the matter of the eight haciendas. 

Governor Tapt. I have been going over by provinces because I thought that more 
convenient, but Sefior Gutierrez can take any course that he prefers. 

Sefior Gutierrez. I believe it would be more advisable for me to take up the eight 
haciendas. 

Archbishop Guidi. It is better to take up the estates by orders, the Augustinians 
first, then the Dominicans and Kecoletos. 

Governor Taft. I think it was quite useful to take up the Cavite estates together; 
it is easier to note their variation when we have them together than when we take 
them up separately. Here are the Calamba estates of the Dominicans. What is the 
name of it? 

Seiior Gutierrez. San Juan Bautista, generally known as the Calamba. We will 
begin with Santa Rosa. Ask Sefior Villegas if he surveyed and examined the 
hacienda of Santa Rosa. 

Sefior Villegas. It was surveyed by an Assistant of mine, but under my super- 
vision. 

Governor Taft. What is the character of the estate? Is it improved or otherwise? 

Sefior Villegas. There are a few small dams. 

Governor Taft. What is the character of the land? 

Sefior Villegas. It is broken ground. 

Governor Taft. There is some sugar land and also some rice land on the property. 
Is there any first-class superior land? 

Sefior Villegas. There are some superior lands and some first-class lands, as shown 
in the statement here. The character of the lands I would place a little above the 
first-class lands and a little below the superior lands. 

Governor Taft. What do they produce? 

Sefior Villegas. The first-class land produces from 80 to 90 cavanes per hectare. 

Governor Taft. Does it lie right on the lake shore? 

Sefior Villegas. It is situated right on the Laguna de Bay. 

Governor Taft. So that gives them transportation to Manila, does it? 

Sefior Villegas. By casco or banca navigation; yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How many miles is it? 

Sefior Villegas. A little over three hours by steamer. 

Governor Taft. Is there any method over the estate itself? Can bancas go in the 
streams on the estate? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. It has to be hauled. 

Governor Taft. How are the roads? 

Sefior Villegas. The roads are only in a fair state. 

Governor Taft. You place 1,000 hectares as worth 175 pesos a hectare, 1,300 
hectares at 150 pesos, and 130 hectares at 100 pesos. Is that all rice land? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes sir. 

Governor Taft. Then you give 1,010 hectares of sugar land at $150 and 1,300 
hectares of second-class land at 100; also sugar land. And you value the casa of 
the hacienda at $25,000. Is it a good house? 

Sefior Villegas. The house is a pretty good house, but it suffered somewhat 
during the war between Spain and the Philippines, so that it is not in a very good 
state of repair. However, on the whole, it might be said to be in a fairly good 
condition. 

Governor Taft. You estimate the total value of the hacienda at $700,000 Mexican? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Sefior Gutierrez, I would like to ask Sefior Villegas what basis he used for his 
judgment in the valuation of these lands? Have you valued them in accordance with 
sales of land of similar character made in the neighborhood of Santa Rosa? 

Sefior Villegas. I have valued them according to the nature and the value of the 
crop w r hich they produce, and, furthermore, in accordance with the sales of lands 
which have been made in the pueblos of the province of La Laguna. 

Sefior Gutierrez. From what you state it appears that you have made these valua- 
tions in accordance with the sales of lands that have taken place in the neighborhood 
of other pueblos in La Laguna, and further, that the first-class lands yield from 80 
to 90 cavanes per hectare. From this it appears that the value of the crop of the 
lands is greater than the value placed on the lands themselves, and I consider this 
preposterous. 

Sefior Villegas. In stating the profit to be from 80 to 90 cavanes I did not mean 



MPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 165 

as a regular annual yield. That is what the lands are capable of producing under 
the most favorable circumstances, but this can not be taken as a basis by itself for 
the valuation of the land, because it is not the basis for a steady income. It is more 
or less subject to conditions and circumstances and it is only lately that the price of 
palay has risen. It is subject to fluctuations, and, indeed, the price will be lower in 
the future. 

Governor Taft. Are there any lands rented in that neighborhood from others than 
these companies? 

Senor Villegas. ■ The people of Santa Rosa have told me that those lands belong 
to the pueblo. 

Governor Taft. What I want to ask is, what is the ordinary division of crops 
between the landlord and the tenant in Laguna, for rental ? 

Senor Villegas. One-half. 

Governor Taft. Does that include lending or furnishing of carabaos by the land- 
lord? 

Senor Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Suppose they do not furnish any carabaos and do not furnish any 
seed, what is the division then? 

Senor Villegas. It is according to agreement in that case, but it sometimes 
happens that capitalists will furnish only carabaos while the tenant is obliged to 
furnish the seed. 

Senor Gutierrez. I wish to state that the witness is in error with regard to this 
matter. I myself have been an agriculturist and know what I am talking about. 
The custom in the Visayan Islands is to split the crop in halfs, one half going to 
the landlord and the other half to the tenant, the landlord furnishing nothing but 
the land. But in the case of sugar the landlord further takes the tenant's cane and 
grinds it for him and then they divide the sugar between them. In Luzon it was 
the custom to give two-thirds to the landlord and one-third to the tenant. 

Governor Taft. That is not my information. 

Senor Gutierrez. I have been thirty-six years in the Philippines and a great 
portion of that time a farmer, and I can show examples. 

Governor Taft. I will call a wdtness on that subject who, long as the experience 
of Senor Gutierrez is, has had more experience, in that he has owned a larger estate. 
My impression is (of course I have no knowledge except what I gain) that in certain 
parts of Luzon (of course they may vary in other parts) the division is just half, 
whether carabaos are furnished or not. Senor Gonzales owns as large an estate as 
any of these, and he charged 10 per cent of the crop. 

Senor Gutierrez. But that is an insolated case. I can cite a case of the Frailes 
where they only charged 5 per cent. 

Archbishop Guidi. That simply goes to demonstrate that there is no fixed rule. 
It simply depends on the agreement between the land owner and tenant. 

Governor Taft. But if you get all the agreements together then you are able to 
determine something of what ought to be the rent. The friars were the largest 
landlords in the islands and they only charged 10 per cent, and sometimes, as they 
say, 5; and then you get Gonzales, who is I suppose the next largest proprietor in the 
islands, or one of the largest, and he only charges 5 per cent. 

Senor Gutierrez. That is true, but the case of Senor Gonzales is easily accounted 
for when you know that his lands are uncultivated lands and his lands only date 
from about the year 1860. He is a man, you might say, of yesterday only, and he 
w T ould naturally w T ish to have his land cleared and put into a state so that it could 
be cultivated. Tuason charges here at Santa Mesa a tax of 6 cents, Mexican, for 
each square meter a year. 

Governor Taft. I will call Tuason and see what he charges. Santa Mesa is in the 
city, isn't it? 

Senor Gutierrez. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What does he charge in the Mariquina Valley? 

Senor Gutierrez. I have not investigated; I can not say. 

Governor Taft. Mariquina would be a much fairer standard to judge by than 
Santa Mesa, which is right here within the street-railway limits. For instance, they 
want $400,000 gold for this land of Warner-Barnes & Co., but that gets its value not 
because of the rice it raises (if, indeed, it raises any rice), but it gets its value because 
just as soon as there is an electric street railway it is bound to be the best land in 
Manila for suburban residences; and so it is with Santa Mesa. 

Archbishop Guidi. I would ask, then, that the same judgment be taken into 
account with regard to the lands wmich we are dealing with that are within a munici- 
pality. 

Governor Taft. Certainly. Let me state the proposition, to see whether his excel- 
lency agrees with me. Any land that is useful for the construction of urban or sub- 



166 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

urban residences within a reasonable time has necessarily a value for that purpose 
as distinguished from the value that it ought to have for the raising of crops; but when 
you get land out here in Santa Rosa, there is no probability that Manila is ever going 
to reach out to Santa Rosa, or that anyone is going to build suburban residences there, 
and that has to be valued according to its agricultural character. The same applies 
to the Cavite estates. 

Archbishop Guidi. Certainly. It was simply a general observation which I made, 
and which I wanted to make for the consideration of Sefior Villegas; for, if you will 
remember, I asked the question at the beginning whether he had taken it into due 
consideration in his valuation of these lands — those lands which were within the 
urban zone, or which were suitable to go within an urban zone, and those lands 
which were purely agricultural. 

Governor Taft. As yet we have not considered any lands that were within an 
urban zone; at least, I do not remember. 

Archbishop Guidi. It is true I have not asked him particularly that question, but 
simply in a general way, and a question (which, by the way, Sefior Villegas did not 
answer) whether he had taken into consideration in making this assessment those 
lands which were within an urban zone and those which were purely agricultural 
lands. I simply wished to make this general question in order afterwards to make 
the more particular questions. I will now ask Senor Villegas again if he has taken 
into consideration lands within an urban zone and lands outside the urban zone. 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir; I have. 

Archbishop Guidi. Further on I will discuss which were urban lands and which 
were not urban lands. 

Sefior Villegas. With regard to the question of the obligations of the tenant 
toward the landlord in the case of one of these haciendas, it was the general rule for 
the tenant to give for each cavan of seed that had been furnished to him 5 or 6 ca vanes 
of palay and from 6 to 8 pesos in money. 

Senor Gutierrez. With regard to Sefior Villegas' s statement of the improvements 
on this hacienda, I should like to say that there is on this hacienda a ditch a kilo- 
meter and a half in length, besides smaller ditches of 13,000 meters in length. With 
regard to the valuation of the house, if it was offered to me for $30,000 I would take 
it immediately. There is also a warehouse that is situated in the neighborhood of 
the house that is worth $10,000, which Sefior Villegas has not taken into account at 
all. There is also another fine house on the estate, a magnificent house, which is 
outside of the town itself, of which no mention is made by Sefior Villegas. He has 
also valued the sugar land at much less than the palay land, and yet we all know 
that the sugar land is worth a great deal more than palay land. 

Sefior Villegas. I do not agree with Sefior Gutierrez, because the rice lands are 
situated almost on the lake shore, while the sugar lands are situated away up in the 
uplands. 

Sefior Gutierrez. You can say what you like about the matter, but everybody 
knows that the sugar land is worth a great deal more than the rice land. The fact 
of sugar land being on the uplands is in accordance with the nature of sugar land. 
Sugar land needs these conditions to be sugar land — it must be on high ground. 

Sefior Villegas. I have taken into consideration the difficulty of transporting the 
sugar cane from these high lands to the pueblo, which is very costly; and, furthermore, 
these lands are not very good lands for the cultivation of sugar. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Sefior Villegas' s classification of the land demonstrates, to my 
mind, that the land must be very valuable for the cultivation of sugar. However, 
the land has been classified by Sefior Villegas as sugar land, and it is in sugar, and it 
would be certainly very foolish to plant sugar on half of the land of this estate, taking 
into consideration the cost of planting sugar cane, if it were not suitable for sugar and 
suitable only for palay. 

Sefior Villegas. With regard to the valuation that I have made of those lands, it 
is in accordance with the actual product of the land. 

Sefior Gutierrez. How many pilons of sugar a hectare does the land produce? 

Sefior Villegas. From 25 to 30 pilons a hectare. 

Sefior Gutierrez. How much is each pilon worth? 

Sefior Villegas. The price varies. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Furthermore, Sefior Villegas has not taken into consideration 
the urban zone of Santa Rosa in this estate, and I know that the town of Santa Rosa 
is quite a good town. 

Sefior Villegas. I have taken it into account in the classification of first-class 
lands, for the superior class lands, and the town lots are about equal in value. 

Sefior Gutierrez. I can not agree with you that town lots are of the same value as 
first-class or superior lands. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 167 

Seiior Villegas. Town lots in provincial towns are not worth as much as in 
Manila. 

Sefior Gutierrez. That is true. Seiior Villegas also states that the communication 
between the hacienda and the outside is not good, but I can state that the entire 
hacienda fronts upon the lake shore and has easy communication. 

Seilor Villegas. I have recognized the fact that some of the land lies on the lake 
shore, and for that reason I have valued it as first-class, superior land. 

Archbishop Guidi. hi order to demonstrate the difference of opinion there is with 
regard to the value of land, the agent of the Augustinian nuns has been offered a 
peso and a half a square meter for their lands, and they have refused it. 

Governor Taft. But that is suburban property; the electric street railway is bound 
to go right there. 

Archbishop Guidi. The Santa Clara nuns have also been offered a very high price 
for their estate. 

Governor Taft. Now, about Calamba. Is that sugar or rice land? 

Seiior Villegas. Both sugar and rice. 

Governor Taft. There are 16,424 hectares in the estate. 

Seiior Gutierrez. Yes, more or less; that is about right. 

Governor Taft. You have estimated that of first-class land there are 3,991 hectares; 
883 hectares of second-class, and 883 of third-class lands. Also 4,626 hectares of 
sugar land which you estimate at 60 pesos a hectare, and 6,036 hectares of unculti- 
vated lands. The hacienda house you place at 15,000 pesos, making the total value 
of the estate §1,102,000. 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is this on the lake? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is the soil good? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How many hours is it from Manila? 

Sefior Villegas. The steamer leaving here at 7 o'clock in the morning will reach 
there about 1 o'clock the same afternoon; that is, after making all stops. 

Governor Taft. Is it improved? 

Seiior Villegas. There are a few improvements. 

Governor Taft. It has the main road to Batangas and Lipa running through it, 
hasn't it? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. There seem to be a good many rivers and streams running through 
the estate. 

Sehor Villegas. Yes, sir; but they are not navigable streams. The San Juan 
Eiver is navigable, however, up to the pueblo of Calamba. 

Governor Taft. Are there any dams in the streams? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Are they used in irrigating the land? 

Seiior Villegas. Those rivers which have dams are used for the irrigation of land. 

Governor Taft. How much do the first-class lands produce here of rice? 

Sefior Villegas. In good seasons, first-class rice lands produce from 70 to 80 
ca vanes in this hacienda; the lands lying along the shore of the bay. 

Governor Taft. Where is the sugar land? 

Seiior Villegas. Through the wooded uplands. 

Governor Taft. I see you have estimated this sugar land as considerably less in 
value than in Santa Rosa. Why have you made that distinction? 

Sefior Villegas. Because the sugar land in this estate is away back in the woods, 
almost up in the foothills of the mountains. 

Governor Taft. Does that produce as much sugar cane as the land in Santa Rosa 
per hectare? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir; these sugar lands produce comparatively little. 

Governor Taft. About this house, is it in good condition? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is it a large house? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir; it is a medium-sized house. 

Governor Taft. You have estimated its value as $15,000? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. You put the valuation of 5 pesos a hectare on uncultivated lands 
for the same reason, I presume, that you did in other cases? 

Seiior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Sefior Gutierrez. You have stated that the first-class rice lands produce from 70 
to 80 ca vanes a year. What do the second-class rice lands produce? 

Seiior Villegas. From 65 to 75 cavanes only. 



168 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Sen or Gutierrez. How much do the third-class lands produce? 

Senor Villegas. From 45 to 55 cavanes a year. 

Sen or Gutierrez. How many piculs of sugar will one hectare of sugar- land produce? 

Senor Villegas. From 15 to 20. 

Senor Gutierrez. It produces over 100. 

Senor Villegas. But you must take into consideration that in planting sugar land 
one-half of the hectare is always left idle — that is, one-half cultivated in one year 
and one-half left fallow until the next year. 

Senor Gutierrez. So that you have given me the production of one-half of a 
hectare instead of one hectare? 

Senor Villegas. No; I have given the production of one hectare because I have 
taken into consideration that a hectare that is put to seed this year, next year lies 
idle; so that I take the average per year. 

Archbishop Guidi. You must not take it as a fact that the land would be allowed 
to lie idle, because if it was planted to sugar cane one year, the next year instead of 
being allowed to lie idle it would be planted to corn or any other crop, which would 
be worth something. 

Senor Villegas. I simply took into consideration the value of the land with rela- 
tion to its productivity in sugar. 

Archbishop Guidi. You should not do so; you should also take into consideration 
its productivity in other crops. 

Senor Villegas. That would be a small affair. 

Senor Gutierrez. With regard to the sugar lands in the estate of Calamba — they 
are of such strong soil that it is necessary that they be cultivated for a long succession 
of years before they can give a good quality of sugar. At the present time they do not 
give a good quality of sugar, but it is not necessary to let them lie idle at the present 
time. They ought to be cultivated every year for a succession of years. 

Senor Villegas. But it is the general custom in this country where the palay is 
sown to the land one year and then the straw is burned off, that year they are 
allowed to lie idle for another year before they are seeded again. 

Senor Gutierrez. But that is not the normal condition of these islands. What 
you refer to is simply those lands which have been recently cleared and which are 
cultivated by the people in the mountains. It may be that they will cultivate them 
one year and allow them to lie idle, but lands that are under constant cultivation are 
cultivated one crop one year and cultivated to another the next year. It is the same 
way here as in Porto Rico, Cuba, or anywhere else. 

Governor Taft. I thought they planted sugar lands and went right on growing 
sugar for four or five years before they had to renew the cane. 

Senor Gutierrez. That is in some points true, but in other points it is not. 

Governor Taft. How about the island of Negros? 

Senor Gutierrez. At Hog, in Negros — a place which I know very well — they cul- 
tivated cane for a period of seven years without making new plantings. 

Governor Taft. What is sugar land in Negros worth? 

Senor Gutierrez. I do not know, but it is worth a good deal of money. 

Governor Taft. Is it worth 200 pesos a hectare? 

Senor Gutierrez. Yes, sir; I should think so. 

Governor Taft. It is not worth from 100 to 150. How much is that of Lacson 
worth? That is as good as there is. 

Senor Gutierrez. I do not know what Lacson' s hacienda is worth. I did know 
what he paid for it but I have forgotten. 

Governor Taft. The sugar land in Negros, along on the coast there, has very easy 
communication with Iloilo, hasn't it? 

Senor Gutierrez. But our communication is ever so much easier. 

Governor Taft. Yes; but they have small vessels that run all the time there, 
haven't they, right across to Iloilo? 

Sen or Gutierrez. Yes, sir. Lacson' s hacienda runs right down to the shore, and 
his lorchas run right up and take the sugar from the little railroad that he has on the 
shore. 

Governor Taft. Sugar land there produces a good deal more than sugar land here, 
does it not? 

Senor Gutierrez. No, sir; it is better sugar, but much less. It is possible that the 
land is very much easier cultivated in occidental Negros. I know that it gives a 
better quality of sugar, but it gives a very much smaller crop— that is, land that is 
worn-out down there. 

Governor Taft. Some of it is, but I mean good land in Negros situated conven- 
iently toward Iloilo. Is there any of it that is worth more than 200 pesos a hectare, 
by estates? 

Senor Gutierrez. I do not know because I do not own any of the land; but I think 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". l69 

it is possible that you could find sugar lands worth that much in Negros, because 
Negros is a very large island and very thinly populated. 

Governor Taft. What I want to know is, why, if first-class sugar land in Negros 
is worth generally not 200 pesos but 150, this should be worth five and six and seven 
hundred pesos? 

Seiior Gutierrez. For the same reason that in Pampanga land is worth from 600 
to 800 pesos a hectare where the same lands in Tarlac are worth 30 to 40 pesos a 
hectare. In Pampanga, there is a very thick population. Tarlac is very thinly 
inhabited and what they desire there is that new colonists come and cultivate the 
land. 

Governor Taft. Then you do not judge wholly by the product in ascertaining the 
value of the land? 

Seiior Gutierrez. In Pampanga and other places the value of the land depends 
upon the demand for it. In our haciendas which have been long opened up and 
which are surrounded by a thick population, the people there have to buy the prod- 
ucts of the land; consequently it is worth more. 

Governor Taft. In Negros the gross product in many years is worth as much as 
the land is worth, so that it does not show that an estimate is necessarily absurd of 
the value of the land because it may not exceed the gross product of the land. 

Seiior Gutierrez. When you deal with a hacienda that is cultivated, an old, 
established hacienda like this, then it is absurd. 

Governor Taft. These lands in Negros have been cultivated for a long time. You 
stated that some of the land was cultivated so long that it was thinned. 

Archbishop Guidi. They are lands that have been cultivated for a number of years 
and that have been abandoned. 

Governor Taft. In Negros? 

Archbishop Guidi. In some parts of Negros. 

Governor Taft. But these lands, some of them — in Santa Rosa, for instance — have 
been cultivated for hundreds of years, according to Sefior Gutierrez. Have they ever 
been manured? * 

Sefior Gutierrez. I do not know. 

Governor Taft. The fact is that none of this land has ever received additions to 
its strength by artificial means? 

Sefior Gutierrez. I believe not. 

Governor Taft. Does the land become exhausted gradually from cultivation of 
sugar? 

Sefior Gutierrez. Yes, sir; with the cultivation of everything. 

Governor Taft. Then these lands, which are so old, have been cultivated a long 
time, haven't they; so that they do not produce as much as if they were fresh lands? 

Sefior Gutierrez. That is true. 

Governor Taft. Then why should they be more valuable from the point of pro- 
duction than the manured land of Negros, for instance? 

Sefior Gutierrez. It is not precisely from their productivity that their values are 
increased, but from their proximity to a central market, from the ease with which 
they are worked, from the large supply of workingmen which they can draw upon 
to cultivate, and from the fact that they are all actually under cultivation. 

Governor Taft. Now, we have got back to what I wished to show, and that was 
that the value of your land depends on what it will bring in the market, what people 
will pay for it; that the productivity of the land is only one circumstance, and the 
fact that it produces $150 in a year, gross, is only one circumstance to show what its 
value may be, and that it may be worth no more than the gross production of one 
year. 

Sefior Gutierrez. I can never admit that latter statement. , 

Governor Taft. You just admitted to me that there was land in Negros that pro- 
duced 8150 a year and was not worth more than $150. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Yes; but the trouble is that there is no demand for those lands 
in Negros. In Paragua there are similar lands. 

Governor Taft. That is just what I say; it depends on the lands. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Yes; but the uncultivated land is more subject to fluctuations 
than cultivated land. 

Governor Taft. I am speaking about cultivated land in Negros. That is what I 
understood you to refer to — cultivated sugar land that will produce $150 a year and 
yet is not worth more than S150. 

Sefior Gutierrez. With respect to cultivated lands in Negros, such as you refer to, 
if they do produce 150 pesos a hectare, I can not conceive of anybody wanting to sell 
them 'for that sum. It is impossible that anybody should wish to sell for that sum 
or less than that sum. 

Governor Taft. I understood you to admit a while ago (possibly I am wrong 



170 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

about it) that the gross production of land frequently is equal for one year, or even 
greater, than the land itself sold in the market. 

Senor Gutierrez. No, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Friar Martin is probably correct in this matter that Senor 
Gutierrez speaks about, of lands that are capable of producing 150 pesos a year; that 
there is a possibility that they have all the elements necessary to produce, if prop- 
erly cultivated, 150 pesos a year, but that owing to certain conditions and circum- 
stances, like lack of labor or isolated position, long way from a market, etc., they are 
unable to bring out their entire productivity, that is, to be cultivated to their fullest 
extent; and in that case such lands may be sold at less than what they are capable 
of producing in one year. But I do not believe that lands that actually do pro- 
duce 150 pesos a year could be sold for anything less than that sum. To give a con- 
crete example: There are certain lands around Rome that are cabable of great pro- 
ductivity, but they have gone begging in the market; nobody would buy that land 
on account of malarial fevers around there. Lately they have found a method of 
combatting these fevers and the price of these lands has gone up wonderfully. 
Formerly, of course, nobody would risk his life to go out and cultivate those lands, 
although it was known that the lands were capable of great production. Since they 
have discovered a way of defending themselves against the attacks of the mosquitos 
by living in mosquito-proof houses, the value of those lands around the Campana of 
Rome has gone up from 20 cents a square meter to 200 and 300 francs a hectare. 
That is simply owing to the different conditions surrounding them. 

Governor Taft. I agree to what his excellency says, but I still wish to stick to the 
point that I am trying to make, and that is, that if you tell me that land is cultivated 
and produces $150 gross receipts a year, you only give me one circumstance in 
determining what the value of that land is, and that that may be so affected by 
other circumstances as to make the value of the land no more than the gross product 
in one year. Those are, first, the expenses — the cost of labor, the question of getting 
labor at all, the danger from locusts, the difficulty of getting carabaos, and a thou- 
sand and one circumstances, especially in the Tropics, that affect the net product 
from that gross product; and then, you add to that what is usually required as in the 
Tropics or in the community as a fair dividend or a fair percentage of income on 
your capital, which, I understand, in this community is from 20 to 30 per cent of 
the capital; so that it would be very easy to produce 150 pesos gross and then cut 
down the expenses and show that the net product was no more than would be the 
reasonable income on that land. 

Mr. McGregor. That is a tremendous interest, governor. 

Governor Taft. I can call every business man in Manila and show that he would 
not go into agriculture if he could not get at least 20 per cent. I mean invest capi- 
tal and buy land. 

Mr. McGregor. Because they are not people who care to do it. 

Archbishop Guidi. But relatively the production of the land has also increased, 
that is, relatively with the expenses. As the circumstances have become more risky 
and as capital has become dearer, so the production of the land has increased in pro- 
portion, so that to-day the production of the land, we will say, that used to yield 
$150 is now very much greater. Relatively in proportion to the expenses it is just as 
great. For instance, palay is worth a great deal more now than it was before. The 
cultivator never loses; it is the consumer who pays for all that. The people who 
are obliged to go to market to buy rice for food have to pay for the losses of the land- 
owner, but the landowner will always get his interest on his money. 

Governor Taft. That is not my understanding, and 1 venture to say that if you 
go through the landowners of these islands you will find that none of them have 
made fortunes. 

Archbishop Guidi. The only way you can gauge the value of the land is by the 
products. 

Governor Taft. That is only one circumstance. 

Archbishop Guidi. I think that is the principal circumstance. 

Governor Taft. Let us see how much palay has come up in price. Ask Senor 
Villegas what the old price of palay was on the hacienda. 

Senor Villegas. I have known, when I was a young man, rice to sell from 3 to 4 
reals a cavan. It went to a dollar, from that it went to $2.20, from that it has gone 
up until it is now $3.50. 

Governor Taft. When did it go to $2.20? 

Senor Villegas. In 1901 and 1902. 

Archbishop Guidi. Now I will ask, why has rice gone up? I will answer the 
question myself. It is because the landowner, the farmer, calculates what it has 
cost him to raise the rice. He calculates every penny that lie has invested in the 
cultivation of this rice until he gets it into the warehouse and the market, and then 



KEPOPT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 171 

on top of that he adds what he thinks a just interest on his capital, and he sells it at 
that price on the market, so that he loses nothing. 

Governor Taft. I venture to differ totally from his excellency. He sells his rice 
for what he can get for it in the market, and that market is determined by what they 
can import rice for from Saigon and Bangkok and from other ports. It is determined 
by the demand and the supply. He does not make the calculation and it does not 
do any good to make the calculation, because he has got to sell the rice for what he 
can get for it. 

Archbishop Gutdi. We were speaking, however, of the price upon the land 
itself, for local consumption. 

Senor Yillegas. I was speaking of the market here in Manila. 

Governor Taft. "What is it on the hacienda? 

Senor Yillegas. In Paluan in 1901 I was able to purchase it a $1 a cavan. 

Governor Taft. Is the carabao necessary for the cultivation of rice. 

Seiior Yillegas. Yes, sir; it can not be cultivated without the carabao. 

Governor Taft. What is the value of the carabao to-day in the market, anywhere, 
as compared with what it was three or four years ago? 

Senor Yillegas. Formerly you could get a carabao for from 30, 40, or 50, some- 
times at the very dearest at 60, pesos a head, but to-day you can not buy a carabao 
in the market anywhere for less than 150. 

Governor Taft. In other words, the price of carabaos has trebled ? 

Senor Yillegas. Yes, sir, and even more. 

Governor Taft. What is the "jornal" or daily wages in these provinces about 
Manila for farm laborers ? 

Senor Yillegas. Fifty cents Mexican a day in the provinces. Formerly it was 25 
cents. 

Governor Taft. In some of the provinces has it not increased to 60 and 70 cents 
Mexican ? 

Archbishop Guidi. Perhaps 25 cents formerly was of greater value than 60 cents 
to-day. 

Governor Taft. I am speaking only of Mexican, and that is the standard here. 

Archbishop Guidi. But it is a great mistake that we have not yet gotten out of, in 
regard to the value of the Mexican money to-day and the Mexican money of former 
years. 

Governor Taft. But we are dealing altogether with Mexican money to-day. The 
price of carabaos, the price of rice, and the price of the "jornal " is Mexican. 

Archbishop Guidi. I agree with you. I know that in your mind you have the 
Mexican money, but Senor Yillegas does not understand you, but he understands 
that the peso is' the peso of Spain. 

Governor Taft. They never had any money here but the Mexican peso. It was 
a dollar in silver with the Mexican stamp on it, and that may have varied in value 
and may have been worth in gold 100 cents at one time and 75 cents at another, and 
50 cents at another, and 40 cents as it is to-day; but what I am speaking of is the 
value in Mexican, whatever that was worth in gold. That standard may have varied, 
but these people only knew the Mexican dollar; that is all they knew. That may 
have varied in gold, and the fact that it varied in gold may have increased the price 
in gold, but I am speaking of that standard, however varied that standard was. 

Archbishop Guidi. The standard as applied in actual practice during this length of 
time works out in this way, that the article which was worth one Mexican dollar at 
that time is now worth two or three at the present time. 

Governor Taft. As I conceive, what we have got to do in reaching the value of 
this property is to determine what that property is estimated to be worth by the 
people who are in a position to buy and in a position to work that land. It is by the 
demand, and the demand, as Senor Gutierrez says, is determined by the tenants who 
are around and who want the land. Now they who form the value and the demand 
have no other standard, whether it varies or not; they had no other standard except 
the silver Mexican dollar in the last twenty-five years. It is true, I have no doubt, 
that the fact that this Mexican dollar has gone down in gold has so affected values, 
unconsciously to these people, that the value of the land and the value of other 
things has increased in Mexican. The only way we can reach the value of these 
lands in gold is to determine their value in Mexican in the demand of those people who 
pay in Mexican and estimate in Mexican and then ourselves, because we go according 
to value in gold, reduce the Mexican value to a gold value according to the variation 
between gold and silver at the time that we make the purchase. 

Archbishop Guidi. That means that the purchaser determines the price of the 
land. 

Governor Taft. No; the seller also. 

Archbishop Guidi. The great thing for us to find out is, if these people value $200 



172 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

to-day in Mexican as its actual value to-day, or the $200 they have known it in times 
past, that is the difficulty. 

Governor Taft. What we are discussing now, first, is the demand, and then the 
effect that the production in Mexican ought to have on the value and in demonstrat- 
ing what that demand is. We have here the gross production in Mexican; we have 
the expenses in Mexican, to wit, we have the cost of the carabao, the cost of the seed, 
the cost of the labor, and the production, in Mexican, and we have also what is the 
understood income or per cent of income that is required by capitalists in the islands. 
That does not necessitate our going into gold at all, because we have every element 
in silver — silver as it is estimated by the people to-day. 

Archbishop Guidi. My mind refuses to believe that a carabao can be worth as 
much to-day as a hectare of ground. 

Governor Taft. But it is. I can get hectares of ground that are worth just a 
third of what the carabaos are worth. 

Senor Gutierrez. The price that Senor Villegas has placed on the carabao is 
about correct — 150 to 200 pesos even; but this does not show that the land ought to 
be worth that. If the carabao is worth that much the land ought to be worth a 
good deal more. 

Governor Taft. No; it is because the carabaos have disappeared; the land is still 
here. 

Seiior Gutierrez. That is an accident. 

Governor Taft. It is an accident that is bound to last for a number of years. 
Then you have surra that has already destroyed 50 per cent of the horses. 

(Adjourned until March 11, 1903.) 

Continued from March 9, 1903, fifth session. 

Malacanan Palace, Manila, March 11, 1903. 

Senor Gutierrez. I should like to know if Seiior Villegas, upon making the sur- 
vey of the Calamba estate and placing the value thereon, took into consideration the 
fact that there are coffee lands and hemp lands on the property? 

Senor Villegas. I have seen no coffee lands on the property nor have I seen any 
abaca lands. There is a very small amount of hemp land. 

Senor Gutierrez. Senor Villegas also omits to take into account such important 
improvements in the hacienda of Calamba as the large dam and the smaller dams, 
22 kilometers of ditching with new bridges, 2 kilometers of ditching of masonry, and 
a tubular siphon of iron, 24 meters long by 1 meter in diameter, which is placed at the 
bottom of the river and which is a very costly work of masonry. Neither has he 
taken into account three warehouses of masonry for the purification of the water, of 
512 cubic meters capacity each, all of which is for irrigating the zone of cultivable 
land of said hacienda. Nor has he taken into account six machines with all their 
accessories, as well as other warehouses and sugar mills. All these improvements 
have cost over $400,000 gold. 

Senor Villegas. I have taken into account, as will be shown in my estimate of 
the value of the property, all the small dams that there are on the property at the 
present time and have valued them in accordance with their present state of repair. 

Senor Gutierrez. So, as I understand you, you simply valued the smaller dams, 
but all the other irrigation improvements you have not taken into consideration, nor 
have you taken into consideration the warehouses and the mill on the property. 

Senor Villegas. I did not take into consideration all of the other improvements 
in connection with the dams and ditching because I thought that they were merely 
accessories to the general irrigation works on the property, and as far as machinery 
is concerned I did not know but that it was private property, as the property is 
rented out to private tenants; and it must also be taken into account what kind of 
machinery you refer to. If it is milling machinery, then it does not belong to the 
hacienda and is not a part of the hacienda. 

Senor Gutierrez. In the valuation which I have the small dams do not appear, 
nor do the large dams, and as far as the machinery is concerned, that belongs to the 
property. There are seven machines on the property, all of them in warehouses. 

Senor Villegas. According to the information I got from the presidente and the 
leading men of Calamba, I understood that all of that machinery and improvements 
were constructed by and were the property of the tenants. 

Senor Gutierrez. That is not true. All of the improvements on the hacienda 
belong to the hacienda and were made by the owners of the hacienda. 

Senor Villegas. In the plan itself I have shown the portion which is legally 
acknowledged to be the property of the friars and shown the other which is not 
recognized as the property of the friars. 

Senor Gutierrez. Who has told you which was the part that belonged to the 
friars legally and which did not belong to the friars? 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 173 

Sefior Villegas. In making the survey of this land I have shown on the map that 
part which is legally recognized by the principales of Calamba as the legal property 
of the friars, and I have also designated that part of the land which the principales 
of Calamba say has been usurped by the friars. I have gone over and measured from 
monument to monument, taking in all of the monuments in that land; that is to say, 
the land which is legally recognized as belonging to the friars and that land which 
is said to have been usurped. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have you seen the title deeds, or how did you determine which 
part of the land had been usurped and which part was that of the friars legally 
acknowledged? 

Sefior Villegas. I have not seen the title deeds to the lands, but I have simply, 
at the request of the principales and the presidente of Calamba, drawn this line out 
on the plan in order to show which land was legally recognized as the property of the 
friars. 

Governor Taft. What do the monuments consist of? 

Sefior Villegas. They are pillars of stone and masonry. 

Archbishop Guidi. The only way to draw these boundaries is with the title deeds 
in your hands and then run the lines between the monuments. 

Governor Taft. Were there any marks on this space that the presidente and coun- 
cilors said was admitted to belong to the friars? 

Sefior Villegas. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Then you just made that from their statement, did you? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Didn't they admit that the friars had been in possession of all 
this property? 

Sefior Villegas. Yes, sir; they acknowledged they have had and still have pos- 
session, but they say it was usurped by them. 

Governor Taft. How long have they had possession, did they admit? 

Sefior Villegas. I believe that I myself was the bearer of a communication from 
the principales of Calamba to Sefior Legarda with regard to this matter. 

Governor Taft. What did that communication say? 

Sefior Villegas. The communication stated that from time to time these boundary 
monuments had been moved. 

Governor Taft. Did it not appear by their admission that the friars had been in- 
possession of this property from fifty to one hundred years? 

Sefior Villegas. I believe it is a long time. The communication states the time 
upon which the boundary monuments were moved. 

Archbishop Guidi. It is a useless question. 

Governor Taft. I want to get at actual possession, because actual possession in 
certain respects is better than the deed. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Possession has been effective from 1830 to 1898. 

Governor Taft. That w T as my understanding when I examined the heads of the 
religious orders. Perhaps I saw Andrews's Chain of Title, in which it appeared that 
this had been in possession of the friars for some eighty or one hundred years. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Furthermore, Sefior Villegas has given all that land over, in 
his estimates, to the friars. It is only now that he makes that remark with regard to 
the land being usurped. 

Governor Taft. In justice to him, he has put in here this legend, this memoran- 
dum, as to the amount admitted legally to belong to the friars. 

Sefior Gutierrez. I see that he has put down as our property 16,419 hectares. I 
do not know what the plan says. 

Governor Taft. The truth is that he was not employed to look into the title at all. 
He was asked to go and survey and report on the classes of land and their values. He 
was asked to go to the haciendas, to whoever they belonged, it made no difference. 

Sefior Villegas. I have simply shown in the plan that part of the land which is 
acknowledged to be the legal property of the friars. 

Sefior Gutierrez. Sefior Villegas has valued the uncultivated lands of the hacienda 
at Calamba at 5 pesos a hectare. These lands contain very fine timber, both for 
building and for firewood ; clay mines and chalk mines, of which a very fine quality 
of crockery has been made. Whereas in the hacienda of Pandi he has valued the 
uncultivated lands at $25 a hectare, and there is absolutely no comparison between 
the values of the two lands. In the first place, Calamba is nearer to the market and 
it is better situated in every way than Pandi. Therefore it is an absurd valuation 
that he has placed on the two lands. 

Sefior Villegas. There is no comparison between the soil of the uncultivated 
lands at Pandi and the uncultivated lands of the estate of Calamba. The former are 
gently sloping and have but a small growth of timber on them, which can be easily 
burned off, so that they are, at a very small expense, susceptible of cultivation; but 



174 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

the lands of the estate of Calamba are covered with a thick growth of timber and are 
very mountainous and broken, and it would be extremely expensive to cultivate 
them. 

Senor Gutierrez. The uncultivated lands at the Calamba estate not only have 
very valuable timber upon them, but also have an almost inexhaustible supply of 
firewood, which can be very easily gotten out. Its soil is a vegetable soil and it is 
very rich in comparison with that of Pandi. Pandi has a stony soil and is not rich 
at all. A portion of the uncultivated land at the Calamba estate is suitable for sugar 
culture; it is gently sloping, and very well suited for the cultivation of sugar. 

Senor Villegas. In my opinion the soil at Pandi is very good for any sort of 
agriculture, but the soil at Calamba — that part of it which I have valued as unculti- 
vated land — is very broken and it is only forest land. 

TESTIMONY OP GREGORIO CORCUERA. 

Governor Taft. I would like to ask, in order to get through with this witness, 
which estates he surveyed? 

Gregorio Corcuera. Lolomboy and Santa Clara. 

Governor Taft. I believe there is some difference between us as to the number of 
hectares in Lolomboy? 

Senor Gutierrez. There is a difference of 1,056 hectares. 

Governor Taft. How did you reach the area of this hacienda? 

Senor Corcuera. I used the system of making a complete survey around the 
hacienda, availing myself of the services of different guides. If I had had one effi- 
cient guide, perhaps I might have gotten closer to the actual area of the hacienda, 
but I was obliged to avail myself of the services of several guides. 

Governor Taft. Did you find stones marking the hacienda, and did you run your 
lines by those marks? 

Senor Corcuera. Yes, sir. If there is any difference, it is the fault of the guide, 
because I did not have an official guide from the hacienda, but had to avail myself of 
other guides. These boundaries are very clear. 

Governor Taft. Most of the boundaries here [pointing to place on map] are natu- 
ral boundaries, are they not? 

Senor Corcuera. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Are all these boundaries here marked? 

Senor Corcuera. Yes, sir; they are very well marked. 

Governor Taft. Are not those old surveys, many of them, quite defective in the 
matter of area? 

Senor Gutierrez. Yes, sir; but all of our surveys have been made by engineers. 

Governor Taft. Has Senor Gutierrez a map? 

Senor Gutierrez. Yes, sir; it is an old map. I have some maps in the office, but 
do not remember what the date of the survey is. 

Governor Taft. I should think you might compare the maps. 

Senor Corcuera. I have found a map in a house on the estate which was made, 
not by an engineer, but by a surveyor. I can not say whether it was like this one or 
not. 

Governor Taft. I think we have agreed pretty well except with respect to Lolom- 
boy, where there is a difference of 1,056 hectares. 

Archbishop Guidi. This difficulty can be easily gotten over by a study between 
this map and the old maps. 

Senor Corcuera. This estate adjoins the Santa Clara estate. Perhaps I have included 
in the Santa Clara estate the land which is lacking in this. I was told by the people 
on the hacienda there that they owned some other land in the pueblo of Polo belong- 
ing to this hacienda, and perhaps that is where the land lies. 

Governor Taft. Did you go over this estate to examine the character of the land? 

Senor Corcuera. Yes, sir; I have personally been over the estate. 

Governor Taft. What is the character of the land on that estate? 

Senor Corcuera. It is all rice land. 

Governor Taft. How much a hectare will the best land produce in a year? 

Senor Corcuera. In good seasons when there is plenty of water it will produce as 
high as 100 cavanes a hectare. 

Governor Taft. What do they call land of that character? 

Senor Corcuera. Superior quality. 

Governor Taft. What is that worth in the province of Bulacan? 

Senor Corcuera. Two hundred pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. How do you fix that value? 

Senor Corcuera. In making the valuation I went around to the neighboring towns 
to find out what property which had been sold at this time was worth, and taking 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 175 

that into consideration and taking my own judgment into consideration I arrived at 
the price which I fixed on the land. 

Governor Taft. Had land of this kind been sold up there? 

Senor Coecueea. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Did those sales average 200 pesos a hectare? 

Senor Coecueea. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much of the superior land is found in that estate? 

Senor Coecueea. Nearly all the land of the estate, by reason of the easy commu- 
nication which it has, may be considered as superior. 

Governor Taft. How many hectares are there in that estate? 

Senor Coecueea. Four thousand five hundred and eighty-eight hectares. 

Governor Taft. How many hectares of that are superior land? 

Senor Coecueea. Three thousand three hundred and twenty-six hectares are supe- 
rior lands. 

Governor Taft. What is the remainder? 

Senor Coecueea. The balance is uncultivated town lots and fishing grounds. 

Governor Taft. What do you estimate the uncultivated lands at? 

Senor Coecueea. Five pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. Why did you make that estimate? 

Senor Coecueea. During the former government when I held the position of assist- 
ant forester they used to assess uncultivated lands at from $1, $2, $4, and $5 a hectare, 
according to the quality of the land, and taking into consideration the quality of this 
land I have assessed it at 5 pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. How many hectares of uncultivated land are there? 

Senor Coecueea. Five hundred and forty-three hectares. 

Governor Taft. How much did you put down as town lots or solares, and what 
price did you give them? 

Senor Coecueea. One hundred and sixty-four hectares in solares, at 125 pesos a 
hectare. 

Governor Taft. How did you come to fix the price at $125? 

Senor Coecueea. When I made the survey I generally inquired of the residents 
around there what the value of the land was, and I took that into consideration, and 
then, taking my own judgment into consideration, I fixed this price on them. 

Governor Taft. Are the hacienda of Santa Clara and the hacienda of Lolomboy 
the only two that you surveyed? 

Senor Coecueea. Yes, sir. 

Senor Gutieeeez. What value have you placed upon the Mexican dollar in your 
assessment? 

Senor Coecueea. It is the Mexican dollar to which we have always been accus- 
tomed here, and especially in such places as this, in which all sales and transactions 
are made in Mexican dollars. 

Senor Gutieeeez. Senor Corcuera has said that there are 647 hectares of unculti- 
vated land, and I will state in regard to that if there is any land that is not under cul- 
tivation it is because of the lack of cattle; that there is not a single square meter of 
land that is not cultivated land. It has always been under cultivation. It may be, 
through some accidental cause, through some temporary reason, that it is not now 
under cultivation; but it has always been cultivated. 

Senor Coecueea. As I saw those uncultivated lands, it was impossible for a carabao 
to get through ; and even further than that, to make the surveys it was necessary to 
use eight or ten men to get through the brush in order to make the measurements. 

Senor Gutieeeez. That is simply for the reason I stated the other day, and that is 
that when the land is left without cultivation for a single year the vegetation grows 
up so quickly that it appears to be in a wild state; but this land has always been 
cultivated. 

Senor Coecueea. I do not know anything about that; I simply set things down in 
my estimate as I found them. 

Senor Gutieeeez. Senor Corcuera has not taken into consideration the value of 
the improvements on the Lolomboy estate or on the Pandi estate. On the Lolomboy 
estate the improvements for irrigation are very valuable. 

Senor Coecueea. I have taken the improvements into consideration, and have 
valued them at 40,000 pesos. This includes the house on the estate and warehouses 
as well as the warehouse for the rice. 

Sefior Gutieeeez. But the house on the estate alone is worth more than $60,000; 
it is all built of stone and the walls are over a half a meter in thickness. 

Sefior Coecueea. In making the assessment of the improvements I have searched 
out the oldest inhabitants there, and I was finally directed to the son of the man 
who was in charge of the work when the work was constructed for all the improve- 



176 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ments there, and he told me that, more or less, that was the value of the improve- 
ments on the land. This was also my own judgment. 

Sehor Gutierrez. So that Sehor Corcuera has simply placed his valuation upon 
the testimony of the son of the alleged superintendent of the construction of the 
house. 

Senor Corcuera. I made this estimate in accordance with my best knowledge and 
understanding. If I were making the estimate over again I would put it at less than 
I did put it, because naturally as time goes on the house and the dams and all the 
other improvements deteriorate. 

Archbishop Guidi. Are you competent to appraise the value of a building? 

Senor Corcuera. No, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. You may be quite competent to value and appraise land, but 
according to your own statement you have not the necessary knowledge to appraise 
a building. 

Sehor Corcuera. I am not competent to do that, but placed an estimate on it to 
the best of my knowledge and understanding. 

Governor Taft. In what condition was the house? 

Senor Corcuera. The house is in a poor state and needs repairs. 

Governor Taft. What impression did you get from looking at the nouse as to 
its age? 

Senor Corcuera. It is a very old house. 

Governor Taft. Is there evidence of another house having been there next to it 
which was destroyed? I mean, is there evidence of its being smaller than it was? 

Senor Corcuera. No, sir; there are no traces there. 

Governor Taft. Do you include in this $40,000 the value of the dams? 

Senor Corcuera. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How do you estimate the value of those dams? 

Senor Corcuera. As I have said, in accordance with the statement of the son of 
the superintendent of construction on those improvements as to what they cost. 

Archbishop Guidi. Are you sure that that individual spoke the truth? 

Senor Corcuera. I thought so. 

Governor Taft. What \vas the comparative cost of the dams and the house? 

Senor Corcuera. About $25,000 for the dam and $15,000 for the house. 

Governor Taft. Are the dams in good condition, or otherwise? 

Senor Corcuera. Part of them are in good condition, and part of them are not. 

Senor Gutierrez. I would like to state that the dam alone cost $40,000 gold. It is 
25 meters long, 3 meters high, and 2 wide. Besides there are a lot of other dams, 
and according to the information that I have from my administrator I think they are 
all in very good condition. There was one which was in a bad state of repair, but 
that has been repaired now and they are doing the work which they have always 
done. In what month did 3^011 make the estimate? 

Senor Corcuera. In November and December, 1901. They were not then all of 
them in good condition. 

Sehor Gutierrez. Perhaps Sehor Corcuera has simply limited his work to making 
a survey of the boundaries of the estate and has not gone into the interior of the 
estate. 

Sehor Corcuera. I was in the interior of the estate, have examined the land, and 
furthermore, I told the administrator down there that his dams were in bad condi- 
tion. I followed up the ditches and could see that they were not irrigating the land. 

Sehor Gutierrez. It may be that some of the ditches were not in good condition, 
but the dams were all in good condition. 

Sehor Corcuera. Perhaps that was it. 

Sehor Gutierrez. Sehor Corcuera has stated that he has reached this valuation 
after having made investigation of sales around the neighboring pueblos and in the 
immediate vicinity of the hacienda. I want to ask him if he knows if those sales 
actually took place, and when. 

Sehor Corcuera. They took place at the time I made the survey, or about that 
time. 

Sehor Gutierrez. Did you know there were any title deeds of evidence? 

Sehor Corcuera. Undoubtedly there must have been some. 

Sehor Gutierrez. On the other hand, I would like to present some title deeds here 
showing sales of land made in that vicinity at a very much higher price. 

Governor Taft. Were these sales made later than the survey or before the survey? 

Sehor Gutierrez. Much before the survey. I can present a great many more. 
Here is one for 5 hectares, at $1,500 gold. 

Governor Taft. Will you let me keep these, so that I can get a memorandum of 
them? 

Sehor Gutierrez. Yes, sir. I have a great many more if you wish. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 177 

Governor Taft. I want all I can get. 

Senor Gutierrez. I could get you some, though I fear I can not get as many as I 
would wish, because the owners of the deeds might be afraid of their being lost. 
Here are some other documents which I have, which show that the tenants used to 
convey their rights to cultivate the land for $200 a hectare — and I can show a great 
many inore — and that is gold. 

Governor Taft. I would like to know what you mean by gold. I can bring you 
a bank bill to-day that agrees to pay you, by a legitimate and responsible bank here, 
"pesos fuertes;" that means Mexican. You call it " pesos fuertes," but it does not 
mean anything more than Mexican. 

Senor Gutierrez. I do not discuss the value of the Mexican dollar or the value of 
the peso, but simply what was paid at that time for that privilege of cultivating the 
land, which at thai time was gold, because the gold money circulated at that time 
here. I think it is indisputable that if $200 was paid simply for the privilege of 
being one of the tenants of the estate, the value of the land now is over $200. 

Governor Taft. I do not agree with that; but I want to look at all that evidence. 
Is there any other document of sale but this one? 

Senor Gutierrez. I would have to get them from the landowners or the tenants. 
The copies in the registrar's office have been destroyed. They are all public docu- 
ments, however. 

Governor Taft. Here is a list of land sales and tax declarations in Bulacan Prov- 
ince, prepared by Senor Villegas. 

Senor Gutierrez. You must take into consideration that those sales have been 
sales of poor men to rich men; that is to say, from poor men indebted to rich men 
and who had a mortgage over that property and took the property for the debt. It 
is just the same difference as buying a jewel from a jewelry shop and from a pawn 
shop. 

Governor Taft. These I understand to be actual sales in Bulacan in 1901 and 1902. 
The first sale is at Obando — rice land at 143 pesos a hectare. In Bulacan, 16 hectares, 
at 237 pesos a hectare. In Bocaue, 6 J hectares, at 156 pesos a hectare. 

Senor Villegas. The hacienda of Lolomboy is at Bocaue. 

Governor Taft. In Baliuag, 12 hectares, at 150 pesos a hectare. At Meycauayan, 
is it, 160 pesoe a hectare. 

Senor Villegas. That is near the hacienda of Polo. 

Governor Taft. One hundred and thirty hectares in San Miguel, at 61 pesos a hec- 
tare. In Guiguinto, 2 hectares, at 100 pesos a hectare. In Hagonoy, 11 hectares of 
rice land at 400 pesos. In Barascain, 33 hectares, at 382 pesos a hectare; adjacent to 
Malolos, right near the railway line. The next one, at 92.70 a hectare, in Quingua. 
Does Senor Villegas know anything about these sales? 

Seiior Villegas. I have official letters all prepared with respect to these sales, 
from information which I have received from the presidentes of the towns where 
the sales have been made. I have all that data on hand, and am working on it now. 
These are all on the official register of sales. I can get more data from the official 
registers. I can also go to the pueblos and see the deeds. 

Governor Taft. We want the circumstances of these different sales. For instance, 
this varies from 400 pesos a hectare to 61 pesos. 

Senor Villegas. AVith regard to the land at Hagonoy, at 400 pesos a hectare, you 
can get three crops a year from it. It is above superior land. 

Governor Taft. We want information about all of this land. 

Senor Gutierrez. I have here a record of the sale of 1 hectare at 200 pesos, made 
twenty years ago, with the privilege of buying back. 

Governor Taft. We are not estimating twenty years ago. 

Senor Gutierrez. Now everything has gone up; it must be worth a great deal 
more now than it was before. 

Governor Taft. He was not buying a lawsuit, as we are. 

Senor Gutierrez. There will not be any lawsuit. 

Friar Martin. I have perfect confidence in the government and the people at the 
head of the government. 

Governor Taft. I have perfect confidence in my friend McGregor's Government in 
England, but the Irish estates are not worth very much to-day, with all the power 
of England next door. If you have the people against you with reference to the title 
and ownership, then you have got a fact that you have to take into consideration. 

Friar Martin. Notwithstanding this statement, I will challenge, with all due defer- 
ence to you, anyone to produce titles that are more legally perfect than our titles. 
They have been passed upon by the Supreme Court of the United States. 

Governor Taft. Where property has been held for fifty or one hundred years, 
that is enough for me. 

war 1903 — vol 5 12 



178 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Friar Maetin. I have a perfect chain of titles; not only of titles duly registered 
under the Spanish Government in compliance with the laws on registration, but also 
all the original titles, as the land was acquired by us by piece. All the litigation 
and every paper bearing on the title is complete. 

Governor Taft. I am entirely willing to concede that, and I am entirely willing 
also, should this thing fall through, to let them go into the courts and get their 
decrees, and enforce them with all the force I have whenever they have a legal decree 
of the court; but we are now discussing a commercial transaction. I want to get 
these lands, and I want to pay for them what is the fair price in view of all the cir- 
cumstances. If you keep the lands, you have before you a constant turmoil. We 
can not help it — it exists, and it does not do to say that a government must be strong 
enough to put down all lawlessness. I cite the instance of Ireland. It is not possi- 
ble to make the property of Ireland valuable in view of the opinion that the inhabit- 
ants have as to those titles, good as they are. If you keep the property, you will 
have on your hands constant trouble and turmoil; if we get it we will have, I hope, 
less, but nevertheless it will be great trouble for us. I do not see how we can ignore 
that fact in reaching what we can afford to pay and what you can afford to take. 

Senor Gutierrez. I thank you very much for what you have stated with regard 
to your disposition to enforce any judicial decree of the courts in case that these 
negotiations should fail; but I do not think that there is any comparison between 
the Irish question and the question in the Philippines, because the Irish question is 
purely an agrarian question, which it is not in the Philippines. In the Philippines 
we have too much land; right in the neighborhood of these estates that are in ques- 
tion there are thousands of acres of land. There is plenty of land for everybody 
here. Therefore it is not an agrarian question. 

Governor Taft. The word agrarian, I think, means a field, and it is certainly a 
question arising with reference to the cultivation of the fields. It is the question of 
moving certain people off who won't pay their rents. It is the question of eviction. 
We have heard of evictions for twenty years — thirty years — in Ireland, since Glad- 
stone passed his first landed estates act with respect to Ireland, and England, which 
has prided herself on the sacredness of private property, was obliged, in view of the 
conditions in Ireland, to take away from the owners of those landed estates that 
which up to that time had always been considered the first rule of the* English con- 
stitution. We could not have done it under the American Constitution, because it 
is a written constitution. I am only citing that to show the difficulties that there are 
in it that are not disposed of by reasoning with reference to private property and 
the assertion of rights in the courts. The only reason why we are trying to get 
these lands is because we think that if we get control of them it may be easier for 
us to dispose of them than for those gentlemen who now hold them. On the one 
side is the advantage which we think will be gained by getting these lands into the 
hands of the government and the possibly greater power which the government will 
have in dealing with these tenants and adjusting a compromise with them. That is 
one advantage. On the other hand, there is th£ great load of debt that will be put 
on the entire Archipelago; and the question which we have to decide for the gov- 
ernment is, when the size of that debt would be so great as to outweigh the advan- 
tage. We have the whole people of the islands as our constituents with reference to 
that debt. Now, Senor Gutierrez is sure that we are going to make a profitable 
transaction out of it. I wish I could think so. 

Senor Gutierrez. You have with a great deal of talent and very ingeniously taken 
up the cause of the tenants and defended that cause as a very brilliant and able law- 
yer, but, notwithstanding this, I recognize the fact that in your inner conscience you 
know you are going to make a good thing out of those lands. As far as I am person- 
ally concerned, I know I could sell my lands to the tenants to-day at a greater profit 
than to you. 

Governor Taft. I would vote, as a member of the Commission, to take out a million 
dollars gold from the treasury to have those lands transferred from their present own- 
ers to the tenants. In other words, I would be willing to lose that amount, and 
think that our transaction was a very profitable one so far as the politics and safety 
of this country is concerned. 

Senor Gutierrez. Speaking for my own haciendas, I know that I can more profit- 
ably dispose of all the land to the tenants than to the government. I have disposed 
of some of it to the tenants. 

Governor Taft. I wish you could dispose of ?11 of it. I do not want the land if 
you can get it into the hands of the tenants. 

Senor Gutierrez. I have already effected sales at a larger price than I have asked 
the government, and the very minute that the tenants knew that the government 
was out of the business altogether they would be sure to buy from me and give me 
a better price than I ask from the government. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 179 

Governor Taft. If the government can not buy at a reasonable price, then we will 
see which is the more profitable. My impression is that if we were to break it off 
now and let it run for two years you gentlemen would be in begging us to take it. 

Senor Gutierrez. The purpose of my company always was to exploit the property, 
not to sell. We did not buy for the purpose of selling, but for the purpose of making 
money out of it, and working the property at the same time. 

Governor Taft. I do not think that if we let this thing go for two years and you 
make your efforts the government would be very anxious to buy when you come 
again, for the result of your two years' labor is going to be a great deal of trouble for 
the government. I know that. 

Mr. McGregor. I do not think the difficulty will be so great as you estimate for 
the companies to manage the property when the people once know that the govern- 
ment recognizes our rights. The people of Imus have told me all along for the last 
two years that as soon as I gave them some assurance that the government recognized 
us as the proper people they would pay their rents. I asked General Wright for a 
letter telling these people that our title was good, but he said he could not do so. 

Governor Taft. It is no part of the executive department in the government to 
show to whom land belongs. I have expressed publicly, and I have not hesitated 
to say both before the Congressional committe and in a report that I made to the 
Secretary of War, that your titles were probably the best in the islands. That is a 
matter of opinion on my part. But I can not give effect to that by telling the people 
w T hat they must do, for the reason that the question of title has to be settled in the 
courts if it is disputed. 

Mr. McGregor. My own judgment is that the judges of the courts will uphold 
those titles. 

Governor Taft. I am not disputing the title in this transaction at all, and do not 
intend to; but it is not for the executive part of the government to say that this title 
is good and that is bad, because it is not a court. It is only the executive, and it 
enforces the decrees of the courts. If you bring a decree of the court that you are 
entitled to possession, I will put you in possession. It is my duty to do that; I am 
the executive officer, charged with the duty of enforcing that decree. That is the 
difficulty of the division between the executive and the judicial powers of the gov- 
ernment, but it exists. 

Mr. McGregor. Now that the judges will know your own opinion and the opinion 
of the Commission, I have not the slightest doubt that they will give a decree in 
our favor. 

Governor Taft. They ought not to be governed by my opinion. I am not a 
judge; I am only the executive officer, and my opinion is no better than that of any 
other lawyer. Of course I have not investigated the question of the validity of the 
titles. I am not sufficiently versed in the civil law to justify my passing on the ques- 
tion, but when I am called upon as an executive officer to report to my superior, 
then I have the right to express an opinion. 

Mr. McGregor. The people of Imus have always said as soon as they saw that we 
were the right people they would pay their rent. I do not think there will be any 
difficulty when the people thoroughly understand that they have no legal right. 

Governor Taft. I can not conscientiously load the government of the Philippines 
with a very heavy debt when I do not think the land, as it stands to-day, under the 
circumstances, is worth the amount. It is a question of balancing advantages to the 
government of the Philippines — that is all. The ownership of the land, the price, 
is only incidentallv important in determining what I would be justified in paying. 

Adjourned until" March 18, 1903. 

Continued from March 11, 1903, sixth session. 

Malacanan Palace, Manila, March 18, 1903. 

TESTIMONY OF MATHIAS GONZALES. 

Governor Taft. Where do you live? 

Senor Gonzales. In JBautista, in Pangasinan. 

Governor Taft. What is your father's name? 

Senor Gonzales. Francisco Gonzales. 

Governor Taft. Is it he who owns a large estate in Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir; and partly in Tarlac also. 

Governor Taft. How large an estate is that? 

Senor Gonzales. Thirty-two thousand hectares. 

Governor Taft. Have you attended at all to your father's affairs? 

Senor Gonzales. I am at present the manager of the estate. 



180 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Governor Taft. How long have you been engaged in that work? 

Sefior Gonzales. Before the revolution I took full charge of the management of 
the estate, but before that time I had a great deal of knowledge concerning it, owing 
to my associations with it. 

Governor Taft. What is raised on the estate? 

Sefior Gonzales. Rice or palay. 

Governor Taft. Is the land irrigated? 

Senor Gonzales. The majority of the land is irrigated. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is it natural or artificial? 

Senor Gonzales. Natural. 

Governor Taft. Do you use dams? 

Senor Gonzales. In parts of the estate we do. 

Governor Taft. Is there first-class superior land in this 32,000 hectares? 

Senor Gonzales. We have a great deal of first-class land. 

Governor Taft. What does the land produce per year per hectare? 

Senor Gonzales. From 90 to 100 cavanes per hectare. 

Governor Taft. Do you know, generally, the value of rice land of the first class, 
as described by you, in the provinces of Pangasinan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Bulacan? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir; the maximum price in Pangasinan and Tarlac per hec- 
tare for first class superior lands is 200 pesos a hectare. 

Archbishop Guidi. Do you mean to say that 100 cavanes per hectare is the max- 
imum? 

Senor Gonzales. Some of the lands might produce as much as 20 cavanes more 
per hectare. 

Archbishop Guidi. You should have mentioned the fact that you did not refer to 
those lands that were exceptionally productive. 

Governor Taft. When you mention from 90 to 100 cavanes, is that the method of 
classifying superior first-class lands? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. You have doubtless hectares that will produce more than 100 
cavanes, but I am speaking now of an average which permits a classification. 

Senor Gonzales. I so understood you when I answered. 

Governor Taft. What is the price of the same kind of land in Pampanga and 
Bulacan? 

Senor Gonzales. In Bulacan the price of such lands is higher than in the other 
provinces. When close to a market and having an abundance of water for irrigation 
purposes the price may go as high as 300 pesos per hectare. 

Archbishop Guidi. Do you refer to the Mexican peso at its actual present market 
value? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Would the price of the lands have been the same several years 
ago when the value of the Mexican peso was different? 

Senor Gonzales. The price of the land several years ago was less than it is to-day; 
that is, about 250 pesos where it is to-day 300 pesos. The exchange value between 
silver and gold does not influence the price of land very much in the provinces, nor 
does the loss of cattle, even, affect the price of the land A^ery much. What most 
affects its price is the demand for it and the lack of capital. 

Governor Taft. How much do you or your father get of the gross products of the 
land as rental? 

Senor Gonzales. On first-class land, 10 per cent of the gross product; on second- 
class land, 8 per cent, and third-class land, 5 per cent. 

Governor Taft. Is that a fair statement of what smaller landowners would get 
from their tenants? 

Senor Gonzales. No, sir; the net profit which they get is from 12 to 14 per cent of 
the products. 

Governor Taft. Is it a custom to make contracts for a percentage of the gross 
product? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir; also. In such cases the landlord gets 10 per cent. 

Governor Taft. .But I am speaking now of the smaller landowners. 

Senor Gonzales. In such cases about 18 per cent of the gross product. 

Governor Taft. The reason why you and your father are content with 10 per cent 
is, if I understood you the other day, that your tenants have some peculiar ideas. 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir; and in order to avoid difficulty with our tenants we 
have lowered the price that is due to us as rent. 

Governor Taft. Do you know anything about the price of land in Cavite? 

Senor Gonzales. No, sir. 

Senor Gutieerez. Senor Gonzales has simply testified what he believes to be the 
truth with regard to his own personal experience, and he has simply given his opin- 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 181 

ions which have been based on his own personal experience. For my part I have 
already given my ideas on this subject and have shown that for the mere usufruct of 
the ana as much as 200 pesos was paid per hectare. 

oovernor Taft. In 1882? 

oenor Gutierrez. Not only in 1882, but in 1892, 1896, and 1897 — at any year when 
it was profitable to work the lands. 

Governor Taft. My judgment is that Seiior Gonzales, since you are expressing 
your opinion about his evidence, is probably the best qualified witness to speak, 
because he covers four of five provinces. He is a large landowner himself, and he is 
familiar with the prices that prevail in those four provinces. I would like to ask 
Senor Gonzales if his property in Pangasinan is convenient to the market. 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. In what way does it reach the market? 

Senor Gonzales. We have at Bautista, which is a railway station, a large market, 
and we also have another market at Dagupan. 

Governor Taft. Does the growing of rice on land exhaust the land? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is the land in Pangasinan and Tarlac less worn by the cultivation 
of the rice which grows there than the land in Bulacan? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir; much less worn. 

Governor Taft. It is fresher land, is it? 

Seiior Gonzales. Yes, sir; it is more fertile. 

Archbishop Guidi. Do not these lands produce other crops, like sugar cane, aside 
from rice? 

Senor Gonzales. They could produce it, but I have never engaged in the cultiva- 
tion of sugar and therefore do not know whether it would be more profitable than 
rice culture. 

Governor Taft. Do you know whether it has been the custom in the Philippine 
Islands on any large estates to use fertilizer or manure to make up for the loss in the 
fertility of the soil by reason of many years of crops? 

Senor Gonzales. I have no knowledge of any fertilizer being used in any province. 

Governor Taft. Therefore if land has been used for one hundred or two hundred 
years for rice lands, it is not so good as land which has been used for only twenty or 
thirty years, is it? 

Senor Gonzales. There is a great difference in the production of such lands and the 
production of new lands. 

Governor Taft. Is there danger that it may change its classification as time goes 
on and become second-class land instead of first-class land? 

Senor Gonzales. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. I infer from what you have said that land which has been cul- 
tivated for a long time is not as good as land which has not been cultivated, if all 
other conditions are equal. 

Senor Gonzales. That is undoubtedly so. 

Archbishop Guidi. In an hacienda which had lands that had been cultivated for a 
long time, and which yielded the same production as lands which had not been cul- 
tivated before which were capable of yielding an equal production, the latter should 
be preferred to the former? 

Senor Gonzales. Undoubtedly the latter would have the preference over the 
former. 

Friar Martin. How many hectares have vou under cultivation in that estate of 
32,000 hectares? 

Senor Gonzales. About 11,000. 

Friar Martin. Have they been cultivated for a long time — that is, those that are 
at present under cultivation? 

Seiior Gonzales. We have had more under cultivation formerly. 

Friar Martin. I think Senor Gonzales must know that in the provinces of Pan- 
gasinan, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija the population is very thin, and that in his haci- 
endas there must be some difficulty in securing the requisite number of laborers or 
tenants to work the lands. 

Senor Gonzales. Yes; that is true. 

Friar Martin. You must also be aware of the fact that in Bulacan the conditions 
are exactly the opposite; there the population is very dense, and the very minute 
that one tenant leaves his piece of land there are four or five applicants for it. 
This does not happen in any of the other provinces mentioned, and therefore the 
land is in much greater demand in Bulacan than in the others. 

Seiior Gonzales. It is true that the population is denser and that those conditions 
prevail in Bulacan, but at the present time the demand for lands is very meager, 
owing to the lack of money among the people. 



182 REPORT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. » 

Friar Martin. I did not refer to purchases of land, but to the fact that there were 
plenty of people there able to work the land. 

Governor Taft. Does the difference that you make between the price of land in 
Pangasinan and that in Bulacan arise from that cause? Have you not made allow- 
ance for that, and is not that the reason for the difference in price? 

Seiior Gonzales. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Have you any interest, one way or the other, in the price of the 
land which we are considering the purchase of? 

Sefior Gonzales. The only interest that I take in this sale w T hich is going on 
between the religious orders and the Government is simply the interest that the 
owner of an estate takes who wishes to also sell his estate in any transaction of this 
nature. 

Governor Taft. You would be willing to sell your estate, would you? 

Seiior Gonzales. Yes, sir; at the price which I have indicated. 

TESTIMONY OF SENOR JOSE LUZURIAGA, MEMBER OF PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Governor Taft. Seiior Luzuriaga, you are a member of the Philippine Commission? 

Seiior Luzuriaga. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. You are a citizen of the province of Occidental Negros? 

Sefior Luzuriaga. Yes, sir; of Bacolod, the capital. 

Governor Taft. You have lived in Occidental Negros, as I understand it, all your 
life? 

Seiior Luzuriaga. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Do yo own land in Negros? 

Seiior Luzuriaga. Yes, sir; I am the owner of three estates which are devoted 
principally to the cultivation of sugar cane and also rice. 

Governor Taft. Are you familiar with the prices of sugar land per hectare in 
Occidental Negros? 

Sefior Luzuriaga. Yes, sir; I can testify on that matter. 

Governor Taft. tlow far from the sugar market is land in Negros? 

Seiior Luzuriaga. The local markets for the sugar grown on the estates in Occi- 
dental Negros are situated on the coast of that province. They are Silay, Saravia, 
Bacolod, Talisay, San Enrique, Bago, and Pontevedra, and on the southern Coast 
Hog, all of which are maritime ports; but from these local markets the sugar is 
shipped to the central market, which is situated in the town of Iloilo. 

Governor Taft. Is it the habit of the vessels which carry the sugar to beach — 
come right up on the shore — and take the sugar from the estate directly to Iloilo? 

Seiior Luzuriaga. In some cases the lorchas are able to come right up to the estate, 
but as a general rule the sugar is shipped from the coast itself, where the boats come 
right up to the coast and are loaded there and take the sugar to Iloilo. 

Governor Taft. How much is the ordinary gross product from a hectare of first- 
class sugar land? 

Sefior Luzuriaga. That depends upon the class of lands. Sugar lands are classi- 
fied into first, second, and third class lands. The product of first-class lands — that 
is, of the superior lands — is 80 piculs per hectare. But it must be borne in mind that 
that is the product of a good year. It will not produce that in ordinary years. 

Governor Taft. I would like to ask you generally as to the classification of land. 
Do they classify land according to the production in the good years, when the condi- 
tions are all favorable, or according to the average through favorable and unfavora- 
ble years? 

Sefior Luzuriaga. As a general rule the classification is made on the basis of five 
years. It is calculated that in those five years one crop will be an extraordinarily 
good crop, two years will be ordinary crops, and two years bad crops. 

Governor Taft. When you say first-class land will produce 80 piculs a year, do you 
mean in a good year? 

Sefior Luzuriaga. Yes; I mean in a good year. The two years of average crops 
would produce about 60 piculs of sugar, and the two bad years I calculate would 
produce about 25 piculs; that is, on an average. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is it the custom to renew the seeding of the sugar cane every 
year? 

Sefior Luzuriaga. In my estates I have always been accustomed to do so, but in 
certain parts of Negros, around Isabela for instance, they do not renew the stalks for 
three years. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is this land not worth a great deal more? 

Seiior Luzuriaga. It was owing to the fact that it was not so expensive to culti- 
vate. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 183 

Governor Taft. How much is sugar land worth to-day that produces 80 piculs in 
a good year? 

Senor Luzueiaga. That also depends on the quality of the sugar. There are four 
classes of sugar raised in the island of Negros — first, second, and third class and the 
common or ordinary. At the present time they are getting an extraordinarily good 
price for the sugar. " Number 1 sugar is worth in Iloilo as much as $6 a picul. There 
is a difference of 3 reals between No. 1 and No. 2 sugar, and from No. 2 to No. 3 of 
2 reals. 

Archbishop Guidi. I understood you to say that this was an abnormal price paid 
this year, but from my understanding of the matter, which I have based upon a 
reading of the newspapers, the reduction of the Dingley tariff will have such an effect 
on the Philippines with regard to sugar culture that the price of sugar will go still 
higher. 

Sefior Luzueiaga. The opening of the United States market is only one factor in 
the situation. The price is governed more by supply and demand; it depends 
altogether on the production of beet sugar in the United States and other places, and 
the production of cane sugar in Java, Cuba, and other countries. 

Archbishop Guidi. The sugar planters of the Philippines would have this advan- 
tage, that they could export their sugar to the United States market without paying 
any duties, and it would undoubtedly have the effect of raising the value of sugar 
land in the Philippines. 

Governor Taft. I want to speed the day when sugar can go from these islands into 
the United States, but the difficulty is that Congress has adjourned without passing 
such a law, and the reduction of 25 per cent on the Dingley law has made no appre- 
ciable difference. The prospect of further reducing the Dingley tariff 50 per cent, so 
the merchants informed me the other day, had the effect of increasing the price of 
sugar, but with the failure to reduce the tariff the price of sugar, I presume, has 
fallen. 

Archbishop Guidi. But the fact that Congress has not denied that reduction in 
the tariff, but simply postponed action upon it, gives me to understand that there is 
a probability that Congress will in the future grant this reduction. At any rate, it 
is more reasonable to believe that the reduction will be granted than that it will not 
be granted. 

Governor Taft. I sincerely concur in that. I believe that Congress will do it at 
the next session. I shall be very much disappointed if it does not reduce the duties 
on sugar and tobacco from the Philippines. But this is a little aside from the dis- 
cussion. I wanted to get at the price of land in the Philippines at the present high 
price of sugar. 

Archbishop Guidi. The point I wish to make is this: Senor Luzuriaga has said 
that this was an abnormal and extraordinary price for sugar this year. This extra- 
ordinary and abnormal price will in the future be an ordinary price. 

Governor Taft. What is the difference between the price of sugar in Negros and 
the price in Iloilo? 

Senor Luzuriaga. Fifty cents. 

Governor Taft. So that the price is $5.50 a picul on the land where it is produced? 

Senor Luzueiaga. That was the price in the months of January and February, but 
now it has lowered a little. At present we can get only $4.60 for No. 1 sugar on the 
hacienda. 

Governor Taft. Let us take it in round figures, $5 a picul in Negros. Would that 
mean that a hectare would produce 400 pesos a hectare value of the gross product? 

Senor Luzueiaga. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. What is that land which makes a gross x product of 400 pesos a 
year in good years worth, as land is sold in Negros, per hectare? 

Senor Luzueiaga. Owing to a very special condition of things down there, that 
land which produces 400 pesos a year per hectare is to-day worth not one-half of that 
sum. That is due to the special circumstances down there and the lack of money. 
It simply involves the principle of supply and demand. 

Governor Taft. Do you know whether there is any greater lack of money in Cavite 
than in Negros? 

Senor Luzueiaga. I understand there is a great scarcity of money in Cavite prov- 
ince, so much so that I have been given to understand that one-half of the inhabit- 
ants there are engaged in robbing the other half. The lack of money is very much 
felt in Occidental Negros, and it has had this effect on sugar cultivation, that one- 
fifth of the land is now devoted to sugar culture that has been devoted two years 
before. 

Archbishop Guidi. I take it that the present conditions that prevail in the islands 
are altogether abnormal, and I do not think we can base any argument on these 
abnormal conditions, because there may be a change any day. Perhaps to-morrow 



184 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

things may regulate themselves, and it is impossible to make any calculations on 
such an abnormal situation. 

Seil or Luzueiaga. The trouble is that we have been living under these abnormal 
conditions four or five years and we are within them yet. 

Governor Taft. What, as a rule, is the price of first-class land in Negros to-day, 
per hectare? 

Sefior Luzueiaga. As a rule, from 100 to 150 Mexican pesos per hectare for first- 
class land. 

Archbishop Guidi. If these are the prices paid in these abnormal times, what was 
the land worth during normal times? 

Senor Luzueiaga. About 100 pesos. 

Archbishop Guidi. Do you refer to the land here? Several witnesses have testi- 
fied that the land was worth 200 pesos. 

Senor Luzueiaga. My remarks applied to the island of Negros. I know a great 
many estates that are now advertised for sale in Negros. They are simply given 
away almost.- 

Governor Taft. Are there some sold there? Do you judge from the prices actually 
brought? 

Senor Luzueiaga. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Is your estimate based on that? 

Senor Luzueiaga. Yes, sir; you can search the records down there and find my 
statements to be based on sales actually made. 

Governor Taft. And I understand that for the purposes of growing sugar Negros is 
just as convenient to the sugar market as Cavite — or is that so? 

Sefior Luzueiaga. Yes, sir; that is true with regard to the markets, and I doubt 
whether there are any lands in Cavite that are as fertile and as good for sugar culti- 
vation as in Negros. 

Governor Taft. How is it with reference to Pampanga? 

Senor Luzueiaga. In Pampanga there are no lands that are equal in fertility or in 
productivity to those in Negros. I have seen some of the land in Pampanga. 

Governor Taft. Is Iloilo as convenient to Negros as Manila to Pampanga? 

Senor Luzueiaga. Yes, sir; the market of Iloilo is only about three hours away. 

Governor Taft. Is the expense of raising sugar, in proportion to the value of the 
product, greater or less than that of raising rice? 

Senor Luzueiaga. Proportionately, the expense of cultivating sugar cane is much 
greater than cultivating palay. 

Governor Taft. What is the comparative expense of the two? 

Senor Luzueiaga. In good times in Negros we could produce 1 picul of sugar at an 
expense of 3 pesos, Mexican. . Now the expenses are very much greater, owing to 
the fact that the locusts have appeared down there, the cattle have all died, and 
the cultivation has to be done entirely by hand. The price of labor has also risen. 

Governor Taft. What do you calculate it is now? 

Senor Luzueiaga. All expenses could be covered I think, approximately, by 4 
pesos; that is, including all expense of placing it in the market. 

Senor Gutieeeez. I can not agree with Senor Luzuriaga with regard to his state- 
ment that formerly the cost of raising sugar was 3 pesos per picul. 

Sefior Luzueiaga. I refer to the time immediately before the outbreak of the revolu- 
tion, not to twenty or thirty years back, when the price of labor was so very much 
cheaper than it is now. 

Senor Gutieeeez. I do not think that the expense of raising 1 picul of sugar could 
ever have exceeded from $2 to $2.25, Mexican, and I, myself, who have had experi- 
ence as a sugar planter, have never exceeded this sum. Furthermore, there was a 
great difference between the cost- of raising sugar between a native and a foreign 
planter. The native planter was able to either hire his labor at a much cheaper price 
than the foreign planter or else he worked his land on shares, and working on shares 
is a very much cheaper method than working it by day labor. 

TESTIMONY OF MAEIANO BUNZALAN. 

Governor Taft. What is your name and where do you live. 

Sefior Maeiano Bunzalan. My name is Mariano Bunzalan. I live at Rosario, 
Cavite. 
Governor Taft. Have you lived at Rosario most of your life? 
Sefior Bunzalan. Yes, sir. 
Governor Taft. Are you a farmer? 

Senor Bunzalan. Yes, sir; I am an owner of agricultural lands. 
Governor Taft. Is Rosario on the hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon? 
Sefior Bunzalan. Yes, sir. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 185 

Governor Taft. Are you familiar with the estate of San Francisco de Malabon? 

Sefior Bunzalan. Yes, sir; I have more or less intimate knowledge of the land. 

Governor Taft. Do you know of first-class, superior land in that hacienda? 

Sehor Bunzalan. I have a more or less intimate knowledge of the first-class lands 
on that estate. I am a landowner on that estate. 

Governor Taft. How many cavanes a year will first-class land on the estate of San 
Francisco de Malabon produce? 

Sefior Bunzalan. The lands belonging to the pueblo of Rosario produce per hectare 
of first-class land about 50 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. But in good years what do they produce? 

Sefior Bunzalan. That is what they produce in good years. It is because the land 
on that estate is pretty Avell worn-out. 

Governor Taft. What is that land worth which you describe as first-class land? 

Senor Bunzalan. If we take into consideration the present conditions, I would 
calculate that the lands were worth at present about 100 pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. Is there land which produces in Cavite from 90 to 100 cavanes a 
hectare in good times? 

Senor Bunzalan. I do not know of any. 

Governor Taft. What is the most that you know of land producing in good times? 
I do not mean when land is not planted at all, but I mean in good times. 

Senor Bunzalan. A long time ago, when I was 29 or 30 years old ( I am now 65 
years old), I have known of lands to produce 60 or 70 cavanes of palay, but I can 
bet anybody that those same lands will not produce to-day over 50 cavanes a year. 

Governor Taft. Does the land you speak of produce two crops a year? 

Sefior Bunzalan. When I say that lands have produced 50 cavanes, I refer to lands 
which produce one crop a year. 

Governor Taft. But is there land there that is so irrigated that it can produce two 
crops a year? 

Sefior Bunzalan. Yes, sir. There are lands that can be cultivated so as to produce 
two crops a year, but they do not cultivate them in that manner. By cultivating 
two crops they do not gain anything in production; it is more expensive to them. 

Governor Taft. If they cultivate two crops they get more gross crops than when 
they produce one, do they not? 

Sefior Bunzalan. It was formerly so, but not now. At present farmers prefer to 
cultivate only one crop a year. 

Governor Taft. That is because he doubles his expenses, isn't it? 

Senor Bunzalan. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Suppose he did raise from that land two crops a year, what would 
be the gross number of cavanes? 

Senor Bunzalan. The production would be about the same, and perhaps less. 
For instance, if they cultivate lands so as to get two crops a year, the first crop will 
probably yield 30 cavanes and the second crop would yield them enough perhaps to 
make up as much as they would get from one crop alone; and the farmers knowing 
this, and knowing how much more expensive it is, only plant one crop a year. 

Governor Taft. Do they plant it any differently when they plant for two crops 
than for only one? 

Senor Bunzalan. The first is a transplantation of the plants, and the second crop 
is simply the sowing of the seed. 

Archbishop Guidi. You have testified that these lands produce 50 cavanes a hec- 
tare in one crop a year. Do you mean that they produce that at the present time? 

Senor Bunzalan. No; in good years; that is the maximum in good years. 

Archbishop Guidi. What does it produce at the present time? 

Senor Bunzalan. This year it produced practically nothing, because we have had 
the locusts down there and there has been a lack of water. 

Archbishop Guidi. It is useless to examine this witness further. 

Governor Taft. The first crop, whether it be the only crop or the crop of two 
crops in a year, is always planted, is it not? 

Senor Bunzalan. For one cultivation only the plants are transplanted, and for two 
cultivations for the first lot the plants are transplanted, but for the second crop the 
seed is simply sown on the ground. 

Governor Taft. I do not understand why the first crop, which is planted by trans- 
planted plants, produces any less whether you add the second crop or not. 

Senor Bunzalan. We will suppose that I gathered two crops last year. If this 
year I attempt to do the same thing the production will be very much less than if I 
had only gathered one crop the year before, because the land loses some of its fertil- 
ity in being forced to growtwo crops in one year, so this year my production would 
be less from the plants which I transplanted for the first crop. 



186 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Governor Taft. Do you mean, then, that yon do not plant two crops in one year 
because two crops exhaust the soil too much? 

Senor Bunzalan. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. I understood you to say that in the town of Kosario, in that part 
of the hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon which is included in Eosario, you know 
of no land that produces to-day or will produce in good years to-day to exceed 50 
cavanes a year? 

Senor Bunzalan. Yes, sir; that is what I stated. 

Governor Taft. How much do you cultivate yourself? 

Senor Bunzalan. I have a piece of ground there which, according to the measure- 
ment of the administrator of the estate, amounts to 3 cavanes and 20 gantas of land, 
and from this land I have gathered 120 cavanes and at the very most 130. Very 
rarely have I gathered more than 130 from this land. 

Governor Taft. How is your land classified; is it first, second, or third class land? 

Senor Bunzalan. The administrator classifies it as first-class land. 

Governor Taft. What is the custom in Cavite as to what the owner of the land 
gets, what the lessee of the land gets, and what the workman who works on shares 
gets out of the gross product; what is the annual rental? 

Senor Bunzalan. For the 3 cavanes and 20 gantas in my possession I paid 37 cava- 
nes of rice. 

Governor Taft. That is about 10 per cent. 

Senor Bunzalan. Out of the gross product from the land of 120 or 125 cavanes oi 
rice I paid to the administrator of the estate 37 cavanes as rental. 

Archbishop Guidi. What were the expenses that were deducted after that? 

Senor Bunzalan. All expenses, including the seeding and gathering of the crop, 
amounted to from 36 to 38 pesos. ' 

Archbishop Guidi. There we have 37 cavanes that you have given for rental, 36 
pesos that have been deducted for expenses, and then what was left was to be divided 
between you and the worker of the land; so that what was left to you must have 
been very insignificant. How much was left to you? 

Senor Bunzalan. It was sometimes less than what I had paid for rental. 

Governor Taft. The rental of the owner was determined in this manner, wasn't 
it — that he paid 10 cavanes for every 1 cavan used for seed? 

Senor Bunzalan. As a general rule it is about 10 cavanes. though I have seen con- 
tracts made for 11 cavanes; that is, first-class land. For second-class landless, some- 
times 8 cavanes. For my land I paid for 3 cavanes and 18 gantas 37 cavanes of 
palay. 

Governor Taft. But the rental was determined by the cavanes used for seed, 
was it? 

Senor Bunzalan. The amount of seed that was given to the tenant had reference 
not only to the seed itself but to the amount of ground which the seed would plant. 

Governor Taft. A cavan of seed would ordinarily plant 1 hectare of land, so that 
they have come to use cavan as equivalent to a hectare. In other words, cavan 
means to them an area of land. 

Friar Martin. How many hectares of land do you own there? 

Senor Bunzalan. None. 

Archbishop Guidi. How is it that you claim possession over this land? 

Senor Bunzalan. I had possession as lessee of the land, and because I paid my 
annual stipend. 

Senor Gutierrez. I would like to call attention to the great contradiction that 
there is between the testimony of this witness and the testimony of the expert of the 
Government who has testified here regarding the value of the lands. 

TESTIMONY OF DOMINGO COLMENER. 

Governor Taft. What is your name and where do live? 

Senor Colmener. Domingo Colmener. I live at San Francisco de Malabon, which 
is within the hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon. 

Governor Taft. Are you one of the tenants of the estate? 

Senor Colmener. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much land did you have? 

Senor Colmener. About 23 cavanes, more or less. We measure land down there 
by cavanes, not by hectare. 

Governor Taft. Is that first or second class land? 

Senor Colmener. Of the land which I own there is some which is irrigated and 
some which is not irrigated. 

Governor Taft. Do they not divide it into first, second, and third class land? 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 187 

Sen or Colmener. I do not know whether the hacienda itself has classified the land 
or not, but I am quite sure that I paid a bulk annual rental of 300 cavanes in rice. 
Besides this I also paid in money about 70 pesos Mexican. 

Governor Taft. How much per hectare did your best land produce per cavan in 
a good year? 

Seiior Colmener. Fifty cavanes. 

Governor Taft. Did you have two crops or one? 

Senor Colmener. My land would only produce one crop a year, but there was 
land on the estate that would produce two crops. 

Governor Taft. How much would two crops produce a year? 

Senor Colmener. When land yielded two crops a year the gross product was 80 
cavanes a year for first-class land. I believe that is the maximum. 

Governor Taft. Had you any of that in your estate? 

Senor Colmener. I can not recollect that I ever gathered two crops from any of 
my land. The reason why many of the tenants were unable to gather two crops 
from their land was owing to the fact that a certain municipal official, who at that 
time was called a justicio, would allot certain pieces of ground which were to be cul- 
tivated twice. This was done in order not to create a scarcity of water, because 
during the dry season, they had to be very careful with their water so as not to 
create a scarcity. 

Governor Taft. What is the price of land in Cavite that would produce 80 cavanes 
per hectare in two crops? 

Senor Colmener. I believe as high as 100 pesos Mexican. 

TESTIMONY OF JOSE DEL ROSARIO. 

Governor Taft. What is your name? 

Senor Rosario. Jose del Rosario. 

Governor Taft. Where do you live? 

Senor Rosario. At Santa Cruz de Malabon. 

Governor Taft. Were you a tenant of the estate of Santa Cruz de Malabon? 

Seiior Rosario. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Did you pay rent to the administrator of the estate of Santa Cruz 
de Malabon? 

Senor Rosario. I do not know that I paid any rent for that land, but I do know 
that a certain sum was exacted of me by the administrator. 

Governor Taft. What sum was exacted from you? We are not here to examine 
titles. 

Seiior Rosario. There is some land for which 8 cavanes was paid for each cavan of 
land, some for which only 4 cavanes w^as paid for each cavan of land. 

Governor Taft. How much of that did you cultivate? 

Senor Rosario. Eight and one-half cavanes. 

Governor Taft. What did you pay to the administrator for those 8 cavanes? 

Senor Rosario. Sixty-six cavanes. 

Governor Taft. Did you have first and second class land? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much was produced on the first-class land? 

Senor Rosario. In the very best of times and the very best of crops, 50 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. How w r as that divided? 

Senor Rosario. After deducting the expenses of the cultivation of land and pay- 
ing the part which was paid to the administrator of the estate the balance was 
divided between the lessee of the ground and the workmen.> 

Governor Taft. How much out of 50 cavanes did that bring to you? 

Senor Rosario. From 17 to 18 cavanes per cavan. 

Archbishop Guldi. How many crops a year? 

Seiior Rosario. One a year. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have you never had two crops a year? 

Senor Rosario. Not on my land. 

Governor Taft. Was your land irrigated? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How was the question whether they had two crops regulated? 

Senor Rosario. I do not know whether there was any regulation as to raising two 
crops a year, as I myself have never raised two crops. 

Governor Taft. Why? 

Senor Rosario. Because I did not wish to tire my stock too much. 

Governor Taft. Was there a justicio on the estate? 

Seiior Rosario. Yes, sir. 



188 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Governor Taft. Did he determine whether lands should have two crops or one? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Do yon know whether this official called justicio or overseer 
had the power to prevent any of the tenants from cultivating their grounds twice if 
they desired to do so and if they had the requisite conditions to cultivate it twice, or 
whether it was not the fact that the only attribute of this official was the withhold- 
ing or granting of water. 

Senor Rosario. I do not know. 

Senor Luzuriaga. What powers did this official exercise? 

Senor Rosario. The only powers he exercised were those connected with the dis- 
tribution of water for irrigation purposes. 

Governor Taft. A second crop, I suppose, would be impossible if he withheld the 
water, would it not? 

Archbishop Guidi. This official, who was an overseer on the plantation, had sim- 
ply the duty of looking after the distribution of water on the estate for irrigation 
purposes, and it is not to be supposed that this official would withhold water from one 
tenant in order to favor another, because that would neither be in accordance with 
equity nor justice. This was a custom that was followed not only in the Philippines 
but also in Italy. Wherever they have irrigation they have an official appointed 
whose duty it is to see that the water is equitably distributed among the agriculturists. 

Governor Taft. But his decision as to the amount of water that each shall have 
out of the total amount necessarily controls whether they shall have a second crop 
or not. The judge of the water decides how the water is "to be distributed fairly. 

Senor Gutierrez. That is where we are in error. 

Governor Taft. What does he do, then? 

Senor Gutierrez. It is unncessary for me to state particularly what the attributes 
or powers of this overseer might have been during that time. He was simply one of 
a great many municipal officials that existed at that time. This man was a munici- 
pal official and not an official of the estate, and his duties were simply to settle dis- 
putes between tenants with regard to the cultivation of land. But the distribution 
of water for irrigation purposes was altogether in the hands of the administrator of 
the estate. It was he who fixed the amount which could be irrigated, and it was 
generally done in turns, one tenant having a turn this year and another tenant next 
year, and so on. 

Governor Taft. Whether it was the overseer or not the man who distributed the 
water — and there must have been such a man in times when water was scarce — 
necessarily regulated whether the crop was to be doubled for one and not for another 
tenant. You say a man has the right to raise two crops, but he can not raise two 
crops unless he gets the water for a second crop. If there is not enough water some- 
body has got to lose. 

Archbishop Guidi. That question was settled in an equitable manner by the 
administrator. 

Governor Taft. What, in your opinion, is the value of first-class land in that part 
of the estate in which you live? 

Senor Rosario. One hundred dollars Mexican per hectare. 

Governor Taft. Is that land that produces 50 cavanes a year? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Do you know of any land in Cavite that will produce more than 
50 cavanes a year? 

Senor Rosario. No, sir. 

Senor Gutierrez. Are you the owner of any lands? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir; I have land in Pampanga, in Cavite Viejo, and in my 
town. 

Senor Gutierrez. Are you willing to sell your first-class land at 100 pesos? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir. 

Senor Gutierrez. How much did you pay for that land? 

Senor Rosario. In Cavite I have some land for which I paid 25 pesos a hectare. 

Senor Gutierrez. Is that land irrigated land? 

Senor Rosario. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Do you raise one crop a year from it? 

Senor Rosario. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How many cavanes do you get from that land in Cavite Viejo? 

Senor Rosario: From 30 to 34 cavanes for each cavan of seed; 

TESTIMONY OF SENOR SIRIAZO NAZARINO. 

Governor Taft. What is your name? 
Senor Nazarino. Siriazo Nazarino. 
Governor Taft. Where do you live? 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 189 

Seilor Nazarino. In the pueblo of Naic, province of Cavite. 

Governor Taft. Are you presidente of Naic? 

Senor Nazarino. At present I am not. 

Governor Taft. Do you cultivate land in Naic? 

Senor Nazarino. I own a certain piece of property in Naic. 

Governor Taft. How much? 

Senor Nazarino. About 19 hectares. 

Governor Taft. Is that a part of the hacienda of Naic? 

Senor Nazarino. Formerly it was called the hacienda of Naic. 

Governor Taft. Did you cultivate it at that time? 

Senor Nazarino. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much did you pay to the administrator of the estate in for- 
mer times? 

Senor Nazarino. I paid 10J cavanes for each cavan of seed to the administrator. 
I paid 1 cavan extra for the church, and I paid half of a cavan for rats. 

Governor Taft. Did they collect half a cavan to pay for the loss by rats? 

Senor Nazarino. They told me it was for the rats; possibly it was to cover that 
loss. That was the general custom. 

Governor Taft. Was your land first or second class land? 

Senor Nazarino. First-class land. 

Governor Taft. How much per cavan was the gross product. 

Senor Nazarino. Generally when we had what we consider a good crop it would 
amount to 40 to 50 cavanes per cavan. 

Governor Taft. How many crops a year did you produce? 

Senor Nazarino. Every two years we would get three crops. 

Governor Taft. How many cavanes would be produced in each crop of those three 
crops? 

Senor Nazarino. The crop to which I first referred of 50 cavanes was what we 
termed a principal or a fine crop. What we termed an extra crop was one of about 
30 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. That would make 130 cavanes in two years from one hectare, or 
65 cavanes a year? 

Senor Nazarino. In two years it would be over 100 cavanes of seed. Half of the 
land was left uncultivated for half of the time, because land which was cultivated 
two or three successive crops did not yield as much as if it had been allowed to be 
cultivated for a certain time. 

Governor Taft. What was land worth on which could be raised three crops in two 
years of over 100 cavanes? 

Seilor Nazarino. $100 to $125 Mexican per hectare. I forgot to state that aside 
from the payments which we had to make on the gross product of the first crop we 
were obliged to make another payment on the second crop, one-half of the value of 
the first payment. When we raised two crops, on the first crop we paid about 11 
cavanes for each cavan; on the second crop we would have to pay one-half of that. 

Senor Gutierrez. I would like to ask the witness if it is true that he paid for each 
cavan of seed 11^ cavanes of palay, besides the money payment that he made. 

Senor Nazarino. Yes, sir. 

Senor Gutierrez. You have valued these lands at $100 to $125 Mexican a hectare; 
on what grounds have you placed this valuation? Is it upon sales which have actually 
taken place at Naic? 

Senor Nazarino. Yes; upon sales that have taken place in the past. 

Senor Gutierrez. I would like to state that since the eighteenth, or at the most the 
beginning of the nineteenth century, no sales of land were made in that estate of 
Naic until the year when the entire estate was sold to the present company that now 
owns it. For that reason the testimony of the witness is not correct. He has stated 
that he was a tenant of the estate up to a certain year, but now, that he is the owner 
of the lands, I would like to ask him of whom he bought those lands. 

Senor Nazarino. I have not said that I was ever a tenant; what I did say was that 
they exacted from us a certain rental at that time. 

Senor Gutierrez. What were you then if you were not a tenant. 

Senor Nazarino. The friars used to call us tenants at that time but I know that 
those lands were bought by my forefathers. 

Senor Gutierrez. I infer from your answer that you consider yourself the owner 
of those lands because you say your forefathers were owners of the land, and if they 
did not sell the land, you, as their heir, would be the present owner of the land. 

Senor Nazarino. Yes; I have inherited that from my forefathers. 

Governor Taft. They have been on the land for how long? 

Senor Nazarino. My father has told me that he and my grandfather were the first 
to cultivate that land. 



190 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Governor Taft. Was it the habit in times past of tenants to sell to other tenants 
their right to occupy land? 

Sen or Nazarino. I remember that there have been cases where tenants have sold 
their rights of tenantry to others. 

Governor Taft. Do you know what prices were paid in those times for those ten- 
ants' rights? 

Senor Nazarino. In cases of good land in such conveyances the price paid was 
100 pesos; in some instances it was less. 

Archbishop Guidi. Was not that simply a conveyance of the usufruct of the land? 

Senor Nazarino. It was a conveyance rather of the possession of the land of what- 
ever right the man selling the property had in that property. 

Governor Taft. And what he got was the right to enjoy the gross product of the 
land, less 11 cavanes which he had to pay for each cavan to the administrator? 

Senor Nazarino. Yes, sir; the purchaser of whatever right was transferred had to 
continue making the payment of 11 cavanes. 

Senor Gutierrez. I have not yet been able to get the witness to answer my ques- 
tion whether he is the owner of that land or not. 

Governor Taft. Do you think it necessary for him to answer that? 

Senor Gutierrez. Yes, sir. 

Senor Nazarino. I consider myself the owner of that property, being my father's 
heir. At the same time I do not attempt to deny the fact that during my father's 
time and my own time I paid that rental to which I referred, to the administrator of 
the estate. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have you a title deed? 

Senor Nazarino. No, sir. 

Archbishop Guidi. Had your father a title deed? 

Senor Nazarino. No; not that I know of. 

Archbishop Guidi. How, then, can you consider yourself the owner of that prop- 
erty if you have not title deeds or have not inherited title deeds? What your father 
has handed down to you is the usufruct of the land and not the ownership of the 
land. 

Senor Nazarino. In my father's time I might make so bold as to say that there 
were great obstacles in the way of a Filipino acquiring a title deed to land, and for 
that reason I have no title deed to the land. I would also like to say that there was 
also an assessment made on the lessees of the ground for the improvements on the 
estate, construction of roads and dams, etc. 

Governor Taft. How much was that assessment? 

Senor Nazarino. During my time — since the time that I arrived at the age of 
reason — I remember in the construction of one bridge on that estate they exacted 
from 6 gantas for each cavan of seed sown. 

Senor Gutierrez. Where is that bridge and for what purpose was it constructed? 

Senor Nazarino. It is the bridge on the road from Naic to Santa Cruz. 

Senor Gutierrez. Is it not used for the purpose of giving an outlet for their crops 
on the estate? 

Senor Nazarino. Yes, sir. 

Adjourned until March 20. 

Continued from March 18, 1903, seventh session. 

Malacanan Palace, Manila, March 20, 1903. 
testimony of cayetano topacio. 

Governor Taft. What is your name? 
Senor Topacio. Cayetano Topacio. 
Governor Taft. Where do you live? 
Senor Topacio. In the pueblo of Imus. 
Governor Taft. Do you cultivate land there? 
Senor Topacio. Yes, sir. 
Governor Taft. How much? 
Senor Topacio. About 8 hectares. 
Governor Taft. How long have you cultivated it? 

Senor Topacio. I inherited it from my father. Since his death I have cultivated it. 
I do not remember the date. 
Governor Taft. Is it irrigated rice land? 
Senor Topacio. Yes, sir. 
Governor Taft. Is it first, second, or third class land? 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 191 

Senor Topacio. The greater part of these 8 hectares is considered as second-class 
land. 

Governor Taft. Is there any first-class land? 

Seiior Topacio. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. What is the canon of the land? 

Seiior Topacio. Do you mean lately? Because in former years at the heginning the 
canon was called a contribution for the support of the worship of Our Lady of El 
Pilar, who was the patron saint of the estate. 

Governor Taft. Who collected that? ' 

Seiior Topacio. The curate or parish priest. 

Governor Taft. Wasn't there an administrator of the hacienda? 

Seiior Topacio. Lately, since there was an administrator of the estate, the name of 
which was changed from the Del Pilar to the estate of San Juan there was an admin- 
istrator. 

Governor Taft. How much did he collect? 

Seiior Topacio. There was a variation in what he collected. In the beginning it 
was simply a contribution which we made for the maintenance of the parish priest 
and for the worship of Our Lady of Pilar. This I got from hearsay only. After that 
the tribute was in palay, being 2 cavanes of palay, which was equivalent to $1 Mexi- 
can, per cavan of land, which I understand is nearly a hectare of land. 

Archbishop Guidi. Who imposed this contribution? 

Sen or Topacio. According to my idea, I think that it was simply an agreement 
between the people and the~parish priest. 

Governor Taft. Do you recollect whether there had been anybody there but an 
administrator to collect from the people who occupied land? 

Seiior Topacio. It was either the administrator or the parish priest- 
Governor Taft. What did you pay the administrator, whether he was a priest or 
a layman? 

Seiior Topacio. I paid 8 cavanes for each cavan of seed. Every three or four 
years the contracts or leases would be renewed, and upon such renewals the amount 
of canon was changed. 

Governor Taft. Did you, in addition to the canon, pay something to the curate? 

Seiior Topacio. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Did you pay anything for rats? 

Seiior Topacio. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much will that second-class land that you are now cultivat- 
ing produce in a year? 

Seiior Topacio. I have not yet explained what I paid for a canon lately. It went 
up as high as 15 and 20 canvanes for each cavan of seed. 

Friar Martin. Can you show a receipt showing that you paid that amount of 
canon, or can you show a contract which will testify that that amount of canon was 
exacted from you? 

Seiior Topacio. I could not because I lost all my papers during the insurrection. 

Governor Taft. How much per hectare or cavan do you produce on those 8 
hectares? 

Seiior Topacio. From 50 to 60 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. On second-class land? 

Senor Topacio. Yes, sir; that is during normal times. 

Governor Taft. Do you plant two crops or one, or three crops in two years? 

Senor Topacio. One crop a year. 

Governor Taft. Do you never plant two crops? 

Seiior Topacio. No; I have never planted two crops, because experience has 
demonstrated to us that if we plant two crops there is not only an additional 
expense, but the first crop will be a short crop. 

Governor Taft. So that you found it better to plant only one crop. What is that 
land worth? 

Seiior Topacio. As this is poor land, containing a good deal of lime, it is not worth 
more than 75 to 80 pesos a cavan or hectare. 

Mr. McGregor. In declaring your land for taxation purposes, at how much per 
hectare did you value it? 

Seiior Topacio. I have declared the land at an excessive price, with the object of 
covering all the needs of our municipal government. 

Mr. McGregor. How much did you put it at? 

Seiior Topacio. For the entire 8 cavanes of land it is between two and three thou- 
sand pesos; that is, all the improvements — house and everything. The house alone 
is worth 1,500 to 2,000 pesos. 

Archbishop Guidi. Why did you declare it at an excessive price? 



192 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Senor Topacio. It was in order that there might be enough taxes collected to 
maintain the municipality. 

Governor Taft. What kind of a house is on the land? 

Senor Topacio. It is a house the foundations of which are of masonry and the 
main body of the house of lumber. It has a nipa roof. 

Mr. McGregor. At what do you value the land without the house? 

Senor Topacio. I have declared it as uncultivated lands at 10 pesos a kinon, which 
is a little over 2 hectares. 

Mr. McGregor. Why? 

Senor Topacio. Because all of the improvements that are on the ground I consider 
my own property. 

Mr. McGregor. I do not think he is right in valuing that as uncultivated land. 
Have you put any improvements besides your house on that land? 

Senior Topacio. What I call improvements is the work that I have done in level- 
ing off the land and marking it off in squares for rice culture — diking it. 

Mr. McGregor. Is your land artificially irrigated from water system? 

Senor Topacio. It is irrigated by the water taken from the dams and canals. 

Mr. McGregor. Were you on the municipal board of assessors? 

Senor Topacio. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. As I understand it, you make a report of a house worth 1,500 
pesos. You have not declared it separately. 

Senor Topacio. I made my declaration in this manner. I declared the land sepa- 
rately from the improvements, the land at so much and the improvements at so much. 

Mr. McGregor. Do you know the value of first-class irrigated land of the town of 
Imus? 

Senor Topacio. First-class land, I should say, might be worth about 100 pesos a 
hectare. That is because even the most superior land in that neighborhood is not of 
as good quality, on account of being hard, as the land around the other pueblos of 
the province; but still I think that perhaps the price which I first put on it, from 75 
to 80 pesos a hectare for first-class land, would be a better price for it per hectare on 
account of its inferiority to similar land around other pueblos. 

Governor Taft. But you said that this land of yours was worth from 60 to 75 pesos, 
didn't you? 

Senor Topacio. From 50 to 60. 

Governor Taft. How much will that first-class land produce per hectare? 

Senor Topacio. From 55 up to as high as 60 and 75 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. I do not see much difference between the product of your first- 
class and your second-class land. 

Sefior Topacio. That is because in that neighborhood the first-class land is really 
not first-class land; it is a very inferior first-class land. 

Archbishop Guidi. In speaking of first-class land, w T ere you speaking of land of 
your own that you cultivated? 

Senor Topacio. No; I was speaking of other people's land there. 

Archbishop Guidi. Is there much difference in the productivity of the first and 
second class land? 

Senor Topacio. No; the difference is small. 

Mr. McGregor. How is it, if you put the value of first-class land at such a low 
price, that some of the people of Imus, in giving in their declarations to the pro- 
vincial treasurer, have valued their land at $150 gold a hectare? 

Senor Topacio. This is explained by the reason that the residents of the town of 
Imus have agreed to put an exorbitant valuation on their lands for assessment pur- 
poses in order to raise enough money to run the municipality properly. 

Mr. McGregor. Some have put it even higher than $150 gold. 

Senor Topacio. I do not know that any residents have declared their lands at $150 
gold. 

Mr. McGregor. You probably know E. Bautista. He has 2, 157 meters of first- 
class palay land which he has valued at $150 gold. 

Senor Topacio. No; I do not recollect him. 

Mr. McGregor. Do you know Mr. P. Cordona? 

Senor Topacia. Yes, sir. 

Mr. McGregor. He has 20,905 meters of land valued at $300 gold. 

Senor Topacio. I do not understand this exorbitant declaration. I can under- 
stand that a man's patriotism may go up to a certain extent, but I can not imagine 
it going up that far. 

Mr. McGregor. I find some valuations here that I do not understand at all. There 
is one man has 3,340 meters of land and he values it at $200 gold. The people in 
the office could not give me an explanation of it, but I think he has a dam on the 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 193 

property and controls the water on it. ' Mr. Tjig has 3,340 meters at $200 gold. 
Another man 960 meters at $150 gold. 

Governor Taft. Did not the people of Imus seize the opportunity to make returns 
as to valuation of the land for the purpose of establishing title? 

Senor Topacio. Perhaps that has been the consideration— that is, that they would 
be considered as owners of the land; but what the landowners of Imus did do was 
to get together and agree to put a high valuation on their lands in order that there 
might be enough taxes raised to run the municipality. 

31 r. McGregor. Is it a fact that you, Cayetano Topacio, were the administrator of 
the. water works in the old days of the hacienda? 

Senor Topacio. No, sir. 

Mr. McGregor. I was always told that he was. 

Governor Taft. You are now justice of the peace? 

Senor Topacio. No, sir; I had charges preferred against me, but I was acquitted 
of the charges. 

TESTIMONY OF GUILLERMO TIRONA. 

Governor Taft. What is your name? 

Senor Tirona. Guillermo Tirona. 

Governor Taft. Are you related to the secretary of the province? 

Senor Tirona. Yes, sir; his nephew. 

Governor Taft. Do you live in Imus? 

Senor Tirona. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Do you occupy any land there, and cultivate it? 

Senor Tirona. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much? 

Seiior Tirona. About 23 hectares in Imus, besides some lands at Desmarines. 

Governor Taft. How much at Desmarines? 

Senor Tirona. About'7 or 8 hectares. 

Governor Taft. When you were paying canon to the administrator, how much 
was it per hectare for the land that you own in Imus? 

Seiior Tirona. I will begin by saying that the canon has changed a great deal. At 
first it was a very moderate one which I paid, but in recent years I paid a very 
excessive canon amounting to 22 cavanes per hectare. Aside from this 1 had to pay 
for the mango trees and the sugar cane. 

Governor Taft. How much did you pay for the mango trees? 

Senor Tirona. Twenty-five cents Mexican for each tree. 

Governor Taft. How much did you pay for the sugar cane? 

Senor Tirona. There was also a great variation in the amount that they charged 
upon sugar cane, but on sugar cane which would occupy an extent of territory equal 
to about 300 acres they charged 5 pesos. Still, in the year 1880 it was very much less. 

Governor Taft. How much of the land that you own and cultivate is rice land? 

Senor Tirona. Nearly all of the land is rice land; but along the edges of the land 
are planted mango trees and bamboos. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have you any receipts showing that you paid 22 cavanes for a 
hectare of land as canon, or can you show any document stating that that would be 
the amount of canon exacted from you? 

Seiior Tirona. No, sir; I have no receipt. During the insurrection all those docu- 
ments were lost. 

Governor Taft. How many cavanes of rice per hectare will the land that you own 
in Imus produce a year? 

Seiior Tirona. In recent years, without taking into consideration the years when 
the crop was a total failure, the land would produce on an average about 40 cavanes 
per hectare, but formerly it used to produce a great deal more, as the land was more 
fertile. 

Archbishop Guidi. Explain why it is that this land has lost .its fertility in a space 
of five years, when it had been cultivated for over two centuries and had produced 
good crops. 

Senor Tirona. Perhaps it was on account of the age of the land that it had lost its 
fertility. 

Archbishop Guidi. How can that be, if for two centuries it produced good crops 
and now it has lost its fertility in five years? At that rate, in ten years it will lose 
it altogether. 

Seiior Tirona. Perhaps it was owing to other circumstances of the times. 

Archbishop Guidi. Perhaps you do not work it properly. 

Governor Taft. You say that in later times you paid 22 cavanes a hectare. What 
was the normal amount that you paid as a canon? 

war 1903— vol 5 13 



194 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Senor Tirona. About thirty-five years ago my fathers paid from 8 to 12 or 15 
cavanes. 

Archbishop Guidi. Explain why it was that they paid such a very small canon in 
former years when the land, according to your own statement, produced a great 
deal more than at the present time, and why it was that they paid such a much 
larger canon at this time, when the land, according to your own statement, produced 
a great deal less. 

Senor Tirona. It was because they simply had to submit to orders. The man 
who had the authority simply ordered them to do something and they had to com- 
ply with those orders. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have you a receipt or any sort of a document showing that 
you either had paid that money or that canon was exacted from you? 

Senor Tirona. No. During the insurrection I lost all my papers and documents. 

Archbishop Guidi. Were all the houses burned during the insurrection? 

Senor Tirona. We were glad to get away with our own lives. 

Friar Martin. Would you agree that the lists or the books of the company were 
correct with regard to the amount of canon that was paid? Would you take that as 
proof? 

Senor Tirona. I would, but these books or lists would contain the canon by kinons 
and balatas. 

Friar Martin. In that case, if you agree that the books and the lists kept by the 
company were correct, then you would also have to agree that you have not told the 
truth here with regard to the amount of canon that was paid, and the governor would 
be satisfied that he had not told the truth. With regard to this, I myself am not a 
Recoleto nor am I interested in the order, but I know that I can produce those books 
of the company and show them. 

Governor Taft. How did they keep the books? 

Mr. McGregor. They had a duplicate receipt book; one was kept and the other 
was given to the man who paid. 

Governor Taft. What amount of money did it cost you to plant the seed in the 
ground, to gather the crop and garner it — the total expenses, including everything? 

Senor Tirona. I do not know. Most of the expenses were paid by the lessee of 
the ground, and I only had some of those expenses to pay myself, so I could not 
calculate what the entire expense would be from the time the seed was planted until 
the time the crop was garnered. 

Friar Martin. Can you not recollect the amount of expenses that it cost you for 
cultivating the ground and gathering the crop? 

Senor Tirona. I spent 4 pesos a hectare for the seeding of the ground and from 75 
cents to a peso for the harrowing of the ground. That would make on an average, 
perhaps, my share of the expenses as 5 pesos a hectare; but I do not count in this 
the cartage to the storehouse in the pueblo, and I have not been able to say yet what 
that will cost me. These expenses were divided between me and another man who 
was my partner and shared the profits, who worked the land. I am the lessee. 

Friar Martin. What would be your share of the net profits when you had a crop 
of 40 cavanes per hectare? 

Senor Tirona. About 5 cavanes. I am unable to fix the exact value of the profits 
that would accrue to me, because that varied with the variation of the price of rice. 

Friar Martin. I did not ask about the money that you got, but the amount of 
cavanes that you got when the crop was 40 cavanes. Is it not true that you had 
the option of paying your canon either in palay or in money, and if so, how much 
did you pay or how much were you expected to pay in money during the last year 
of the administration? 

Senor Tirona. That varied. The amount of money we had to pay was according 
to the price of rice. 

Friar Martin. Could you not remember in any year what the amount of money 
was that you had to pay if you should prefer to pay in money instead of rice? 

Senor Tirona. No; I do not remember. 

Friar Martin. It never went beyond 9 reals a cavan of rice. I can show that by 
the books of the company. 

Senor Tirona. I remember that during the time of Balatino Balanes they put a 
very excessive price on the canon that we were obliged to pay, that is to say, a 
money price on the cavanes. 

• Friar Martin. How long ago was that? 

Senor Tirona. A little over twenty years ago. 

Archbishop Guidi. You have a very remarkable memory, in that you remember 
an incident of twenty years ago and are unable to remember what happened two or 
three years ago. 

Senor Tirona, I remember it because it w r as a very memorable occasion. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 195 

Friar Martin. The witness has stated that he paid as a canon 22 cavanes of rice. 
Now, if we take the gross product of a cavan of ground as 40 cavanes of rice we will 
have left 18 cavanes. The witness has been unable to state the cost of planting and 
gathering and garnering the crop of palay; but in Cavite Province, according to the 
facts in my possession, they amount to the equivalent of 16 to 17 cavanes of rice with 
rice at 10 reals a cavan. As they paid in rice it is a sign that the rice was not worth 
over 10 reals. If it had been worth more than 10 reals they would have paid in 
money. If we make a calculation, they would nave netted, at the most, between 
him and his profit sharer working the land, 3 cavanes to divide, supposing that he 
has told the truth. But he has stated that his share of the profits was 5 cavanes; 
that is, his own share, which was half of the net profits for both of them. 

Governor Taft. But he said that the expenses were about 5 pesos, didn't he? 

Senor Tieona. The subtenant had a great many more expenses, because he had to 
provide the plows and carabaos. 

Governor Taft. The custom, as testified here, is that they divided the expenses 
and then divided the crop. 

Friar Maetin. The general custom is that they used to subtract the expenses from 
the gross product, first paying the canon, then subtracting the expenses, and then 
dividing the net profits. 

Governor Taft. So that if his expenses were $5 that would make $10 for both of 
them? 

Friar Maetin. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. And that would leave 8 pesos to divide, according to the witness. 

Friar Maetin. Then you state that you can cultivate a hectare of ground at an 
expense of 10 pesos, gathering the crop and all expenses. 

Sen or Tieona . The custom was a little bit different in my town. The tenant there, 
not the subtenant, paid the expense of seeding, $4, and 75 cents to a peso for the 
working of the ground after the seed was in, which would make, say, an average of 5 
pesos; but besides that he had to pay the cartage. The cartage is hard to calculate; 
it depends on the distance between the warehouse and the place where the rice is 
grown. 

Archbishop Guidi. I would like to know the exact cost of cultivating 1 hectare. 

Senor Tieona. I am unable to state, because it varies a great deal, but I have tried 
to explain the expenses that I had to pay and the expenses that my partner had to 
pay. He had to pay the expense of putting in the seed, then the expense of har- 
rowing, and also the expense of hauling the grain from the land to the granary. 
This partner was obliged to pay all other incidental expenses, also the expense of 
reaping the crop and gathering it; but I am unable to state what those expenses of 
my partner amounted to in money. 

Governor Taft. Did you hear what Friar Martin said with reference to the time 
that he paid 22 cavanes as the canon? He said this: The total product was 40 cavanes; 
you paid 22 as the canon, and the total expenses would be 16. That left only 2 
cavanes to be divided between you and your partner. Is that correct? 

Senor Tieona. My expenses amounted to about 5 pesos on an average, and the 
other expenses which were borne by my partner, the subtenant, were those of reap- 
ing and other incidental expenses which he bore. 

Governor Taft. What is your land in Imus worth a hectare? 

Senor Tirona. Part of the lands I inherited from my father and part of the lands, 
about 15 hectares, I bought about fifteen years ago for 80 pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. From whom did you buy it? 

Senor Tieona. A man named Bias Heda, now dead. 

Governor Taft. Was he paying a canon to the Recoletos? * 

Senor Tieona. I believe so. 

Governor Taft. What you paid, therefore, was 80 pesos for the right to occupy the 
land? 

Senor Tieona. In the deed of conveyance for which I paid the possession of the 
land was also given to me. 

Governor Taft. And that at the rate of 80 pesos a hectare? 

Senor Tieona. Yes, sir; more or less. 

Archbishop Guidi. Upon the payment of your 80 pesos per hectare for that piece 
of property which was conveyed to you, did you get the ownership of the property, 
or did you simply get possession of the property? 

Senor Tieona. The deed of conveyance that was issued to me states, according to 
my idea — I am not a lawyer nor do I understand anything about legal terms — that 
it gives me possession of the land. 

Archbishop Guidi. Can you dispose of this land? Can you sell it or do as you 
please with it? 



196 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Senor Tirona. It has been the custom among the residents of that town having 
property to convey possession of it by deeds. 

Archbishop Guidi. It is a loss of time to examine this witness. I do not wish to 
question him any more. 

Governor Tapt. We understand what he means and what he does not want to say, 
but that is a question we are not trying here. The question is one of value. I want 
to ask him what that land is worth now. 

Senor Tirona. I have not tried to sell. 

Governor Taft. Suppose you were to buy that land free from the necessity of pay- 
ing any canon? 

Senor Tirona. It would be worth somewhat more on that account. 

Governor Taft. How much? 

Senor Tirona. I can not calculate; I do not know. 

Governor Taft. Have you first or second class land? 

Senor Tirona. I have both first and second class land. 

Governor Taft. What is the first-class land worth? 

Senor Tirona. It depends upon circumstances, what the land is worth. Seven 
years ago it was worth about 80 pesos a hectare, but lately there have been no sales 
of land. Still, I would think it might be worth about 90 pesos. It depends altogether 
on the necessity of the seller for disposing of his property. Possibly it might be 
worth 100 pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. Have you made a tax return on that land? 

Senor Tirona. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How much did you return the land as worth? 

Senor Tirona. A little over 100 pesos a hectare. 

Governor Taft. That was your declaration as proprietor, was it? 

Senor Tirona. Yes, sir. The board of municipal assessors afterwards changed it 
and converted my valuation into gold. 

Governor Taft. Did they make it $100 gold? 

Senor Tirona. They converted my declaration into gold because the board saw 
that the valuation which I had placed upon it would not enable the municipality to 
collect enough taxes to keep up expenses. 

TESTIMONY OF FELIZ CUENTA. 

Governor Taft. What is your name? 

Senor Cuenta. Feliz Cuenta. 

Governor Taft. Where do you live? 

Senor Cuenta. In Bacoor. 

Governor Taft. Bacoor is in the hacienda of San Juan? 

Senor Cuenta. Yes, sir; but the pueblo itself is in the San Nicolas estate. 

Governor Taft. Have you any land there? 

Senor Cuenta. I am the presidente of the town and I am not a tenant of the town 
now, but I have some land of my own. 

Governor Taft. How much? 

Senor Cuenta. About 30 cavanes of land. 

Governor Taft. Is it rice land? 

Senor Cuenta. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How long have you held it? 

Senor Cuenta. Some of the land I inherited from my father and some I have 
bought. 

Governor Taft. Did your father pay a canon on the land? 

Senor Cuenta. No, sir; the land to which I refer is land which belongs to the 
municipality. 

Governor Taft. Is it first-class or second-class rice land? 

Senor Cuenta. They are not first-class lands because they are subject to rainfall, 
and when the rain does not fall there is no crop. 

Governor Taft. How much do they produce in a good year? 

Senor Cuenta. From 25 to 30 cavanes. They are not first-class lands; they are 
lands that are near the center of the town; they are not irrigated lands. 

Governor Taft. And you raise from them in normal years from 25 to 30 cavanes? 

Senor Cuenta. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. Are you familiar with first-class lands in that part? Do you know 
first-class lands? 

Senor Cuenta. Yes, sir; more or less. 

Governor Taft. What do you consider your land worth? 

Senor Cuenta. As these lands of mine have no burden on them whatever except 
the land tax, I consider them to be worth about 100 pesos Mexican a hectare, and I 
place this valuation upon them because they are near town. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 197 

Governor Taft. How does that compare in value with the first-class lands on the 
estates, assuming that there is no canon to pay and no burden of any sort except the 
land tax? 

Senor Ouenta. It would be about the same. 

Governor Taft. But is not first-class land on the estate worth more than your land 
that is not irrigated? 

Senor Cuenta. They are worth 100 pesos a hectare for the reason that the lands in 
the estate are farther away from the town. You have to take that fact into con- 
sideration. You must also remember that those classifications of first class, second 
class, and third class were made by the administrators of the estates themselves. 

Governor Taft. Isn't there first-class land in the estate just as near the town as 
your land? 

Senor Cuenta. No, sir; as all my lands are within the populated limits of the town. 

Governor Taft. Isn't there first-class land up near Imus? 

Senor Cuenta. At the barrio of Mambo, where there is plenty of water, there are 
good first-class lands. 

Governor Taft. Isn't that near Imus? 

Senor Cuenta. Right adjacent to Imus. 

Governor Taft. What is that land worth? 

Senor Cuenta. About 150 pesos; I do not know for certain. 

Governor Taft. How much will first-class land produce? 

Senor Cuenta. From 40 to 50 cavanes. 

Archbishop Guidi. How much do yours produce? 

Senor Cuenta. Twenty-five to thirty. 

Mr. McGregor. Without irrigation? 

Senor Cuenta. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. How many crops, on that first-class land, do they produce in two 
years? 

Senor Cuenta. Each year, one. 

Archbishop Guidi. Have they never gathered two crops in one year? 

Senor Cuenta. In my town, so far as I know, I have never seen two crops. I have 
never heard of two crops in Imus. 

Mr. McGregor. Your pariente, Juan Cuenta, who used to be the presidente, has 
land that is irrigated from this large dam called the Place de Malina. Does that 
only produce 40 to 50 cavanes? They have as much water as they require, of course. 

Senor Cuenta. Perhaps they produce about that much. There are some years 
when they might have produced more and some less. 

Governor Taft. How much more? 

Senor Cuenta. I suppose that that is about as high as they reach. I do not know. 
I have heard from others who possessed land around there that they would produce 
from 40 to 50. 

Governor Taft. Has not your cousin produced three crops in two years? 

Seiior Cuenta. No, sir. 

Governor Taft. Do you own first-class land? 

Seiior Cuenta. I do not know whether they are first-class lands or not; they are at 
the barrio of Ligas and the water from the dam reaches the land. 

Mr. McGregor. Then you put a value of about $100 Mexican on the first-class land 
there? 

Senor Cuenta. I have not said so. 

Archbishop Guidi. What is the value of first-class land? 

Seiior Cuenta. Perhaps it may be worth over 100 pesos. 

Governor Taft. Did you not say it was worth 150 pesos? > 

Senor Cuenta. Yes; if they are well irrigated. 

Mr. McGregor. Do you consider your land, under the usual way of classifying 
land, third-class land? 

Senor Cuenta. You can not classify these lands, as they are not irrigated lands, 
and when it does not rain they have very little value. 

Mr. McGregor. We look upon that as third class. Do you know a man named 
A. Tolentino? He has lands in the district of San Nicolas. The reason I ask this 
question is that there is a man named Tolentino who has 14,707 meters of land and 
he values it at 8325 gold. 

Seiior Cuenta. I do not know him; there are a great many Tolentinos. 

Mr. McGregor. That is a price that I got from the book in Cavite; I do not quite 
understand it. They call it improved palay land. Perhaps the man has got a dam 
on it or something of that sort. 

Governor Taft. What did you return your land at? 

Senor Cuenta. I, together with several other prominent citizens of the town of 
Bacoor, had agreed to fix a high valuation upon our real estate there in order to help 



198 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

out the municipality in its running expenses for schools, general improvements, etc. , 
and for that reason I put a value of 200 pesos a hectare on my land. It was, how- 
ever, with the understanding that this high valuation would be reduced when the 
necessities of the municipality would not be as great as they are at present. 

Governor Taft. Was it $100 gold that you put on it? 

Senor Cuenta. Two hundred dollars Mexican. 

Governor Taft. And they reduced it to gold? 

Senor Cuenta. No, sir; they have not reduced it to gold. 

Governor Taft. Haven't they been ordered to reduce everything to gold? 

Senor Cuenta. The tax board has not changed the valuation put upon the land 
by the property owners in their declarations, though it has converted them to gold 
at the rate of exchange. We increased it, in other words. 

Governor Taft. Did they not transfer it to gold at the rate of two to one? 

Senor Cuenta. This conversion was made by the treasurer; the boards did not do 
it at all. It is done in Cavite itself. 

Mr. McGregor. Have you any salt lands? 

Senor Cuenta. Yes, sir. 

Mr. McGregor. How much? 

Senor Cuenta. Perhaps each salt pit may be less than a hectare. I nave 12 of 
these salt pits, about 12 hectares. 

Mr. McGregor. What do you value your salt lands per hectare at? 

Senor Cuenta. That is according to the condition of the salt pit. Some land is 
better than other. 

Mr. McGregor. But taking average land? 

Senor Cuenta. From 250 to 300 pesos for each salt pit, more or less. 

Mr. McGregor. I wanted to get at his price, because we have some salt lands. 

TESTIMONY OF GREGORIO BAUTISTA. 

Governor Taft. What is your name? 
' Senor Bautista. Gregorio Bautista. 

Governor Taft. Where do you live? 

Senor Bautista. Dasmarihas. 

Governor Taft. Do you hold any lands in Dasmarinas? 

Senor Bautista. Yes; I am in possession of lands at Dasmarinas. 

Governor Taft. How much? 

Senor Bautista. I have two classes of land — one irrigated and the other not irri- 
gated. 

Governor Taft. How much irrigated? 

Senor Bautista. Two cavanes. 

Governor Taft. How much unirrigated? 

Senor Bautista. About 3 cavanes, I should calculate. 

Governor Taft. Is that irrigated land first-class land? 

Senor Bautista. I can not state with regard to the classification of the land. 

Governor Taft. How much will it produce? 

Senor Bautista. In the good times, 50 cavanes. 

Governor Taft. How much does the unirrigated land produce? 

Senor Bautista. I have not cultivated it to palay at all. I cultivate it to corn. 
Before the revolution I also planted some sugar cane, but not since then. 

Archbishop Guidi. Did you in the best of times, or at any time, get more than 50 
cavanes per hectare from your land? 

Senor Bautista. Never. 

Archbishop Guidi. Did you ever get two crops from that land? 

Senor Bautista. No; never. 

Governor Taft. Have you returned your land for taxation? 

Senor Bautista. Yes, sir. 

Governor Taft. At what price did you return it? 

Senor Bautista. Some at 75 and some 80 pesos Mexican a cavan. • 

Governor Taft. Do you think that is about the right value? 

Senor Bautista. To the best of my knowledge and understanding that is the right 
price. 

Governor Taft. How much did you declare the unirrigated land at? 

Senor Bautista. I returned it at 5 pesos, because the land has not been cultivated 
for a number of years and it is now overgrown with vegetation. 

Mr. McGregor. Is there much sugar land in the vicinity of Dasmarinas? 

Senor Bautista. There are two or three landowners at the present time who are 
cultivating sugar cane. 

Mr. McGregor. I think that Senor Villegas said that there was none. 

Adjourned. 



EXHIBIT G. 



DETAILED AND SUMMARIZED STATEMENTS OF THE VALUATIONS 
OF THE FRIARS' ESTATES BY SENOR VILLEGAS. 

Tlie friar lands as surveyed by the expert appointed by the Philippine Commission. 

ESTATES OF THE DOMINICANS. 

Binan (3,739 hectares 10 ares 15 centares): 

Kice lands of the first class, 2,039 hectares 10 ares 15 Mexican currency. 

centares, at $150 a hectare $305, 865. 22 

Sugar lands of the first class, 1,700 hectares, at $100 

a hectare 170, 000. 00 

Dams and dikes, according to present condition 12, 000. 00 

Farmhouse, according to present condition 10, 000. 00 

$497, 865. 22 

Calamba (16,424 hectares 14 ares): 

Rice lands of the first class, 3,991 hectares, at $150 

a hectare 598,650.00 

Rice lands of the second class, 883 hectares, at $125 

a hectare 110, 375. 00 

Rice lands of the third class, 883 hectares, at $80 a 

hectare 70, 640. 00 

Sugar lands, 4, 626 hectares, at $60 a hectare 277, 200. 00 

Uncultivated lands, 6,036 hectares, at $5 a hectare. . . 30, 181. 20 

Farmhouse, as per present condition 15, 000. 00 

1,102,046.20 

Lolomboy, Polo, Bulacan (106 hectares 53 ares): 

Rice lands and building lots (improved lots) of the 

first class, at $150 15,979.50 

Lolomboy, « Bocaue, Bulacan (4,158 — 9 — 66 hectares): 
Rice lands of the first class, 3,326 hectares 69 ares 46 

centares, at $200 665, 338. 92 

Building lots, 164—45—67 hectares, at $125 20, 557. 09 

Fisheries, 19—40—70 hectares, at $250 4, 851. 75 

Uncultivated lands, 647 — 53 — 83 hectares, at $5 a 

hectare 3, 237. 69 

Improvements, farmhouse, and warehouses for rice. . 40, 000. 00 

733, 985. 45 

Naic (7,922 hectares and 29 ares) : 

Rice lands of the first class, 3,119 hectares 28 ares, at 

$200 a hectare 623,856.00 

Building lots in the town, 40 hectares 1 are, at $200 

a hectare 8, 020. 00 

Uncultivated woodlands, 4,763 hectares, at $5 a hec- 
tare 23, 81 5. 00 

Improvements of dams, dikes, and tunnels, accord- 
ing to present condition 90, 305. 76 

Farmhouse and warehouses for the storing of rice. . 25, 000. 00 

770, 996. 76 

a Lolomboy, Polo, Bulacan (second) (65—19—50 hectares): Rice lands and build- 
ing lots of the first class, at $150, $9,779.28. Omitted in error and added to the 
grand total. 

199 



200 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Orion (2,109 — 57 — 24 hectares): Mexican currency. 

Rice lands of the second class, 375 hectares, at $100 a 
hectare $37, 500. 00 

Sugar lands, 278 hectares, at $120 a hectare 33, 360. 00 

Improved lots (building lots) in the town, 260 hec- 
tares, at $125 a hectare 32,500.00 

Uncultivated waste lands, 1,196 hectares 57 ares and 

24 centares, at $5 5,982.00 

$109, 342. 00 

Santa Cruz de Malabon (8,902—37—50 hectares): 

Rice lands of the first class, 4,001 hectares, at $150 a 
hectare 600, 150. 00 

Improved lots in the town, 40 hectares, at $200 a 
hectare 8, 000. 00 

Uncultivated lands, 4,861 — 37 — 50 hectares, at $5 a 
hectare 24, 306. 87 

Improvements, dams, and dikes 50, 000. 00 

682, 456. 87 

Santa Maria de Pandi (12,069—57—2 hectares): 

Rice lands, class 1, 1,016 hectares, at $200 a hectare. 203, 200. 00 

Rice lands, class 2, 1,503 hectares, at $150 a hectare. 225, 450. 00 

Rice lands, class 3, 675 hectares, at $100 a hectare . . 67, 500. 00 

Rice lands, class 4, 1,400 hectares, at $75 a hectare. . 105, 000. 00 

Rice lands, class 5, 1,450 hectares, at $50 a hectare. . 72, 500. 00 
Uncultivated mountain lands, fields, and woodlands, 
6,025 hectares 57 ares and 26 centares, at $25 a 

hectare 150,639.00 

824, 289. 00 

Santa Rosa (4,750—14—24 hectares): 

Rice lands, first class, 1,000 — 14 — 24 hectares, at $175 
a hectare 175,024.90 

Rice lands, second class, 1,310 hectares, at $150 a 

hectare 193, 500. 00 

Rice lands, third class, 130 hectares, at $100 a hec- 
tare 13,000.00 

Sugar lands, first class, 1,010 hectares, at $150 a hec- 
tare 151, 500. 00 

Sugar lands, second class, 1,300 hectares, at $100 a 
hectare 130,000.00 

Farmhouse, in present condition 25, 000. 00 

Dams and dikes, in present condition 12, 000. 00 

700, 024. 90 

San Juan del Monte (156 — 49 — 35 hectares) : 

Rice lands of the second class, 106 hectares, at $125 

a hectare 13, 250. 00 

Improved lots, inside and outside the town, 50 — 49 — 

35 hectares, at $100 a hectare 5,049.00 

io 299 00 

Toro (58—23—30 hectares): 

Rice lands and sugar lands, 58 hectares 23 ares and 30 centares, 
at $150 a hectare 8,734.95 

ESTATES OP THE AUGUSTINIANS. 

Banilad or Talamban (1,538 — 43 hectares): 

Rice lands, "aventureras," of the first class, 319 hec- 
tares, at$300 95,700.00 

Rice lands of the second class, 345 hectares, at $200 a 

hectare 69, 000. 00 

Improved lots in the town, with cocals, 96 hectares, 

$200 a hectare 19, 200. 00 

Uncultivated lands, 778 hectares and 43 ares, at $15 

a hectare 11, 676. 45 

195, 576. 45 

Dampol, Quincua (962 hectares): 

Rice lands and sugar lands of the first class, 902 — 74 — 

46 hectares, at $150 a hectare 135, 411 . 69 

Improved lots, 60 hectares, at $125 a hectare 7, 500. 00 

142,911.69 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 201 

Mandalova (4,033 hectares): Mexican currency. 
Eice 'lands, class 1, 570 hectares, at $150 a hectare. . . $85, 500. 00 
Eice lands, class 2, 720 hectares, at $125 a hectare. . . 90, 000. 00 
Eice lands, class three, 1,080 hectares, at $100 a hec- 
tare 108, 000. 00 

Uncultivated lands, quarries, and lands used in the 
manufacture of brick, 1,663 hectares, at $25 a hec- 
tare 41,575.00 

Farmhouse of Mandalova 50,000.00 

$375, 075. 00 

Muntinlupa (5,397 hectares and 84 ares): 

Eice lands, class 2, "aventureras," 800 hectares, at 

$100 a hectare 80, 000. 00 

Eice lands of the third class, "a venture ras," 700 hec- 
tares and 84 ares, at $75 a hectare 52, 500. 00 

Eice lands of the fourth class, ' ' aventureras, ' ' 500 

hectares, at $50 a hectare 25,000.00 

Uncultivated lands, 3,397 hectares, at $5 a hectare.. 16, 985. 00 

■ 174, 485. 00 

Malinta (3,432 hectares): 

Eice lands, class 1, 650 hectares, at $200 a hectare. . . 130, 000. 00 

Eice lands, class 2, 1,620 hectares, at $150 a hectare. 243, 000. 00 

Eice lands, class 3, 182 hectares, at $100 a hectare. , 18, 200. 00 
Mountain lands, uncultivated, 980 hectares, at $5 a 

hectare 4,900.00 

Improvements 5, 000. 00 

401, 100. 00 

Tala (5,197 hectares): 

Eice lands, class 1, 884 hectares, at $150 a hectare. . . 132, 600. 00 

Eice lands, class 2, 209 hectares, at $125 a hectare. . . 26, 125. 00 

Eice lands, class 3, 209 hectares, at $100 a hectare. . . 20, 900. 00 
Uncultivated mountain lands, 3,895 hectares, at $5 a 

hectare 19, 475. 00 

Improvements 5, 000. 00 

204, 100. 00 

Piedad (3,604 hectares): 

Eice lands, class 1, 568 hectares, at $200 113, 600. 00 

Eice lands, class 2, 1,069 hectares, at $150 160, 350. 00 

Eice lands, class 3, 127 hectares, at $100 12, 700. 00 

Uncultivated mountain lands, 1,840 hectares, at $5 a 

hectare 9,200.00 

Improvements 5, 000. 00 

300, 850. 00 

San Francisco de Malabon (13,000 hectares): 

Eice lands of the first class, 6,500 hectares, at $150 

a hectare 975,000.00 

Improved lots, 50 hectares, at $200 a hectare 10, 000. 00 

Uncultivated lands, 6,450 hectares, at $5 a hectare. . 32, 250. 00 
Improvements, dams, dikes, tunnels, in their present 

condition 100, 000. 00 

1,117,250.00 

Binagbag (294 hectares): x 
Eice lands and sugar lands, 260 hectares, at $125 a 

hectare 32, 500. 00 

Uncultivated lands, 34 hectares, at $5 a hectare 170. 00 

32, 670. 00 

Talisay and Minglanilla (7,362—90 hectares) : 

Cultivated lands of the first class, in cane, for sugar 

and maize, 1,820 hectares, at $300 a hectare 546, 000. 00 

Cultivated lands of the second class, rice and cocal, 

886 hectares, at S200 a hectare 177, 200. 00 

Cultivated lands of the third class, in improved lots, 

with cecals, 930 hectares, at 8150 a hectare 139, 500. 00 

Uncultivated lands, with cocals, 3,726 hectares and 

90 ares, at $25 a hectare 93, 182. 50 

Two warehouses, with a steam engine for sugar 47, 000. 00 

One house of solid construction 6, 000. 00 

1 . 008, 882. 50 



202 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Quingua (10—21—33 hectares) : Mexican currency. 

Rice lands and sugar lands, 10 — 21 — 33 hectares, at $150 a hectare. . $1, 531. 99 

Calumpit (74—82 — 95 hectares) : 

Rice and sugar lands, 74—82—95 hectares, at $150 a hectare 11, 224. 42 

Barascoain (54 — 29 — 57 hectares): 

Rice and sugar lands, 54 — 29 — 57 hectares, at $150 a hectare 8, 144. 35 

Santa Isabel (38—83—49 hectares): 

Rice and sugar lands, 38 — 83 — 49 hectares, at $150 a hectare 5, 825. 23 

Santa Isabel (Anibon) — (65 — 33 — 52 hectares): 

Rice and sugar lands, 65—33—52 hectares, at $150 a hectare 9, 800. 28 

Guiguinto (241 — 42 — 94 hectares): 

Rice and sugar lands, 241—42—94 hectares, at $200 a hectare 48, 285. 88 

Guiguinto (Malapat) (7— -20 — 8 hectares): 

Rice and sugar lands, 7 — 20—8 hectares, at $150 a hectare 1,080.12 

Guiguinto (Recoleto) (456 — 95 — 16 hectares): 

Rice and sugar lands, 456 — 95 — 16 hectares, at $150 a hectare 68, 542. 74 

In the province of Isabela (23,000 hectares) : 

This estate is wholly uncultivated, but is worth, according to the 
evidence of Mr. Weber, manager of the Tabacalera Company, 
who is very familiar with prices in Isabela and this particular 
estate 300,000.00 



ESTATES OF THE RECOLETOS. 

San Juan and San Nicolas (18,419 — 56 — 12 hectares): 
Rice lands of the first class, 4,480 hectares, 98 ares, 

and 29 centares, at $150 a hectare $672, 147. 43 

Rice lands of the second class, 4,480 hectares, 99 ares, 

and 9 centares, at $100 a hectare 448, 099. 09 

Rice lands of the third class, 4,482 hectares, 1 are, 

and 10 centares, at $75 a hectare 336, 150. 82 

Improved lots in the town, 109 — 50 hectares, at $58.90 

a hectare 6, 450. 00 

Ditto outside the town, 109—38 hectares, at $125 a 

hectare 13, 672. 50 

Uncultivated mountain lands, 4,756 — 69 — 64 hectares, 

at $5 a hectare 23, 783. 48 

Dams, dikes, and tunnels in their present condition. 80, 000. 00 
Farmhouse and warehouses for the storing of rice. . . 25, 000. 00 

1,605,303.33 

San Juan, Mindoro (23,266 hectares) : 

The price fixed by the agent of the Recoletos and an actual offer 

made for sale to a syndicate of business men in Manila and not 

accepted was $700,000 Mexican 600, 000. 00 

Total 12,076,658.83 

Lolomboy (see footnote, page 1) 9, 779. 28 

Grand total 12, 086, 438. 11 

Summarized statement of the extent and value of the friar lands in the Philippine Islands. 





Hectares. 


Mexican cur- 
rency. 


ESTATES OF THE DOMINICANS. 

Binan, Laguna Province 


3, 739. 10. 15 
16, 424. 14. 00 

106. 53. 00 

65. 19. 50 

4, 158. 09. 66 

7, 922, 29. 00 

2, 109. 57. 24 

8, 902. 37. 50 

12, 069. 57. 02 

4, 750. 14. 24 

156. 49. 35 

58. 23. 30 


$497, 865. 22 


Calamba, Laguna Province 


1, 102, 046. 20 


Lolomboy: 

Malandav, Polo. Bulacan 


15, 979. 50 


Pasolo, Polo, Bulacan 


9, 779. 28 


Bocaue, Bulacan, Province 


733, 985. 45 




770, 996. 76 


Orion, Bataan Province 


109, 342. 00 


Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite Province 


682, 456. 87 


Santa Maria de Pandi, Bulacan Province 


824,289.00 


Santa Rosa, Laguna Province 


700, 024. 90 


San Juan del Monte, Rizal Province 


18, 299. 00 




8, 734. 95 






Total 


60,461.73.96 


5, 473, 799. 13 







REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



203 



Hectares. 



Mexican cur- 
rency. 



ESTATES OF THE AUGUSTINIANS 

Banilad or Talamban. province of Cebu 

Dampol, Quincua, Bulacan Province 

Mandaloya, Bizal Province 

Muntinlupa. Rizal Province 

Malinta, Bulacan Province 

Tala. Rizal Province 

Piedad, Rizal Province 

San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite 

Binagbag, Bulacan Province 

Talisay and Minganilla, Cebu 

Quingua, Bulacan Province 

Calumpit, Bulacan Province 

Barascoain, Bulacan Province 

Santa Isabel: 

Daquila, Bulacan 

Anibon, Bulacan 

Guiguinto: 

Alang-ilang. Bulacan 

Malapat, Bulacan 

Recoleto, Bulacan 

Estate in the province of Isabela 

Total 

ESTATES OF THE RECOLETOS. 

San Juan and San Nicolas, Cavite 

San Juan, Mindoro Province 

Total 

Grand total: 

Estates of the Dominicans 

Estates of the Augustinians 

Estates of the Recoletos , 

Final total 



1, 538. 

962. 

4, 033. 

5, 397. 

3,432. 

5, 197. 

3, 604. 

13, 000. 

294. 

7, 362. 

10. 

74. 

54. 



43.00 
00.00 
00.00 
84.00 
00.00 
00.00 
00.00 
00.00 
00.00 
90.00 
21.33 
82. 95 
29.57 



38.83.49 
65.33.52 

241. 42. 94 

7. 20. 08 

456. 95. 16 

23, 000. 00. 00 



770. 26. 04 



18, 419. 56. 12 
23, 266. 00. 00 



41, 685. 56. 12 



60, 461. 73. 96 
68,770.26.04 
41, 685. 56. 12 



170,917.56.12 



$195, 

142, 

375, 

174, 

401, 

204, 

300, 

1,117, 

32, 

1,008, 

1, 

11, 



576. 45 
911. 69 
075. 00 
485. 00 
100. 00 
100. 00 
850. 00 
250. 00 
670. 00 
882. 50 
531.99 
224. 42 
144.35 



5, 825. 23 
9,800.28 

48,285.88 

1,080.12 

68, 542. 74 

300, 000. 00 



4,407,335.65 



1,605.303.33 
600, 000. 00 



2, 205, 303. 33 



5, 473, 799. 13 
4,407,335.65 
2,205,303.33 



12,086,438.11 



In acres, 422,337.29; 1 hectare equals 2.471 acres. 



EXHIBIT H. 



AGREEMENTS TO CONVEY THE FRIARS' LANDS TO THE GOVERN- 
MENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



AGREEMENT OF THE BRITISH-MANILA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED, TO CONVEY 
TO THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS THE ESTATES OF SAN 
JUAN AND SAN NICOLAS, PROVINCE OF CAVITE. 

Manila, December 22, 1903. 

The British-Manila Estates Company, Limited, a corporation duly organized under 
the laws of , hereby agrees to sell and convey to the government of the Phil- 
ippine Islands the two haciendas of San Juan and San Nicolas, in the town of Imus, 
known usually as the Imus estate, in the province of Cavite, consisting of eighteen 
thousand four hundred and nineteen (18,419) hectares, fifty-six (56) ares, and twelve 
(12) centares, formerly the property of the Recoleto order in the Philippines. 

This sale and conveyance shall include all the dwelling houses, farmhouses, ware- 
houses, camarines, and other buildings, including sugar and rice mills and machin- 
ery, irrigation work, dams, tunnels, ditches, and all other improvements, together 
w T ith all water and other rights, and all hereditaments belonging to the British-Manila 
Estates Company, Limited, on every part of the estates hereby agreed to be con- 
veyed; and the British-Manila Estates Company, Limited, agrees that it has a good 
and merchantable title to all the lands and buildings hereby conveyed, duly regis- 
tered according to the laws of the Philippine Islands; that it will produce its title 
deeds for examination by the counsel for the Philippine government as soon as prac- 
ticable after the signing of this contract, and that it will convey such lands and build- 
ings absolutely and in fee simple, in accordance with this contract, by giving a 
sufficient deed of general warranty of title to the Philippine government. 

The British-Manila Estates Company, Limited, further agrees to furnish to the 
Philippine government all its books, papers, and other documents which it has 
either in its possession or under its control bearing upon its ownership or the owner- 
ship of its predecessors in title to the lands herein agreed to be conveyed, which 
shall, in the opinion of the counsel for the Philippine government, be useful to such 
government in determining who are the rightful tenants on the property, and in 
showing, in case of litigation, the lawful and peaceable possession of the British- 
Manila Estates Company, Limited, or its predecessors in title, and especially in show- 
ing the lawful and peaceable possession of the Kecoleto order in the Philippines 
during the sovereignty of Spain. 

The British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), further agrees to aid the Philippine 
government in every way by procuring oral or documentary evidence needed in con- 
firming the title hereby conveyed or by showing where such evidence can be procured. 

The British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), hereby further agrees that the 
government of the Philippine Islands may at its own expense make such surveys of 
the hacienda or haciendas herein agreed to be conveyed as it sees fit in order to 
determine whether the superficial area of the hacienda or haciendas according to the 
description thereof in the title deeds is the same as that stated above. 

The British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), also hereby agrees to assign and 
transfer to the government of the Philippine Islands all claims for rents for use of 
land or buildings herein agreed to be conveyed due to the British-Manila Estates 
Company (Limited), from tenants which are now uncollected, together with all claims 
for rents accruing between the date hereof and the consummation of the sale herein 
agreed to be made, except such rents as may be owing by the United States Govern- 
ment to the said company for the occupation of its houses by United States troops; 
nor shall this agreement affect the alleged claim which the British-Manila Estates 
Company (Limited), has against the civil government of the Philippine Islands or the 
province of Cavite for material used upon roads constructed in the province of Cavite 
and taken from a building owned by the British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), 
in the town of Imus. 

20-4 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 205 

It is understood that this contract is based upon a series of surveys made by a sur- 
veyor named Juan Villegas during the years nineteen hundred and one and nineteen 
hundred and two, at the instance'of the government of the Philippine Islands, in 
which he classifies and appraises the lands of the British-Manila Estates Company 
(Limited), herein agreed to be conveyed; that on the basis of this survey, classifica- 
tion, and appraisement thecivil governor, on behalf of the governmentof the Philippine 
Islands, by letter to Monsignor Jean Baptiste Guidi, archbishop of Stauropoli and 
apostolic delegate to the Philippine Islands, dated July 5, 1903, made an offer to pur- 
chase the lands above described at the price fixed by Villegas, in Mexican currency 
reduced to gold at the ratio of two to one, and this letter of the civil governor, 
together with the list of the estates of the Kecoletos, so called, which accompanied 
the letter, and the surveys of Villegas of said estates, is hereby, for the better under- 
standing of this contract, made part hereof as an exhibit by reference. 

In consideration of the sale and conveyance of the lands and buildings and of the 
assignment of the claims for rent, all as above described, the government of the 
Philippine Islands agrees to pay to the British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), 
the sum of one million and forty-five thousand dollars ($1,045,000), in mone3 r of the 
United States, subject to this proviso: That if the Philippine government shall notify 
the British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), that the area of either hacienda as 
described in the title deed thereof falls short of the superficial area thereof as shown 
by Villegas's survey of the same, then the parties hereto shall cause a joint survey 
of the same to be made by an agent of each, and if the true survey shall show the 
area of either hacienda to be less than as stated by Villegas and in the description 
thereof hereinbefore given, then the price herein agreed to be paid shall be abated 
by an amount to be ascertained by multiplying the number of hectares short into the 
average value of an hectare in the hacienda in question, as shown by dividing Ville- 
gas's total valuation of such hacienda by the total number of hectares contained 
therein according to his survey, plus twenty-five per cent thereof; and if, on the other 
hand, the true survey shall show an excess of hectares over the amount reported by 
Villegas, then the price to be paid shall be increased by an amount to be ascertained 
in a similar manner. 

The government of the Philippine Islands, as a further consideration, hereby 
agrees to reimburse the British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), in the sum of six 
hundred and forty- three dollars and fifty-eight cents ($643.58), paid by Marcus 
McGregor, the agent of the British- Manila Estates Company (Limited), to the 
treasurer of the province of Cavite as taxes on the haciendas herein agreed to be 
conveyed; and hereby further agrees to hold said British-Manila Estates Company 
(Limited) , harmless from liability for the payment of all land taxes uncollected on the 
haciendas herein agreed to be conveyed and due to the province of Cavite or the 
municipality in which situate. 

It is understood that the government of the Philippine Islands, in order to pay 
the purchase price hereof, is obliged to sell its bonds under and by virtue of the 
authority of section sixty-four of an act of the Congress of the United States approved 
July one, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for 
the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and 
for other purposes." The government of the Philippine Islands agrees to make 
every effort to sell the bonds and obtain the proceeds as soon as practicable, and the 
time for the consummation of this contract by the conveyance of a good and market- 
able title by the British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), and the payment of the 
purchase price by the government of the Philippine Islands is fixed as of the end of 
a period within which such bonds may be engraved, advertised, sold, and the 
proceeds thereof realized, and the necessary surveys and necessary investigation 
of the title be made, by prompt action of the Philippine ^government: Provided, 
That such period shall not exceed six months from the date of this contract. 

In witness whereof the two parties to this agreement hereunto affix their signa- 
tures: The British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), acting by Marcus McGregor, 
the attorney in fact of said company, as shown by the attached power of attorney; 
and the government of the Philippine Islands, by William H. Taft, civil governor, 
whose authority is shown by a certified copy of a resolution of the Philippine Com- 
mission also hereto attached. 

The British-Manila Estates Company (Limited), 
By M. McGregor. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 
By Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

In the presence of 

Jean Baptiste Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli. 
A. W. Fergusson. 



206 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

AGREEMENT OF LA SOCIEDAD AGRLCOLA DE ULTRAMAR TO CONVEY TO THE 
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS CERTAIN ESTATES, FORMERLY 
THE PROPERTY OF THE AUGUSTINIAN ORDER IN THE PHILIPPINES. 

Manila, December 22, 1903. 
La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar, a corporation duly and lawfully organized 
under the Spanish sovereignty, hereby agrees to sell and convey to the government 
of the Philippine Islands the following haciendas and parcels of land, formerly the 
property of the Augustinian order in the Philippines, as follows: 

(1) The hacienda of Banildad or Talamban, containing 1,538 hectares and 43 ares, 
in the province of Cebu. 

(2) The hacienda of Dampol, in the town of Quingua, in the province of Bulacan, 
containing 962 hectares, 74 ares, and 46 centares. 

(3) The hacienda of Muntinlupa, containing 5,397 hectares and 84 ares, formerly 
in the province of Rizal and now in the province of La Laguna. 

(4) The hacienda of Malinta, containing 3,432 hectares, in the town of Polo, in the 
province of Bulacan. 

(5) The hacienda of Tala, containing 5,187 hectares, in the towns of Novaliches 
and Caloocan, in the province of Rizal. 

(6) The hacienda of Piedad, containing 3,604 hectares, in the towns of Novaliches 
and Caloocan, in the province of Rizal. 

(7) The hacienda of San Francisco de Malabon, containing 13,000 hectares, in the 
province of Cavite. 

(8) The hacienda of Binagbag, within the jurisdiction of the pueblo of Angat, in 
the province of Bulacan, containing 294 hectares. 

(9) The hacienda of Talisay and Minglanilla, containing 7,362 hectares and 90 ares, 
in the province of Cebu. 

(10) A parcel of land in Matamo, in the pueblo of Quingua, province of Bulacan, 
containing 10 hectares, 21 ares, and 33 centares. 

(11) A parcel of land in the barrio of San Marcos, town of Calumpit, province of 
Bulacan, containing 74 hectares, 82 ares, and 95 centares. 

(12) A parcel of land in Barihan, in the town of Barasoain, province of Bulacan, 
containing 54 hectares, 29 ares, and 57 centares. 

(13) A parcel of land in the barrio of Daquila, in the town of Santa Isabel, in the 
province of Bulacan, containing 38 hectares 83 ares and 49 centares. 

(14) A parcel of land in the barrios of Calay-Layan or Anibon, of the pueblo of 
Santa Isabel, in the province of Bulacan, containing 65 hectares 33 ares and 52 
centares. 

(15) A parcel of land in Alang-Ilang, in the town of Guiguinto, province of Bula- 
can, containing 241 hectares 42 ares and 94 centares. 

(16) A parcel of land in the barrio of Malapad, of the town of Guiguinto, province 
of Bulacan, containing 7 hectares 20 ares and 8 centares. 

(17) A parcel of land in the barrio of New and Old Recoleto, of the town of Gui- 
guinto, province of Bulacan, containing 456 hectares 95 ares and 16 centares. 

(18) An estate in the province of Isabela, containing 20,419 hectares, patented by 
the Spanish Government to the Augustinian Order of the Philippines. 

This sale and conveyance shall include all the dwelling houses, farmhouses, ware- 
houses, camarines, and other buildings, including sugar and rice mills and machinery, 
irrigation work, dams, tunnels, ditches, and all other improvements, together with 
all water and other rights, and all hereditaments belonging to La Sociedad Agricola 
de Ultramar on the estates and parcels of land hereby agreed to be conveyed; and 
La Sociedad Agrfcola de Ultramar agrees that it has a good and merchantable title 
to all the lands and buildings hereby conveyed, duly registered according to the laws 
of the Philippine Islands; that it will produce its registered title deeds for examina- 
tion by the counsel for the Philippine government, and that it will convey such 
lands and buildings absolutely and in fee simple in accordance with this contract by 
giving a sufficient deed of general warranty of title to the Philippine government. 

La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar further agrees to furnish to the Philippine gov- 
ernment all its books, papers, and other documents which it has either in its pos- 
session or under its control bearing upon its ownership or the ownership of its pred- 
ecessors in title to the lands herein agreed to be conveyed which shall, in the opinion 
of the counsel for the Philippine government, be useful to such government in deter- 
mining who are the rightful tenants on the property, and in showing, in case of 
litigation, the lawful and peaceable possession of La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar 
or its predecessors in title, and especially in showing the lawful and peaceable pos- 
session of the Augustinian Order in the Philippines during the sovereignty of Spain. 

La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar further agrees to aid the Philippine government 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 207 

in every way by procuring oral or documentary evidence needed in confirming the 
title hereby conveyed or by showing where such evidence can be procured. 

La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar hereby further agrees that the Philippine gov- 
ernment may, at its own expense, make such surveys of any of the haciendas or 
parcels herein conveyed as it sees fit in order to determine whether the superficial 
area of any estate or parcel according to the description thereof in the title deeds is 
the same as that stated in the above-mentioned list of haciendas and parcels. 

La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar also hereby agrees to assign and transfer to the 
government of the Philippine Islands all claims for rents for use of land or build- 
ings herein agreed to be conveyed due to La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar from 
tenants thereon which are now uncollected, together with claims for rents accruing 
between the date hereof and the consummation of the sale herein agreed to be made, 
except such rents as may be owing by the United States Government to the said 
society for the occupation of its houses by United States troops. 

It is understood that this contract is based upon a series of surveys made by a sur- 
veyor named Juan Yillegas during the years nineteen hundred and one and nineteen 
hundred and two at the instance of the government of the Philippine Islands, in 
which he classifies and appraises the lands of La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar, 
except an estate of twenty-three thousand hectares in the province of Isabela, above 
mentioned; that on the basis of this survey, classification, and appraisement the civil 
governor, on behalf of the government of the Philippine Islands, by letter to 
Monsignor Jean Baptiste Guidi, archbishop of Stauropoli and apostolic delegate to 
the Philippine Islands, dated July 5, 1903, made an offer to purchase the lands above 
described at the price fixed by Villegas in Mexican currency reduced to gold at the 
ratio of two to one, and this letter of the civil governor, together with the list of the 
estates of the Augustinians, so called, which accompanied the letter, and the surveys 
of Yillegas of said estates, is hereby for the better understanding of this contract made 
part hereof as an exhibit by reference, it being understood that the estate of Mandaloya, 
mentioned in the list as belonging to the Augustinians and now the property of La 
Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar, is not intended to be included in this contract and 
ageement to sell. 

In consideration of the sale and conveyance of the lands and buildings, and of the 
assignment of the claims for rent, all as above described, the government of the 
Philippine Islands agrees to pay to La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar the sum of two 
million two hundred and thirteen thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine dollars 
($2,213,779), in money of the United States, subject to this proviso: That if the Philip- 
pine government shall notify La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar that the area of any 
hacienda or parcel as described in the title deed thereof falls short of the superficial 
area thereof as shown by Yillegas' survey of the same, then the parties hereto shall 
cause a joint survey of the same to be made by an agent of each; and if the true sur- 
vey shall show the area of the hacienda or parcel to be less than as stated by Villegas 
and in the list as hereinbefore set forth, the price herein to be paid shall be abated 
by an amount to be ascertained by multiplying the number of hectares short into the 
average value of an hectare in the hacienda or parcel in question as shown by divid- 
ing Yillegas' total valuation of such hacienda or parcel by the total number of hec- 
tares contained therein according to his survey plus twenty-five per cent thereof; and 
if, on the other hand, the true survey shall show an excess of hectares over the amount 
reported by Yillegas, then the price to be paid shall be increased by an amount to be 
ascertained in a similar manner. If either party desires a survey of the Isabela 
estate, which was not surveyed by Yillegas, it shall be made as above provided, and 
the price herein agreed to be paid shall be reduced or increased by the number of 
hectares found to be short or in excess of twenty thousand four hundred and nineteen 
hectares at the rate of nine dollars and eighteen cents ($9.18) gold per hectare. The 
survey above mentioned shall be begun as soon after the signing of this contract as 
is practicable. 

In addition to the other considerations herein stated the government of the Philip- 
pine Islands will save harmless La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar from the payment 
of any land taxes due upon the haciendas or parcels herein agreed to be conveyed to 
the province or municipality in which such haciendas or parcels are respectively 

situate, and will reimburse La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar in the amount of 

dollars ($ ) for taxes already paid by it on such haciendas or parcels of land. 

It is understood that the government of the Philippine Islands, in order to pay the 
purchase price hereof, is obliged to sell its bonds under and by virtue of the authority 
of section sixty-four of an act of the Congress of the United States approved July 
one, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for the 
administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for 
other purposes." The government of the Philippine Islands agrees to make every 



208 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

effort to sell the bonds and obtain the proceeds as soon as practicable, and the time 
for the consummation of this contract by the conveyance of a good and marketable 
title by La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar and the payment of the purchase price by 
the government of the Philippine Islands is fixed as of the end of a period within 
which such bonds may be engraved, advertised, sold^ and the proceeds thereof real- 
ized, and the necessary surveys and necessary investigation of the title be made by 
prompt action of the Philippine government: Provided, That such period shall not 
exceed six months from the date of this contract. 

In witness whereof, the two parties to this agreement hereunto affix their signa- 
tures: La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar, acting by Padre Juan Martin, the attorney 
in fact of said society, as shown by the attached power of attorney, and the govern- 
ment of the Philippine Islands, by William H. Taft, civil governor, whose authority 
is shown by a certified copy of a resolution of the Philippine Commission, also hereto 
attached. 

La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar, 
By W. Juan M. Ybanez. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 
By Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 

In the presence of — 

Jean Baptiste Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli, Apostolic Delegate. 
A. W. Fergusson. 

Addendum. 

In now appearing that La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar has sold about eleven hec- 
tares of the hacienda of Banildad or Talamban to the consuls for China and Germany 
and to the Spanish Casino, it is hereby further agreed that the same are omitted 
from the land hereinabove agreed to be conveyed, and the price shall be abated one 
thousand three hundred and seventy-five dollars ($1,375) in money of the United 
States. 

La Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar, 
By W. Juan M. Ybanez,. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 
By Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 
In the presence of — 

Jean Baptiste Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli, Apostolic Delegate. 
A. W. Fergusson. 



AGREEMENT OF THE RECOLETO ORDER OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS TO CON- 
VEY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS THE ESTATE OF 
SAN J0SE\ PROVINCE OF MINDORO. 

Manila, December 22, 1903. 

The Recoleto Order of the Philippine Islands, an ecclesiastical corporation, hereby 
agrees to sell and convey to the government of the Philippine Islands the estate of 
San Jose in the island and province of Mindoro, containing twenty -three thousand 
two hundred and sixty-six (23,266) hectares. 

This sale and conveyance shall include all the dwelling houses, farmhouses, ware- 
houses, camarines, and other buildings, including sugar and rice mills and machinery, 
irrigation work, dams, tunnels, ditches, and all other improvements, together with 
all water and other rights and all hereditaments belonging to the Recoleto Order of 
the Philippines on the estate hereby agreed to be conveyed; and the Recoleto Order 
of the Philippines agrees that it has a good and merchantable title to all the lands 
and buildings hereby conveyed, duly registered according to the laws of the Philip- 
pinelslands; that it will produce its title deeds for examination by the counsel for the 
Philippine government as soon as practicable after the signing of this contract; and 
that it will convey such lands and buildings absolutely and in fee simple in accord- 
ance with this contract by giving a sufficient deed of general warranty of title to the 
Philippine government. 

The Recoleto Order of the Philippines hereby further agrees to furnish to the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 209 

Philippine government all its books, papers, and other documents, which it has in 
its possession or under its control, bearing upon its ownership or the ownership of 
its predecessors in title to the lands herein agreed to be conveyed, which shall, in the 
opinion of the counsel for the Philippine government, be useful to such government 
in determining who are the rightful tenants on such property, and in showing, in 
case of litigation, the lawful and peaceable possession of the Recoleto Order of the 
Philippines or its predecessors in title. 

The Recoleto Order of the Philippines further agrees to aid the Philippine govern- 
ment in every way by procuring oral or documentary evidence needed in confirming 
the title hereby conveyed or by showing where such evidence can be procured. 

The Eecoleto Order of the Philippines also hereby agrees to assign and transfer to 
the government of the Philippine Islands all claims for rents for use of land or build- 
ings herein agreed to be conveyed due to the Recoleto Order of the Philippines or 
its predecessors in title from tenants thereon which are now uncollected, together 
with claims for rents accruing between the date hereof and the consummation of the 
sale herein agreed to be made. 

The Recoleto Order of the Philippines hereby further agrees that the Philippine 
government may, at its own expense, make such surveys of the hacienda herein con- 
veyed as it sees fit, in order to determine whether its superficial area according to the 
description thereof in the title deeds contains twenty-three thousand two hundred 
and sixty-six (23,266) hectares, as hereinbefore set forth. 

In consideration of the conveyance of the lands and buildings and of the assignment 
of the claims for rent, all as above described, the government of the Philippine 
Islands agrees to pay to the Recoleto Order of the Philippines the sum of three hun- 
dred and six thousand seven hundred and fifty-nine dollars ($306,759) in money of 
the United States, subject to this proviso: That if the Philippine government shall 
notify the Recoleto Order of the Philippines that the area of the hacienda of San 
Jose, herein agreed to be conveyed, as described in the title deeds thereof falls short 
of the superficial area thereof as hereinbefore set forth, then the parties hereto shall 
cause a joint survey of the same to be made by an agent of each, and if the true 
survey shows a less area of land in this estate than twenty-three thousand two hun- 
dred and sixty-six hectares the price herein agreed to be paid shall be reduced in 
the proportion which the shortage bears to twenty-three thousand two hundred and 
sixty-six hectares; and if the estate shall be found to exceed the amount above 
stated, then the price shall be increased in a similar proportion. 

As an additional consideration, the government of the Philippine Islands hereby 
agrees to hold the Recoleto Order of the Philippines harmless from liability to pay 
land taxes on the hacienda herein agreed to be conveyed, whether such taxes have 
already accrued or shall accrue between the date of this contract and the date of the 
conveyance herein agreed to be made. 

It is understood that upon the hacienda of San Jose, Mindoro, there are about two 
thousand head of cattle, the property of the Recoleto Order. It is agreed as part of 
the above contract of sale that the Recoleto Order may pasture these cattle on said 
estate for one year after the above contract is consummated by the delivery of the 
deed of conveyance and the payment of the purchase price without the payment of 
rent, subject, however, to the conditions that, should the Philippine government 
succeed in selling the San Jose estate hereinabove agreed to be conveyed, or a sub- 
stantial part thereof, the said government may require the removal of such cattle on 
three months' notice. 

It is understood that the government of the Philippine Islands, in order to pay the 
purchase price hereof, is obliged to sell its bonds under and by virtue of the authority 
of section sixty -four of an act of the Congress of the United States, approved July one, 
nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for the adminis- 
tration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other pur- 
poses." The government of the Philippine Islands agrees to make every effort to 
sell the bonds and obtain the proceeds as soon as practicable, and time for the con- 
summation of this contract by the conveyance of a good and marketable title by the 
Recoleto Order of the Philippines and the payment of the purchase price by the gov- 
ernment of the Philippine Islands is fixed as of the end of a period within which 
such bonds may be engraved, advertised, sold, and the proceeds thereof realized, and 
the necessary surveys and necessary investigation of the title be made, by prompt 
action of the Philippine government: Provided, That such period shall not exceed six 
months from the date of this contract. 

In witness wmereof the two parties to this agreement hereunto affix their signa- 
tures, the Recoleto Order of the Philippines, acting by Fr. Valentin Utande, pro- 
curator of said order, duly authorized thereunto by power of attorney, a copy of 
which is hereto attached, and the government of the Philippine Islands by William 

war 1903— vol 5 14 



210 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

H. Taft, civil governor, whose authority is shown by a certified copy of a resolution 
of the Philippine Commission, also hereto attached. 

The Recoleto Order op the Philippines, 
By Valentin Utande, F. Procurator. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 
By Wm. H. Tapt, Civil Governor. 
In the presence of — 

Jean Baptiste Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli, Apostolic Delegate. 



Manila, December 22, 1903. 
The Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company (Limited), purporting to be a 
corporation of the Philippine Islands, duly and lawfully organized, hereby agrees to 
sell and convey to the government of the Philippine Islands eight (8) haciendas, 
formerly the property of the Dominican Order in the Philippines, as follows: 

(1) The hacienda of Bman, in the province of Laguna, said to contain, by the sur- 
vey of Villegas, a surveyor, 3,739 hectares 10 ares and 15 centares; 

(2) The hacienda of Calamba, in the province of Laguna, said to contain 16,424 
hectares and 14 ares; 

(3) The hacienda of Lolomboy, in the province of Bulacan, divided into three 
parts, the first and second parts at Polo, one containing 106 hectares and 53 ares, and 
the other containing 65 hectares 19 ares and 50 centares, and the third part in the 
pueblo of Bocaue, containing 4,158 hectares 9 ares and 66 centares; 

(4) The hacienda of Naic, in the province of Cavite, said to contain 7,922 hectares 
and 29 ares; and 24 centares; 

(5) The hacienda of Orion, in the province of Bataan, said to contain 2,109 hect- 
ares 57 ares and 24 centares; 

(6) The hacienda of Santa Cruz de Malabon, in the province of Cavite, said to con- 
tain 8,902 hectares 37 ares and 50 centares; 

(7) The hacienda of Santa Maria de Pandi, in the province of Bulacan, said to con- 
tain 12,069 hectares 57 ares and 2 centares; 

(8) The hacienda of Santa Rosa, in the province of Laguna, said to contain 4,750 
hectares 14 ares and 24 centares; and, 

In addition, a parcel of land in Toro, in the province of Bulacan, said to contain 58 
hectares 23 ares and 30 centares, which is really part of either the hacienda of 
Lolomboy or that of Santa Maria de Pandi; 

Reserving therefrom the casa hacienda and camarine in the hacienda and pueblo of 
Santa Rosa in the province of Laguna, including the land enclosed within the walls 
surrounding said casa and camarine and two hundred hectares of first-class agricul- 
tural land therein to be selected by the agent of the Philippine Sugar Estates Devel- 
opment Company (Limited), in reasonably compact form near the casa hacienda, and 
selected so as to interfere with the use of the rest of the estate by the Philippine 
Government as little as possible and so as not to include any part of the poblacion 
but only agricultural land; reserving also the casa Majala on the mountain side of 
the Calamba estate, together with eight hundred hectares of cultivated sugar lands 
extending from the casa Majala toward the town of Calamba, to be selected, by the 
company's agent in as near a compact tract as practicable and so as not to inter- 
fere with the use of the remainder of the estate by the Philippine Government. The 
reservation of neither of these tracts is to include the source of water supply for the 
estate from which reserved, and is not to be used by the Philippine Sugar Estates 
Development Company (Limited), or any successor in title, to the prejudice of the 
government of the Philippine Islands or any successor in title to the lands hereby 
conveyed so far as the use of water thereon and the present system of irrigation is 
concerned, which shall be continued for the benefit of both parties herein in accord- 
ance with the law and customs of the Philippines in the year 1898. 

This sale and conveyance shall include all the dwelling houses, farmhouses, ware- 
houses, camarines and other buildings, irrigation work, dams, tunnels, ditches and 
all other improvements, together with all water and other rights and all heredita- 
ments belonging to the company on every part of the estates hereby agreed to be con- 
veyed, except the two houses expressly reserved above, and also excepting a camarine 
in the poblacion of Orion in the province of Bataan, and a camarine in the poblacion 
of Calamba, which belonged to the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, 
Limited, but were not valued by Villegas, the surveyor, in the survey hereinafter 
referred to, from ignorance that they belonged to the company. The land upon 
which the camarines of Orion and Calamba stand is not included in this conveyance. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 211 

It is understood that the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, 
has sold upward of four hundred hectares of sugar land in the Calamba estate, which 
is to be included in the eight hundred hectares herein reserved to the company and 
to be satisfied out of the same. It is also understood that the company has sold ten 
hectares, more or less, with a rice mill thereon, in Binan, and town lots in Binan, 
Calamba, and Santa Cruz. To make up for this amount and for -the two lots in 
Orion and Calamba, upon which stand the camarines mentioned above, the said com- 
pany agrees to reduce the reservation of two hundred hectares in Santa Rosa by the 
amount thus sold in Binan, Calamba, and Santa Cruz, and by the amount retained 
in Orion and Calamba. 

The Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, agrees that it has 
good and merchantable titles to all the lands and buildings hereby conveyed, duly 
registered according to the laws of the Philippine Islands; that it will produce evi- 
dence of the same for examination by counsel for the Philippine government as soon 
as practicable after the signing of this contract, and that it will convey such lands 
and buildings absolutely and in fee simple in accordance with this contract by a 
good and sufficient deed of general warranty of title to the Philippine government. 
The Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, further agrees to 
furnish to the Philippine government all its books, papers, and other documents 
which it has, either in possession or under its control, bearing upon its ownership, or 
the ownership of its predecessors in title, of the lands herein agreed to be conveyed, 
which shall, in the opinion of the counsel for the Philippine government, be useful 
to such government in determining who are the rightful tenants on the property, and 
in showing, in cases of litigation, the lawful and peaceable possession of the Philip- 
pine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, or its predecessors in title, and 
especially in showing the lawful and peaceable possession of the Dominican Order of 
the Philippines during the sovereignty of Spain. The Philippine Sugar Estates 
Development Company, -Limited, further agrees to aid the Philippine government in 
every way by procuring oral or documentary evidence needed in confirming the title 
hereby conveyed, or by showing where such evidence can be procured. The Philip- 
pine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, further agrees that the Philippine 
government may, at its own expense, make such surveys of any of the haciendas as 
it sees fit in order to determine whether the superficial area of any hacienda accord- 
ing to the description thereof in the title deeds is the same as that stated in the above- 
mentioned list of haciendas and parcels. 

The Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, also hereby agrees 
to assign and transfer to the government of the Philippine Islands all claims for rents 
for use of land or buildings herein agreed to be conveyed due to the Philippine Sugar 
Estates Development Company, Limited, or its predecessors in title, from tenants 
thereof which are now uncollected, together with all claims for rents accruing between 
the date hereof and the consummation of the sale herein agreed to be made, except 
such rents as may be owing by the United States Government to the said company 
for occupation of its houses by United States troops. 

It is understood that this contract is based upon a series of surveys made by a 
surveyor named Juan Villegas during the years 1901 and 1902 at the instance of the 
government of the Philippine Islands, in which he classified and appraised the lands 
of the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, herein agreed to 
be conveyed; that on the basis of this survey, classification, and appraisement, the 
civil governor, on behalf of the government of the Philippine Islands, by letter to 
Monsignor Jean Baptiste Guidi, Archbishop of Stauropoli and apostolic delegate to 
the Philippine Islands, dated July 5, 1903, made an offer to purchase the lands 
above described at the prices fixed by Villegas in Mexican currency reduced to gold 
at the ratio of two to one, and this letter of the civil governor, together with the 
list of estates of the Dominicans so called, which accompanied the letter and the 
surveys of Villegas of said estates, is hereby, for the better understanding of this 
contract, made part hereof as an exhibit by reference, it being understood that the 
estate of San Juan del Monte mentioned in the list as belonging to the Dominicans 
was never conveyed to the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Lim- 
ited, and is not owned by the said company and is not included in this agreement 
to sell. 

In consideration of the sale and conveyance of the lands and buildings and the 
assignment of the claims for rent, all as above described, the government of the 
Philippine Islands agrees to pay to the Philippines Sugar Estates Development 
Company, Limited, the sum of three million six hundred seventy-one thousand six 
hundred* and fifty-seven dollars ($3,671,657), in money of the United States, subject 
to this proviso: That if the government of the Philippine Islands shall notify the 
Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, that the area of any 
hacienda that is described in the title deed thereof falls short of the superficial area 



212 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

thereof, as shown by Villegas's survey of the same, then the parties hereto shall cause 
a joint survey of the same to be made by an agent of each; and if the true survey 
shall show the area of the hacienda to be less than that as stated by Villegas in the 
list hereinbefore set forth, then the price herein agreed to be paid shall be abated 
by an amount to be ascertained by multiplying the number of hectares short into 
the average value of a hectare in the hacienda in question as shown by dividing 
Villegas's total valuation of such hacienda by the total number of hectares contained 
therein according to his survey, plus twenty-five per cent thereof; and if, on the 
other hand, the true survey shall show an access of hectares over the amount 
reported by Villegas, then the price to be paid shall be increased by an amount 
ascertained in a similar manner. 

In addition to the foregoing considerations the Philippine government also stipu- 
lates that the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, shall be 
acquitted of the obligation to pay all the uncollected land taxes on the lands, build- 
ings, and other improvements herein agreed to be conveyed to the Philippine govern- 
ment which are due to the provinces or the municipalities in which the same are 
respectively situate. 

It is understood that the government of the Philippine Islands, in order to pay the 
purchase price hereof, is obliged to sell its bonds under and by virtue of the 
authority of section 64 of the act of Congress of the United States, approved July 1, 
1902, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of 
civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." 

The government of the Philippine Islands agrees to make every effort to sell the 
bonds and obtain the proceeds as soon as is practicable, and the time for the con- 
summation of this contract by the conveyance of a good and marketable title by the 
Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, and the payment of the 
purchase price by the government of the Philippine Islands is fixed as of the end of 
the period within which such bonds may be engraved, advertised, sold, and the pro- 
ceeds thereof realized, and the necessary surveys and necessary investigation of the 
title be made by prompt action of the Philippine government, not exceeding six 
months from the date of this contract. 

In witness whereof, the two parties to this agreement hereunto affix their signa- 
tures, the Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited, acting by 
Francisco Gutierrez, the attorney in fact of said company, as shown by the attached 
pow r er of attorney, and the government of the Philippine Islands by Win. H. Taft, 
civil governor, whose authority is shown by a certified copy of a resolution of the 
Philippine Commission, also hereto attached. 

(Sgd.) The Philippine Sugar Estates 

Development Company, Limited, 
By Franco. Gutierrez, Attorney in Fact. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 
By Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

In presence of — 

Jean Baptist Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli, Apostolic Delegate. 
A. W. Fergusson. 



EXHIBIT I. 

REPORT ON RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES. 

[Cases numbered from 1 to 108, inclusive. Exhibits numbered from 1 to 48, inclusive. ] 



A SYNOPSIS OF THE CASES OF RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSY AND QUESTIONS IN 
WHICH THE MATTER OF RELIGION IS INVOLVED, ARISING IN THE PHILIP- 
PINE ISLANDS, CALLING FOR ACTION BY THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT OF 
THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLANDS, AND STATEMENT OF THE ACTION 
TAKEN THEREON. 

1. Iloilo, Iliolo. — No date. — Bishop of Jaro presents in person to the civil gov- 
ernor a petition to the Commission asking that the seminary of Jaro be vacated by 
the American troops and returned to him as the representative of the Catholic Church. 

May 25, 1901. — Referred to the military governor of the islands, with request that 
investigation be made by the military authorities as to the title to the said seminary. 

August 30, 1901. — Returned to the civil governor, with reports of various military 
officers. 

September 4, 1901. — Referred to the attorney-general for opinion as to whether the 
facts shown do not seem to entitle the Catholic Church to possession of the property. 

September 7, 1901. — Solicitor-general renders opinion that the claim of the Catholic 
Church to title is not clearly shown. The record in this case is copied in full and 
attached hereto and marked "''Exhibit No. 1." (No. 936.) 

2. Iloilo, Iloilo. — January 24, 1902. — The presbyter of the congregation of San 
Vicente de Paul reports that seditious cries and jeers were uttered against himself 
and fellow priests in Iloilo and Jaro. States that he was refused protection by the 
military. 

January 29, 1902. — Acting civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor, 
urges the use of all possible means for the keeping of the peace, and outlines the princi- 
ples underlying the American policy of separation of church and state. This letter 
is copied in full and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 2." 

February 10, 1902. — A copy of this letter was furnished to the chief of the Philip- 
pines constabulary, with the request that all constabulary officers be advised of the 
status of affairs between the church and the state, in order that there might be no con- 
fusion in that regard. Copy also furnished to the presbyter of the congregation of 
San Vicente de Paul for his information. 

March 7, 1902. — Provincial governor transmits testimony and report of investiga- 
tion, and states that the complaint put the matter in a light , which did injustice to 
the accused persons, as the assembly was an entirely peaceable one and offered no 
violence. Cites other instances to show that the municipal authorities are using 
every effort to prevent such lawlessness as that complained of. (No. 6598-A1 to A3, 
inclusive.) 

3. Sax Pedro, Axtique. — February IS, 1903. — Municipal president forwards for 
the information of the civil governor a report of the conditions existing in his 
municipality with reference to the question of religion, his letter leaving the infer- 
ence that he is having or expects to have trouble along that line. 

Ajrrtt IS, 1903. — Civil governor in reply states briefly the duties of the municipal 
president, and refers him to former instructions. This letter is copied in full and 
attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 3." (No. 22107). 

4. Lambunao, Iloilo.— July 17, 1902.— Parish priest complains of persecution by 
three councilors of his town, stating that they have prevented children from attend- 
ing the parish school, fined him twice wrongfully, and prohibited the admitting of 
corpses into the church. 

213 



214 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

August 18, 1902. — Referred to the provincial governor for investigation and report, 
and for proper action to prevent a recurrence of such wrongs if it should be found 
that the same had been committed. 

September 9, 1902. — Municipal president reports that no abuses against the person 
of the priest or any other Catholic have been noted; that, when the public school 
was opened the muncipal police were instructed to see that all children attended 
same; and that the priest was fined for an infraction of the law. 

January 16, 1903. — Referred by the executive secretary to the provincial board of 
Iloilo, with statement that the action of the municipal council compelling children 
to attend the public school, and thus indirectly preventing their attendance at the 
parochial school, was contrary to law; that the ordinance prohibiting the introduc- 
tion of corpses into the church, etc., was legal only if drafted and recommended by 
the municipal board of health; and that the municipal council was not empowered 
to collect fees or taxes on religious ceremonies, and that such ordinance was illegal. 
The provincial board was instructed to make necessary representations to the muni- 
cipal council. This letter is copied in full and attached hereto and marked ' ' Exhibit 
No. 4." 

July 2, 1903. — Provincial secretary forwards copy of the withdrawal of the charges 
by A. P. Cotton, attorney for the parish priest, and favors the dismissal of the case. 
Accordingly dismissed. (No. 12544 to Al.) 

5. Janiuay, Iloilo. — April 6,1903. — The apostolic delegate forwards to the civil 
governor a letter from the parish priest of Valladolid, Iloilo, stating that Aglipay 
has used threats and other undue and unlawful influence to get the parish priest of 
Janiuay to join his movement. 

April 9, 1903. — Civil governor replies that, while the conduct of Senor Aglipay 
may be subject to severe criticism on the ground of taste and morality, the facts as 
set forth in the statement of the priest do not warrant executive action. The letter 
of the parish priest and the civil governor's reply to the letter of the apostolic dele- 
gate are written in full and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 5." (No. 
24132. ) 

6. -San Jose de Buenavista, Antique. — January 17, 1902. — Provincial governor for- 
wards petition, signed by numerous residents of San Jose, asking for the expulsion of 
Friar Josac Giraldez, also his reply to the petitioners. The reply was in substance 
the same as the instructions sent out by the civil governor. 

January 30, 1902. — Executive secretary, by direction of the civil governor, com- 
mends provincial governor's reply. 

January 24, 1902. — Provincial governor transmits petitions from citizens of San 
Josac counter to the former petition. 

February 6, 1902. — Acting civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor, 
commends the latter' s clear and forcible expression of the attitude of the government 
toward the religious question. The letter of the provincial governor and the com- 
mendatory letter of the acting civil governor are copied in full and attached hereto 
and marked "Exhibit No. 6." (No. 6764- Al to A3, inclusive.) 

7. Bugason, Antique. — June 18, 1902. — Provincial supervisor forwards to the act- 
ing civil governor copy of a letter from the municipal president of Bugason to the 
parish priest, dated June 11, ordering the latter to leave the town, and stating that 
if he did not he would be removed by force. The records show nothing further with 
regard to this case, but it is evident that the threat of the municipal president was 
not carried into effect. This and similar cases are treated of in the civil governor' s 
public letter to the provincial governor of Tarlac, dated July 31, 1901, and in circular 
letters to provincial governors. (No. 10909.) 

8. Province op Capiz. — January 29, 1903. — Eight petitions from residents of various 
municipalities in the province, containing in all 496 signatures and requesting the 
expulsion of the friars from the Philippines, were received. 

March 7, 1903. — Petition received, dated Ibajay, Capiz, January 1, 1903, protesting 
against the return of the friars to the pueblo and requesting that all religious cor- 
porations be expelled from the islands. These papers were referred to the apostolic 
delegate for his information. (No. 20520-A1 and A2. ) 

9. Romblon, Romblon. — August 16, 1901. — Provincial governor states that the 
bishop of Jaro is using his position in the Catholic Church to influence the action of 
the municipal authorities of Romblon, who are Catholics, by threats of severe eccle- 
siastical penalties in case of failure to comply with his wishes. Incloses letter from 
the bishop to the municipal authorities; also their reply. The letter of the bishop 
of Jaro is copied in full and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 7." (No. 1968. ) 

10. Romblon, Romblon. — February 16, 1903. — Provincial governor states conditions 
in his province between municipalities and church, and asks for advice in case of 
future disagreement. 

March 7, 1903. — Informed that the policy of the executive branch of the govern- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 215 

ment is to recognize the right of the last peaceable possessor and to protect him in 
his possession. The letter of instruction herein referred to is copied in full and 
attached hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 8." (No. 22204. ) 

11. Ilagan, Isabela. — December 30, 1901. — Provincial governor, in a circular to 
all municipal presidents, requests them to pass ordinances with a view to keeping 
cemeteries in an improved and sanitary condition. 

February 15, 1902. — Provincial governor calls the attention of the municipal presi- 
dent of Ilagan to former circular, and instructs him to have the cemetery in his town 
cleaned, and to present the bill therefor to the parish priest. 

February 17, 1902. — Provincial governor writes to the archbishop of the Philippine 
Islands, not, however, as governor, but as a private citizen, relative to abuses by 
parish priests in the way of excessive charges, etc., and suggests a remedy. The let- 
ters in this case are copied in full and attached hereto, and marked ''Exhibit No. 9." 
(No. 6287 to Al, and 7747. ) 

12. Cebu, Cebu. — September 13, 1901. — Provincial governor forwards copy of reso- 
lutions of the provincial board, which request, among other things, the expulsion of 
the friars from the islands. (No. 2964-A1 to A3, inclusive.) 

13. Cebu, Cebu. — July 2, 1902. — L. J. Carlock, judge of the court of first instance, 
orders that the bells of the Catholic church adjoining the court room be not tolled 
during office hours of the court, and threatens to proceed against the director for 
contempt if order is not obeyed. 

July 9, 1902.— Rev. W. D. McKinnon forwards to the civil governor a copy of the 
order, stating that he believes it to be an unwarrantable interference on the part of 
the court, as the bells are not large, and therefore can hardly be a nuisance. 

August 12, 1902. — The secretary of finance and justice, in a letter to the judge of the 
court, states that the facts as set forth by Father McKinnon seem to justify the com- 
plaint, and asks that more conciliatory measures be used in the future in dealing 
with such matters. (No. 12342 to Al.) 

14. Cebu, Talamban, Talisay, and Minglanilla, in the Province op Cebu. — 
November 17, 1902. — Eighty-two residents of the four towns petition that, in case of 
accession by the government of friar properties in Cebu, they be given an opportu- 
nity to present their claim for adjudication in the courts. Also present protest 
formerly prepared against the alleged title of the friars to said lands. 

February 20, 1903. — Eighteen residents of the same towns refer to former petition, 
and present a new one covering practically the same ground. (No. 18903 to Al.) 

15. Cebu, Cebu. — July 18, 1903. — Procurator of the Recoletos in Manila requests the 
return of $908.25 gold, which was imposed for municipal taxes on the convent in 
Cebu while same was occupied by the military. The civil governor recommended to 
to the provincial treasurer of Cebu that the collection of the taxes in question be 
deferred until after the payment of rent by the military for the use of the convent. 
(No. 28034.) 

16. San Nicolas, Cebu. — March 18, 1903. — Acting provincial governor forwards 
copy of protest against the action of the municipality of San Nicolas in imposing an 
exorbitant and illegal tax upon the cemetery of the town belonging to the church. 

March 26, 1903. — Referred to the attorney-general for opinion. 

April 3, 1903. — Opinion rendered that the municipality has the right to impose 
such tax. On June 1, 1903, however, in the case of the Catholic cemetery at Vigan, 
Ilocos Sur, which is similar to the above, an opinion was rendered by the acting 
secretary of finance and justice, and concurred in by the secretary of the interior and 
the civil governor, declaring such privilege rental or tax illegal. (See Case No. 48; 
Exhibit No. 28.) 

17. Zamboanga, Mindanao. — September 2, 1902. — Division superintendent of 
schools, in a letter to the secretary of public instruction, My. Bernard Moses, states 
that the Jesuit priests are engaged in seditious practices and machinations against the 
plans of the government and seriously interfering with the progress of school work 
in his district. 

September 17, 1902. — Referred to the civil governor, who in an indorsement stated 
that he believed there was no ground for the fears of a conspiracy entertained by 
the district superintendent. Letter of the secretary of public instruction, quoting 
this indorsement, is copied in full and attached hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 10." 

September 24, 1902. — District superintendent notified of the civil governor's indorse- 
ment and instructed to comport himself accordingly. (No. 147187) 

18. Boac, Marinduque. — June 25, 1902. — Provincial board wires that provincial 
government is occupying convent, which action is opposed by Bishop Martin; asks 
if same should be given up without investigation of title. 

June 26, 1902. — Executive secretary by telegram directs that the convent be 
returned to the church authorities, and that if the province claims title it should 
present its claim in court. 



216 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

June 27, 1902. — Hartigan, Marple & Solignac state that order to provincial authori- 
ties seems not to have been carried out. 

June 28, 1903. — Executive secretary wires provincial board asking if property has 
been turned over as previously directed. 

June 28, 1903. — Provincial board wires that convent was delivered over immediately 
upon receipt of former order. (No. 10781.) 

19. Nueva Caceres, Ambos Camarines. — January 18, 1902. — Provincial governor 
telegraphs executive secretary, for his information, a true account of the trial and 
sentence of Praxido Penosa, a native priest, to imprisonment for three months and a 
fine of $500 under the sedition law, stating that the local papers have the account 
badly mixed. The text of the telegram is as follows: 

"Nueva Caceres, Camarines Sur, January, 18, 1902. 
1 ' Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila. 

" In court of first instance yesterday, Judge Carson sentenced Praxido Penosa, a 
native priest, to three months imprisonment and fine of $500 under sedition law. 
Sentence was based on finding by the court that accused, in a sermon delivered 
from his pulpit at Libmanan, Sunday, December 1, 1901, advised his hearers, among 
other things, not to obey the constituted authorities, as they only desired to exploit 
them and to destroy their morals, and because they only wanted to be little kings and 
to call themselves 'ilustrados' and wise. A large number of witnesses were called 
and a strong and able defense made by Mr. Robert Manly, American attorney from 
Manila, who has entered appeal. This for your information and publication, if you 
deem proper, as local newspapers have gotten things mixed up. 

"Ross, Governor." 

(No. 6543 to Al.) 

20. Nueva Caceres, Ambos Camarines. — December 1, 1902. — Parish priest com- 
plains of refusal of military authorities to vacate the "Episcopal palace" at that 
place. Upon suggestion by the civil governor, General Davis ordered the building 
vacated, which was done on February 11, 1903. (No. 18628.) 

21. Nueva Caceres, Ambos Camarines. — March 3, 1903. — Provincial governor 
informs executive secretary that military are intending to vacate the so-called " Bish- 
op's palace " at that place upon request of the apostolic delegate, but that the prop- 
erty is claimed by the province, and suggests that it be not turned over to the church 
authorities. 

March 10, 1903. —Referred to the chief of the bureau of archives, who, on March 
14, 1903, reported that the archives showed that the property belonged to the Span- 
ish Government and not to the Church. 

March 14, 1903. — Referred to the military authorities. 

May 22, 1903. — The commanding general of the division of the Philippines ordered 
the property turned over to the representative of the Catholic Church in accordance 
with the statement of the civil governor that it was to be delivered to the last peace- 
able possessor. 

June 20, 1903. — Building was vacated by the military and turned over to the Cath- 
olic priest. The letter of the civil governor to the commanding general of the division 
of the Philippines is copied in full and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 
11." (No. 22370.) 

22. Nabua, Ambos Camarines. — April 7, 1903. — The apostolic delegate filed a com- 
plaint charging the municipal president with "adopting low means to combat the 
Church and with violating the free exercise of the Catholic cult." 

April 11, 1903.— Thecase was referred to the provincial governor for investigation. 
A full investigation disclosed the fact that the charges were without foundation, 
and on 

June 1, 1903. — The complainant was so informed. The record of this case is copied 
in full and attached hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 12." (No. 24156.) 

23. Palanog, Masbate. — July 2, 1902. — Municipal president forwards copy of 
petition of parish priest, favorably recommended by the municipal council, request- 
ing the return to the priest of the parish house now occupied by the United States 
troops. 

July 10, 1902. — Referred to the major-general commanding division of the Philip- 
pines for proper action. (No. 11197. ) 

July 14, 1902.— The commanding general of the Department of North Philippines 
was directed to vacate the convent at once, and on July 15, 1902, he reported that 
the necessary orders had been issued to have the building vacated immediately. 
(No. 11197.) 

24. Rosario, Batangas. — July 8, 1903. — Parish priest complains that municipality 
has taken possession of real estate belonging to the Church. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 217 

July 10, 1903. — Referred to the provincial governor ''for prompt investigation and 
report." 

August 5, 1903. — Provincial governor reports that the property in question does not 
belong to the Church, and that it is and always has been in the peaceful possession 
of the village of Rosario. 

August 15, 1903. — Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, and Gutierrez were notified 
of the provincial governor's report, and told that the Church might resort to the 
courts to show its right to the property. (No. 28778.) 

25. Tablac, Taelac. — July 31, 1901. — The parish priest of Tarlac complains ver- 
bally to the civil governor that the municipal council of his town has attempted to 
regulate by ordinance the fees which he should charge for the performance of religious 
functions. The civil governor takes this occasion to point out, in a public letter to 
the provincial governor of Tarlac, the fundamental error of the municipal council 
in the matter above referred to, and to give such general information on the matter 
of the attitude of the government in religious controversies as will guide provincial 
and municipal officers in the future conduct of such matters. This letter is copied 
in full and attached hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 13." 

August 8, 1901. — The municipal council protests against the placing of the matter 
in the light in which it was placed by the parish priest, stating that it had simply 
called the attention of the priest to the advisability of charging a smaller fee. The 
record also shows a letter of the parish priest justifying his complaint. (No. 1103-A1 
to A9, inclusive. ) 

26. Taelac, Tarlac. — April 24, 1902. — The municipal council of Victoria, Tarlac, 
passed a resolution ordering the closing of the Catholic cemetery and forbidding 
interments therein. Parish priest protests against enforcement of this order. 

April 28, 1902. — Provincial fiscal renders an opinion that the municipal council is 
empowered to establish a municipal cemetery, but not to override the rights of the 
Catholic church by such unjust legislation. 

July 7, 1902. — Thomas L. Hartigan, attorney, submits to the civil governor copies 
of the papers in the above matter and asks that the action of the municipal council 
be disapproved. 

July 8, 1902. — Acting civil governor confirms opinion of the provincial fiscal, and 
requests the provincial governor to notify the municipal council that its action was 
evidently unjust and in excess of its authority. Refers to letter of civil governor to 
Capt. Wallis O. Clark, former governor of Tarlac, which is mentioned in the preced- 
ing case as "Exhibit No. 13," and states that a repetition by the municipal council 
of such action as that complained of will furnish proper grounds for suspending them 
from office. (No. 11013-A1 to A3, inclusive.) 

27. Victoria, Tarlac — August 27, 1902. — The president, vice-president, one coun- 
cilor, the justice of the peace, and the auxiliary justice of the peace were charged 
with taking advantage of their respective official positions to insult a minister of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 

September 22, 1902. — The accused officers were dismissed from office. The record 
of this case is copied in full and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 14." (No. 
14578. ) 

28. Victoria, Tarlac. — November 7, 1902. — Civil governor telegraphs to provincial 
governor that he has been advised that an attempt will be made to dispossess the 
parish priest of Victoria of the church and convento by force and put into possession 
a representative of the National Filipino Church, and requests his cooperation in 
order to prevent any such unlawful proceeding. States that the representatives of 
the civil government are not to interfere unless one or other of the parties violates 
the law or disturbs the peace; and that, if the parish priest in the town is in peaceful 
possession representing the Roman Catholic Church, the claim of the Filipino Church 
or its representatives may be presented in court. 

November 10, 1902. — Provincial governor states everything quiet; that people being 
Ilocanos, prefer an Ilocano priest, but that there seems to be no likelihood that they 
will attempt to oust the Roman Catholic priest. (No. 17095 to Al. ) 

29. Baguio, Benguet. — June 5, 1903. — Rev. Josae Algue, by direction of the superior 
of the Jesuit mission, applies for concession of a tract of land in and around Baguio, 
known as "El Mirador," to be used as a site for a sanitarium for the order. 

June 10, 1903. — Referred to the Commission and Father Algue notified thereof by 
the civil governor. Latter also states that he believes the Commission would grant 
the concession if it had the power. (No. 27397. ) 

30. Daraga, Albay. — June 29, 1902. — Municipal vice-president, treasurer, secre- 
tary, and councilors of Daraga, and others, protest against the designation of a friar 
as parish priest and request intervention by the civil authorities. 

August 29, 1902.— Referred to Thomas L. Hartigan, counsel for the bishop-admin- 
istrator of the archdiocese of Manila. 



218 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

September 26, 1902. — The same officials and other persons request governmental 
action against the retention of the friars in the pueblo. 
September 30, 1902.— Referred to T. L. Hartigan. (No. 11663-A1 to A3, inclusive.) 

31. Lucena, Tayabas. — June 26, 1903. — Provincial governor states that a priest in 
the province refuses to give to the municipal secretary a list of marriages, births, and 
deaths, and asks what course is to be pursued to secure same. 

June 27, 1903. — Informed that it is the duty of the municipal secretary to keep a 
record, which if properly kept would furnish him the material for such a list without 
reference to the parish priest. Copy of this letter is attached hereto and marked 
"Exhibit No. 15." (No. 28177.) 

32. Bocaue, Bulacan. — November 8, 1902. — Catholic Truth Society, of San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., calls attention of the civil governor to a letter published in the Gazette, 
of Galena, 111., under date of October 23, 1902, and signed by G. M. Palmer, a teacher 
in the public school department of the Philippines, and protests against his using his 
official position to engage in the proselytizing business. 

December 24, 1902. — Referred to the general superintendent of education for action. 

January 13, 1903. — Returned to the secretary of public instruction, with statement 
of action taken, and the further statement that Mr. Palmer seems to think his con- 
duct justifiable. 

January 19, 1903. — Returned to the civil governor, with indorsement by the sec- 
retary of public instruction. 

February 13, 1903. — Returned to the secretary of public instruction, with indorse- 
ment by the civil governor. The record of this case is copied in full and attached 
hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 16." (No. 18782. ) 

February 17, 1903. — Referred to the general superintendent of education, inviting 
attention to the two preceding indorsements. 

February 20, 1903. — Papers returned with the report that Mr. Palmer has been 
reprimanded and transferred to another post, and that a circular on the subject has 
been sent to all the teachers in the islands. (No. 18782. ) 

33. Pitpitan, Bulacan. — February 11, 1903. — Parish priest states that it is persist- 
ently rumored that the priest of the Independent Filipino Church proposes to con- 
duct services in the chapel at Pitpitan. 

February 17, 1903. — Advised by acting executive secretary that if he wishes to 
retain the chapel he should put some person in possession of it. (No. 21511. ) 

34. Polo, Bulacan. — March 16, 1903. — Complaint submitted to the civil governor 
against certain municipal officials of Polo for violation of the Catholic cemetery of 
the town. 

March 20, 1903. — Civil governor transmits complaint to the provincial governor for 
investigation and report, and recommends that, if the facts are found to be as stated 
in the complaint, the officials involved be removed from office and the provincial 
fiscal directed to prosecute them. 

March 30, 1903. — Executive secretary telegraphs provincial governor that no report 
has been received and urges that action be expedited. Provincial governor in reply 
states absolutely impossible to hurry more than he is doing. 

May 1, 1903. — Provincial governor states that results of investigation will be sub- 
mitted to the provincial board for judgment at its meeting of the 11th instant. 

May 11, 1903. — Provincial board recommends the removal from office of the vice- 
president, who was acting president at the time of the violation complained of. 

May 14, 1903. — Provincial governor formally removes the vice-president from office, 
and this action was concurred in by the civil governor. Part of the record in this 
case is copied and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 17," (No. 23279-A1 
to A8, inclusive. ) 

35. San Rafael, Bulacan. — March 8, 1903. — Parish priest complains that the 
municipal president has caused to be buried in the Catholic cemetery the body of a 
Protestant, and that he made an undue show of force in doing so. Requests that the 
body be taken out at the president's expense and that the latter give public satis- 
faction. The above complaint was presented to the justice of the peace. 

March 8, 1903. — Justice of the peace states that, on account of the gravity of the 
case, he refuses to take action thereon, thereby furnishing means for speedy appeal 
to higher authority. 

March 11, 1903. — Submitted to the civil governor. 

March 14, 1903. — Referred to the provincial governor, with the statement that, if 
the facts are as set forth in the complaint, the municipal president should be removed, 
and with request for investigation and report. 

April 11, 1903. — Provincial governor reports that investigation shows that the 
ground in which the corpse of the Protestant was buried is not a part of the Catholic 
cemetery. Further statements were put forth by the complainant, and the papers 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 219 

were again referred to the provincial governor for investigation and report. Eeport 
was made substantiating the former one, and the papers were, on 

June 13, 1903, referred to Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, and Gutierrez, 
with the statement that the cemetery in which the corpse was buried seems to have 
been in the possession of the municipality, and that the Eoman Catholic Church, 
therefore, if it claims title, may present such claim in the courts. The record of this 
case is copied and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 18." (No. 22926.) 

36. Lilio, La Laguxa. — July 9, 1902. — T. L. Hartigan transmits copy of a resolu- 
tion of the municipal council imposing a tax on the ringing of church bells for private 
parties. 

July 14, 1902. — Acting civil governor refers papers to provincial governor, saying 
that if the facts are as stated the municipal council has exceeded its authority, and 
requesting him to see that the ordinance is repealed. Copy of this letter is attached 
hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 19." (No. 11259.) 

37. Cavite, Cavite. — October 24, 1901. — Provincial secretary transmits, for the 
information of the Commission, a resolution adopted by the municipal presidentes of 
the province at their quarterly meeting in Cavite, expressing their opinion that the 
question of the friars should be promptly and effectively settled. Copy of this reso- 
lution is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 20." 

May 3, 1901. — Florentin Eallosand 17 others of Cavite province petitioned the civil 
governor for the expulsion of 6 Augustinian and 2 Eecoleto friars recently arrived 
there. State that they have received civil governor's information that he can not 
expel the friars, and set forth what seem to them urgent reasons why the friars 
should not be allowed to remain. (No. 2y64-Al to A3, inclusive.) 

38. Imus, Cavite. — October 11, 1901. — Municipal president forwards a communi- 
cation from the committee having in charge the conduct of a lawsuit against the 
Eecoleto friars, stating that an American surveyor has been going over the ground 
with two soldiers, and that his action affects the outcome of the suit. Protest against 
militarv escort being allowed. Copy of the record of this case is attached hereto and 
marked "Exhibit No. 21." 

October 15, 1901:— Rei erred to the military governor. 

Xovember 14, 1901. — Eeturned with the statement that there seems to be no ground 
for the complaint. (No. 3751.) 

39. La Caeidad, Cavite. — February 9, 1902. — Civil governor wires provincial gov- 
ernor that he has been informed forcible possession has been taken of a church in 
La Caridad which was formerly in possession of a priest of the Eoman Catholic 
Church. States that such dispossession is unlawful and that municipality should 
present its claim to title in court, and that the provincial governor must see that law 
and order is preserved. 

Xovember 10, 1902. — Provincial governor states church is uncompleted and has 
never been used for any religious purpose. Copy of the record in this case is attached 
hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 22." (No. 17083 to Al.) 

40. Cavite, Sax Eoque, and La Caeidad, Peovince of Cavite. — June 10, 1902. — 
Eesidents of the three towns petition for the reopening of the Catholic cemetery, 
which was closed by order of the municipality of La Caridad. 

June 3, 1902. — Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, and Gutierrez complain of the 
action of the municipal board of La Caridad in the matter above referred to. 

June 28, 1902. — Civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor, states that if 
the facts are as set out in the complaints, the municipal board has usurped rights not 
properly belonging to it, and directs investigation and report at the earliest prac- 
ticable moment. 

August 27, 1902. — Executive secretary calls for report. 

September 3, 1902. — Provincial governor reports that the cemetery was closed as a 
health measure, as it was in an unhealthy location and condition, and because it was 
necessary during the cholera epidemic to bury in a cemetery set aside for that special 
purpose. The letters in this case are copied in full and attached hereto and marked 
"Exhibit No. 23." (No. 10850-A1 to A4, inclusive.) 

41. Silax, Cavite. — October 7, 1902. — Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, and 
Gutierrez submit to the civil governor communication from the parish priest of Silan 
to the archbishop, complaining of the occupation of the convento by the constabu- 
lary, and request that the constabulary be directed to return the convento to the 
priest. 

October 8, 1002. — Eeferred to the chief of Philippines constabulary for early investi- 
gation and report. After several indorsements by constabulary officers, the papers 
were, on 

February 20, 1903, returned to the executive secretary with reports by constab- 
ulary officers. The reports were to the effect that the constabulary had been occu- 
pying the convento with the apparent good will of the priest, as he had never asked 



220 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

that it be vacated, but that, upon receipt of the intimation that he desired the build- 
ing vacated, the constabulary moved out on November 7, 1902. 

February 24, 1903. — Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, and Gutierrez notified. 
Copy of the record in this case is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 24." 
(No. 15442.) 

42. Bacoor, Cavite.— December 17, 1902. — Civil governor telegraphs provincial gov- 
ernor that the bishop of Cebu informs him that the parish priest heretofore in charge 
of the church at Bacoor has left the Roman Catholic faith; that the bishop has ordered 
him to turn over the church to another Roman Catholic priest; that the former priest 
has left the church, and that the municipal authorities are in control of same. States 
that he believes the property rightfully belongs to the Roman Catholic Church, and 
requests the provincial governor to be governed accordingly in dealing with the 
matter. 

December 20, 1902. — Civil governor wires provincial governor that Aglipay has asked 
to be allowed to submit testimony in the case, and directs that the status quo be 
preserved until further orders. 

December 29, 1902. — Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, and Gutierrez transmit 
to the civil governor certified copy of an affidavit made by the former parish priest, 
declaring that it destroys his claim to the church, and ask that the order of Decem- 
ber 20 be revoked. 

January 7, 1903. — Acting executive secretary calls for full report from the munici- 
pal president. 

February 2, 1903. — Municipal president states that he never took possession of the 
church, but simply stationed guards there to prevent disturbance, and that the same 
condition of affairs still continues. 

February 9, 1903. — Provincial governor directed to advise municipal president to 
let the matter stand exactly as it is at present, as the right of possession will have 
to be established in the courts. Copies of the letters in this case are attached hereto 
and marked "Exhibit No. 25." (No. 18625-A1 to A3, inclusive.) 

43. Ternate (near Mara gondon), Cavite. — February 13, 1903. — Hartigan, Marple, 
Solignac, McCabe, and Gutierrez forward, in accordance with verbal instructions of 
the civil governor, (1) certified copy of the records of the office of the justice of 
the peace of Ternate, dated January 31 , 1903, which shows that the municipal presi- 
dent required the justice of the peace to approve the delivery of the key to the church 
to the president in order that the latter might deliver same to the representative of 
Senor Aglipay when said representative should arrive in the pueblo; (2) copy of a 
letter from the parish priest, dated January 31, to the municipal president, asking 
to be reinstated in the possession of the church, and reply of the president refusing 
to do so; and (3) copy of a telegram from the provincial secretary to the municipal 
president that he should have respected the right of the priest to peaceable posses- 
sion of the property. 

February 13, 1903. — Civil governor suspends justice of the peace by telegram. 

February 14, 1903. — Civil governor orders provincial governor to suspend the 
municipal president until the latter returns the keys of the church to the Roman 
Catholic priest, and states that thereafter the municipality may present its claim to 
title in the courts. 

February 15, 1903. — Provincial governor reports municipal president and justice 
of the peace suspended. 

February 20, 1903. — Acting executive secretary telegraphs civil governor at Cebu, 
Cebu, stating that he and the solicitor-general went to Ternate on the 19th and inter- 
viewed the suspended president and justice of the peace and several principales, and 
that he is awaiting the return of the sacristan of the church to complete the testimony. 

February 21, 1903. — Acting executive secretary, in a letter to T. L. Hartigan, 
urgently requests that the sacristan be found if possible, as he wishes to settle the 
matter promptly and before the return of the civil governor. 

February 24, 1903. — Provincial governor submits report, with exhibits, and gives 
a history of the town and the church. 

February 28, 1903. — Acting executive secretary informs provincial board of the sus- 
pension of the justice of the peace and the charge against him, and directs the board 
to take action in accordance with act No. 314, which act prescribes the method of 
procedure in such cases. 

March 7, 1903. — Civil governor, in a letter to the solicitor-general, requests him to 
notify the president and justice of the peace that if they will turn over the keys of 
the church to the priest he will forgive them, but that otherwise he will have them 
prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 

March 10, 1903. — Provincial secretary wires that investigation against justice of the 
peace will take place on March 13. Acting executive secretary wires provincial 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 221 

board that, unless there are difficulties preventing, the charges against the president 
should also be heard on the 13th. 

March 9, 1903. — Papers referred by the civil governor to the solicitor-general. 

March — , 1903. — Provincial secretary forwards resolutions of the provincial board, 
adopted March 13, 1903, and the recommendation of the board that the municipal 
president and justice of the peace be removed from office. 

March 18, 1903. — Solicitor-general directs the provincial fiscal to prosecute the ex- 
municipal president and ex-justice of the peace in the court of first instance, and 
gives detailed instructions for the conduct of the prosecution. 

May 27, 1903. — Solicitor-general wires provincial fiscal to find out if the keys 
have yet been delivered to the priest. 

July 17, 1903. — Provincial fiscal reports that, on account of the promises of the 
ex-officials that they would deliver to him the keys of the church, he had deferred 
action, but that on June 13, the promise not having been carried out, he filed indict- 
ment against them in the court of first instance; that on July 3, 1903, the two 
accused appeared before the court, but that the parish priest, though summoned, did 
not appear; that, by order of the court, the keys of the church were delivered to the 
clerk of the court for the province, and v priest, Father Villafranca, notified that 
he could obtain the keys from said cle-A of the court. Father Villafranca had not 
called for the keys to date. 

July 23, 1903.— Solicitor-general returns papers to the civil governor, with state- 
ment of action taken by the office of the attorney-general, as indicated above. Copy 
of the record of this case is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 26." (No. 
21362-A1 to A18, inclusive. ) 

44. Balanga, Bataan. — July 25, 1901. — Provincial governor forwards request of 
Catholic priest that the convento now occupied by American troops be turned over 
to him for his use. 

August 1, 1901. — Eeferred to the major-general commanding Division of the 
Philippines, the civil governor expressing the hope that the request would be com- 
plied with if possible. (No 926 to Al. ) 

45. Dinalupijan, Bataan. — August 4, 1902. — Justice of the peace asks how parish 
priest may be compelled to furnish original certificates of marriage, the priest 
refusing to furnish same, stating that church and state are now separate. Informed 
that the priest may not be compelled to do so. (No. 12740.) 

46. Laoag, Ilocos Norte. — October 4, 1901. — Provincial governor forwards docu- 
ments in the matter of the proposal made by one of the members of the municipal 
council, that the cemetery claimed by and now in possession of the municipality be 
turned over to the church. 

October 17, 1901. — Civil governor replies that the municipal council has no power 
to cede propertv of the municipality. Copy of the record of this case is attached 
hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 27." (No. 3802. ) 

47. Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur. — August 12, 1901. — Municipal president forwards 
copy of resolutions of the municipal council in which it was resolved, among other 
things, that the friars should be expelled from the islands. With regard to this and 
similar petitions, see letters of the civil governor and acting civil governor to 
provincial governors. (No. 4359.) 

48. Vigan, Ilocos Sur. — January 15, 1903. — Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe, 
and Gutierrez state that the municipal authorities have forbidden the authorities of 
the Catholic Church at Vigan to open a cemetery without first paying a tax or 
license for the privilege of doing so, and protest against such an interpretation of the 
municipal code as would declare such a tax legal. After reference to the secretary 
of finance and justice, to the attorney-general, and to the solicitor-general, on 

June 1, 1903, the acting secretary of finance and justice rendered an opinion, which 
was concurred in by the secretary of the interior, and the civil governor, that such 
privilege rental or tax was illegal. This is the opinion referred to in case No. 16. 
Copy thereof is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 28." (No. 21220.) 

49. Gapan, Nueva Ecua. — February 15, 1902.— Bishop Martin complains that the 
municipal council of Gapan has created a tax to be collected from the church on 
the biers used for the funerals of persons too poor to have their own coffins. States 
that the church collects nothing for the use of biers from very poor people and can 
not afford to pay the tax. 

_ February 18, 1902. — Referred to the provincial governor with the statement by the 
civil governor that if the allegations are true the municipal council has exceeded its 
authority and should rescind the ordinance. 

May 8, 1902. — Papers returned with the statement that the ordinance had been 
passed in accordance with the Spanish text of the municipal code, in which there is 
found a mistake in the translation, and that the ordinance has been repealed. (No. 
7086.) 



222 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

50. Penaranda, Nueva Ecija. — February 18, 1902. —Thomas L. Hartigan submits 
telegram from parish priest of Penaranda stating that the municipal authorities say- 
he shall cease to administer the church cemetery, which the priest states has been 
church property for fifteen years and still is. Attorney requests action. 

February 19, 1902. — Referred to the provincial governor with request for investiga- 
tion, the civil governor stating that if the allegations are correct the municipal authori- 
ties have exceeded their powers and should be so informed. Calls for report. 

June 6, 1902. — Provincial governor returns papers with report that the cemetery, 
and all the funds collected thereon while administered by the municipality, have 
been returned to the church. (No. 7130. ) 

51. Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija. — May 21, 1903. — There was submitted to the civil 
governor a letter from the parish priest of Zaragoza complaining that the municipal 
president refused to restrain an intruding priest from using the church in that 
pueblo. 

May 23, 1903. — Referred to the provincial governor for investigation, report, and 
recommendation. 

June 4, 1903. — Provincial governor reports that, as there was no breach of the peace 
involved in the contention of the two priests, he could not intervene officially in 
the matter. Copy of the provincial governor's report is attached hereto and marked 
" Exhibit No. 29." (No. 26088. ) 

52. Tuguegarao, Cagayan. — October 28, 1901. — Provincial supervisor, in a letter to 
the civil governor, states that the sentiment of the people of the province is strongly 
against turning over to the friars the property claimed by them. (No. 5351. ) 

53. Tuguegarao, Cagayan. — November 24, 1901. — Dionisio Cosas, abbot of the 
Dominican Friars of Tuguegarao, requests that the large building now occupied by 
the military be returned" to the use of the order for school purposes. 

March 29, 1902. — After reference to the military authorities and a number of 
indorsements by them, the papers were returned to the acting civil governor Avith 
the information that the buildings would be turned over to the religious order as 
soon as those in course of construction for the use of the military should be completed, 
which would be within a few weeks. 

April 5, 1902. — Papers returned to the abbot of the Dominican order at Tuguega- 
rao with the information that the civil governor has no jurisdiction in the matter, 
and that future communications with regard thereto should be directed to the 
military authorities. 

January 14, 1902. — An attorney representing the Dominican order, with reference 
to the same property, requests that the said property be vacated by the military, 
and that rent, compensation for repairs, etc. , be paid for the time it was occupied by 
the military. These papers went through the same course as the ones just above 
referred to and were returned to the acting civil governor at the same time. 

May 28, 1902. — Executive secretary forwards to the provincial treasurer of Cagayan 
an excerpt from the minutes of the Commission of May 20, 1903, with regard to the 
suspension of taxes on property of the Dominican Friars during the time same was 
occupied by the military and requests statement from provincial treasurer of Cagayan 
with a view to determining if such a resolution should be passed with regard to the 
property at Tuguegarao. (No. 5507-A1 to A4, inclusive.) 

54. Tuguegarao, Cagayan. — May 18, 1902. — Parish priest complains of certain 
arbitrary quarantine and sanitary regulations of the provincial board of health 
affecting the church and of the brutal enforcement of the same by the municipal 
police. 

June 23, 1902. — Referred to the commissioner of public health with directions to 
ascertain the facts. 

June 24, 1902. — Returned to the executive secretary with the statement that the 
quarantine has been raised. 

June 23, 1902. — Acting civil governor wires provincial governor for information in 
regard to the matter. 

June 24, 1902. — Parish priest wires withdrawal of complaint. 

August 2, 1902. — Acting provincial governor reports that the three municipal 
policemen have been punished for their misconduct in the enforcement of the health 
ordinance. Copy of this report is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 30." 
(No. 10346-A1 to A4, inclusive.) 

55. Tuguegarao, Cagayan. — February 23, 1903. — Parish priest states that law for- 
bidding burials in the Catholic cemetery is still in force, even though death may not 
have been due to a contagious disease, and asks that it be repealed. 

March 26, 1903. — Referred to the provincial board of Cagayan for investigation and 
proper action. (No. 22998.) 

56. Tuguegarao, Cagayan. — February 25, 1903. — Parish priest states that he needs 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 223 

for parish purposes certain buildings now occupied by the volunteer soldiers and by- 
telegraph and municipal officials, and asks that they be vacated. 

March 18, 1903. — Acting executive secretary asks that the names of the particular 
buildings desired be furnished. (No. 22997.) 

57. Cagayan de Misamis, Mindanao. — August 5, 1901. — Jesuit missionaries in 
the district complain that the presidents of many pueblos are collecting burial fees 
which rightfully belong to the church. 

August 9, 1901. — Civil governor sends to the provincial governor of Misamis a copy 
of his letter to Capt. Wallis O. Clark, governor of the province of Tarlac, on this 
question, for the information both of the provincial and municipal government offi- 
cials and of the Jesuit priests complaining. This is the letter referred to in case No. 
25, marked "Exhibit No. 13." (No. 1135 to Al. ) 

58. Jimenez, Cagayan de Misamis, Mindanao. — November 12, 1901. — Provincial 
governor transmits petition, signed by leading officers and residents of the pueblo, 
against the continued residence therein of two friars recently settled there. Informed 
by the civil governer that the friars have the same rights in the matter of traveling 
or living where they choose as any other persons, and that they must be protected 
in those rights. Copv of this letter is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 
31." (No. 5237 to Ai.) 

59. Cagayan de Misamis, Mindanao. — June 11, 1902. — Provincial governor trans- 
mits, for the consideration of the Commission, the resolutions adopted by the assembly 
of municipal presidents at their meeting of October 21, 1901, in which it was 
resolved, among other things, that the religious corporations should be expelled 
from the province. (No. 4394 to Al. ) 

60. Aeayat, Pampanga. — May 8, 1902. — President of the provincial board of health 
wires civil governor asking if municipality has authority to close cemetery against 
the wishes of local priest. States cemetery at Arayat is full, but priest insists that 
burials should still take place there. 

May 8, 1902. — Civil governor wires that the municipality has such right, if the 
cemeterv is a menace to the public health. Copy of the record in this case is attached 
hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 32." (No. 9199. ) 

61. San Luis, Pampanga. — June 17, 1901. — Provincial governor, in a letter to the 
parish priest of San Luis, acknowledges receipt of a communication from the latter, 
dated June 16, relative to an order which the municipal president of San Luis alleged 
was issued by the provincial governor relative to the Catholic cemetery at San Luis, 
and states that he knows nothing about such an order. The records do not show 
definitely what this order was. 

July 13, 1901. — Parish priest requests municipal council to rescind a resolution 
recently passed by it to the effect that the municipality should take possession of the 
Catholic cemetery. Petition was refused on same date. 

August 9, 1901.— Civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor of Pampanga, 
states that he is in receipt of a complaint from the parish priest of San Luis against 
the seizure by the municipality of the Catholic cemetery. Sends the provincial gov- 
ernor a copy of his letter to Capt. AVallis O. Clark, governor of Tarlac, and suggests 
that he send copies to all municipal presidents in his province. (No. 1132-A1 to 
A4, inclusive.) 

62. San Luis, Pampanga. — November 12, 1901. — Parish priest writes to the bishop 
of Cebu, administrator of the archdiocese of Manila, that he has presented for assess- 
ment the property of the church in the pueblo, and that the municipal council 
resolved to take possession of the church property, and refused to allow same to be 
assessed as the property of the church. 

November 20, 1901. — Acting civil governor addresses the provincial governor about 
this and kindred matters. A copy of this communication is attached hereto and 
marked "Exhibit No. 33." (No. 4932 -Al.) 

63. San Luis, Pampanga. — September 23, 1902. — Pablo Leuterio, "representing the 
citizens of the town of San Luis," forwards to the civil governor copy of a petition, 
dated May 12, 1902, asking the municipal council to set aside its ordinance for the 
closing of the Catholic cemetery, and requests that the civil governor intervene in 
the matter. 

_ October 13, 1902. — Civil governor returns petition, calling the attention of the peti- 
tioner to the recent passage of a law providing a method of procedure in such cases. 
Copy of this letter and of part of the law referred to are attached hereto and marked 
"Exhibit No. 34." (No. 15008.) 

64. Bacolor, Pampanga. — March 12, 1902. — The provincial vicar of the province 
of Pampanga forwards to the bishop of Cebu, administrator of the archdiocese of 
Manila, copy of an order of the provincial board of health of Pampanga prescribing 
the hours during which church ceremonies may be carried on, stating that in his 
opinion the order is unjust, and asking for advice. 



224: EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

April 15, 1902. — Referred by Hartigan, Marple, and Solignac to the civil governor. 
April 22, 1902. — Referred to the commissioner of public health. No action taken 
by him. (No. 8779.) 

65. Lubao, Pampanga. — May 23, 1902 — Provincial governor forwards, with his 
favorable comment, a copy of the expression of the municipal council that the pres- 
ence of a friar recently arrived in the town was dangerous to the tranquility of the 
same, and asking that he be removed. 

May SO, 1902. — Acting civil governor states that he will present the matter to the 
church authorities with a view to having the friar withdrawn, but that in the mean- 
time he must be protected from insult or violence. Requests report as to conditions. 

June 20, 1902. — Executive secretary, in a letter to the provincial governor, requests 
that the information asked for in the letter of the acting civil governor of May 30 be 
furnished without delay. 

June 25, 1902. — Provincial governor reports that the friars are still in the pueblo 
of Lubao, and renews his recommendation that steps be taken for their removal. 
Copv of the acting civil governor's letter of May 30 is attached hereto and marked 
"Exhibit No. 35." (No. 9619.) 

66. Mexico, Pampanga. — June 1, 1902. — Parish priest forwards copy of ordinance 
by the municipal council forbidding the ringing of bells between the hours of 6 p. m. 
and 5 a. m. on ordinary days, and protests that it is an abuse of power. 

July 14, 1902. — Acting civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor, calls 
attention to previous instructions and states that noninterference in church affairs 
must be insisted on and should be impressed upon municipal councils in his province. 

August 4, 1902. — Provincial governor returns papers, stating that, after thorough 
and painstaking investigation, he believes the municipal council was justified in its 
action, as the almost continuous ringing of the bells became a nuisance. 

December 10, 1902. — Parish priest, in a letter to the apostolic delegate, requests that 
the civil governor be asked to intervene and remove the prohibition against the ring- 
ing of the bells at 4 o'clock in the morning for the period just before Christmas. 

December 24, 1902. — Civil governor returns papers to the apostolic delegate, with the 
statement that, in view of the circumstances attending the case, the matter must be 
left to the discretion of the municipal authorities. Copy of part of the record of this 
case is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 36." (No. 11258.) 

67. Angeles, Pampanga. — August 1, 1902. — Parish priest requests of the civil gov- 
ernor that the parish house in the town be turned over to him, as he is now living 
in a private house and paying rent. 

August 5, 1902. — Referred to the provincial governor for report as to who is now in 
possession of the house and what use is being made of it. The records show nothing 
further, as the case was handled verbally. The priest is now and has been since Octo- 
ber 1, 1902, in possession of the house. (No. 12054.) 

68. Sexmoan, Pampanga. — August 10, 1902. — Provincial governor transmits peti- 
tion, signed by many inhabitants of the town, asking that the friar recently appointed 
parish priest be removed. 

September 2, 1902. — Referred to Thomas L. Hartigan. 

August 28, 1902. — Severo Zorras and 50 others state that municipal president and 
two other persons, accompanied by five policemen, forced the people of the town to 
sign the petition above mentioned. 

September 13, 1902. — Referred to the provincial governor, with request that he make 
a personal investigation and not trust same to the municipal officials. 

October 10, 1902. — Provincial governor transmits testimony in the case and his 
report, showing that the persons who signed the petition against the retention of the 
Mar did so of their own free will. 

September 26, 1902.-^ Antonio Dagal and 11 others, " leading residents of Sexmoan," 
confirm the statements in the petition of August 28 that persons had been compelled 
to sign the petition against the friars, state that the investigation by the provincial 
governor was not a fair one, and ask the civil governor to investigate the matter in 
person; also complain of illegal fines and undue interference in church affairs. 
(No. 13571— Al to A3, inclusive.) 

69. Guagua, Pampanga. — February 2, 1903.— Parish priest, in a letter to the apos- 
tolic delegate, complains that the municipal authorities have taken part in the invit- 
ing of Seiior Aglipay to the community to say mass, baptize, preach, etc. , and begs 
the intervention of the central government; also incloses copies of notices posted in 
public places, which he says are an insult to him. 

February 9, 1903. — Civil governor, in a letter to the apostolic delegate, sets forth 
the position of the church in this and similar matters. Copy of the record in this 
case is attached hereto and marked " Exhibit No. 37," (No. 20913.) 

70. Guagua, Pampanga. — The municipal council passed a resolution, ordering that 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 225 

the Catholic cemetery recently established should be closed. No particular reason 
for this action is assigned in the resolution. 

Jvly 7, 190S. — The provincial board declares null and void the resolution of the 
municipal council, and orders the members of the latter body to allow the exercise 
of the rights of burial in the new cemetery, for the reason that the cemetery is not 
a menace to public health. 

July 14, 1903. — The municipal president and council appeal to the civil governor, 
asking him to set aside the order of the provincial board; state that the location of 
the cemetery is healthful, but that it is in the inhabited portion of the town and is 
overflowed during the rainy season; cite orders from the provincial government 
ordering the establishment of municipal cemeteries, forbidding the interment of the 
dead within the centers of population, and other details; claim that the resolution 
of the municipal council was simply in compliance with these orders, and that the 
last order of the provincial board is in contradiction of same. 

August S, 1903. — Executive secretary notifies the municipal president that there is 
no appeal in this case from the provincial board, and that the decision of the latter 
stands. (No. 29160.) 

71. Calasiao, Pangasinan. — July 12, 1901. — Captain of the Seventeenth Infantry 
reports particulars of the insulting of two Dominican friars on June 28, 1901, stating 
that the demonstration consisted of the taunts and jeers of a dozen or so native men, 
women, and children, and that no personal violence was offered; states that the 
reason he did not report it before was that he considered it unimportaut. After 
passing through the hands of several army officers the papers were, on July 24, 1901, 
referred to the civil governor for his information. The letter of the civil governor 
to the provincial governor of Tarlac was sent to the governor of Pangasinan and to 
the municipal president, and they were told that the instructions contained therein 
were intended to cover this and similar cases. This is the letter referred to in case 
No. 25, marked "Exhibit No. 13." (No. 736.) 

72. Dagupan axd Lingayen, Pangasinan. — April 11, 1902. — The Dominicans of 
the Most Holy Eosary of the Philippines, through their attorney, protest against 
the collection of taxes on property of the order at the places mentioned above 
while said property is occupied by the military without payment of rent. 

April 19, 1902. — "Referred to the Commission. 

April 24, 1902. — The Commission passed a resolution to the effect that the provin- 
cial treasurer be instructed to suspend the collection of taxes on the property so long 
as same should be occupied by the military without payment of rent, and that a 
copy of the resolution be furnished to the parties interested. The resolution referred 
to in case No. 53, the application of which to that case was contemplated, was sim- 
ilar to this. (No. 8490.) 

73. Lingayen, Pangasinan. — July 3, 1902. — The vicar of the province of Panga- 
sinan protests against an order of the municipal president closing the church as a 
health measure, while other buildings in the pueblo remained open to the public. 

July 10, 1902. — Referred to the commissioner of public health, with directions 
that the local board of health be properly informed in the matter, in order that they 
might rescind or modify the order so as to permit church services. 

August 2, 1902. — Papers returned with statement that orders have been given to 
allow churches to be opened. (No. 11129.) 

74. Binmaley, Pangasinan. — July 22, 1902. — Parish priest requests that quaran- 
tine be raised, and protests against the closing of the church. 

July 29, 1902. — Referred to the commissioner of public health for proper action. 
July 30, 1902. — Papers returned with the information that the quarantine has been 
discontinued. (No. 11650.) 

75. Maao, Occidental Negros. — March 19, 1902. — Municipal council petitions 
against allowing friars to return to their former parishes, and' states that if they are 
allowed to return the petitioners will have to secede from the Roman Catholic 
Church. For action in this and similar cases, see note at the end of case No. 84. 
(No. 8869.) 

76. Silay, Occidental Negros. — July 10, 1902. — Provincial governor informs civil 
governor of the manifestation which took place in the pueblo of Silay, caused by the 
presence of two friars. Incloses copy of a proclamation, issued by him in the prem- 
ises, for the information of the civil governor. Copy of this proclamation is attached 
hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 36." (No. 11573.) 

77. Bago, Occidental Negros. — October 23, 1901. — Residents petition for the 
restoration of the cemetery to the Catholic Church, stating that from time immemorial 
it had belonged to and been administered by the church until the last three years 
under the provisional government. 

November 13, 1901. — Referred to the provincial fiscal of Occidental Negros for 

WAR 1903 — TOL 5 15 



226 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

investigation and report. This is one of the cases which was taken up by Vice- 
Governor Wright during his visit to the island of Negros, and, while the record 
shows nothing further with regard to it, the matter was definitely settled to the satis- 
faction of all parties concerned. (No. 4593.) 

78. Bago, Occidental Negeos. — August 20, 1902. — Parish priest complains to the 
provincial governor that the municipal council had failed to take any action on a 
request of the Catholic League of the town that the parish house be ceded to the 
church to be used as a residence by the priest. 

September 2, 1902. — Kef erred, through the provincial governor, to the municipal 
authorities for such statement as will enable the civil governor to understand the 
facts. 

September 30, 1902. — Papers returned with the statement of the municipal president 
that he has ordered final 'survey with a view to determining the title to the property, 
and that he has granted the parish priest the use of part of the house for a residence, 
the other part being used by the American school-teachers. 

October 20, 1902. — Acting civil governor writes to the parish priest that the munici- 
pality claims title to the estate, and that, as the municipality is in peaceful possession 
of the same, the representatives of the church may bring suit in the courts in support 
of their claim to title. The principle here presented is set forth fully and clearly in 
the circular letter of the civil governor to all provincial governors, dated January 10, 
1903, copy of which is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 39." (No. 13595. ) 

79. Bacolod, Occidental Negros. — December 23, 1901. — Kesidents petition against 
the installation of Friar Andres Ferrero as parish priest, refer to a petition recently 
sent to the bishop requesting his appointment, and state that the latter petition was 
signed by a few persons who did not understand its contents. 

January 8, 1902. — Referred to the provincial governor for report. 

January 18, 1902. — Provincial governor submits report, which in the main tends to 
substantiate the facts set forth in the petition dated December 23. The record shows 
nothing further in this case, but Father Andres Ferrero is now established at Bacolod 
and has been since the dates above mentioned. (No. 6002. ) 

80. Bacolod, Occidental Negeos. — February 28, 1902. — Ninety-three residents of 
Bacolod protest against the return of Father Mauricio Ferrero to the pueblo. 

September 24, 1902. — Eight hundred and forty residents of Bacolod recount the 
heroic spiritual labors of Father Mauricio Ferrero and Father Angel Fabo during the 
cholera epidemic, and request that the civil governor grant the said priests his sup- 
port. (No. 19257-A1.) 

81. Bacolod, Occidental Negeos. — May 21, 1902. — Eev. W. D. McKinnon, in a 
letter dated Manila, May 21, 1901, transmits to the vice-governor copies of orders 
promulgated by the president of Bacolod, which he considers as interfering with the 
internal affairs of the church. The orders in question prohibited processions on the 
public streets and the taking of corpses into the church, ordered that the church be 
furnished with a large number of cuspidors, which were to be cleaned daily, and 
prescribed punishment for failure to comply therewith. 

May 26, 1902. — Civil governor, in a letter to provincial governor, states that he 
believes the ordinance is objectionable and should be repealed, and requests informa- 
tion of action taken. 

June 28, 1902. — Provincial governor forwards letter from municipal council con- 
taining in detail the reasons for the passage of the ordinance, charging bad faith on 
the part of Father McKinnon in misinterpreting the meaning and spirit of the law, 
and expressing the hope that the acting civil governor will not condemn the action 
of the municipal council without giving the latter body a hearing. 

November 13, 1902. — Civil Governor Taft remits parties to an appeal to the pro- 
vincial board, and subsequently, if bad faith can be charged in the passing of the 
ordinance, to a resort to injunction before the courts; states that this relieves the 
chief executive of irregular action in the matter. This letter and the letter of the 
acting civil governor of May 26, also the letter of the municipal council, are copied 
in full and attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 40." (No. 9497-A1 and A2.) 

82. Bacolod, Occidental Negeos. — October 23, 1902.— Provincial secretary forwards 
to the civil governor a copy of the recommendations made by the municipal presi- 
dents of the province at their session of October 20, which were that the friars be 
withdrawn from the Philippines, and that the churches and conventos in the 
provinces which were constructed by the people of the towns be considered the prop- 
erty of the towns and not of the church. Provincial secretary states that the pro- 
vincial board has refrained from indorsing said recommendations. (No. 16889.) 

83. Bacolod, Occidental Negeos. — October 27, 1902. — Provincial governor for- 
wards to the civil governor six petitions, having a total of 2,542 signatures, asking that 
the friars be expelled from Negros and from the islands. In this and similar cases 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 227 

the only executive action possible is by way of instructions to the executive officials 
of the province. See note after case No. 84. 

84. Bacolod, Occidental Negros. — No date. — Provincial governor forwards three 
petitions, with 481 signatures, requesting the expulsion of the friars. 

January 17, 1903. — Sixty-seven municipal officials and justices of the peace of the 
province, in meeting at Bacolod, request the expulsion of the friars from the 
Philippines. 

March 4, 1903. — Provincial governor forwards petition of 32 residents of Isabela, 
Occidental Negros, against the permanent residence of the friars in the pueblo and 
requesting their expulsion. 

March 19, 1903. — Civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor, requests 
that he explain to the people of his province that the government has no power to 
expel from the province any friar who does not desire to go. States that he under- 
stands it to be the policy of the authorities of the Catholic Church not to send 
friars where the Catholic people of the pueblo do not desire a friar, and that such 
petitions should be addressed to the apostolic delegate and not to the civil authori- 
ties. Copv of this letter is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 41." (No. 
19257— Al to A9, inclusive.) 

The records of many of the cases in the island of Negros, and also of cases in 
Panay and Cebu, are incomplete for the reason that the cases were taken up and 
settled verbally by the vice-governor during his visit to these islands during the 
early part of 1902. 

85. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros — July 22, 1901. — Messrs. Hartigan, Marple & 
Solignac, in a letter to the civil governor, submit for consideration a petition of the 
Catholics of Dumaguete protesting against the prohibition of public processions, etc. , 
together with the denial of said petition by the vice-president of the municipality; 
also copy of a communication sent by the provincial governor to the president of a 
so-called Catholic society or Catholic board in the pueblo of Bacong, making regula- 
tions for the government of the church in that pueblo. The attorneys request 
action in order that the policy of noninterference by the civil government in mat- 
ters strictly ecclesiastical may be carried out. A copy of the civil governor's letter 
to the provincial governor of Tarlac was sent to the provincial governor of Oriental 
Negros later for his guidance. (No. 626. ) 

86. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros — November 1, 1901. — Provincial secretary for- 
wards to the civil governor copy of the resolutions adopted by the municipal presi- 
dents of the province, at an assembly held on October 23, 1901, in which it was 
resolved, among other things, that the provincial board be empowered to remove 
from the province certain elements, disturbers of the peace, who, availing them- 
selves of religion to impose upon the ignorant and fanatic people, spread false and 
calumnious reports in order to discredit the American sovereignty and the legal 
actions of the constituted government. * * * That the convents and cemeteries 
be declared to be owned by the municipalities in which they are situated, as the 
fact is that they were built at the expense of the towns. (No. 4518.) 

87. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros — March 16, 1902. — Parish priest states that the 
municipal authorities of Dumaguete and other towns have not yet returned to him 
the church property, such as cemeteries, etc., taxes on which are being collected, 
and the canonical books, which are being retained on rile in the office of the munici- 
pal president, and asks that the said property and the fees collected thereon be 
returned to him. Yice-Governor Wright, while in Negros, arranged this matter to 
the satisfaction of the parish priest in question, but, as this was done verbally, the 
record shows nothing further than the above. (No. 8197.) 

88. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros — April 17, 1902. — Division superintendent of 
schools submits official copy of a report made by him to the general superintendent 
of public instruction relative to the vacating of convents occupied as schools. 

April 28, 1902. — The general superintendent of public instruction, in a letter to the 
acting civil governor, asks if the latter had recommended the occupation of convents 
in certain cases, as implied by the letter of the division superintendent. 

May 1, 1902. — Acting civil governor replies that all convents and other church 
property should be vacated as quickly as possible unless agreement to the contrary 
had been made with the church authorities. (No. 8908 — Al and A2.) 

89. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros — August 2, 1901. — Civil governor sends to the 
provincial governor a copy of his letter written to the provincial governor of Tarlac 
for his guidance in the handling of all matters of a religious nature. Exhibit No. 13. 
(No. 1103— Al.) 

90. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros— February 7, 1903.— Provincial governor asks 
by telegram if he shall order convents which are, and since the departure of the 
friars have been, occupied by municipalities to be vacated in accordance with the 



228 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

circular letter of January 10, 1903. This is the circular letter referred to in case 
No. 78, marked " Exhibit No. 39." 

February 11, 1903. — Civil governor telegraphs that unless request has been made 
for the giving up of the convent by the municipality there is no reason for such 
action. (No. 21077 to Al. ) 

91. Dumaguete, Oriental Negeos — May 4, 1903. — Provincial governor wires civil 
governor, at the end of a long telegram: "The presence of a friar who landed yes- 
terday from Iloilo caused peaceful demonstration, people asking immediate depar- 
ture of same. The municipal authorities ordered in consequence protection for the 
personal effects of the friar, who embarked on the same steamer, which leit to-day. 
Before coming here the friar stopped in Bais, and was forced to leave that place on 
account of the active but earnest and peaceful demonstration of the people." 

May 9, 1903. — Saturnino Maquiling and three others, by telegram, protest against 
the hostile demonstration against the friar. This telegram was received May 10, 
1903. 

May 14, 1903. — Executive secretary telegraphs supervisor of fiscals at Iloilo, 
directing that as soon as through at that place he should proceed to Dumaguete and 
investigate and report upon the affair herein mentioned. Papers were mailed the 
same day. 

June 9, 1903. — Eeport of Supervisor of Fiscals Trent, dated Manila, June 9, 1903, 
in which he recommends: With regard to Bais, that the attorney-general be author- 
ized and directed to institute criminal proceedings against Vicente Villanueva and 
his two brothers and others; and, with regard to Dumaguete, that the persons 
named below be dismissed from the government service, and that the attorney- 
general be authorized and directed to prosecute such of the leaders of the crowd as 
he may think the proof warrants. The government employees named are the munic- 
ipal president of Dumaguete, the president of the municipal board of health of 
Bacon; the deput} r provincial treasurer; Federico Fernandez, a clerk in the office of 
the provincial treasurer; the clerk of the court of first instance; Santiago Gonzalez, 
a clerk in the office of the provincial governor, and Hermenegildo Villanueva, a 
member of the board of tax revision. 

July 25, 1903. — Civil governor, in a letter to the provincial governor, outlines 
course of action to be taken in accordance with the recommendations of the super- 
visor of fiscals. Copy of this letter is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 42." 
(Nos. 25297, 25400, and 25662— Al to A9, inclusive. ) See also Exhibit No. 42-A. 

92. Jalajala, Rizal — September 28, 1901. — Parish priest states that two foreigners 
have forcibly taken possession of the convent at Jalajala, and asks for redress by the 
civil governor. 

October 2, 1901. — Civil governor instructs the provincial governor, if the facts are 
as stated by the parish priest, to arrest the persons mentioned and to restore the 
property to the priest. Copy of this letter is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit 
No. 43." (No. 2304.) 

93. Tambobong (near Malabon), Eizal — November 23, 1902. — Communication 
from Lorenzo Gregorio, acting parish priest, to the effect that in spite of protests on 
his part the schismatic priest, Gregorio Aglipay, conducted services in the Con- 
ception chapel. 

November 24, 1902. — Referred to the attorney-general for investigation and report. 

November 27, 1902. — Civil governor authorizes George H. Harvey, an assistant 
attorney in the office of the attorney-general, to investigate the disturbances at 
Tambobong. 

November 28, 1902. — Mr. Harvey reports that the sexton, or person having charge 
of the church and of the key thereto, wanted to allow Sehor Aglipay to hold services 
in the church, and that the Roman Catholic priests forcibly defended what they 
considered their right to possession. 

December 1, 1902. — Returned to the attorney-general, the civil governor stating 
that his impression is that a chapel erected by the people of a town and devoted to 
the purposes of the Roman Catholic Church thereby becomes the property of that 
church, and that the key is held and the property cared for by any person only as 
the agent of the Roman Catholic priest or bishop. Asks for opinion of solicitor- 
general under canonical law. 

December 9, 1902. — Solicitor-general's opinion was to the effect that the ownership 
of the property vests in the Roman Apostolic Catholic Church of the Philippines, 
its administration pertaining to the priest or minister appointed by the bishop of the 
Catholic Church, subject to the supervision of said bishop and to the eminent 
domain of the Roman Pontiff. 

December 15, 1902. — Attorney-general returns papers with report of provincial fiscal. 
This report can not be found in the records of either the executive bureau or the 
attorney-general's office. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 229 

December 24, 1902. — Opinion of the attorney-general that this is a case, not for 
executive action, but for settlement in the courts. Copy of a part of the record in 
this case is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 44." Upon these opinions 
principally is based the circular letter of the civil governor to all provincial govern- 
ors, dated January 10, 1903, and attached hereto, marked " Exhibit No. 39." (No. 
17701 to Al.) 

94. Taytay, Eizal. — December 4, 1902. — Parish priest complains that the municipal 
president and council of Taytay have ordered a license fee collected on certain cere- 
monies of the church, declaring that it is an interference in the internal affairs of the 
church and outside the jurisdiction of the civil authorities. Asks that the accused 
officers be removed from office and made to restore the amounts already improperly 
collected. 

December 22, 1902. — The municipal president and council were suspended from 
office pending hearing. 

January 4, 190S. — Investigation of the case was had, the record thereof covering six 
pages of typewritten matter. The finding of the provincial board was as follows: 

1. That the parish priest, upon filing his complaint, did so not with the purpose of 
securing the removal of the officials under trial, but in order to secure the rescission of 
the illegal ordinances interfering with the rites of his church; and that the said 
priest now desires and requests the reinstatement of the said officials, promising to 
maintain friendly relations with them in the future. 

2. That the illegal municipal ordinances above referred to must be immediately 
rescinded. 

3. That the reinstatement of the suspended officials is recommended. 

January 10, 1903. — Acting executive secretary concurs in the finding of the provin- 
cial board, and directs the reinstatement of the suspended officials. (Np. 18245. ) 

95. Sax Eoque, Sax Jose de Navotas, Eizal. — April 17, 1903. — Jose Evangelista 
informs the civil governor that the citizens of the barrio have authorized a priest of 
the Independent Filipino Church to take possession of the chapel at that place. (No. 
24707. ) 

96. Las Pinas, Eizal. — July 14, 1903. — Parish priest reports to the bishop-adminis- 
trator of the diocese that the municipality has taken possession of property belonging 
to the church. 

July 17, 1903. — Eeferred to the provincial governor of Eizal for investigation and 
report. 

July 23, 1903. — Provincial governor reports that the municipality has been in con- 
tinuous peaceful possession of the property in question since some time prior to 1863. 
(No. 29302. ) 

97. Manila. — December 26, 1901. — Captain of the Fifteenth Infantry calls attention 
to the fact that school boys under the direction of the priests fail to render the cus- 
tomary salute at the playing of the national air on the Luneta. 

January 13, 1902. — Eeturned to the major-general commanding Division of the 
Philippines, with the statement that it is deemed inadvisable to take any official 
action in the matter. (No. 5915.) 

98. Manila. — July 14, 1902. — T. L. Hartigan complains that the Augustinian, 
Eecoleto, Franciscan, and Dominican orders have been refused exemption from tax- 
ation on their property in the walled city. 

August 29, 1902. — Civil governor recommends that remedy be sought in the court 
of first instance by means of an injunction. (No. 12791. ) 

99. Manila. — September 27, 1902. — Gregorio Aglipay, "representing the Filipino 
clergy, and through them the Filipino people," states that the mass of the Filipino 
people of the Catholic faith do not acknowledge allegiance to the existing church gov- 
ernment; that the cathedral of Manila is rightly the property of the Filipino people 
and not of the Holy See; and asks that, in determining title thereto, consideration 
be given to the rights of the petitioners. 

October 3, 1902. — Eeferred to the attorney-general for investigation of the title to 
the cathedral. This action placed the matter out of the hands of the executive. (No. 
15221.) 

100. Sampaloc, Manila. — October 7, 1902. — Eev. Francisco Cruz, parish priest of 
Sampaloc, and 25 others, protest against the assumption by Padre Gregorio Aglipay 
that he represents the Filipino clergy and people. (No. 15221-A1. ) 

101. Paxdacan, Manila. — This is one of a number of cases which were handled 
by the civil governor personally for purposes of dispatch, instead of through the reg- 
ular routine channels, and there is therefore little or no documentary record of them. 
A Roman Catholic priest officiating in the Pandacan church applied to the civil gov- 
ernor for relief, stating that he had been libeled in the papers and threatened by his 
parishioners with personal injury. The civil governor, after hearing the complaint, 
had the key of the church delivered to the priest, gave the latter a letter to the city 



230 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

prosecuting attorney of Manila recommending the prosecution of the libelers, and 
communicated with the chief of police directing him to take the greatest precautions 
for the protection of the person of the complainant. The records of the executive 
bureau show nothing whatever of this case, and exact dates can not be learned. 

November 10, 1902. — J. B. Early, an attorney at law, who represented Senor Aglipay 
and his following in the above case, requests an interview with the civil governor 
with regard to same. (No. 17117.) 

102. Manila. — November 21, 1902. — Father Gregorio Aglipay and four Ilocano 
priests called on the civil governor to present their respects. The civil governor out- 
lined to them the policy of the United States Government, which was to take no 
part in religious matters except to protect each religious organization in its rights 
under the Constitution. Replying to the statement of one of the visitors that the 
Filipino people wanted priests of their own nationality, the same as the people of 
England, Spain, or France, the civil governor stated that he had nothing whatever 
to do with the personnel of the officers of the church. With assurances of loyalty 
and good will the visiting priests departed. (No. 23674.) 

103. Penafranca, Paco, Manila. — January 3 , 1903 . — Bernardino Sabino, "in the 
name of the residents of the barrio," states that the chapel erected in Penafranca 
belongs to the people of the barrio and not to the Roman Catholic Church, and 
requests action by the executive in accordance with this view. States that the parish 
priest refuses to allow Father Gregorio Aglipay to hold services in the chapel. 

January 7, 1903.-— Referred to the municipal board, requesting that the statement 
of Captain Monett, of the police department, be taken as to the facts within his 
personal knowledge touching this matter. 

January 15, 1903. — Returned, with the statement of Captain Monett; also state- 
ment of the chief of police that the priest was in possession of the church, and that 
the persons around the church at the time were told that their only recourse was to 
present their claim to title in the courts. 

January 23, 1903. — Referred to J. B. Early, counsel for the Filipino Catholic 
Church, for comment. 

March 9, 1903. — Attorney submits an extended argument against the right of the 
Roman Catholic Church to possession. 

April 1, 1903. — Civil governor refers the papers to J. B. Early, with the statement 
that the communications from the chief of police and Captain Monett make it clear 
that the priest was in possession of the keys of the church, and that he was there- 
fore entitled to protection in such possession, and with the further statement that 
the people of the barrio may, if they wish, bring suit in court in support of their 
claim. Copy of this letter is attached hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 45." (No. 
19363 to Al.) 

104. Manila. — May 14, 1903. — Gregorio Aglipay states that the cathedral of Manila 
and all other property (public) claimed by the Roman Catholic Church belonged to 
the Spanish Government, and not to the Church, and that therefore same should be 
the property of the insular government of the United States. Incloses copies of 
royal and papal decrees bearing on the subject. (No. 23076 to Al. ) 

105. Manila. — December 20, 1902.— Civil governor requests opinion of the attorney- 
general on question as to whether or not a parish priest in actual possession of and 
administering a Roman Catholic parish church has the right upon leaving the Roman 
Catholic communion and joining the independent Filipino church to continue in 
possession of the parish church. 

December 23, 1902. — The solicitor-general, in an opinion approved by the attorney- 
general, renders his opinion that the determination of title is not the function of the 
executive power, and that therefore the person in peaceable possession of the church 
must be protected by the executive in such possession. Copy of the letter of the 
civil governor, of the opinion of the attorney-general, and of a letter of the civil 
governor to the apostolic delegate on this subject is attached hereto and marked 
"Exhibit No. 46." This opinion is the one referred to in case No. 93 as of Decem- 
ber 24. (No. 18745.) 

106. Manila, P. I.— April 11, 1903.— Rev. Homer C. Stuntz, presiding elder Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church, Philippine Islands, writes civil governor regarding interfer- 
ence with religious service at Calumpit, and requests that necessary action be taken. 

April 14, 1903. — Referred to the attorney-general, w T ith directions to take prompt 
steps to punish the offenders. 

April 28, 1903. — Papers referred to the provincial fiscal at Malolos, Bulacan, directing 
him to secure arrest of Ignacio Samanyego, Juan Galang, and Sebastian Fajaro (the 
three men accused in this case). Provincial fiscal returned papers May 18, stating 
the two men last named were tried and acquitted on account of there being no specific 
charges against them; that warrants had been issued for the apprehension of Ignacio 
Samanyego, who was supposed to be in Manila. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 231 

May 20, 1903. — Attorney-general referred papers to chief of secret service, request- 
ing information as to whether officials at Malolos had asked for apprehension of 
Ignacio Samanyego, one of the three men accused. 

June 22, 1903. — Provincial fiscal at Malolos advises solicitor-general regarding inves- 
tigation in this case; states no evidence against accused except hearsay; that witnesses 
stated Ignacio Samanyego had confessed to them that the other two accused men had 
influenced him to disturb the services; Samanyego not yet brought to trial. 

November 11, 1903. — Attorney-general returns papers, stating that Ignacio Samany- 
ego not yet arrested. 

November 13, 1903. — Papers referred to Rev. Homer C. Stuntz, presiding elder 
Methodist Episcopal Church, Philippine Islands, Manila, for his information. ( 24548. ) 

107. Manila, P. I. — September 7, 1903. — Richard Campbell, assistant attorney, makef 
report to attorney-general regarding his visit to the town of Hagonoy, province os 
Bulacan, for the purpose of investigating charges of disturbing religious worship made 
against certain inhabitants of that town by Rev. Homer C. Stuntz, presiding elder 
Methodist Episcopal Church, Philippine Islands. Report copied in full and attached 
hereto and marked "Exhibit No. 47." 

September 10, 1903. — Referred to Dr. Homer C. Stuntz for his information. 

September 30, 1903. — Dr. Homer C. Stuntz returns same to the civil governor, stating 
report unsatisfactory to him, requesting that the offenders be prosecuted. Letter 
copied in full. 

November 3, 1903. — Papers referred to attorney-general, instructing him to proceed 
with the prosecution of the offenders. (32381. ) 

108. Manila, P. I. — July 6, 1903. — Communication from Rev. James B. Rodgers, 
Presbyterian Mission, regarding arrest of Filipinos in Presbyterian Church at Bacoor, 
Cavite Province, on the night of July 4, 1903, by the president of Bacoor for alleged 
violation of town ordinances relative to unusual assemblages meeting at late hours of 
the night in suspicious places. Reverend Rodgers' s letter copied in full and marked 
"Exhibit No. 48." 

Cavite, Cavite. — July 8, 1903. — Provincial governor of Cavite makes report regard- 
ing arrest and imprisonment of a number of Protestants by the president of Bacoor, 
who claimed these people were violating town ordinances relative to unusual assem- 
blages meeting at late hours of the night and disturbing the peace. Recommends 
removal of said president from office for abusing his authority. 

July 13, 1903. — Richard Campbell, assistant attorney, makes report to attorney- 
general regarding arrest of Presbyterian congregation of Bacoor, province of Cavite, 
for alleged infraction of town ordinances. Incloses statements of president of Bacoor 
and others regarding religious troubles. Mr. Richard Campbell's report copied and 
made part of Exhibit No. 48. 

July 14, 1903. — Provincial governor of Cavite transmits further report regarding 
religious trouble at Bacoor. 

July 27, 1903. — Provincial secretary at Cavite forwards resolution of provincial board 
recommending that municipal president of Bacoor be removed from office on account 
of having been found guilty of abusing his office and violating proclamation of the 
civil governor, dated January 10, 1903. 

August 22, 1903. — President of Bacoor removed from office. Letter notifying to 
that effect copied and made part of Exhibit No. 48. (28641.) 

Exhibits follow. 

Exhibit No. 1. 

Bishop of Jaro petitions that the Commission will order seminary of Jaro, now 
occupied by American troops, vacated and returned to him as loyal representative 
of Catholic Church, to which property belongs, according to terms of treaty of Paris. 

[First indorsement.] 

United States Philippine Commission, 

Secretary's Office, May 7, 1901. 
Respectfully transmitted to the president of the Commission. 

A. W. Feegusson, Secretary. 
[Second indorsement.] 

United States Philippine Commission, 

Manila, May 25, 1901. 
Respectfully referred to Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, U. S. Army, military gov- 
ernor, with the statement that during the visit of the Commission to Iloilo this 
petition was presented by the bishop of Jaro in person, and subsequently, in a con- 
ference with the Commission, General Hughes, the department commander, stated 



232 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

that it was his impression that the property did not belong to the church and was 
not under the legal control of the bishop. 

I am directed respectfully to suggest that it would be of very considerable use if 
the investigation of title and the facts relating to it could be had and returned to the 
Commission; that the Commission recognizes, of course, that the withdrawal of 
troops from private property of this sort, if it be private property, is a question for 
the military commander, but subsequently the question of title may arise between 
the public and the church, and it would be well to have all the facts on record. 

Wm. H. Taft, President. 
[Third indorsement.] 

Office U. S. Military Governor in the Philippines, 

Manila, P. I., June 1, 1901. 
Respectfully referred to the commanding general, department of Visayas, for 
appropriate action, inviting his attention to second indorsement. 
By command of Major-General MacArthur: 

John Biddle Porter, 
Major , Twenty-eighth Infantry, U. S. Volunteers, 

Assistant Secretary. 
[Fourth indorsement.] 

Headquarters Department of the Visayas, 

lloilo, P. L, July 26, 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the secretary to the military governor, inclosing copy of 
report of investigation of title to the "seminary" at Jaro, made by Capt. William 
Tutherly, Twenty-sixth Infantry, U. S. Volunteers. 

In addition to Captain Tutherly' s finding want of title, I have it from Father Viera 
himself, while he was acting as agent for the bishop and endeavoring to get payment 
for occupation, that the church did not own the property, but leased it. Where- 
upon I informed him that if he would bring me the lease we would take it off their 
hands and relieve them of any responsibility. Father Viera then remarked that they 
paid very little rental, but said he would bring the lease, but has never done so. 

It is possible there has been some arrangement made by which the church owns 
this property now, but they have never shown satisfactory evidence to me. 

R. P. Hughes, 
Brigadier- General, U. S. Army, Commanding. 

[Fifth indorsement.] 

Headquarters Division of the Philippines, 

Office of Civil Affairs, 
Manila, P. I., July 29, 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands, inviting 
attention to the fourth indorsement and inclosed report. 

Adna R. Chaffee, 
Major-General, U. S. Army, Military Governor. 
John Biddle Porter, 
Major and Judge- Advocate, U. S. Army, Officer in Charge. 

[Sixth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., Augusts, 1901. 
Respectfully returned, through the military governor of the Philippine Islands, to 
the department commander of Visayas, requesting more definite information as to the 
possession of the seminary prior to the occupation by the United States troops, and 
how far back that possession reached, for the reason that where records are so 
defective the fact of possession becomes most important in the determination of 
ownership. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Ninth indorsement.] 

Headquarters Department of the Visayas, 

Chief Quartermaster's Office, 

lloilo, P. I., August U, 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the adjutant-general, Department of the Visayas, lloilo, 
P. I. 
From such evidence as this office has been able to gather (by questioning several 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 233 

of the oldest residents of Jaro), it would appear that the so-called seminary building 
was occupied as follows: 

From its completion, about the year 1873, until the year 1898 by the Paulist 
Fathers as a Catholic school or college; from about November 1 to November 20, 
1899, by Filipino insurgents as barracks, when the American troops took possession. 

G. G. Bailey, 
Captain, Quartermaster, U. S. Army, Chief Quartermaster. 

[Tenth indorsement.] 

Headquarters Department of the Visayas, 

Iloilo, P. I., August 25 , 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the officer in charge of bureau of civil affairs, headquar- 
ters Division of the Philippines, inviting attention to the ninth indorsement. 

C. J. Crane, 
Major, U. S. Infantry, Asst. Adjt. Gen., 

in the Absence of the Department Commander. 

[Eleventh indorsement.] 

Headquarters Division of the Philippines, 

Office of Civil Affairs, 

Manila, P. I. , August 30, 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 

Adna R. Chaffee, 
Major- General, U. S. Army, Military Governor. 
John Biddle Porter, 
Major and Judge-Advocate, U. S. Army, Officer in Charge. 

[Twelfth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, September 4, 1901. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to the attorney-general, 
with the request for an opinion as to whether the facts here shown do not seem to 
entitle the Catholic Church to the possession of the property in question. 

A. W. Fergusson. 
[Thirteenth indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General, 

Manila, P. L, September 9, 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the civil governor, inviting attention to the inclosed 
opinion by the solicitor-general. 

L. R. Wilfley, 
Attorney- General. 
[Fourteenth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, September 18, 1901. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to the Bishop of Jaro, 
calling his attention to the prior indorsement, including the opinion of the solicitor- 
general. 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 



Department of Justice of the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Solicitor-General, 

Manila, P. I., September 7, 1901. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands. 
Sir: From the investigation made in connection with the claim presented by the 
Bishop of Jaro to the honorable Civil Commission, asking that he, as representative 
of the Catholic Church, be put in possession of the building known as the Jaro Semi- 
nary (Iloilo), which he asserts to be the property of the Catholic Church, the clear 
existence of such right does not appear. 

It appears from a letter addressed to the adjutant-general by the judge of the 
superior provost court of the island of Panay, who was charged with the investiga- 



234 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

tion of the right asserted by the church, that there has been no title shown by the 
representative of the church which proves such right to the property of the said 
seminary. This report of the judge of the superior provost court is corroborated by 
an indorsement of General Hughes, commanding Department of the Visayas. 

With regard to the possession of the building in question, it appears from the ninth 
indorsement that from the completion of the building, about 1873, until 1898 the 
building was occupied by the Paulist Fathers as a Catholic school or college; from 
the 1st until about the 20th of November by the Spanish troops as barracks, and from 
November, 1898, until February, 1899, by the Filipino insurgents as barracks. 

It is possible that the Paulist Fathers had possession of the building in question in 
the name of the Catholic Church, but it is also possible that they had its possession 
in the name of the congregation as private property. 

Furthermore, a possession must be actual in order that it may have legal effect. 
A former possession is of no avail unless it is proved that the actual possessor pos- 
sesses the thing in the name of the fonmer possessor or that the former has been dis- 
possessed by force by the latter. Even supposing that the Paulist Fathers had pos- 
session of the seminary in the name of the Catholic Church, in order for such 
possession to supply the want of title and for the Catholic Church to be entitled to 
the right to the above-mentioned edifice it would be necessary to prove that the 
later possession had by the Spanish Government through its troops was not an adverse 
possession or by virtue of its own right, for in default of such proof and in default 
of title the later possession by the Spanish Government would exclude the former 
possession by the church. 

It is possible that the Spanish Government had possession of the building by virtue 
of a gratuitous or nongratuitous concession of the church, while, upon the other hand, 
it is not strange that the building had been possessed by the Spanish Government by 
virtue of its own right and in the character of owner. 

From the foregoing considerations, and the facts as they appear from the investi- 
gations made, in the opinion of the undersigned there is no reasonable ground upon 
which to base a recognition of the right of possession to the Jaro Seminary until the 
Catholic Church shows unquestionably that the Paulist Fathers did not have the pos- 
session of the building in the name of the congregation, but in the name of the church, 
and that the possession of the building by the Spanish Government was not an 
adverse possession. 

Such is the opinion which I have the honor to submit to your consideration. 
Very respectfully, 

Geegorio Araneta, 

Solicitor- General. 
Exhibit No. 2. 

Manila, January 24, 1903. 
The Civil Governor-General of the Philippine Islands: 

I, Domingo Viera, presbyter of the congregation of San Vicente de Paul, in repre- 
sentation of the bishop of the diocese of Jaro, appear and represent that, on the 30th 
day of December last, under pretext of cheering the Philippines, by reason of the 
anniversary of the death of Doctor Rizal, seditious cries were directed against the 
bishop and the three white priests residing in that city in the plaza and the streets 
of Iloilo; that on the 31st of the said month the same cries were repeated in the 
city of Jaro against me and my two companions residing therein, with the aggravat- 
ing circumstances in the latter case of the seditious being headed by the president 
and justice of the peace and other prominent persons, accompanied by eight police- 
men with revolvers. 

That the bishop having desired, in the exercise of his legitimate right, to remove 
from the parishes of Jaro, Miagao, and Zarraga the priests in charge thereof, the latter 
have refused to leave them, instigating the prominent people of the said towns to 
decline to receive the new parish priests appointed by the bishop, threatening to 
close the churches and parsonages and take possession of the same. 

That this state of sedition in the native clergy and the leading citizens is not only 
prejudicial to the church and to its representatives in the diocese of Jaro, but also, 
perhaps, to the public order. 

That, having applied to the military authorities requesting protection, they declared 
they were unable to grant it, being without their jurisdiction; and, it being impos- 
sible to request same of the local authorities of Iloilo and Jaro, the undersigned has 
been compelled to come to this capital and appear before you, confidently believing 
that you will cause the latter to perform their duties with respect to the protection 
of aliens who are under the protection of the flag of the United States. 

Domingo Viera. 



REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 235 

Manila, P. I., January 29, 1902. 
Hon. Martin Delgado, 

Governor of the Province of Iloilo, Boilo, P. I. 

Sir: There has been filed with this office the complaint of Domingo Viera, pres- 
byter of the congregation of San Vicente de Paul, setting forth that he and his 
associates in the city of Jaro have been subjected to insults and threats by the inhabit- 
ants of that town, and that the president and local authorities were prominent 
among the people thus engaged. A copy of this petition is herewith inclosed for 
your inspection. 

I also notice in the daily papers references to the strained relations between these 
padres in Jaro and the people, which it is stated are liable to culminate in violence. 
These statements are confirmed by conversation with the Filipino members of the 
Commission. 

The fact that the friars are unwelcome to large numbers of the people in that and 
other towns of the archipelago is of course well known to me, but it is well for the 
authorities charged with the duty of preserving peace and order to keep clearly 
before them the respective rights, under the law, of these padres and the people. 

One of the fundamental principles upon which American government is based is 
the complete separation of church and state; that is, that no church is allowed to 
receive the support of the Government, either directly from the public Treasury 
or indirectly by levying a tax on the people for its support. There is another prin- 
ciple equally well established, and that is that every man has the inherent right to 
worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, which includes the right 
to preach and teach the religious doctrines in which he believes. So long as he con- 
fines himself to this he violates no law. His doctrine may be foolish or false and 
may be distasteful to a large majority of the people, and hence he may be unpopu- 
lar with them and be regarded as a dangerous character. Nevertheless, he is entitled 
to the full protection of his person and property by those officials charged with the 
maintenance of peace and order and the enforcement of the law. It is to be kept in 
mind and thoroughly understood that under the existing government, whatever 
may have been the situation in the past, it is now impossible for any priest or relig- 
ious teacher to exact contributions from anyone against his will, or to compel his attend- 
ance on divine services or to compel him to send his children to the parochial schools. 

In short, the people of Jaro and the Philippine Archipelago are at liberty to do 
just as they please in all these matters. They are absolutely free agents. If any 
man is induced by threats of excommunication or otherwise to do what he does not 
desire, he has no one to blame but himself. Certainly it does not warrant violence 
against the priest. Governor Taft some time since addressed a communication to the 
Hon. Wallis O. Clark, governor of Tarlac, defining at some length the respective 
rights of priests and people, a copy of which I herewith inclose for your perusal and 
guidance and also for the information of the municipal authorities of Jaro. This 
communication so completely covers the entire subject that it need not be further 
discussed here. 

You will readily understand from what has been said above that the assembling of 
a mob of people and their jeering at and threatening the priests of Jaro was illegal, 
and that, especially if the president and police participated therein, they were not 
only guilty of an illegal act, but of official misconduct as well. It is my desire that 
you should make this known to the municipal authorities of Jaro; and should there 
be a repetition of such misconduct you are authorized, and it will be your duty under 
the provincial government act, to suspend the president and prefer charges against 
him, as is provided in act No. 314, amendatory of the provincial government act. It 
is my hope, however, that this will not be necessary, and that it will be sufficient to 
call the attention of the president and officials of Jaro to the 'contents of this letter 
and that they will govern themselves accordingly. 

Lawlessness at any time in a community is to be deprecated and is productive of 
unfortunate results, but now it would be especially so for the Filipino people. The 
Congress of the United States is in session and has before it the recommendations of 
the Commision, which, among other things, include the establishment of a perma- 
nent form of government for these islands. If Congress should adopt our views, the 
government established will include a popular representative assembly composed of 
Filipinos. Objection is being made by those who do not believe in the capacity of 
the Filipinos for self-government, or even partial self-government, that such legis- 
lation is premature and unwise. We do not believe this, and Governor Taft is now 
in Washington for the express purpose of urging the adoption of the views of the 
Commission. Any outbreak or serious disturbance would tend to weaken his influ- 
ence and strengthen the opposition. 

Among the subjects which the Governor will take up in Washington will be the 
friar question, and I have every reason to believe that it will be settled in a manner 



236 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

satisfactory to all concerned. I am sure you will readily understand the necessity 
of the maintenance of order in your province, and the importance of your exerting 
your official and personal influence to allay as far as possible any excitement which 
now exists in the town of Jaro or elsewhere, or which may hereafter arise. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, \ 

Luke E. Wright, \ 
Acting Civil Governor. 



Office Executive Secretary for the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, February 10, 1902. 
Official copy respectfully furnished by direction of the acting civil governor to 
the chief of Philippines constabulary, Manila, P. I. , requesting that all constabulary 
officers be advised as to the status between the church and state in order that there 
may be no confusion in this regard. 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 

Manila, P. I., February 10, 1902. 
Father Domingo Viera, 

Presbyter of the Congregation of San Vicente de Paul, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: In reply to your letter of January 24, I have the honor, by direction of the 
acting civil governor, to transmit herewith a copy of a letter sent to the governor of 
Iloilo. 

Very respectfully, A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



The following is a summary translation of the testimony taken in the case and 
transmitted to the civil governor by the provincial governor with his letter of March 
7, which follows later: 

TESTIMONY IN REGARD TO THE CHARGES MADE BY FATHER VIERA, GIVEN BEFORE THE 
MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS OF JARO IN FEBRUARY, 1902. 

Benito Jalbuena (municipal president at the time of the alleged disturbances) 
testified: That, to celebrate the passing of the old year and the advent of the new, 
he, just as any private individual might have done, arranged with some of his friends 
to engage a band of music and an orchestra to parade the streets of the town on the 
occasion indicated; that, at a little after 11 on the night of the 31st, the party, com- 
posed of the band and orchestra, children carrying many-colored lights and banners, 
others dressed up as princes and princesses, a number of private persons, the witness 
and many of his friends, among them Juan Ladesma, Zeferino Jiz de Ortega, and the 
American, George Knowles, left the house of the witness and began to parade the 
principal streets of the town; that no policeman took part in the manifestation or 
festival, and that therefore the statement that eight of them took part is untrue, 
especially with revolvers, when there was not a single one, since all the police were 
on duty that night just as on other nights; that, during the parade, those taking 
part in the manifestation did not cease to emit cries of joy; that, when the procession 
reached the corner of Calle Real and Calle Platerias, near the residence of Father 
Viera and his companions, witness noted a few cries of "Out with Father Viera," 
to which the multitude responded with vivas; that, aside from the cries referred to, 
it is untrue that Father Viera and his companions were insulted or threatened, since 
the procession did not even stop in the place referred to, but, while the cries in 
question were being given, continued its journey to the house of the witness, where 
a dance was prepared for the entertainment of the people, to celebrate more joyfully 
the exit of the old year and the entrance of the new. 

That there does not exist any unpleasantness or enmity between witness and 
Father Viera and his companions, but that, on the contrary, witness formerly 
believed himself the best friend of these priests, since his house was perhaps the only 
one where, after the revolution, these priests, and especially Father Viera, were in 
the habit of visiting. 

That the principal and only object of the festival was to enliven the place on the 
night in question; and, as a proof of this, when some persons, unknown to the 
witness, shouted "Out with Father Viera," the multitude answered with vivas. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 237 

That, while it is true that the determination of the bishop to remove the curate 
(cura) of this pueblo had made the neighbors indignant, still the festival that was 
organized had nothing whatever to do with that feeling of indignation. 

That the justice of the peace did not assist at the festival; that, before the proces- 
sion set out, witness sent him a message inviting him to take part, but received an 
answer to the effect that he (the justice) was tired and so excused himself from 
coming. 

Antonio Buenconejo, chief of police, testified: That it was untrue that eight 
policemen, with or without revolvers, took part in the parade; that, by reason of 
the few policemen available, witness had divided up the force into patrols of two 
men each, which patrols, at a little after 11 o'clock, he found to be at their respec- 
tive posts on the night in question; that neither he nor any other member of the 
police force took part in the procession, but that its nature and purpose was well 
known generally. 

(Here witness gives details in regard to its nature and purpose, substantiating in 
that regard the testimony of the preceding witness. ) 

George Knowles's testimony is a repetition in different words of that given by 
the first witness in regard to the object, nature, and incidents of the parade, and the 
failure of the justice of the peace and the policemen to take part in the festival. 

Policeman Doroteo Jalloeina testified that on the night in question he was on 
duty with Paulino Silvaat the corner of Plateriasand Zarragaand saw the procession. 
His testimony is to the same effect as that of the preceding witnesses in regard to the 
nature of the parade and the behavior of those who took part, its object and purpose, 
and the absence from the procession of the justice of the peace and the eight police- 
men with revolvers. 

Policeman Paulino Silva, the patrol companion of the last witness, testified in 
every respect identically with him. 

Zefeeino Jiz de Ortega testified to the same effect as the preceding witnesses in 
regard to the purpose and nature of the parade and the conduct of those who took 
part, the presence of the municipal president in his private capacity only, and the 
absence of the justice of the peace and the eight policemen with revolvers. 

Benito Lopez testified that he did not take part in the procession, as he was tired; 
that during the procession he was at the club, as will be confirmed by those who were 
there with him, among them Charles Visner, Arthur Thompson, Arsenio Jimenez, 
Magdalenio Jarrellano, and Salvador Legenda. 

Some twenty policemen, among them one sergeant and two corporals, being sepa- 
rately interrogated, testified that, with the exception of those who were sick in bed, 
they were all on duty on the night in question and did not take part in the proces- 
sion, and that they believed the occasion of the new year to be the object or reason 
of the demonstration. 

Juan Ledesma testified to the same effect as the preceding witnesses in regard to 
the object and nature of the parade and the behavior of the multitude, the absence 
of the justice and the eight policemen with revolvers, and the presence, in his private 
capacity, of the then president, Benito Jalbuena. 

Iloilo, March 7, 1902. 
The Civil Governor Philippine Islands, Manila. 

Sir: Referring to your communication of the 29th of January last in regard to the 
grounds of the complaint filed by the Paulist father, Domingo Viera, I believe it to 
be my duty to state that Father Viera has endeavored to injure the good name of the 
authorities at Jaro and Iloilo by presenting the facts in a manner very different from 
their true nature, qualifying as seditious acts which were in no sense such. 

Before receiving your letter I had been informed of what had taken place in Jaro 
and had also made private investigations, with the object of finding out the true nature 
of the events; but, as all reports I received agreed in showing that the incident in 
question was not of a political nature at all, nor in any sense seditious, I took no action 
in the premises. Upon receipt of your letter, I made fresh investigations, this time 
officially, to see if my former information was correct or not. Fortunately for this 
province, both my private and my public sources of information agree in proving that 
neither in Iloilo nor in Jaro have any seditious acts been committed. 

What happenend in Jaro (as appears from the investigations made by the munici- 
pal officers of that place, to whom your communication was referred, the results of 
which investigations I have the honor to transmit herewith, and as appears also 
from the investigations conducted by me) was as follows: On the last day of the year 
1901, to celebrate the coming of the new year, there was organized in the house of 
Sefior Benito Jalbuena, then municipal president, a kind of procession with lights, 
children masked in the costumes of princes and princesses, and a band of music and 
an orchestra engaged by Mr. Jalbuena and various friends of his, to parade the 



238 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

streets of the town and enliven the neighborhood. Expansion — the desire to have a 
pleasant time — was the only object sought in organizing the procession described. At 
11 o'clock at night the party, composed of many private individuals, left the house 
of Seiior Jalbuena and gaily paraded the principal streets of the town. Upon reach- 
ing the house where Father Viera resides a few shouted, " Out with Father Viera," 
to which the multitude answered with vivas; but the procession did not stop, nor 
were any threats or insults offered to Father Viera and his companions. 

From the investigation made by me, I am thoroughly convinced that neither the 
justice of the peace nor the members of the police force, either with or without guns 
(revolvers), took part in the procession, and that Seiior Jalbuena was present sim- 
ply in his private capacity; that no threats nor insults were offered; that the pro- 
ceedings w T ere in no sense of a political or seditious character, for, although it is true 
that some persons shouted, "Out with Father Viera," the cry was nothing more than 
one of those incidents which, while always unpleasant, it is impossible to prevent in 
the course of even the most lawful of ceremonies where a number of persons of all 
classes, from the most illustrious to the most ignorant, take part. And above all, 
the cries against the father did not form any part of the plans of the party, nor were 
they authorized by the president nor by the majority of those who composed the 
party, which, instead of seconding the cries, answered with vivas. And it is painful 
that'a priest, like Father Viera, should falsify the facts in such a manner. 

Eegarding what took place at Iloilo, it is absolutely false that, during the civil 
procession which took place on the 30th of December in honor of Eizal, there were 
any seditious cries in the street against the bishop or the friars, as is stated by Father 
Viera. Of this the undersigned was an eyewitness, since, together with other mem- 
bers of the provincial board, he took part in the procession. It is to be noted that, 
when the procession passed through the Calle de General Hughes, we noticed a friar 
sitting on the sidewalk of a house of a Spaniard, Don Felipe Diez; but, in spite of 
this, there was no cry uttered, nor was there even the slightest hostile manifestation 
of any kind, the procession passing on without any notice being taken of the friar. 
This proves that there did not prevail among the people a spirit of hostility nor a 
desire to make any manifestation; otherwise the presence of said friar would have 
offered a favorable opportunity for such demonstration. If, late at night, when the 
party gathered in the main square, there were one or two cries of ' ' Out with the 
bishop," I am quite sure that not the real pueblo, not the sensible people, was respon- 
sible for this, but simply a few persons who, taking advantage of the protection 
from discovery afforded by the darkness and by the crowd of people, and without 
duly estimating their acts, allowed themselves these liberties. For the rest, in the 
case of an incident of the nature described, it is difficult (not to use the term impos- 
sible) to prevent its occurrence, although on the present occasion due warning was 
given at the time to the directors of the civic demonstration. 

Such are the events that took place at Iloilo and Jaro, and, as you will see, they 
were not in any sense seditious. It does not surprise us that Father Viera as an 
offended party should have presented the facts in the form which best suited his 
interests, but what does surprise us is that Father Viera, when misrepresenting the 
facts, should have added that it was impossible to secure protection from the local 
authorities of Iloilo and Jaro, a statement which involves a very serious libel against 
all the authorities here, beginning with the provincial board and the court of first 
instance, which libel we can not allow to pass without protest, Whence has Father 
Viera learned that he was not able to secure protection from the local authorities of 
Iloilo and Jaro? Perhaps he has had recourse to them. And if he has not had 
recourse to them for help, how does he dare to make such a charge? Does he mean 
to say, perhaps, that the authorities harbor and protect those persons who would 
assault a stranger like himself? Father Viera makes the statement that it is impos- 
sible to rely upon the local authorities of Iloilo and Jaro for protection, and still he 
moves about Jaro and Iloilo, which are under the control of said authorities, by day 
and by night, on foot and in vehicle, with perfect safety, without having' been 
assaulted by anyone. If the acts which he denounces had been really seditious, and 
he had appealed to this provincial government or to the court of first instance, we 
are sure he would have received the attention due him and that proper investigation 
would have been made. 

I protest, therefore, in the name of the credit (honor) of the local authorities of 
Iloilo and Jaro, so seriously libeled by Father Viera, and, to the end that such action 
should not go unpunished, I pray that permission be granted me to furnish the pro- 
vincial fiscal with a copy of the charges filed by Father Viera, so that should he (the 
fiscal ) so think proper, he may take criminal action in the premises. 
Very respectfully, 

Martin F. Delgado, 

Provincial Civil Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 239 

Exhibit No. 3. 

Sax Pedro, Axtique, February 18, 1903. 

Sir: In order to prevent difficulties such as have arisen in other parts of the 
Philippine Islands, and in connection with the circular letter of the central govern- 
ment of the Archipelago to the municipal presidents with relation to the religious 
question; also to avoid that false reports should reach the ears of the authorities with 
regard to events that may occur, as it is probable that they will occur in my munici- 
pality in the near future, I have the honor to transmit to the civil government at 
Manila the annexed report. 

Eespectfully submitted for your approval. 

Emigdio Moscoso, President. 



Sax Pedro, Axtike Provixce, Panay Islaxd, 

February 18, 1903. 
The Civil Goverxor of the Philippixe Islaxds. 

Hoxorable Sir: Believing that it is my duty as president to put under your 
superior knowledge the remarkable events that might affect to the public order, I 
have the honor to report to your superior authority that the people of this town has 
adopted the resolution of being independent from Roman Church and it has been 
organized as a Filipino Church without recognizing the temporal dispositions of the 
Pope of Rome. 

The reason of the people is the impossibility of getting justice from the Pope, 
because the friars prevail upon him, and the people, although they do not hate the 
friars, but they think that these will never wish the happiness of the Filipino peo- 
ple, for they are pride and vain, and they could not live in this country looking 
at the development of true democracy. The principles of democracy which inform 
the lives of American people are discordant with the principles of old monarchism. 
So the people think. 

In the midst of this events my position as a president is very critic. Having 
received your letter of January 10, 1903, giving instructions to every governor and 
president of adopting an independent criterion in religious matters, I beg your par- 
don if I permit myself to say that in all work of the people in that question I shall not 
use the police, neither the money nor the other things of the municipality, in order 
to help them, but, not being able to avoid entirely the influence of religion for the 
reason that my ancestor, my parents, and I myself were and are Catholic. I think 
that it is not a violation of my duty if I help them as a mere citizen. Perhaps friars 
will report to your authority that presidents are violating your instructions, there- 
fore I write this letter. 

There are three buildings in this town: First, the old and rotten church, 7 J meters 
high, 5 meters wide, 37 meters long; second, one convento, which is used now as a 
municipal building — iron roof, wooden and stone wall, 83- meters high, 28 meters 
wide, 22 meters long; third, one cemetery, 58 meters square. 

Catholic people claim the ownership of the church and convento, for the reason 
that it has been built by the Catholics. 

The municipal council has resolved that the cemetery must be and is belong to the 
municipality, for the reason that the cemetery is always necessary to every commu- 
nity of men, and although they are not Catholic or although they were not Catholic 
they should have built a cemetery at any rate. 

The people of this town is now preparing to receive Aglipay, and they have built 
two arches and one chapelle. In one side of one arch they write this inscription: 

This honor is not to the person of Aglipay, 
But it is to the idea that Aglipay represent. 

In another side they write this inscription: 

Americans gave us 

Many schools and liberty; 
"What did the friar give us? 

Darkness and inability. 

According to your high instruction, I shall take an independent conduct in its case. 
Respectfully submitted. 

Emigdio Moscoso, 
President of Municipality. 



240 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Baguio, Benguet, April 18, 1903. 
Emigdio Moscoso, Esq., 

Presidente of San Pedro, Province of Antique. 
(Through the governor of the province of Antique.) 

My Dear Sir: I beg to say that I have received your letter concerning religious 
matters in your town, and that I do not see from your statements that you have any 
difficulty in complying with the suggestions of my circular letter to the governors of 
provinces with reference to possible controversies arising between the Catholic Church 
and the Filipino Catholic Church. You are not required because you are a public 
official to withdraw from association in any religious movement which may approve 
itself to your conscience. The note of warning which I uttered to governors and 
presidentes was, however, that, in view of the fact that they may become charged 
with police duties in the settlement of disturbances growing out of such religious con- 
troversies, it would be wise for them not to make themselves prominent in such 
religious movements, and thus give color to the charge that they were using their 
official positions to favor or enforce their religious views. 

With reference to your conduct in case of a controversy over property, I have 
nothing further to add to the letter of instructions to the governors, which you have 
already seen. 

Very respectfully, yours, Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 
Exhibit No. 4. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., August 18, 1902. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the acting civil governor, to the Hon. Martin 
Delgado, provincial governor of Iloilo, calling his attention to the within complaint 
of Father Juan Calvo, parish priest of Lambunao. It is desired that the matter be 
investigated and proper action taken to prevent a recurrence of the act, if upon 
investigation the complaint is found to be true. 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 
[Second indorsement.] 

Provincial Government of Iloilo, 

January 7, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the executive secretary, inviting his attention to the 
report of the municipal president of Lambunao, and stating that the delay in trans- 
mitting these papers is due to the fact that this office of the governor did not receive 
the first report referred to by the said president until after a second communication 
had been sent him in regard to the matter. 

Martin Delgado, 
Provincial Governor. 
[Third indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, January 16, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the provincial board of Iloilo, Panay, P. I., inviting atten- 
tion to the within correspondence and to the following comments thereon: 

Charge II. The action of the municipal president and a councilor of Lambunao in 
instructing the municipal police to enforce attendance at the public school, thus 
indirectly preventing certain of them from attending the school of the parish priest, 
was contrary to law. 

Charge III. The municipal ordinance prohibiting the introduction of corpses into 
the parish church, and the holding of the same immediately outside the said church 
for a longer period than fifteen minutes, is legal only if it was drafted and recom- 
mended by the municipal board of health. (Vide act 308, sec. 5. ) 

Charge IV. The municipal council is not empowered to charge a fee for the 
solemnization of burials; in other words, it is unlawful to tax religious solemnities 
which usually accompany an interment. A municipal ordinance, therefore, which 
requires persons to pay a special license in such cases is illegal. 

The provincial board will make the necessary representations to the municipal 
council of Lambunao in regard to the above matters. 

Information is desired as to whether any action was taken in regard to the com- 
plaint which the parish priest, Father Juan Calco, states was forwarded to the pro- 
vincial board by his predecessor, 

Beekman Winthrop, 
Acting Executive Secretary \ 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 241 

Exhibit No. 5. 

I, Gregorio Yulo y Regalado, an attorney residing in the city of Iloilo, and a notary 
public, appointed by the judge of the court of first instance of the ninth judicial dis- 
trict of the province of Iloilo, do certify that upon this day and in my office there 
appeared the priest Sr. Praxides Magalona, of legal age, and a resident of the pueblo 
of Janiuay, where he is the parish priest, holding registration certificate No. 294233, 
issued on* August 30, of last year, and at his instance I do set forth in continuation, 
by exhibition, a letter and two communications which were presented to me in this 
act, and which, copied literally, are to the following effect: 

Valladolid, March 19, 1903. 
Rev. Sr. D. Corxelio Salas. Molo. 

Dear Brother: I received your letter via the steamer Wednesday and am informed 
of the contents and instructions therein contained. To-day, with profound sorrow in 
my heart and with tears in my eyes, I will relate to you the very sad events which 
happened here during the visit of Sr. Aglipay, and though I shall recount them all 
fully, I further send Leon in order that you may the better become informed by word 
of mouth, for he was the one who attended, or one of those who attended, the enter- 
tainments and meetings held by the said Aglipay. The whole case was as follows: 
Monday evening he arrived in the town and went to the house of Francisco Infante, 
the president of the special committee which had been formed for more than a month. 
At night two of the members of the said committee came to my house to take me out 
to greet the guest, and, as a private party and incognito, I went to pay my compli- 
ments. Of course he immediately spoke to me of his church matters, I answering 
him circumspectly. Thus we spent a long time without accomplishing anything, 
until, becoming tired, I withdrew. On the next day I went to San Enrique, with no 
other purpose in view than to avoid being present at his meetings. I returned and 
hid myself while the whole day those of Aglipay' s committee were looking and ask- 
ing for me. As they could not see me in the daytime, all unexpected and unforeseen 
they surprised me between 8 and 9 o'clock upon the night of Tuesday, and the men 
and* women of the committee began to catechise me and to threaten me that if I did 
not lend adherence they would leave me in the street and would ask for a priest of 
the Aglipay communion. 

Already wearied with hearing them talk so much, and in order to get them out of the 
house, I answered with that I did not wish to burden myself with the responsibilities 
which would be imposed upon me. But they, insisting, told me that they would 
answer for everything on condition that I should accompany them in their work, 
and I answered, "We shall see." After an hour Aglipay arrived with Isco Infante, 
coming for the same purpose, but I showed myself indifferent. They at last departed. 
At half past 10 the next day they ordered the bells rung, and two of the committee 
took me from the house to attend mass at the church, and I, being in a hurry, as I had 
to go to San Enrique to conduct a funeral, went with them to settle the matter at once. 
But in all these acts w T hich I saw would compromise me I said to myself "I shall 
protest later, " as I now do. After mass I returned to my house, and Aglipay and 
all his adherents followed. I was surprised, for I knew not why they came, and it 
was because they obliged me to sign, and, without seeing what, I signed, for I knew 
not what was passing with me, and I did these things so that they would leave me 
alone; this they immediately did. But in all these things the people impelled me, 
saying that they would be responsible and that no responsibility would devolve 
upon me, and, as I could see that they were not doing anything, after stating to 
them that I am obliged to give information concerning all that has taken place, I 
hasten to write you this and to protest and to withdraw my signature from ail that 
there was done here without knowledge of mine, for at that time I was nervous, and 
what I wanted was some means to get them to go away, and this was the cause for 
my allowing myself to be deceived by threats. The bearer, Leon, will tell you, 
verbally, everything else. But especially let this letter serve for the father supe- 
rior, so that I shall not have to write another to him. Herewith I send you the 
notes for the bishop, informing him of everything, and so all may be arranged to 
the satisfaction of the brethren and in defense of our cause and religion. I send an 
authorization for our board of association, in order that in my name they may pro- 
test before the superior of the acts done here, and also an authorization to make 
retraction before the public in periodicals. And if what I propose is not right, do 
me the favor to arrange some manner that I may in truth, and upon the word of a 
priest, be enabled to state and confess that all that was done here was not done 
by me. It was done with my senses confused with so much talking, promises and 
threats, so that I was unable to act with entire liberty, but with coercion. Do 

war 1903— vol 5 16 



242 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

you see to it now, for whenever I begin to think of this affair I become nervous, 
and I can scarcely see that which I am writing. Leon will give you the details, and 
if you think that this letter can be sent to the bishop, I think that it would be well 
for him to know everything. Now that God has punished me with this confusion of 
things, I find but one solution for the matter, which is either my punishment for 
my sins, or through the protest and the withdrawal of my signature, to have every- 
thing done by Aglipay in this pueblo thrown out or annulled. 

My head is in a whirl with so much writing and thinking upon this situation 
which has so involved me. 

However, as an afterthought, it has occurred to me that it was not altogether an 
evil that I signed allegiance to Aglipay, for only in that manner could I retain pos- 
session continuously of the church. The reason is that the pueblo adhered to 
Aglipay, taking possession of the church, and I would have been left out without 
church or anything else. 

Ah, my brother, you can not imagine the situation in which I am placed. I can 
not find peace. With reference to Bago, there is no other way than for it to remain 
as it is here, for, as I am also in charge of that church, it is in the same circum- 
stances. 

In short, you, who are many, can do more than I. And I recommend that if it is 
necessary to form or draw up any other manner of protest, that you have it done 
there, and have Leon bring it immediately, coming through Cabano, let it cost 
what it may. The question is to accomplish what is desired. 

I think that if Aglipay is still there, the board with my note can take up (with- 
draw) my signature, for the authorization gives full power. And in order to 
announce our protest, we will do it through the periodicals of most circulation. 

For the satisfaction of the bishop, and that he may not believe that what was done 
was done with my consent, if you believe it to be necessary, you may send this, my 
letter, to him. In a word, look upon this affair of mine as if it were your own, and 
let Father Crispino consider that this letter to you shall serve for one to him as supe- 
rior, and let it also serve for all the other members who should assist each other. 

The lowest of your brothers. 

Lorenso Paloma. [Rubricated.] 
P. D. — I send you all the notes without envelopes so that you may see them, and 
separately I send stamped envelopes in the event they should be necessary for any 
of them. 

L. Paloma. [Rubricated.] 

Note or authorization: Upon the margin there is a seal which says, Parish of Val- 
ladolid, Bishopric of Jaro, Negros Occidental. 

Upon this date I authorize in correct form and give the competent and necessary 
power to the father superior of the Association of Clergy of this Bishopric of Jaro, 
Don Crispino Hinolan, in order that he may, in my name and my behalf, protest 
before the bishop of this diocese concerning the acts which took place in the parish 
church of this pueblo, for all was done entirely contrary to my will, since I was 
seduced with promises and with threats. 

This I communicate to you for proper action. God keep you many years. Val- 
ladolid, March 19, 1903. Lorenso Paloma. The superior of the Board of Associa- 
tion of Filipino Clergy of the Diocese of Jaro. 

Another authorization: Upon the margin there is a seal which says, Parish of Val- 
ladolid, Bishopric of Jaro. 

As a member of the Association of Clergy of the Diocese of Jaro, upon this date I 
do authorize in due form, and do give the competent and necessary power in order 
that the board of the said association may annul any obligations which may have 
been assumed by the signing of a certain paper which presented to me upon the 18th 
instant, by withdrawing my signature. This paper having been drawn up by the 
principal citizens of this pueblo and delivered to Sehor Gregorio Aglipay. 

And this I have the honor to communicate to you, beseeching your assistance and 
protection. 

God keep you many years. Valladolid, March 19, 1903. Lorenso Paloma. To 
the Board of the Association of Filipino Clergy of the Diocese of Jaro. 

The foregoing copy is faithfully taken from the originals, to which reference is 
hereby made. And, at the instance of the applicant, Senor Praxido Magalona, for 
the guidance of all concerned, I do issue these presents in triplicate at Iloilo, this 
28th day of March, nineteen hundred and three, A. D. 

Lie. Gregorio Yulo. 

My term expires December 31, 1903. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 243 

Manila, April 6, 1903. 
Hon. Wm. H. Taft, 

Governor- General of the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 
Your Excellency: With reference to our conversation of Saturday last, I have 
the honor to forward to you the letter of the parish priest of Valladolid, which, after 
copying, you will kindly cause to be returned to me. 

Its contents will serve to show what peaceful and lawful means Aglipay makes use 
of for the furtherance of schism. The poor priest in question yielded to sheer force, 
as you will see, but on the following day wrote the inclosed document reaffirming 
his fidelity to the Catholic Church. 

In view of the pernicious effect which these methods of procedure have, both in 
the islands and abroad, I would entreat your excellency to issue such orders as will 
effectually put a stop to this disgraceful state of things. 
"With assurance of the highest esteem, I have the honor to remain, 
Eespectfully yours, 

Jean Baptiste Guidi, 
Archbishop of Stauropoli, Apostolic Delegate. 



Manila, P. I., April 9, 1903. 
Monsegneur Jean Baptiste Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli and Apostolic Delegate 

to the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 
Your Excellency: I have read the communication from the parish priest of Va- 
lladolid, Occidental Negros. I am obliged to say, after reading the same, that, while 
the method of proselytizing as described in that letter pursued by Senor Aglipay 
and others may be subject to severe criticism on the ground of taste and morality, 
there is no statement in the letter of the priest of any fact which would justify the 
belief that he was threatened with personal violence or suffering. He does not 
state any specific threat, but says that he was nervous and was overcome by their 
undue pressure. This does not present a case for criminal prosecution, but is an 
instance of a nervous, weak old man yielding to importunate and undue influence. 
The expressions of contrition by the priest, the statement that he first sought Agli- 
pay and called on him, the further statement that the prominent people of his town 
were all in favor of Aglipay, and that they claimed the church, indicate the charac- 
ter of the pressure that was brought to bear on him to influence him to consent in 
words, which he did do, though he says that he intended to protest the next day. I 
confess I can not see that the circumstances present a case for the interference of the 
executive. He did not attempt to call upon the presidente or any police to eject persons 
from his premises; he could not testify to any threats of personal violence; he shows 
no assault of any sort, but merely a working on his nervousness until he was overper- 
suaded, and against his better judgment consented. It is a case of weakness on the 
part of the priest, and not a case of crime on the part of those who induced him to 
take the course which he took. There is no mention of the presence of municipal 
officers which exercised the influence over him he concluded the next day to protest 
against. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 6. 

Provincial Government op Antique, 

Governor's Office, 
San Jose de Buenavista, Panay, P. I., January 17, 1902. 
Executive Secretary for the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to forward herewith a petition signed by numerous residents 
of San Jose de Buenavista, requesting that Friar Jose" Giraldez be expelled. A copy 
of my reply to the petition is also forwarded. 

I send these papers merely to let the Commission know the feeling of the commu- 
nity on the subject. 

Very respectfully, W. A. Holbrook, 

Captain, Fifth U. S. Cavalry, Governor. 



214 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

San Jose de Buenavista, December 31, 1901. 
The Provincial Governor : 

The citizens of San Jose de Buenavista protest, through their municipal authori- 
ties, against the presence of Friar Jose Giraldez, who came here a few days ago to 
take possession of the parish church and is living in the house of the Spaniard, Tobito 
Tiscar. The antipathy of the people against the friars is general. We believe that 
they are incompatible with the progress that this country is making since America 
signed the treaty of Paris with Spain, and the Federal party has stated in its petition 
to Congress that they were dangerous. 

If we look back we see, and most of the Spaniards admit it, that one of the prin- 
cipal, if not the only, cause of the revolution was the politico-financial absorption by 
the friars of everything which was related with the rights and the future of the 
Filipino people. Outside of the incompatibility between the Filipinos and the friars, 
the people find that they are full of backwardness and obscurantism. 

Everybody knows the resolution taken without appeal by so many millions of 
inhabitants, and the impossibility to blot out the recent dramas which have made 
the friars so odious to the Filipinos, and the whole people of San Jose ask the pro- 
vincial government, through its municipal authorities, to expel the friar. 

The government must not understand that we want to give up the sacred Christian 
religion which we practice. If we protest, it is moved by the progress of modern 
civilization and our new intellectual development, etc. We therefore beg the pro- 
vincial government to expel Friar Giraldez, as the presence of foreign friars in a 
town is contrary to the feelings of harmony and of concord of the people. 

(The signatures follow.) 



Provincial Government of Antique, 

Office of the Governor, 
San Jose de Buenavista, P. I. , January 18, 1902. 
The President of San Jose de Buenavista. 

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of the petition signed by numerous 
citizens of San Jose requesting me to expel Friar Jose Giraldez from this vicinity. 
While the reasons given may be such as to excite sympathy, yet, under the existing 
government, which is completely separate from the church, it is manifestly impossi- 
ble to comply with the request of the petitioners. The petition will, however, be 
sent to higher authority, that the feeling of this community toward the friars may 
be known. 

Of course, it is understood that Friar Jose Giraldez has no authority over the peo- 
ple of this community beyond that which in a spiritual way they voluntarily place 
in his hands, and to which they render voluntary obedience. So long as Friar Giral- 
dez complies with the law of the land he must and will receive the protection of 
the law the same as any other citizen. If he trespasses the law he will be subject to 
punishment the same as any other person. If, as a minister of the gospel, he is per- 
sona non grata, no one is obliged to attend his church nor listen to his teaching. It 
would be entirely proper for the dissenters to form a new church, or petition the 
proper church authorities to recall Friar Jose Giraldez and send another who would 
be acceptable to the community. 

The fear that the friars or any other church corporation may again obtain a pre- 
ponderating influence in governmental affairs is groundless. The control they have 
over the people will be only that which the people themselves voluntarily and 
individually give them. 

Very respectfully, W. A. Holbrook, 

Provincial Governor. 



Manila, P. I., February 6, 1903. 
Capt. W. A. Holbrook, U. S. Army, 

Provincial Governor of Antique, San Jose de Buenavista, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of the petition of the citizens of San 
Jose de Buenavista protesting against the presence of Friar Jose Giraldez in their 
midst, and copy of your response thereto. I beg to express my entire approval of 
the contents of your letter. You state clearly and forcibly the attitude which the 
civil government must take upon this question. While appreciating the prejudice 
which exists against the friars and the reasons therefor, their right to live in any 
community and exercise their sacerdotal functions can not be doubted. The friar 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 245 

question is one of difficulty, but I believe that Governor Taft, who is now in Wash- 
ington, will probably be able to solve it before his return to the satisfaction of all 
concerned. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Luke E. Wright, 



Exhibit No. 7. 



Acting Civil Governor, 



Office of the Bishop of Jaro. 



The President of the Municipality of Romblon. 

Sir: We have been informed of the intention of this municipality to appropriate 
ecclesiastical buildings of this parish and take possession of the ecclesiastical books 
and to take charge of the administration of the parish funds. We do not know if this 
intention has been carried into practice, and we believe that this municipality, on 
account of its religious belief and in order not to offend the religious feeling of the 
people, will never commit the action which would be a direct attack against the rights 
and interests of the Catholic Church in this parish. In these conditions and before 
anything is done, as representative of the Catholic Church in Jaro, the Bishop of Jaro, 
in the accomplishment of his duty as such, finds himself in the painful necessity of 
protesting before the municipality against such a decision, and to claim his legitimate 
rights on all the property on which the municipality is about to lay its hands. 

Feeling sorry for this parish, which has no place to attend its religious wants, and 
until such time as we might provide a place, we had appointed as administrator of 
this property Senor Bonifacio Madrelejos, who has always filled his commission to our 
complete satisfaction and to the great benefit of the parish. We believe that we are 
addressing true Catholics, who, as such, are our subjects, and we will simply remind 
them to-day of the very serious ecclesiastical penalties to which they would be liable 
if they were to interfere in the jurisdiction of the Church, and we beg all sons of the 
Catholic Church to give up their project and leave the ecclesiastical authorities in the 
peaceful possession and administration of their rights, property, and interests. We 
expect from the religious feeling of all the inhabitants of this municipality and for 
the salvation of their souls that they will take our protest into consideration, etc. 

Iloilo, July 27, 1901. 

Fr. Andres, Bishop of Jaro. 

Exhibit No. 8. 

Romblon, February 16, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, 

Manila, P. I. 

Sir: The object of this communication is to lay before you a certain matter for 
advice, and, in order to make it clear, allow me to state the following facts: 

Parish priests detailed for this township of Romblon have from time immemorial 
enjoyed quiet and unmolested possession of the church, convent, and cemetery. 

After certain well known events took place, the parish priest was compelled to 
leave, thus abandoning said church, convent, and cemetery. 

Profiting by the priest's absence, the municipality believing perhaps to have the 
right of possession to such church, convent, and cemetery, as they had been built by 
the town, drew up an act setting forth the fact that the municipality was entitled to 
such possession. 

Later on the Roman Catholic Bishop of Jaro detailed to this province a Filipino 
priest, who, upon his arrival in this town, per se and by virtue of this office took 
possession of the church, convent, and cemetery without any opposition whatever 
from the municipality, although upon a certain occasion the municipality seized the 
keys to the cemetery, appointed a man to take charge of the property, and dismissed 
the person appointed for the purpose by the Roman Catholic priest. 

Notwithstanding this, between the priest and the municipality there has never 
been the slightest disturbance, although both parties continue to collect their respec- 
tive fees, which the public pay without any difficulty whatever. 

Under the circumstances, should any friction arise between the priest and the 
municipality, I am in doubt as to whom I am to protect in my official capacity in the 
enjoyment of possession. As I understand the case, both parties enjoy actual posses- 
sion of the cemetery, since both exercise at the same time acts of possession. 

This particular case is not covered by the circular letter of the honorable civil 
governor dated January 10, 1903, and I beg to ask you kindly to advise me in the 
matter for future reference. 

Thanking you in advance, I remain, 

Yours, respectfully, Francisco Sanz, Governor. 



246 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, P. I, March 2, 1903. 
By direction of the civil governor respectfully referred, through the attorney- 
general, to the solicitor-general, for the expression of an opinion on the question here 

put. 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 
[Second indorsement.! 

Office of the Attorney-General Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I, March 5, 1903. 

To solicitor-general. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, March 5, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the civil governor. 

It appears from the letter of the governor of Romblon that the municipality of 
Romblon is in actual possession of the cemetery of said municipality at the present 
time, since it has the keys thereof and has appointed a keeper to care for the same. 
The act of the municipality in seizing the keys of the cemetery, the same having 
been in the hands of the parish priest of the pueblo of Romblon, may possibly have 
been illegal; yet such illegal act, against which there has been no protest on the 
part of the parish priest, can in no wise operate to cause the executive power, whose 
province is only to maintain order and to prevent any disturbance thereof, to refuse 
to accept the fact of the actual possession of said cemetery by the municipality and, in 
case of any attempt to disturb such possession, to refuse to protect the municipality. 

Gregorio Araneta, Solicitor- General. 
Approved: 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney- General. 

[Fourth indorsment.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Manila, March 7, 1903. 
Respectfully transmitted to the governor of Romblon for his information. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
Exhibit No. 9. 

Province of Isabel a, Office of the Governor, 

Ilagan, Isabela, P. I., December 30, 1901. 
The Municipal President. 

( Sent to all cities in the province. ) 

Sir: I have noticed with regret that many cemeteries of the province are not kept 
in good condition, weeds frequently being permitted to grow to an extreme height 
over all the graves, so that it is impossible to determine where they are, and some 
vaults and graves being so poorly built that human bones may be seen on the ground. 
While the title to said cemeteries is doubtless vested in the Church, it is neverthe- 
less your right and duty to see that they are maintained in a sanitary and decent 
condition. You will please cause such cemeteries to be frequently cleaned of all 
brush and loose stone, and request your council to pass an ordinance requiring all 
interments to be made under at least four feet of earth. If any vaults are used you 
may order them hermetically sealed after each interment. 

With a similar regard for sanitary protection, it is the duty of your council to for- 
bid the burial from the church of any persons dying from contagious or infectious 
diseases. They should also require the church buildings to be kept cleaner than is 
now the rule and frequently ventilated to prevent the spread of disease. If the parish 
priests fail to observe these regulations you will have the church and cemeteries put 
in sanitary condition and present the bill for expense to the parish priest for payment. 
Very respectfully, 

William H. Johnston, 
Captain, Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, 

Governor Province of Isabela. 
Official copy respectfully furnished to the executive secretary of the Philippine 
Islands for his information. 

William H. Johnston, 
Captain, Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, 

Governor Province of Isabela. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 247 

Province of Isabela, Office of the Governor, 

Ilagan, Isabela, Luzon, February 15, 1902. 
Municipal President, Ilagan, Isabela. 

Sir: Notwithstanding my circular of December 30, calling attention to the aban- 
doned condition of cemeteries in this province, the cemetery of this city is in the 
same abandoned condition in which it was before that circular was issued. In that 
circular you were directed, if the parish priest failed to clean the cemetery, to have 
it cleaned yourself and present the bill to him. If this cemetery is not cleaned out 
as described below by the 22d instant, you will be suspended from office. 

You will first have all the shrubbery and grass cut and removed from the cemetery. 
You will remove all bamboo or nipa shelters that are built over the graves. You will 
then mark out paths over which the public may pass, and mark each grave with 
wood or stone, to prevent interments being made in the same place again. As far as 
possible these boards will indicate the name of the person buried. 

You will caution the parish priest that ground once used for interment must not 
be used again. If the cemetery is already full, another must be located and pre- 
pared. The parish priest derives a large revenue from these interments and can well 
afford to keep the cemetery in decent sanitary condition. If he fails to observe 
these regulations in the future, or you find interments made that are not marked, 
you will collect from him a heavy fine. 

I shall inspect the cemetery on the 22d to see if this order has been obeyed. It is 
hoped with this second warning that your attention need not again be called to the 
scandalous condition of your cemetery. 
Very respectfully, 

William H. Johnston, 
Captain, Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, 

Governor Province of Isabela. 

Ilagan, Isabela, February 15, 1902. 
Official copy respectfully furnished to the executive secretary of the Philippines 
for his information. 

William H. Johnston, 
Captain, Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, 

Governor Province of Isabela. 



Province of Isabela, Office of the Governor, 

Ilagan, Isabela, P. I, February 17, 1902. 
The Most Reverend Archbishop of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 

Most Reverend Sir: I have the honor to inform you that, during the past six 
months of my service as governor of this province, I have received many complaints 
of excessive charges made by parish priests for marriages, baptisms, funerals, and 
other ceremonies. Being a Catholic, I deem it my duty to ask that you send some 
representative to investigate what charges are made and whether many priests are 
not demanding more even than the scale of prices appointed by the Church. 

I am informed that the religious orders never demanded such excessive sums for 
ceremonies, and some go so far as to say they would prefer to have the former religious 
in care of the parishes. 

My present position does not permit me to express any opinion upon the com- 
parative merits of the two classes of clergy, nor do I presume to advise the Church 
authorities upon their policy. 

My observation of three years in these islands permits me to say that many clergy 
of this province are doing little, if at all, for the promotion of their religion among 
the people, for the religious instruction of children in schools, as permitted by law 
at present, or for the care and preservation of the church buildings and cemeteries. 

The abandoned condition of the latter has made it necessary for me to direct all 
municipal presidents to cause the same to be placed in decent sanitary condition and 
present the bill for such work to the parish priest, who derives an income from 
interments made therein. 

Much good could be done for religion if the people were told that all sacraments 
of the Church are free, and that their payments for ceremonies depend upon their 
free will. If the scale of prices for the latter must be preserved, the people should 
be discouraged from indulging in expensive functions for which they are unable to 
pay. Parish priests will receive sufficient for a living without the many fees at 
present received. People of this city seem to vie with one another to see who can 



248 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

have the grandest ceremony at a funeral or marriage, while few can afford, it. On 
the other hand, I have never heard a sermon preached in any language in this 
province during the six months, though I have attended almost all the churches. 

These are matters which concern the spiritual rather than the civil government of 
these people, but I trust my interest in my religion may excuse the presumption I 
have taken in addressing you this letter of information. 
I am, sir, very respectfully, yours, 

William H. Johnston, 
Captain, Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, 

Governor Province of Isabela. 

Ilagan, Isabela, February 18, 1903. 
Official copy respectfully furnished to the executive secretary of the Philippine 
Islands for his information. 

William H. Johnston, 
Captain, Sixteenth U. S. Infantry, 

Governor Province of Isabela. 



Exhibit No. 10. 



Manila, September 24, 1902. 



Mr. Daniel R. Perkins, 

Deputy Division Superintendent, 

Zamboanga, Mindanao. 

Sib: Your letter of September 2, relating to interference with the public schools, 
is at hand. 

Teachers may be called to account for.any direct violation of orders issued by the 
division superintendent respecting the work in the schools and compliance with 
these orders insisted upon, but it is not desirable that one should concern himself 
greatly with the action of any persons not under the authority of the bureau of pub- 
lic instruction. I referred your letter to the governor for his information, and he 
has sent it back with the following indorsement: 

' ' Respectfully returned to the Hon. Bernard Moses, secretary of public instruc- 
tion, Manila, P. I. 

' ' I think Mr. Perkins ought to be advised not to allow his suspicions and excite- 
ment concerning the Jesuit priests to overcome his judgment. It is well understood 
that the Jesuit priests are much opposed to schools in which religious instruction is 
not imparted, and their opposition may be expected. In the absence, however, of 
Jesuit schools, it will hardly be possible for them to prevent the pupils from attend- 
ing the public schools. Should they at times attempt to discourage native teachers, 
it is not to be taken as an intimation of a tremendous conspiracy. If the division 
superintendent will devote his attention to making the schools under his charge 
effective, outside interference by the Jesuits will not interpose any great obstacles." 

This seems to cover the case, and I am not disposed to think that you or the 
division superintendent will have any difficulty in securing action on the part of 
teachers consistent with your orders. If it is impossible to control the teachers in 
matters in which they should be controlled, the next advisable thing, is to try to 
find substitutes for them who will be more disposed to abide by the rules of the 
officers of the bureau of public instruction. 

Very respectfully, Bebnaed Moses, 

Secretary of Public Instruction. 

Exhibit No. 11. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Baguio, Benguet, May 14, 1903. 

Respectfully referred to Maj. Gen. George W. Davis, U. S. Army, commanding 
Division of the Philippines, Manila, P. I. 

Responding to the invitation to express my views respecting the disposition to be 
made of the building in question, contained in the second indorsement, I beg to say 
that I do not consider it necessary or wise for me to express an opinion on the ques- 
tion of law presented in an issue as to the title to the bishop's palace in Nueva 
Caceres. It would not be wise because, wherever possible, it is better for the exec- 
utive to avoid the decision of questions likely to arise in a court of justice hereafter. 

It seems to me that a definite conclusion as to what you should do in the premises 
can be arrived at without reaching any conclusion as to the ultimate question of 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 249 

title. The undisputed facts are that the archiepiscopal palace in Nueva Caceres has 
been occupied by the bishop of that diocese for a number of years, down to October, 
1898, when the Spaniards were driven from Nueva Caceres by the insurgent forces. 
It is true that at that time the palace was in the process of a considerable reconstruc- 
tion, and the insurgents may have more or less completed such reconstruction. It 
is clear that the taking by the insurgents, however, was forcible and that possession 
was not yielded by them until in the course of the war they were driven out by the 
American forces; that then the Army took possession and has occupied the building 
ever since. This state of facts seems to me to put this building in exactly the same situa- 
tion as all other church buildings in the islands. The last quiet, peaceable, lawful pos- 
session was that of the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church before the Ameri- 
can Army took possession, and, now that the American Army is ready to give up 
possession in case of a disputed title, it seems to me clear that the military com- 
mander is not obliged to consider a question of dispute, but is fully justified in restor- 
ing the property to the person or persons who were in lawful, peaceable possession 
next before the occupation by the Army. In other words, I think the general order 
already issued by you should apply as well to the palace of Nueva Caceres as to any 
other ecclesiastical building in the Archipelago. If the provincial or the civil gov- 
ernment deems that it has any claim to title to the palace it has an opportunity to 
go into the courts and assert it. I do not mean to say that there might not be cases 
where the title of the Government was so clear and its deprivation of the title had 
been under circumstances of fraud so apparent that it would not have been justified 
in following up the forcible possession by its military arm with a restoration of the 
same to civil possession. But the present is not such a case. Certainly, under ordi- 
nary circumstances, the Government ought to be the last property owner to avoid 
the burden of litigation in its own courts as a plaintiff by taking advantage of a fortui- 
tous dispossession of one who had been in peaceable, lawful, and quiet enjoyment of 
the property in dispute. 

I hope that I have fully answered the query which you put me in the indorse- 
ment, but I can state it more summarily as follows: In my judgment the proper 
course for you, in your discretion, to pursue is to turn over the bishop's palace at 
Nueva Caceres to the Roman Catholic bishop of that diocese, or any person acting 
in that capacity. Who that person is can, of course, be safely determined by the 
statement of the papal delegate at present in the islands. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 12. 

•Manila, April 7, 1903. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 
Youe Excellency : I have the honor to call your attention to the inclosed docu- 
ment, which I should like to have returned to me after a copy of it has been taken. 
A perusal of its contents will demonstrate to you clearly how extremely high- 
handedly the presidentes act at times, and what low means they adopt to combat the 
the church. 

I feel more than sure that your excellency will put an end to such arbitrary measures 
on the part of the presidentes, and that you will keep the local authorities within 
the limits of the law, and thus prevent them from violating the free exercise of the 
Catholic cult. 

I have the honor to sign myself, your excellency, x 

Very respectfully, 

John Baptist Guidi, 
Archbishop of Stauropoli, Apostolic Delegate. 



Translation of the inclosure is as follows: 

The undersigned affirm under oath that, on the evenings of the 19th imd 20th of 
the present month, there was posted a notice in various parts of this pueblo of Nabua, 
province of Ambos Camarines, by order of the president, of a proclamation obliging 
the women to dress with "saya" (sort of overskirt), under penalty of a fine of a half 
peso Mexican against infractors. The customary dress of the women in this pueblo 
since time immemorial is the tapis (sort of apron) or "patadion" (tightly wrapped 
cloth around the loins), and this law was to go into effect upon the22d instant, which 



250 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

was Sunday, a mass day. On the 24th the police of this pueblo, near the church, 
were taking to the municipal building of the pueblo those women who went to mass 
and communed without wearing the saya, both on Sunday, the 22d, and on the morn- 
ing of the 24th, although they arrested some of them later in the market place for 
not wearing the saya, but not with so great rigor as they arrested those who attended 
church and communed. On the 25th of the same month few women attended church 
for fear of the fine. On account of the procedure spoken of adopted by the authorities 
of this locality, and because of the poverty which reigns in this pueblo, making it 
impossible for very many families to buy "saya," not one-third of the women go to 
church or comply with their lenten duties; nevertheless many women not dressed in 
" saya " and who do not go to church are not molested. In order to attest the truth 
of this fact the present is drawn up in the said pueblo of Nabua, at the request of the 
reverend parish priest of this pueblo, D. Simeon Onate, for proper action thereupon, 
this 28th day of March, 1903. 

Antonio Delloro, 
and 6 others. 



Manila, P. I., April 11, 1903. 
Eev. H. J. O'Connor, 

Secretary to His Excellency, the Apostolic Delegate, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor, by direction of the civil governor, to acknowledge receipt 
of the letter of his excellency, Jean Baptiste Guidi, Archbishop of Stauropoli and 
apostolic delegate, to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands, inclosing a com- 
munication signed by Antonio Delloro and others of the pueblo of Nabua, province 
of Ambos Camarines, in which complaint is made regarding the arbitrary action of 
the president of said pueblo with reference to the dress of the women of the pueblo. 

In reply, I beg that you will inform his excellency that his letter and the inclosure 
thereto have this day been referred to the provincial governor of Ambos Camarines 
requesting that an investigation be had into the truth of this matter, and recommend- 
ing the suspension and removal of the president of Nabua in the event that the facts 
set forth in the complaint referred to are found to be true. 
Very respectfully, 



A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



[First indorsement.] 



Executive Bureau, 
Manila, April 11, 1903. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to the provincial governor 
of Ambos Camarines, Nueva Caceres, P. I., requesting that an investigation be had 
into the truth of this matter. If it be true, the president of Nabua ought to be 
suspended and removed. 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Office of the Governor, Ambos Camarines, 

Nueva Caceres, P. I., May 7, 1903. 

Respectfully returned to the executive secretary for the Philippine Islands, inviting 
attention to the accompanying letters and copies of municipal records. From inves- 
tigation of this matter, I am of opinion that the action of the president complained 
of was not from any improper motive, but that the same was taken in the belief that 
the ordinance was within the power of the municipal council to enact, and that it 
was the president's duty to enforce it. I am also certain that the council acted in 
perfect good faith and entirely without design to injure the Roman Catholic Church 
of Nabua or its communicants. Immediately upon being informed by this office 
that such ordinance was not within the powers of the council as defined in the 
municipal code, the objectionable enactment was annulled, although, as will be seen 
by reference to the inclosed correspondence, the members of the council have not 
given up their belief in the necessity of "dress reform" in their town. I believe, 
however, that they now understand that such reforms are not to be accomplished by 
legislation. 

I invite attention to the remarks of the council concerning Mr. Simeon Onate, 
"cura" of Nabua, which remarks, to the best of my information and belief, are 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 251 

warranted by the facts. Padre Onate has for a long time been a disturbing element 
in Nabua, and I am compelled to state that I believe the complaint in this matter 
was inspired by him more from a desire to cause trouble and stir up strife than for 
any other reason. 

James Ross, 
Governor Ambos Camarines. 



Nabua, P. I., May 2, 1903. 
Hon. James Ross, 

Provincial Governor, Nueva Caceres, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report in regard to the complaint 
filed by the parish priest, Mr. Simeon Onate, and six or seven residents : 

In its ordinary session of to-day the municipal council resolved to repeal ordinance 
No. 3, passed November 1, 1902, to promote morality. 

. A few days after this order became effective, without any person having considered 
it an arbitrary and illegal act, and many persons desirous of the moral and material 
progress of the pueblo having received it with applause, the aforesaid curate and 
some of his henchmen, systematically opposed to culture and advancement, filed the 
complaint with the delegate, Monsignor Guidi, distorting the true facts and stating 
that the undersigned was abusing the people who were going to hear mass and to 
attend their religious duties in the church. 

Aided by some of his henchmen who were defeated in the last municipal election, 
this curate has thrown obstacles into the way of the administration of the municipal 
government of Nabua, attacking the municipal officials or hindering the proper 
functions of the municipality. 

With your leave I shall explain point for point, the anything but correct method 
of this curate toward the municipal government of Nabua. 

On occasion of the municipal election he induced his favorites, of whom there is 
a number, to protest against the election and cause it to be annulled, because his 
favorite candidate and protege, Anastacio Bolivar, had not been elected. In spite of 
this unjustified protest the election was confirmed by the provincial board. How- 
ever, the spite of the curate was not satisfied, because, when the public school for 
both sexes in Nabua was growing considerably and had a daily attendance of from 
400 to 500, he told the people, in his great desire to deceive them, that their children 
would become Protestants if they frequented the public school, and pretended to 
start a Catholic school, not without first posting provoking proclamations to arouse 
their minds, for which reason he was prosecuted for sedition, but on account of the 
amnesty proclamation the case against him was dismissed. But what a school, your 
honor ! The teachers which he employed played the entire day the card game of 
entrecuatro with him, and I have with my own eyes seen the children play in front 
of the convent at school hours. 

Furthermore, upon instigation of the curate, whose henchmen met in the convent, 
these and his brother, Valentin Onate, filed a complaint against the municipal 
officials and the justice of the peace with the attorney-general and the honorable 
Civil Commission, charging them with abuses, and, in order to cause the supreme 
authorities to pay special attention, they forged the signatures of a large number of 
persons who can not sign their names. A thorough investigation was held, but the 
result was nothing. 

On different occasions he had used the pulpit to revile and upbraid the persons 
who are not addicted to him, and several times he reviled the pueblo and called it 
cowardly, because, he said, it did not protest against the municipal ordinances. 
Likewise he exhorted the pueblo from the pulpit to collect money wherewith to pay 
the expenses of a lawsuit, stating that he was also collecting money, and that, in 
case it should give out, he would sell the ornaments, bells, candlesticks, and other 
equipments of the church. (As if all these things were his !) 

Such is the antagonism produced by the curate, Simeon Onate, causing peaceful 
citizens to ruin each other, but involving the triumph of his ambition. 

From all points of view the crafty anxiety of the curate to protect the interests of 
his parishioners in regard to the change of dress is gratuitous, because the council 
only resolved to change the ancient form of the dress of the Bicol women in order 
to adapt the same to the present advancement in the culture, morality, and civiliza- 
tion of the country, but it was at no time the intention of the council to burden the 
people with arbitrary measures and to abuse its power. 

The council is well aware of the present state of poverty under which the country 
suffers, but it believes that poverty does not interfere with decency. Knowing that 



252 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

it is one of the tasks of the council to promote morality, the council of Nabua took it 
upon itself to pass an ordinance changing the form of the ancient "patadion," 
which reveals the shape of the woman, while the same patadion cut as saya amply 
covers her nakedness. 

Lastly, I respectfully suggest to you that for the benefit of the peace in this pueblo 
you cause our complaint to reach Monseigneur Guidi, to the end that he direct the 
transfer of the curate, Simeon Onate, to some other place, as his present conduct 
seriously compromises the peace which the inhabitants of this pueblo have enjoyed 
for a long time. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Juan Foliente, 

Municipal President. 



Nabua, P. L, May 2, 1903. 
I, Pedro Regalado y Peflaranda, municipal secretary of this pueblo of Nabua, pro- 
vince of Arnbos Camarines, P. L, certify that the foregoing report has been sub- 
mitted to the council and approved by the same in its special meeting held to-day, as 
it is made to appear in the book of acts of this office, volume 1, page 70. 

Pedeo Regalado, 
Municipal Secretary. 



Office of the Governoe of Ambos Camarines, 

Nueva Caceres, P. I., April 21, 1903. 
The Municipal President of Nabua. 

Sir: The executive secretary has remitted to this office a letter from the apostolic 
delegate and annexed to it a petition signed by several residents of your pueblo, pro- 
testing against an order which your office directed to be published prohibiting the 
use of the patadion. I transmit you a copy of the same to the end that you make as 
soon as possible a detailed report to this office, with copies of the order or ordinances 
which you published in the premises, and stating whether you have imposed fines 
for infractions of the said order. 

If the use of the patadion has been prohibited by virtue of an ordinance the same 
should be declared null and void, as it is evidently illegal. 

Very respectfully, James Ross, 

Governor of Camarines. 



Nabua, Camarines, April 27, 1903. 
Provincial Governor of Ambos Camarines, 

Nueva Caceres. 
Sir: In reply to your letter dated the 21st instant I submit the following report: 

1. That it is true that an order has been published in the public streets of the 
municipality of Nabua to the end ot making effective an ordinance passed by the 
council on the 1st of November, 1902, prohibiting the use of the patadion, and I, as 
municipal president, being required by law to execute the resolutions of the council, 
complied with my duty. A copy of this ordinance is inclosed, marked with the 
letter "A." 

2. It is not true that the women who heard mass and communed on Sunday, March 
22, were arrested with more rigor than those arrested on the market on the 24th, as 
stated by the complainants. The law should be enforced equally against all persons 
who deserve it, and I followed this principle in dealing with the women who violated 
the municipal ordinance. I beg leave to inclose a list, marked with the letter "B," 
containing the names of the women who paid fines and of those who were under 
arrest in their respective houses for one day, not having paid the fine. 

3. This ordinance already existed when I entered upon the office of municipal 
president, end of January, 1903, succeeding Mr. Jose S. Ocampo, who had resigned, 
and as at that time there was a rumor to the effect that if this ordinance would not 
be enforced the council would not take further resolutions only not to be executed, 
I saw myself under the necessity of issuing an executive order, a copy of which is 
inclosed, marked with the letter " C, " based on the ordinance aforementioned. 

4. This ordinance does not necessarily compel the poor people to make more or 
less sacrifice in purchasing sayas, as the complainants, Valentin Onate and others, 
apparently wish to imply, because, interpreting the spirit of this ordinance clearly 
and faithfully, the poor women can dress in sayas without necessarily having to buy 
new cloth, as they can reform the patadion which they now possess, cutting it into a 



KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 253 

saya, and this, it may be seen, does not cost more than the patadion. This order 
for the change of costume does not tend to demonstrate an intention to oppress the 
people; on the contrary, it shows a desire to give another proof of civilization, to 
place the people of Nabua in particular and the province of Camarines in general, on 
a level with the most cultured and civilized nations of the world, and cause it not to 
be inferior to the other principal cities of the archipelago, because the saya is a more 
decent dress than the patadion, which is so tightly wrapped around the body that it 
outlines all the forms of the wearer, and the councilors believe that this is contrary 
to public morality, which should be promoted in our country, as recommended by 
the Municipal Code, paragraph (j j), section 38. 

The foregoing is all I have to say in regard to this matter, in compliance with the 
letter aforementioned, and I shall call a meeting of the council for the purpose of 
declaring the ordinance null and void, recommending that this be done. I shall 
inform the provincial governor of the result. 

Very respectfully, Juan Foliente, 

Municipal President. 



[Exhibit "A."] 

Copy of a municipal ordinance. 

Ordinance prohibiting the use of the patadion and the tapis as they are now worn 
by the women. 

It is hereby ordered by the municipal council: 

1. That the use of the articles of clothing called patadion and tapis binagabay of 
any color, as now worn by the women, is strictly prohibited, so that in future the 
skirts will all be cut on the plan of the ' ' saya. ' ' 

2. A time of thirty days, beginning with the passage and publication of this ordi- 
nance, is hereby granted in which the women who wear the patadion can change the 
same into a saya, and any women who shall wear the patadion the old way shall be 
liable, to a fine not less than 50 cents Mexican, nor exceeding $2.50, or to arrest at 
her private dwelling of from one to five days. 

3. Ladies above the age of 50 years who, on account of their inveterate customs, do 
not want to use the saya shall be exempted from this penalty, but they are informed 
that they would give a great proof of culture if they also would adopt the saya, thus 
setting an example to the younger women. 

4. This ordinance will go into effect on the 1st of December. 
For the municipal council: 

Jose S. Ocampo. - 
[Exhibit "B."] 

(This consisted of the list of the names of the women fined or punished with domi- 
ciliary imprisonment for violation of the ordinance in question, showing that when 
arrested 13 out of the total of 34 were coming from church. ) 

[Exhibit "C."] 

From Spanish translation of the "bandillo" in Bicol. 

I, Juan Foliente y Zato, municipal president of this pueblo of Nabua, province of 
Ambos Camarines, P. L, make it known that, since the bandillo published directing 
the women to wear sayas, as required by the municipal ordinance of this pueblo of 
December 1 of last year, I have been very considerate toward them after the expira- 
tion of the time, knowing that there is scarcity of food in this pueblo, for which 
reason I have refrained from imposing a fine of 50 cents Mexican on those women 
who do not wear sayas. However, I think now that I have given them sufficient 
time for this purpose, and I have therefore resolved to inform them through this 
bandillo, for the knowledge of all and that they may not x>lead ignorance, that on 
next Sunday any women that shall not wear the saya shall be fined 50 cents Mexican, 
according to the aforesaid municipal ordinance. You can not blame me, as I have 
been considerate enough with you, neither can you complain of me, because I have 
to execute the municipal ordinances; and, if I fail to execute the same, I shall be 
held responsible, as "perhaps none of you will be able to defend me if things go badly 
with me. I therefore earnestly beseech you to comply with this bandillo. 

Municipal building of Nabua, P. L, March 19, 1903. 

Juan Foliente, 

Municipal President. 



254 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Executive Bureau, Manila, June 1, 1903. 
Monsigneur J. B. Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli and 

Apostolic Delegate to the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 

Monsigneur: Kef erring to your communication of April 7, in which you charge the 
municipal president of Nabua, Ambos Camarines, with adopting low means to com- 
bat the church and with violating the free exercise of the Catholic cult, I have the 
honor to inform you that a full investigation shows the facts in the case to be the 
following: 

Toward the end of last year the municipal council of Nabua passed an ordinance 
prohibiting the use of the style of dress known under the name of "patadion" on 
the ground that it "displays unduly the lines of the wearer's form" and is therefore 
prejudicial to public morals. The ordinance allows a term of thirty days from the 
date of publication within which women wearing the "patadion" may alter the cut 
of the same to the style known as "saya," which "covers amply the nudeness" of 
the wearer. It was the arrest under this ordinance of certain women while on their 
way to mass that called forth the complaint under discussion. 

In view of the fact that the style of dress known as "patadion" has been custom- 
ary from time immemorial in Ambos Camarines, the ordinance passed by the council 
was probably "ultra vires." However this may be, the objectionable resolution has 
since been repealed. 

In regard to the charges of arbitrariness and interference with the free exercise of 
the Catholic cult made against the municipal president, the charge is not borne out 
by the results of the investigation. On the contrary there appears to be no doubt 
that not only the president but the council as well acted in perfect good faith. An 
exhibit submitted in the course of the investigation shows that out of 34 women 
arrested only 13 were coming from or going to the church. 

Attention is respectfully invited to the attached copy of the report of the municipal 
president and of the indorsement in regard thereto of the whole case signed by Mr. 
James Eoss, governor of the province of Ambos Camarines. It would appear from 
these that the ' ' cura ' ' of Nabua is a disturbing element in his parish. In compliance 
with your request the original complaint is returned herewith. 
Very respectfully, 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 

Exhibit No. 13. 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., July 31, 1901. 
Capt. Wallis 0. Clark, 

Governor of Tarlac, Tarlac, P. I. 

Sir: On July 24 I received a call from Father Eusebio Natividad, a Filipino Roman 
Catholic priest in the town of Tarlac. He came to complain against the municipal 
council of the town, that the council was attempting by ordinance or resolution to 
regulate the fees which he was charging for religious functions performed by him as 
a priest of the Eoman Catholic Church in the church at Tarlac. Similar complaints 
have come to me from other parts of the archipelago, and I deem it wise, therefore, 
in a public letter to the governor of the province where there has been such an abuse 
of civil authority to call attention to it and to point out the fundamental error com- 
mitted by the municipal council. 

The President of the United States in his instructions to the Commission used the 
following words: 

' ' Upon every division and branch of the government of the Philippines, therefore, 
must be imposed these inviolable rules: * * * that no law shall be made respect- 
ing an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the 
free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship without discrimina- 
tion or preference shall forever be allowed." 

And again, "that no form of religion and no minister of religion shall be forced 
upon any community or upon any citizen of the islands; that upon the other hand no 
minister of religion shall be interfered with or molested in the following of his calling; 
and that the separation of church and state shall be real, entire, and absolute. ' ' 

What fees or compensation shall be charged by a minister of religion for religious 
services performed by him is a matter wholly within the control of the church 
authorities, and is one in which the civil government, whether municipal, provincial, 



BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 255 

or insular, can have no voice whatever. No one is obliged by civil law to partake of 
the sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church; no one is required by law to solicit 
from the priest the burial ceremony, the marriage ceremony, or the funeral ceremony 
of the Catholic Church. If he does so, under the government as it now exists in these 
islands, he does it voluntarily. If, however, his religious conscience requires of him 
that he should secure the performance of any such ceremony by a priest of the 
Catholic Church and deems the fee exacted excessive, he can have no recourse to 
the civil government, but must apply for relief to the superior ecclesiastical author- 
ity in the Catholic Church. Under the government instituted here by the United 
States, neither priest nor bishop has any power, as such, to control the course of 
the civil authorities, nor can he, as such, take any part in the government or exert 
any influence upon its course. He may only appeal to the civil authorities as any 
other citizen or resident may appeal for protection to his life, liberty, or property or 
that of the religious corporation which he represents. With this entire separation of 
ecclesiastical influence from civil government must follow, on the other hand, com- 
plete abstinence from interference in clerical and ecclesiastical mattersby civil offi- 
cers as such. The right of each councilor or each presidente as an individual, if he 
be a member of the Catholic Church, to take such action within the church as its 
rules and discipline prescribe, to prevent the exaction of excessive fees by priests, is 
of course fully conceded; but when councilors meet in a town council and take offi- 
cial action by municipal ordinance or resolution they were not acting as individual 
members of the Catholic Church. They were acting as the agents of civil government, 
and as such they have nothing whatever to do with the government of the church 
or with any act of its priest which concerns the administering of religious sacraments 
or the performance of religious functions, unless those services are carried on and 
those functions are performed in such a way as to affect injuriously the property 
rights or the civil rights of the general public, whether Catholic or non-Catholic. To 
give an example: If a priest in charge of a church were to direct the fencing in of a 
part of a public road in the town, it would not only be within the power, but it 
would be the duty of the common council to take official action to compel him, by 
suit or otherwise, to remove the fence or to direct its removal by town officers. On 
the other hand, if the priest were to bar up certain windows in his church, which 
the common council should regard as shutting out needed light from the church and 
preventing the congregation from enjoying the same, the council would have no 
power by municipal order or resolution, or by any other official action, to require the 
priest to remove the obstruction to the light. Again, the common council may regu- 
late or prohibit the use of the public streets for religious or other ceremonies if, in 
the judgment of the council, such processions interfere with the proper use of the 
streets by the general public, but such regulation or prohibition should be made only 
in good faith, with a view to the public interest and not to gratify any personal or 
political feeling; but, on the other hand, the council can not regulate the character 
of the processions in churches or upon church property. 

The common council is authorized to purchase and establish public cemeteries and 
to provide the fees for interment therein. It is not authorized, however, to regulate 
the fees charged by the parish priest for performing the burial service and burying 
the Catholic dead in ground consecrated by the priest and owned by the church. If 
the council shall in good faith find that the presence of a church or other cemetery 
within the inhabited portion of the town is a menace to the health of the public, it 
may require that interments shall no longer be made in such cemetery, and that the 
bodies of those in the cemetery shall be removed to a place which may be safely 
used for burial purposes; but as long as the cemetery is permitted to be where it is 
the fees to be charged for the use of the same, if it is owned by the church, or for 
burial ceremonies to be performed by a priest therein, are subject to the regulations 
of church authorities and not of the civil government. 

The Government of the United States and all its representatives are thoroughly 
committed to the doctrine that a separation of church and state is most useful in 
maintaining freedom of conscience and complete religious liberty, and I believe that 
a great majority of the people of the Philippine Islands have this same conviction, 
but they must understand that separation of the church from control over the state 
involves correlative!}' separation of the state from control over the church. 

To state the principle broadly, it is this: The civil government has no power to 
regulate the internal working or discipline of the church, its creed, its ceremonies, 
its methods of raising income, the fees charged by its ministers, or its use of its own 
property; provided, that the ministers or agents of the church in pursuing the pur- 
poses of the church do not injure another in his civil rights, to wit, the right of life, 
liberty, or property, or the rights to which he is entitled as a member of the general 
public, or do not violate the criminal law. 

I am aware that conflict has arisen in some cases over the exaction by priests of fees 



256 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

for interment in cemeteries claimed by both the church and the municipal authori- 
ties. In such cases, resort should at once be had to the courts to determine the 
ownership of the land, and meantime unseemly disturbance should be avoided by 
self-restrain on both sides. In the case in hand, however, there is no question of 
this kind. Here, the unwarranted character of the council's action as reported is 
clear. 

I will thank you, therefore, to suggest to the municipal council that if they have 
passed a resolution or ordinance of the character stated to me by the parish priest of 
Tarlac, they have transcended their authority, and it would be wise for them to 
rescind the resolution or ordinance at once. 

The action of the municipal council I have no authority as civil governor to nullify 
or control. One proper method by which a parish priest, whose action in the church 
a municipal council attempts illegally to regulate, may seek his legal rights is to 
decline to obey the ordinance, to submit himself to arrest and prosecution for its 
violation, and then by writ of habeas corpus test the legality of the ordinance in 
the courts, when the courts may authoritatively declare that the ordinance thus 
passed is null and void, and that the priest must be released. It is thought, how- 
ever, that in a case so palpable as this, administrative suggestion and advice may 
prevent abuses of power by municipal councils which it would take a somewhat 
longer time to remedy in the courts. 

You are requested to send a copy of this letter to the presidentes of the various 
pueblos of your province. 

Very respectfully, Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 14. 

The preliminary record in this case consists of a copy of the correspondence which 
passed between the parish priest and the municipal president of Victoria, and covers 
26 pages. The copy also includes other correspondence of municipal officials, of the 
provincial governor, and of Attorney Liongson. 

There is shown a letter from the provincial treasurer to the municipal president, 
inviting him to show to the parish priest a copy of the law on seals and stamped 
paper; a letter from the parish priest stating that he has not received a copy; a letter 
from the municipal president to the priest asking him to appear personally in his 
office so that he may show him said copy; the reply of the priest stating that his 
duties as a minister of the gospel prevent him from going to the presidency; that 
there is no reason why he should have to go to the presidency merely to see a copy of 
a law; that the provincial treasurer has given no instructions to that effect; that if a 
law has to be communicated to him he can be found in his parish house, as he is the 
parish priest and nobody's slave, and that there is no law compelling him to go to 
the presidency merely to receive a communication from the treasurer; a copy of the 
law on seals and stamped paper; a copy of the charges presented by Lawyer Liong- 
son to the provincial governor against the municipal officials, which are set forth in 
the investigation hereinafter described; a copy of the document sent by Attorney 
Liongson to the provincial governor reserving the right of the parish priest to bring 
suit in court against the accused officials; copy of the charges against said officials 
sent to the provincial fiscal; a communication from Liongson to the provincial gov- 
ernor in which he informs the latter that the president of the provincial board of 
health has just visited the town of Victoria (August 22, 1902) and that, among other 
sanitary measures, he had ordered the municipal cemetery to be closed on account 
of its unhygienic condition. The municipal president paid no attention to the order 
and had ordered Catholics, under penalty of a $100 fine, to bury their dead in the 
municipal cemetery instead of in the Catholic cemetery. This complaint of the 
attorney states that the abuses of the municipal officials have arrived at such a point 
that the provincial authorities should interfere. The next document shown in the 
case is dated August 27, 1902, and contains the charges presented by Attorney Liong- 
son, on behalf of the parish priest, against the municipal officials, before the provin- 
cial board. 



Tarlac, August 27, 1902. 
The board met in extraordinary session for the purpose of making an investigation 
in regard to the charges brought by Padre Cirilo Vergara, represented by his coun- 
sel, Attorney Liongson, against Vicente Rigor, municipal president of Victoria; Ra- 
mon Rigor, vice-president; Juan Villa Agustin, justice of the peace; Zoilo Villarta, 
councilor; Valentin Camolinda, municipal treasurer, and Nazario Samonte, munici- 
pal secretary. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 257 

After opening the session the governor read article 1 of act 314 and, in virtue of 
the same, declared all the defendants to be suspended from their offices, except the 
justice of the peace, who can only be suspended by the civil governor of the islands. 

The governor informed President Rigor of the charges brought against him by 
Lawyer Liongson; defendant answered that he thought he was not guilty, as he had 
merely complied with the order of the provincial treasurer, which directed him to 
show the padre the copy of the laws in force in regard to the use of seals and stamped 
paper for public papers and documents. 

Provincial Treasurer. But I did not direct you to make the padre personally 
appear before you. President answers that his only purpose was to show the padre 
the copy of the treasurer's instructions; that he generally communicated to the pub- 
lic the laws, orders, or regulations received from the superior authorities by means 
of verbal or written proclamations, but in the present he ordered the padre to come 
to the presidential building because the treasurer had directed him to show him the 
copy, and he could not himself go to the convent. 

The governor remarked that there was no article of the Municipal Code authoriz- 
ing a president to order a priest to appear before him simply to show him a com- 
munication, and asked him if, since he could not or would not go to the convent, he 
could not have found a proper way of settling the matter by sending him, for instance, 
a copy of the communication. The president answered that the treasurer had 
directed him to show the padre the communication. 

Lawyer Liongson remarked that the answers of the president showed that he had 
taken an arbitray advantage of his situation as president to force the padre to appear 
before him when he was authorized by no law or rule of the Municipal Code; that 
if he communicated the laws to other citizens of the public by means of written or 
verbal proclamations and did not force them to appear before him, he had less rea- 
sons to behave as he had done toward the priest of the pueblo, not only on account 
of his character as priest, but because he was, on this occasion, an authority or 
public official of the ecclesiastical order; the president was also guilty of a false inter- 
pretation when he wrote to the padre on August 2 as if the provincial treasurer had 
directed him to make the padre appear personally before him for the purpose of 
showing him a copy of the laws when the treasurer's communication gave him no 
such instructions whatever. 

To a question from the treasurer, asking him if it would not have been more 
simple to send the padre a copy of the laws, the president answered that he had 
merely followed his orders as he had understood them. 

Governor. Why did you bring charges against the padre before the justice of the 
peace for contempt and insults? 

President. On account of his answer to my communication. I thought that he 
had shown contempt for my authority as a representative of the Government of the 
United States in the pueblo by refusing to appear before me, and insulted me by 
saying that he was nobody's slave. 

To a question asked by the supervisor, the president answers that he had duly 
published in the municipality the laws mentioned in the treasurer's communication. 
Lawyer Liongson says that he is ready to prove by witnesses that this is not true. 

The justice of the peace is next examined. 

The governor states that he has sent him a copy of the charges brought against him 
and asks him if he holds himself responsible. 

Justice. I received from the president a complaint against the padre for contempt 
and insults, and in the course of the investigation his preventive arrest was decided; 
but, in view of his character as a minister, I informed him that he was under arrest 
in the convent and should not leave it. Lawyer Liongson asks that the record in 
regard to this fact, which had been presented to the court of first instance, be sub- 
mitted to the board, and called attention to the numerous 'corrections and changes 
made between the lines. The justice was asked if these changes existed when he 
signed the record. He answered that he did not remember, as he did not know 
Spanish and knew nothing about the contents of the record. 

Liongson called the attention of the board to the answer of the justice for future 
reference. The justice was then asked, at the attorney's request, if, after the padre 
had given bail, a warrant of preventive arrest had not been simulated against him. 
The justice answered that, although the bondsmen had appeared before the court, 
they had not signed their bond. 

Governor. Who were the bondsmen, and when did they sign the bonds, since the 
counsel for the plaintiff declares that they had been duly sworn, and you say that 
they had not signed? 

Justice. The bondsmen were Caudencio Bernabe and Geronimo Velasco. They 
presented themselves in the morning and were duly sworn, but as at that time the 

war 1903— vol 5 17 



258 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

padre could not be found, because he had escaped, they did not sign; but they signed 
in the afternoon. 

The governor informs the vice-president, Ramon Rigor, that he is accused of having 
ordered two policemen to take the padre from the court of justice, where he was 
under arrest, and conduct him as a prisoner to the president's office. The vice- 
president answered that he had only ordered the two policemen to see if the padre 
was under arrest in the court-house, and that, as they found him there, he did nothing. 

Counsel. I know and can prove by these same policemen that they had received 
orders to conduct the padre to the president's office, but the justice objected to allow 
the orders of the vice-president to be carried out. 

Vice-President. I do not deny that I ordered the policemen to conduct the padre 
to the president's office if they did not find him at the court-house, and if the justice 
was not there; but as the justice was there the policemen went away. 

At the request of the attorney, the policemen were summoned to appear September 
2, 1902. 

The governor tells Zoilo Villarta, councilor and secretary of the justice of the peace, 
that, among other charges, he is accused of having refused to communicate to the 
padre the charges which had been preferred against him, thus depriving him of a 
lawful means of defense. Villarta answers that he thought it was his duty not to 
show him said charges, because sentence had already been passed in the case, and 
the record was about to be sent to the court of first instance. 

The governor shows the municipal treasurer, Valentin Camolinda, several receipts 
given by him for money received for burial fees in the municipal cemetery, and tells 
him that he is accused of collecting fees unauthorized by law and tampering with 
official documents by misconstruing the requests of the interested parties, since, 
according to Lawyer Liongson, the bodies were buried in the Catholic and not in the 
municipal cemetery. The municipal treasurer answers that it is true he has collected 
the money and given receipts, as provided in an article of the municipal ordinance 
which he as treasurer had to obey; he denies having tampered with official docu- 
ments, since when the interested parties paid their fees they declared that they 
would bury the bodies in the municipal cemetery, and it was not his fault that they 
did not do so. 

At the request of Lawyer Liongson he is summoned for further examination on 
September 2, 1902. 

The governor tells Secretary Nazario Samonte that he is under the same charge as 
the treasurer, and asks him if he had received fees for entry in the civil register; if 
he had ever refused to register a death, or required a receipt showing that a payment 
had been made to the municipal treasury, and if he had entered in his books any 
amounts paid for registering a death certificate. The secretary answers in the nega- 
tive. 

Governor. Before entering a death certificate on your books have you ever given 
the people to understand that they had to pay a certain amount to the treasury before 
the death was registered? 

Secretary. No, sir. 

The lawyer insists and offers to bring witnesses. 

The governor closes the session and raises the suspension from office in the cases 
of the municipal treasurer and secretary, no serious charges appearing against them. 

At the request of Liongson, the assistant justice of the peace, Canuto Aglipay, is 
summoned for the 2d of September. 

(Signed by the provincial secretary.) 



Tarlac, September 2, 1902. 

Ordinary session of the provincial board. 

Witness Damaso Baldiviano, a corporal of the police of Victoria, states that he had 
been ordered by the vice-president to take the padre from the convent to the presi- 
dent's office and from there to the court-house; he says that he had not been ordered 
to take him from the court-house to the president's office. 

The governor asks the vice-president why he had ordered the police to take the 
padre from the convent and conduct him to the presidency and the court-house. 
By way of reply the vice-president presented the following documents: 

(1) "Victoria, August 3, 1902. To the municipal president. Sir: I have the 
honor to^ inform you that in the course of the investigation I am making against the 
priest, Cirilo Vergara, for contempt and insult, his preventive arrest in his convent 
has been decided. This communication is made for your information and action. 
(Signed) Juan Villa Agustin, justice of the peace." 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 259 

(2) "Victoria, August 11, 1902. To the Municipal Vice-President. Sir: The 
priest, Cirilo Vergara, having broken his preventive arrest in the convent, as this 
court is informed, I have the lienor to request that you will have him arrested and 
brought before this court. (Signed) Juan Villa Agustin, Justice of the Peace." 

Governor. These documents do not say that the priest was to be taken from the 
convent. Why did you send after him? Vice-president answers that, as the priest 
had escaped and his whereabouts were not known, the policemen had seen him when 
he returned and arrested him, and, as he wanted to go on toward the convent, he 
ordered them to take him to the court-house. 

Lawyer Liongson asks the vice-president if, after arresting the priest in the con- 
vent and taking him to the president's office, he ordered him to be conducted to the 
court-house as a prisoner. The vice-president answers that he did, in view of the 
charges filed against him before the court. 

Lawyer asks him under what impression he had ordered the arrest of the priest. 
Vice-president says that it was in view of the communication of the justice. 

To a question by the provincial treasurer, the vice-president answers that he had 
placed no guards about the convent while the priest was under arrest there. Treas- 
urer asks why, since no policemen had been necessary to watch the padre, he had 
required seven policemen to arrest him and bring him back to the court-house. Vice- 
president answers that he had received an order of arrest from the justice, and that 
he had sent seven policemen because the padre had refused to follow one. 
• Lawyer. Are you absolutely sure of that? 

Vice-President, Xo, sir; it was reported to me by the policeman on guard in the 
sentry box; and, as I thought that the padre refused to go because he saw no judi- 
cial order, I handed the order to the sergeant, who went with a few policemen, and 
when the padre saw the order he gave himself up. 

Lawyer Liongson declares to the board that while he was in the court-house with 
the vicar of the province, Padre Eusebio Natividad, there came several policemen who 
said that they had orders to take and bring the priest to the president's office as a 
prisoner. The vicar finally asked the justice who had the right to dispose of the 
person of the accused, and the justice answered that he alone and no other had that 
right. 

The board then examined Mariano Eugenio, Feliciano Mallari, Jorge Mariano 
Gacusan, and Pedro Cagarin, holders of the receipts issued by the municipal treas- 
urer, who was charged by Lawyer Liongson with having collected fees unauthorized 
by the municipal code and tampered with public documents. The witnesses recog- 
nized the receipts which were presented to them by the provincial governor. Asked 
where they had buried the bodies, they answered, "In the Catholic cemetery." 
They were asked why they had buried the bodies in the Catholic cemetery when 
the receipts stated that they could be buried in the municipal cemetery, and said 
that when they went of their own free will to the treasury in order to pay the burial 
fees it was their intention to have the bodies buried in the municipal cemeteries, 
but that, after the bodies had been blessed by the padre, the latter's sexton told 
them that as the bodies had been blessed they would have to bury them in the 
Catholic cemetery. 

With the permission of the board, Lawyer Liongson asks Canuto Aglipay, assistant 
justice of the peace of Victoria, if he knew he was accused of prevarication before 
the court of Victoria. 

Justice. Yes, sir. 

Lawyer. Have you given your decision in regard to the dilatory plea presented by 
the parish priest? 

Justice. Yes, sir. 

Lawyer. Did you consider the facts as constituting a misdemeanor or a fault? 

Justice. A fault. 

Lawyer. Was. your decision of a civil or a criminal character? 

Justice. Civil. 

Lawyer. Before giving your decision in a civil case was there a civil trial? 

Justice. Xo, sir. 

Lawyer. So that you give judgment in a civil case in the absence of either plaintiff 
or defendant? 

Justice. It was a case of "official prosecution." 

Lawyer. So that, in a civil trial, you prosecute, answer, and give judgment? 

Justice. Yes, sir; as I understand it. 

The investigation being closed, the members of the provincial board proceeded to 
a careful examination of the facts, and by a unanimous resolution decided to make 
the following recommendation to the civil governor: 

1. That the municipal treasurer, secretary, and police be relieved from all respon- 



260 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

sibility, as they had merely obeyed their orders within the limits of their attribu- 
tions, and as provided by the municipal law and ordinances. 

2. That the president, vice-president, and Councilor Villarta be removed from 
their offices, they having deliberately taken a wrongful advantage of their positions, 
blindly obeyed their personal feelings of resentment, and failed in the performance 
of their duties, by using their official positions in the satisfaction of their personal 
grudges. 

3. That the justice and assistant justice of the peace be suspended from office, if 
the honorable civil governor should deem it convenient. 

(Signed by the provincial secretary.) 



On September 9, 1902, the provincial secretary forwarded the minutes of the pro- 
ceedings as above outlined to the executive secretary, and on September 22, 1902, 
the following order of the civil governor went into effect: 

Vicente Eigor, municipal president of Victoria; Ramon Rigor, vice-president, and 
Zoilo Villarta, councilor, are, upon recommendation of the provincial board, removed 
from their respective offices for the reasons stated in the recommendation, to wit, 
that they have used their official positions to bring contumely and insult upon Padre 
Cirilo Vergara by causing his arrest and detention without the slightest cause there- 
for and merely to gratify personal spite. Furthermore, Juan Villa Agustin, justice 
of the peace, and Canuto Aglipay are suspended from their respective offices, the 
former for the same offense as that charged against the municipal officers above men- 
tioned, now removed, and the latter for entering judgment against a defendant with- 
out giving him any notice or hearing whatever. 

Owing to a clerical oversight in the records division, the two last-mentioned offi- 
cers remained suspended until February 5, 1903. At that time the matter was again 
brought up, and the officers were removed from office. 

Exhibit No. 15. 

Lucena, June 26. (Received June 27.) 
Executive Secretary, 

Manila: 
A priest in the province refuses to give to municipal secretary a list of marriages, 
births, and deaths. How can we proceed to procure — in what manner? 

Paras. 



[Memorandum— Opinion.] 
(Act No. 82.) 

By the terms of the municipal code the municipal secretary must keep an official 
record of all marriages, births, and deaths within the municipality, known as the 
"Civil Register." 

Every person resident within the limits of the municipality who is authorized by 
law to celebrate marriage is required to forward immediately to the municipal secre- 
tary a notification of every marriage which he celebrates, together with the neces- 
sary data, for entry in the civil register. (Section 20-d. ) 

Municipal secretaries are directed to issue, upon the demand of any person, a cer- 
tified copy of anv record "within his control," for which they may charge a certain 
fee. (Section 20-e.) 

If the priest in question, at the time of the celebration of each marriage by him, 
forwarded to the municipal secretary the notification required by law, the munic- 
ipal secretary is not empowered to subsequently demand a list. If the municipal 
secretary's civil register is complete, he has in his possession the material for the list. 
Respectfully, 

David Lewis Cobb 



Manila, P. I., June 27, 1903. 
Governor Paras, Lucena, Tayabas: 

Referring to your telegram of yesterday, the municipal secretary has no warrant 
of law to demand of a priest a list of marriages, births, and deaths/ it being his own 
duty to keep an official record of all marriages, births, and deaths. While it is the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 261 

priest's duty, whenever he celebrates a marriage, to forward immediately to the 
secretary a notification of the same, together with the necessary data for entry in the 
civil register, as required by section 20, letter (d), act 82, this is all that is required 
of him by law. 

Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 
Official business. 

Exhibit No. 16. 

Catholic Truth Society, Floor Building, 

San Francisco, November 5, 1902. 
His Excellency William H. Taft, 

Governor of the Philippine Islands: 

We beg to call your attention to the inclosed letter, published in the Gazette, 
of Galena, 111. , October 23, 1902, and signed by G. M. Palmer, a teacher in the public 
school department of the Philippine Islands. 

The letter is in many ways objectionable. First, it reiterates the wholesale charge 
of immorality against the friars, a charge which the official reports and the most reli- 
able testimony declare was grossly exaggerated. This Palmer puts the charge in a 
specially vicious manner. We refer to the third paragraph of his letter, and espe- 
cially to the closing sentence of that paragraph. That such accusations and exagger- 
ations should still be published in this country, and particularly by men in the 
employ of the United States Government, is very annoying to American Catholics 
and very unjust to the parties accused. The Catholics of this country and all liberal- 
minded Americans will no longer stand for such injustice. 

The Philippine government pays this Palmer to teach school, not to circulate false- 
hoods in this country. 

Such persons as he have done more to stir up strife and make the Philippine ques- 
tion more difficult of solution than anything else. 

It is evident from his letter that Palmer is engaged in the proselytizing business. 
He admits that he inquired about the Bible in his school. He admits further that he 
invited the school children to visit his house after school hours to inspect this mys- 
terious and unheard-of book called the Bible. And behold, as a result of his pious 
efforts, "there are quite a number now who wish to study it." If this is not prose- 
lytizing in a public official, if this is not using his office as a teacher to interfere with 
the religion of his pupils, then we do not know what proselytism is. 

We submit that this man Palmer demonstrates his unfitness for the position which 
he occupies. We submit that he and his like are a stumbling block in the way of 
the United States Government, that it is they who have caused the lack of confidence 
which exists in this country toward the school department of the Philippines, that 
it is such tactics that have marred the efficiency of the school department in the 
islands. We most respectfuly call your attention to this case and beg for the favor 
of a reply. 



Very respectfully, 



The Catholic Truth Society 
By Philip O'Ryan, Director. 



[First indorsement.] 

The Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Executive Bureau, Manila, December 24, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to the general superintendent of education, through the hon- 
orable the secretary of public instruction, for investigation and report. It is requested 
that copy of the within letter be forwarded to Mr. Palmer. 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary.- 

[Second indorsement.] 

Office of the Secretary of Public Instruction, 

Manila, December 24, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to the acting general superintendent of education for com- 
pliance with the first indorsement. 

Bernard Moses, 
Secretary of Public Instruction, 
Per W. H. D. 



262 EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Bureau of Education, 
Manila, January 13, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the honorable the civil governor of the Philippine Islands, 
through the honorable the secretary of public instruction, with the statement that 
the general superintendent has called Mr. Palmer to conference, and inviting atten- 
tion to the inclosed statement from Mr. Palmer. In my talk with Mr. Palmer he 
said he was sorry that this matter was brought to the attention of the public, but 
showed a decided spirit of independence, as is also shown in his written statement, 
which is herewith submitted. 

E. B. Bryan, 
General Superintendent of Education. 

[Fourth indorsement.] 
Office of the Secretary of Public Instruction, 

Manila, January 19, 1903. 

Respectfully returned to the civil governor, in compliance with the first indorse- 
ment. Letters such as the printed inclosure serve no useful purpose, unless the 
arraying of one class of citizens against another on the lines of religious prejudice 
and hatred may be so considered. Coming from a teacher in the Philippines, where 
the population is overwhelmingly Catholic, such communications are especially 
harmful. The distrust of the Filipino people has been rather allayed than overcome, 
and Mr. Palmer's uncomplimentary, not to say unjust, references to them will not aid 
the Government in retaining their confidence, neither will his strictures on the min- 
isters of their religion materially increase the attendance at the public school of 
Bocaue. 

If one may judge by his answer to the within charges Mr. Palmer seems to think 
that his criticism of the prevailing religion of the country and its ministers was 
strictly within his rights and that no one can say him nay if, taking advantage of his 
confidential office, he invites pupils to his house for the purpose of giving into their 
hands religious books of his own selection and inculcating religious principles of his 
own choosing. Nevertheless, criticisms by teachers of the doctrines of any church, 
religious sect, or denomination and attempts by them to influence the pupils in any 
public school for or against any religion are definitely prohibited by law. Under 
and by virtue of the terms of act 74, section 16, "No teacher or other person shall 
teach or criticise the doctrines of any church, religious sect, or denomination or shall 
attempt to influence the pupils for or against any church or religious sect in any public 
school under this act." Mr. Palmer evidently considered that this law was intended 
to regulate his conduct in public only and that privately, not to say secretly, the 
purpose of the enactment might be defeated beneath the shadow of his own roof 
with impunity. Mr. Palmer was mistaken. The law can not be so construed, and 
even if it could, Mr. Palmer must not hope to escape administrative condemna- 
tion for his attempt to circumvent a law whose purpose is so plain and unequiv- 
ocal. One of the most serious obstacles which the American system of education has 
had to encounter and is now encountering in the Philippine Islands is the suspicion 
of the native inhabitants that the school is to be used to undermine and destroy the 
faith of their children. That this suspicion is wholly without foundation goes with- 
out saying, but the American teacher who fails to recognize that it is a factor to be 
reckoned with and to conduct himself accordingly is a detriment to the service. Mr. 
Palmer is not in accord with the first commandment of the insular government— to 
respect all religions, war with none, favor none, teach none. His failure to be neutral 
in religious matters, as well as his reflections on the people whose children it is his 
duty to educate, not only impairs his usefulness and efficiency as a teacher, but also 
hampers the administration in its work of maintaining good relations with the people 
of the islands and serves to discredit its frequently announced policy of noninterfer- 
ence in purely religious matters. All that can be said in favor of Mr. Palmer is that 
he "did not know it was going to be published," and that he thought the law only 
regulated his conduct in the school building. In this case, taking into consideration 
all the circumstances, I recommend that the teacher be transferred from the school 
at Bocaue, that he be reprimanded by the general superintendent, and that a copy of 
the reprimand be furnished to every division superintendent and teacher in the depart- 
ment. _ This punishment is not as severe as the nature of Mr. Palmer's offense seems 
to merit, but inasmuch as a public reprimand and transfer will serve all the purposes 
of a harsher penalty no other is recommended. 

James F. Smith, 
Secretary of Public Instruction. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 263 

Memorandum accompanying fifth indorsement. 

The wrong which Mr. Palmer has done is not to be determined by the truth or 
falsity of the statements which he has made. The issue as to the justice of what he 
says is wholly aside from the question. No one in the Government employ has the 
right to make public statements, whether well founded or not, which put him on one 
side or another of a controversy and, making him a partisan, unfit him for the duties 
he has agreed to perform. As the secretary of public instruction well says, the suc- 
cess of our public-school system depends upon the popularity of the teacher, upon 
his winning the confidence of the people who are near him. If he writes articles 
to his home papers which criticise severely the people with whom he has to live, 
and with whom he has to succeed, if he succeed at all; if in these articles he 
attacks their religion or the religious views of the church to which they belong, no 
matter how well founded such attacks are from his standpoint, he reduces his 
usefulness in the administration of the system of public instruction to such a 
point that the bureau ought no longer to be burdened with his presence. More 
than this, the government here represents the Government of the United 
States, which is entirely impartial as between Catholics and Protestants, and 
as between different methods of study and worship. The question whether the 
Bible ought to be freely distributed among the people, and whether it ought to be 
studied without the careful explanation of religious teachers, is one upon which 
churches have differed. A public school teacher, of course, is entitled to his views; 
but one may have views and nevertheless be under obligations not to express them 
when the particular function which he is discharging makes an expression of such 
views an obstacle to his success. There are many ways by which the actual condi- 
tions here can be presented to the American people from various standpoints by 
Protestants, Catholics, and others, and the refusal to permit members of the educa- 
tional bureau to express themselves in public letters written to the United States is 
not intended to keep from the United States the facts as they exist here, whatever 
they are. The refusal is based on the ground that teachers who are employed for 
the purpose of making the educational system a success here must not do anything 
which will hamper them and obstruct them in the performance of their duties. One 
of the obstacles which we have had to meet here is the charge on the part of a num- 
ber of Catholics of the United States that we are engaged in proselyting for the Prot- 
estant religion. This is not true. But any teacher who publicly announces his 
views and shows his Protestant bias in this regard, lends weight to such an accusa- 
tion, and accordingly weakens the force of what we are doing. It increases the fire 
in our rear. It leads to attacks upon the whole system by sincere Catholics at home, 
which, communicated to Catholics in these islands, tends to weaken our power for 
good. 

It is easy to say that this is a suppression of free speech. If a teacher desires to 
resign his place and give his attention to correspondence, there is no law in the 
islands that prevents him from writing anything he chooses which will not injure 
the general rights of others; but as long as he is a teacher he does give up the right 
of free speech so far as its unlimited exercise injures his usefulness as a teacher, just 
as he gives up the right of going where he chooses. He can not leave his district 
without permission; so he can not express his opinions in a general way as a teacher, 
if the expression of such opinions is likely to form an obstacle to his success in his 
work. 

I concur in the recommendations of the secretary of public instruction that Mr. 
Palmer ought to be separated from the service. It is necessary that we should make 
an example, and while the case is not so flagrant as some, it nevertheless is a case 
calling for action, and radical action may prevent mistakes by others while a milder 
punishment would not. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
[Fifth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., February IS, 1903. 

Respectfully returned to ^ the secretary of public instruction, concurring in his 
remarks made in the fourth" indorsement. 

I had some doubt at first whether the penalty recommended was adequate, but 
in view of the fact that the letter seems not to have been written especially for pub- 
lication, I think the milder punishment sufficient. There are some members of the 
educational department, and perhaps of other departments of the government, that 
have ideas with respect to the publication of their views which are radically errone- 
ous. It is usually suggested in defense of publications of this kind that in a gov- 
ernment organized under the sovereignty of the United States the right of free 



264 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

speech should always be protected and its exercise never hampered or punished 
whenever what is said is neither libelous nor seditious nor treasonable. The remark 
is true so far as individuals who have no official responsibility are concerned; but 
when a man assumes a public office in the discharge of the duties of which the pub- 
lication of his views on certain subjects will very much interfere with his usefulness 
he does consent, with respect to such subjects, to give up the right of free comment, 
by either speech or writing. 

We occupy a peculiar position in this country in the teaching in the public 
schools, which grows out of the fact that most people of these islands are Catholics 
and have been used to the close union of religious and secular instruction. The 
priests and the people, many of them, are naturally suspicious that the introduction 
of a new system bodes no good for the orthodox religion. If, now, agents of the 
government in carrying on its schools manifest opinions which are adverse and 
hostile either to the church, their ministers, or their religious methods of instruction, 
they disable themselves from performing the duties which they are employed and 
paid to perform, and much interfere with their powers for usefulness. The question 
whether the Bible shall be freely read by young and old without the assistance of 
ministers and others who can explain its texts is a question upon which churches 
have differed; and, whatever may be thought of it, it is not for teachers in the public 
schools in this Catholic country either to encourage the study of the Bible — especially 
of the Protestant Bible — among their pupils or to say to those pupils anything upon 
the subject. The policy of the government is not intended to suppress a general 
knowledge of the conditions here or of the facts, whatever they may be. Anyone 
not a teacher or public official may go into any town in the islands and write as he 
chooses concerning the conditions there. What the facts are will come out without 
the efforts of the members of the educational department. They, however, occupy 
a position of great delicacy under the circumstances, and must leave it to others to 
explain to the public the actual situation, looked at from the standpoint of writers 
of various views. Of course, in a new country, with new conditions, it is most 
natural that teachers of literary tastes should write their impressions of what they 
see. If they choose to include such impressions in confidential letters, they must 
run the risk of the action of imprudent or unfaithful correspondents who betray 
their confidence to the public. The publication of such impressions, though confi- 
dentially communicated, produces just as much evil as if the publication were 
intended. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Sixth indorsement.] 

Office of the Secretary of Public Instruction, 

Manila, February 17 ', 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the general superintendent of education, inviting atten- 
tion to the fourth and fifth indorsements. 

James F. Smith, 
Secretary of Public Instruction. 

[Seventh indorsement.] 

Bureau of Education, 

Manila, February 20, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the honorable secretary of public instruction. 
The following reprimand has been sent to Mr. Palmer: 

■" Manila, February 19, 1903. 
"Mr. George N. Palmer, 

' ' Teacher of English, Bocaue, Bulacan. 
"Dear Sir: Referring to your letter published in the Gazette, of Galena, 111., 
October 23, 1902, I have to say that there is nothing to be gained, either here or in 
the States, by such a letter even if sent as a private letter. Furthermore, you were 
inexcusably thoughtless in not requesting your friend to consider such information 
as confidential unless your purpose was to have it published. More harm has been 
done and more misunderstanding created at home by just such correspondence than 
almost anything else. You should know that there are many things which George 
N. Palmer who happens to be in the islands may do, but which George N. Palmer as 
a civil employee may not do. 

"In addition to this reprimand, I propose to transfer you at the earliest practicable 
date from your present station. 

"Very truly, yours, "E.B.Bryan, 

' General Superintendent of Education." 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 265 

In this connection and touching upon the same subject, I am sending to all divi- 
sion superintendents and teachers a circular which contains the following paragraphs: 

"I. Section 16 of act 74 explicitly states that teachers shall not teach or criticise 
the doctrines of any church, religious sect or denomination, and also explicitly sets 
forth the conditions under which religious instruction can be given by a priest, min- 
ister, or religious teacher for one-half hour three times a week. It seems that, in a 
few cases, teachers have failed to strictly obey the letter of this law. It is under- 
stood, of course, that there is no restriction whatever upon anyone attending the 
church affiliation or church attendance. While we have certain individual rights 
which must not be ignored, we likewise have certain social and institutional duties 
and responsibilities that are equally imperative, and it is to the teacher as a social 
factor that this law of noninterference applies. The general superintendent will 
expect full compliance with this law by Protestant and Catholic alike. Failure in 
such compliance will be considered sufficient ground for immediate dismissal. 

"II. Because of your great distance from the States, and the prevailing conditions 
here being so different from the conditions there, it is very difficult for home people 
to correctly understand many things that we may be disposed to say to them in 
letters. They get a wrong impression, talk matters over freely, and frequently allow 
letters to be published, thus multiplying the wrong impression many times. Recently 
I have had my attention called to two cases of this kind, which have resulted in 
great embarrassment to the authors of the letters and considerable annoyance to the 
civil commission and this office. Teachers are requested to exercise such care as the 
situation demands, both in their statements and by special direction to correspondents 
that all private communications shall be treated as such. Any misuse of matter sent 
to the States will be treated as if authorized by the party sending it." 

E. B. Bryan, 
General Superintendent of Education. 

[Eighth indorsement.] 

Office of the Secretary of Public Instruction, 

Manila, February 24, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the acting executive secretary, inviting attention to the 
seventh indorsement. 

James F. Smith, 
Secretary of Public Instruction. 

[Ninth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Manila, February 27, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the secretary of public instruction. It seems to me that 
a statement of the case, together with the indorsements of the secretary of public 
instruction and the governor, ought to be sent to all the teachers in the Archipelago. 
What is the view of the secretary of public instruction on this subject? 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 17. 

Law Offices Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

No. 7 Calle Audiencia, Manila, P. L, March 18, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. x 

Sir: By direction of the bishop administrator of the archdiocese of Manila, we have 
the honor to submit for your attention the complaint of the parish priest of Polo 
against the municipality of that town for violation of the Catholic cemetery therein 
situated, and inclose copies, with translations thereof, of the correspondence which 
the parish priest sent and received in regard to the matter. The parish priest has 
received no notification whatever from the governor in regard to his communication, 
and the matter is of so much importance that it is believed it should be brought 
immediately to your attention. We are informed that the following parties took 
part in the breaking open of the door of the cemetery: One Martin, of the police 
force of the municipality; the vice-president of the town, Geronimo Angeles; the 
municipal treasurer, Rurlno Valenzuela; the municipal doctor, Pio Valenzuela; one 
Francisco Valenzuela, and one Eugenio Augustines. 
Very respectfully, 

Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

Counsel for the Archdiocese of Manila. 



266 REPORT OE THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The inclosures with the above letter were as follows: 

1. A communication, dated March 12, 1903, from the vice-president of the munici- 
pality to the parish priest, asking that, for the sake of the hygiene of the municipality 
and because there is no other cemetery in the pueblo, the priest will give the proper 
orders to his watchman of the cemetery to allow the burial of Dona Agustina 
Evangelista. 

2. A communication, dated March 12, 1903, from the secretary of the archdiocese 
of Manila, as follows: 

"Esteemed Father: The bishop says that when any person dies outside the Cath- 
olic Church and is publicly in the Aglipayan communion in no case can he be interred 
in the parish cemetery. The Catholic Church parish is one thing and the public and 
municipality is another. That they may claim rights which they have not, and you 
will protest to the authorities and not permit such atrocities." 

3. Communication from the parish priest of Polo, dated March 12, 1903, to the 
municipal president, as follows: 

"Having received notice that the Aglipayans are going to inter in the cemetery 
belonging to the Roman Catholic Church, which is in my care, the body of Dona 
Agustina Evangelista, who died publicly in the schism, and in order to stop all dis- 
order and conflict that might occur, I ask you to give sufficient aid in case they make 
such attempt. 

' 'Awaiting your answer at the earliest possible moment, I am, 
' ' Respectfully, 

"Ladislao Santos." 
In reply thereto: 

"I understand your communication, and will always with the best vigilance attend 
to those who will violate public order. 

" Geronimo Angeles." 

4. Communication, dated March 13, 1903, from the parish priest to the provincial 
governor, as follows: "Under date of the 12th of the present month I directed an 
official statement to the president of Polo, of which a copy is adjoined, and feeling 
in my heart, Senor Governor, that in place of giving me help as I asked he assisted 
the Aglipayans with 8 armed constabulary, in whose presence was destroyed the 
door or the padlock of the Catholic cemetery of the parish, I have the honor to 
place in your knowledge these facts. ' ' 



Manila, P. L, March 20, 1903. 
Senor Pablo Tecson, 

Governor of Bulacan, Malolos. 
My Dear Governor: I beg to inclose herewith complaints, with evidence, made on 
behalf of the parish priest of Polo against certain officials of the town of Polo for 
violation of the rights of the parish priest by breaking down (open ) the Catholic ceme- 
tery and burying therein one who is forbidden by the laws of the church to be 
buried. If the fact are as claimed, it seems to me that you ought to make an example 
of the officials and remove them and direct the fiscal to prosecute them. Will you 
be good enough to look into this matter? We can not permit lawlessness on either 
side of this church controversy, and people must be taught to recognize the legal 
rights of others, and if they contest those rights to test them in the courts and not 
by violence. 

Very sincerely, yours, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Telegram.] 

Manila, March 30, 1903. 
Governor Tecson, Malolos, Bulacan: 

No report received from you as yet complaints parish priests San Rafael and Polo. 
Papers referred to you March 14 and 20. Please expedite action and report as soon 
as practicable. 

Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 

[Telegram.] 

Malolos, March 31. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Acquainted with your wire relating complaints of parish, priests of San Rafael and 
Polo, state Governor Tecson busy operating against ladrones. Am also busy census 
w T ork and board of revision. Nevertheless, when on inspection work in San Rafael, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 267 

made investigations in matter complaints. Owing to want of time could but com- 
mence same, and have not determined responsibility of president. Will take every 
effort to expedite action in matter and will report. 

Francisco Morelos, Acting Governor. 
Copy furnished T. L. Hartigan for his information. 



Manila, April 24, 1903. 
Hon. Pablo Tecson, 

Provincial Governor, Malolos, Bulacan. 
Sir: Referring to the complaints of the parish priests of San Rafael and Polo in 
the matter of the alleged violation of the church regulations by the people of said 
municipalities, I have the honor to request that you make a special effort to investi- 
gate the matters complained of and render your report to this office at the earliest 
practicable date. It is, of course, realized that you have been very busy of late with 
other matters, but as these complaints have now been pending for some time, it is 
hoped that you will soon be able to thoroughly investigate and report thereon. 
Very respectfully, 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Office of the Governor, Province of Bulacan, 

Malolos, P. I., May 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P 1. 

Sir: I have the honor to inform you that in view of the investigation I have ordered 
to be made in connection with the complaint of the parish priest of Polo against the 
vice-president of said town, I shall submit the results thereof to the honorable pro- 
vincial board for judgment; and, in regard to that of San Rafael, I have to state that 
the same was forwarded to the honorable government, with the report of the board, 
on the 11th of April last. 

I beg you to inform the honorable civil governor of the above statements. 
Very respectfully, 

Pablo Tecson, 
Provincial Governor, Bulacan. 

There were 14 pages of testimony in the case, and the report of the provincial 
board was as follows: 

The facts charged by the prosecution are admitted by the defendants, and are as 
follows: 

The vice-president, acting as president, having been informed that there existed 
in the pueblo two corpses in the state of incipient putrefaction, w r hich the parish 
priest had refused to bury in the Roman Catholic cemetery for the reason that the 
deceased had not, in view of their faith, been entitled to burial therein, wrote a 
courteous communication to the priest requesting him to permit the burial of the 
deceased in his cemetery. The parish priest, however, denied the request. The 
vice-president then, since there existed no other cemetery in which the bodies could 
be buried, ordered their interment in the Roman Catholic graveyard, which order 
was duly executed by the municipal officers. 

While the testimony submitted by the board goes to show that the course taken 
by the vice-president, although clearly illegal, was adopted in good faith and under 
the impression, probably, that the urgency of the situation justified stringent and 
desperate measures, still it is believed that the necessity of enforcing a strict and intel- 
ligent observance on the part of the municipal and other government officers of the 
rights of the church in this and similar cases demands the removal of the accused 
for the sake of example. 

It is respectfully recommended, therefore, that Geronimo Angeles, vice-president 
of Polo, Bulacan, be dismissed from office. 



Manila, P. I., June 9, 1903. 
Mr. Geronimo Angeles, Polo, Bulacan, P. I. 

Sir: The charges, evidence, and recommendations of the provincial board of Bula- 
can in the case against you having been received and duly considered, you are informed 
that the findings of said board are concurred in, and you are accordingly hereby dis- 
missed from the office of municipal vice-president of the municipality of Polo, 
province of Bulacan. 

By direction of the civil governor: 

Very respectfully, A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



268 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Before the letter last above written, however, there was sent a telegram as follows; 

Manila, May 26, 1903. 
Tecson, Governor, Malolos, Bulacan: 

Report mentioned in your letter of 1st instant re complaint of parish priest Polo 
against vice-president of Polo not yet received. Telegraph action taken thereon 
by provincial board, and when papers will be sent to this office. 

Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 

[Telegram.] 

Malolos, May 27. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Referring to telegram 26th, complaint parish priest Polo against vice-president, 
papers and resolution of board relative to said matter were forwarded on 14th 
instant. Copies of resolution and communication forwarded to-day. 

Francisco Morelos, 
Provincial Secretary of Bulacan. 

The communication referred to in the last telegram is as follows: 

* Province of Bulacan, 

Office of the Secretary. 
I do hereby certify that the following resolution has been passed by this provincial 
board of the province of Bulacan in a special meeting held on May 11, 1903: 

Resolved, That the vice-president of Polo, having been found guilty of violating 
the law by infringing on the right of the parish priest in that he ordered the burial 
in the Catholic cemetery of a body which according to the law of the Catholic 
Church was forbidden to be interred there, is hereby removed from his office, to 
take effect May 11, 1903, subject to the approval of the honorable civil governor of 
the Philippine Archipelago. 

Francisco Morelos, 
Provincial Secretary of Bulacan. 
Malolos, P. I., May 27, 1903. 

Exhibit No. 18. 

San Rafael, March 8, 1903. 
Justice of the Peace, San Rafael, Bulacan. 

Bonifacio Ycasiano, parish priest of San Rafael, appears before you, accusing in 
legal form the senor presidente of this town, Don Victorino de la Fuente, for the 
following fact: 

Having been informed by my sacristan mayor, Teodoro Lopez, that some persons 
were disposed to bury the corpse of one Leodegario de Guzman, a Protestant, I imme- 
diately proceeded to protest in legal form, as shown by the document hereto annexed, 
and, far from answering in the form becoming a public officer, or even that of a courteous 
man, he returned the protest saying that no one could oppose his will when he ordered 
that a corpse should be buried in any place he wanted, be it sacred or not, and in case 
anyone should oppose his sovereign determination, he ordered all the police to be 
armed and to accompany the corpse, with definite orders to fire on the first who should 
mutter a word or oppose the burial in the Catholic cemetery, and publicly cried out, 
ordering his policemen that if I or the sacristan mayor appeared on the scene to tie us 
and shoot us on the spot. From what I have stated results: First, that the seiior 
presidente, being a Protestant, takes advantage of his authority to impose on the 
Catholics, thus trampling upon the provisions in force upon the freedom of worship; 
second, that he has usurped a property of the Catholic Church, violating, moreover, a 
sacred place, for henceforth there can not be buried in said place the corpse of anyone 
who dies in the communion of the Catholic Church until the corpse of the said Protes- 
tant is taken out, all of which constitutes a grave injury; and third, the threat with 
armed force directed against peaceful citizens who have no other crime than that of 
defending the legitimate rights of the church against unlawful actions. By virtue of 
which I ask — first, that the corpse in question be taken out at the president's expense, 
which by orders of his has been buried in said place; and second, that, without preju- 
dice to the criminal proceedings to which he has given occasion according to law, he 
should give public satisfaction to the persons offended and scandalized by the afore- 
said actions of his. 

Respectfully, Bonifacio Ycasiano. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 8th day of March, 1903, at 4.30 o'clock p. m. 

Ambrosio Valera, 

Justice of the Peace, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 269 

Court of the Justice of the Peace of San Rafael, 

March 8, 1903—5 p. m. 
The honorable judge said: That, acknowledging receipt of the aforesaid accusa- 
tion, he refuses to take any legal proceedings in view of the conduct shown by the 
municipal president of this tow r n, Seilor Victorino de la Fuente, at the time when the 
complainant asked protection of the said president, who proceeded not only by refusing 
the protection solicited, but by arming the municipal police force under his control, 
with definite orders against anyone opposing his will; therefore, he believes that it is 
not w r ise to interfere in the affair, because the gross conduct of the municipal presi- 
dent was not directed at the force of the law, but at the law of force, while the defendant 
may be in a condition to trouble anyone; thus it is that he provides for an appeal to 
the' superior, so that convenient measures may be taken. It is thus ordered. 

Ambroso Valero. 



San Rafael, March 8, 1903. 
Municipal President, San Rafael, Bulacan. 

Sir: The undersigned, parish priest of this town, protests against the burial of. a 
corpse of a Protestant in the holy cemetery with the rites of the Roman Catholic 
Church; and, therefore, abiding by the provisions in force, asks protection so that 
the burial of one Leogario de Guzman in the sacred ground will not take place, and 
asks you to acknowledge receipt of this for consequent results. 
* Respectfully, 

Bonifacio Ycasiano. 



No. 2 Calle Arzobispo, 

Manila, P. L, March 11, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: By direction of the bishop-administrator of the archdiocese of Manila, we 
have the honor to present for your consideration the inclosed documents from Rev. 
Bonifacio Ycasiano, parish priest of San Rafael, Bulacan, with translations, and to 
request your attention to the same. 
Very respectfully, 

Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, P. I., March U, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the governor of Bulacan for his action, if the evidence 
discloses the facts as stated herein by the parish priest. If the municipal president 
has thus resorted to violence to compel the priest of the Roman Catholic Church to 
permit the burial of a person whose burial is forbidden by the laws of the church in 
a cemetery in the possession of the church, and has enforced his will by violence, he 
ought to be suspended and removed. He has no right to take the law into his own 
hands. He has no right to infringe the rights of property of the Roman Catholic 
Church and its right of possession. Even if he claims that the church is not the 
owner of the cemetery, the church is in possession, and it is a gross violation of his 
duty to violate that possession by force. The question of the right of property can be 
tested in the courts. I trust that you will look into this matter, as I know you will, 
impartially, and act, as I know you will, as justice dictates. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Here follows the report of the acting governor of the province, Francisco Morelos, 
which, together with the testimony accompanying it, covers 7 typewritten pages. The 
report is to the effect that the ground in which the corpse was buried is outside the 
Catholic cemetery and forms no part of it. The testimony, wmile conflicting in some 
of its details and not definite, seems to substantiate this opinion. 

[Second indorsement.] 

(This indorsement is the reference of the above-mentioned report to the civil 
governor. ) 



270 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, April 23, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to Messrs. Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 
attorneys at law, Manila, inclosing additional information in this case, and requesting 
prompt return of all papers with such comment as they may see fit to make. 

A. W. Feegusson, 
Executive Secretary. 

[Fourth indorsement.] 

Manila, May 2, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to Hon. A. W. Fergusson, executive secretary, asking atten- 
tion to the further statement of the parish priest of San Rafael and the affidavit of 
Rev. Juan de la Rosa, who consecrated the cemetery in the year 1882, with translations 
thereof. 

Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

Counsel to the Archdiocese of Manila. 

(What the additional statement was, which is mentioned in the fourth indorse- 
ment, does not appear from the record. ) 

[Fifth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Baguio, Benguet, May 9, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the governor of Bulacan, inviting attention to the addi- 
tional evidence submitted by the parish priest, together with the affidavits of the 
priest who blessed the cemetery, and requesting that a much fuller investigation be 
made, not only as to the case of where the cemetery was, but as to what was used as 
a cemetery at the time of the burial, and whether what was used included the place 
of burial in this instance. The question is one of actual possession, not title. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Sixth indorsement.] 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Bulacan, 

Malolos, P. I., May 26, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the executive secretary, together with the information 
and papers in this matter. 

Pablo Tecson, Provincial Governor. 
(This second report of the provincial officials covers seven pages, and confirms and 
strengthens the former. ) 

[Seventh indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Baguio, Benguet, June 13, 1903. 

Respectfully referred to Messrs, Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 
inviting attention to the decision of Governor Tecson upon the question of actual con- 
trol of the cemetery w T here the burial took place and the evidence upon which his 
decision proceeded. 

It seems to me that the decision is correct and that the cemetery was a municipal 
cemetery de facto. Whether the title was in the church is a question for adjudica- 
tion which may be raised in the ordinary w r ay, but the action of the president in 
ordering the burial to take place where it did take place was an order affecting prop- 
erty in actual control and custody of the municipality, and therefore offers no occasion 
for discipline of the president. The church authorities may have recourse to the 
court of first instance to test the title and oust the municipality, if it has been and is 
in unlawful possession. The return of these papers is requested. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 271 

Exhibit No. 19. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., July 14, J 903. 
Respectfully forwarded to the Hon. Juan Cailles, provincial governor of La Laguna, 
calling his attention to the within communication. If, as stated, the municipal 
council of Lilio has passed an ordinance levying a tax upon the ringing of church 
bells when certain ceremonies are performed, the councilors have acted improvi- 
dently and in excess of their authority. The only authority given the municipal 
council to levy taxes is found in the municipal code, in which the subject of taxation 
is specifically enumerated, and any others are prohibited. It is desired that you 
promptly notify the municipal council of Lilio of the impropriety of its action and see 
that the ordinance is repealed. 

Luke E. Wright, Acting Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 20. 

Office of the Secretary, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. L, October U, 1001. 
Honorable Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: In the minutes of the quarterly meeting of the municipal presidents, pre- 
scribed by article 4 of act No. 136, held in Cavite on the 21st of the current month, 
appears the following, which, having been submitted for approval by the provincial 
board in their regular session of this day, I have the honor to transmit to the United 
States Philippine Commission through your honored self: 

"VII. — Resolved, On motion of the municipal president of San Iioque, to recom- 
mend to the Civil Commission, through the provincial board of Cavite, the unanimous 
expression of opinion of the municipal presidents of the pueblos of this province that 
the question of the friars should be promptly and effectively settled, as it is a matter 
of primary importance, for the friars, or those who purport to represent them, are 
making manifestations of such a character that (although, fortunately, up to the 
present date they have been peaceable) they may result any day in tumult and a 
b reach of the peace, a condition that would be very subversive to the well-being of 
the inhabitants of this province, which should be the supreme care of the govern- 
ment of the Philippines, according to the wishes of the unfortunate ex-President of 
the United States, Mr. McKinley, expressed in the instructions given to the Civil 
Commission in regard to the form of government in these islands." 

I have the honor to transmit the above resolution, that due notice may be taken 
thereof. 

Respectfully, Daniel Tirona, 

Provincial Secretary, Cavite. 

Exhibit No. 21. 

Imus, October 11, 1901. 
Sr. Felipe Calderon, 

Legal Adviser of the Municipality. 
Sir: The committee of the lawsuit against the Recoleto friars sends me the follow- 
ing communication: 
"The Municipal President of Imus. 

"Sir: This committee has the honor to inform you that this morning Mr. Gregor, 
agent of the house which is the so-called purchaser of the San Juan estate, has gone 
over the land of this pueblo from the bridge of the barrio of Palico to the boundary 
of Bacoor, with an apparatus or instrument similar to those used for surveying, stop- 
ping at the street corners, accompanied by two American soldiers armed with rifles. 
Ah this affects or prejudices the lawsuit which is being followed by the pueblo, the 
committee begs you to take the necessary action for this gentleman to be prevented 
to go on with his operation and to apply to the proper authorities so that he may not 
be given a military escort, under whose protection he is acting to the prejudice of the 
rights of the pueblo." 

I, in my turn, communicate the facts to you, and beg you to see the constituted 
authorities, so that the military commander of this pueblo be restrained from giving 
his help to said Mr. Gregor in a matter which is before the courts, and in order to 
avoid disorders w r hich might have serious consequences. 

Linrio Topacio, 

Municipal President. 



272 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office op the Civil. Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., October 15, 1901. 

Kespectfully referred to the commanding general Division of the Philippines and 
military governor. 

This subject of friars' lands in Cavite is a most delicate one. On some accounts it 
is the most troublesome question that we are likely to have here. I have been attempt- 
ing, through an agent whom I have sent down into Cavite, to obtain some idea of 
the value of the lands with a possible view to their purchase by the insular govern- 
ment, but the agent whom I sent, I have been informed, was turned back from the 
land by two soldiers. I respectfully request that the officer in command be directed 
not to interfere with my surveyor. The frenzy that these people can get into in regard 
to the friars' lands is almost impossible to believe. I suggest that each party would 
better be left to his legal rights, without assistance except from the officers of the 
court. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Headquarters Division of the Philippines, 

Manila, P. I. , October 17, 1901. 
Respectfully referred to the commanding officer, Imus, Cavite, for report and 
explanation as to why soldiers are acting as escort to and guarding any surveyor. 
This is not a soldier's duty and should not be permitted unless ordered by higher 
authority. A full explanation of this incident will be made. 
These papers to be returned through military channels. 
By order of Major-General Chaffee: 

J. S. Kerr, 
Assistant Adjutant-General. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Imus, Cavite Province, P. I. , October 23, 1901. 
Respectfully referred to First Lieut. A. V. P. Anderson, Sixth Cavalry, who was 
in command of this station October 11, 1901. Information is desired as to whether 
a guard was furnished Mr. McGregor from this station on or about October 11, 1901; 
also whether, to his knowledge, any American soldiers have turned back a surveyor 
sent here by the civil governor or have had any orders to do so. 

B. T. Simmons, 
Captain, Fourth Infantry, Commanding. 

[Fourth indorsement.] 

Imus, Cavite Province, P. I., October 25, 1901. 
Respectfully returned with the information that Mr. McGregor was furnished 
with no escort on or about October 11, nor upon any other date during the time I 
commanded this post. At about the date above mentioned there were two enlisted 
men from San Francisco de Malabon (headquarters of the Fourth Infantry) making 
an authorized road sketch of the country in the vicinity of this post and Bacoor, with 
an armed escort, and it occurs to the undersigned that Mr. McGregor may have been 
seen by some native in conversation with this detachment. I have reason to believe 
that Mr. McGregor, on the occasion of his recent visit to Imus, had in his posses- 
sion no scientific instrument other than a camera. To my knowledge no surveyor 
has been turned back from this town by American soldiers. In the early part of 
this month a native surveyor presented me with a memorandum note from Maj. 
C. W. Mason, Fourth Infantry, stating that he (the surveyor) was in the employ of 
the civil government and that he desired access to a certain large blue-print map of 
the friars' lands in question. I gave this man permission to copy this map, and 
took him in person to the place where it hangs. He was, however, not satisfied, 
and desired the use of the tracing from which the blue print was made. I explained 
to him that we did not have the tracing, whereupon he left. I can hardly credit 
his statement, as there have been native surveyors employed by the pueblo fre- 
quently working in this vicinity, and they have never been molested by the troops. 

A. V. P. Anderson, 
First Lieutenant, /Sixth Cavalry. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 273 

[Fifth indorsement.] 

Imus, Cavite Peovince, P. L, October 27, 1901. 
Respectfully returned through military channels to the adjutant-general, Division 
of the Philippines. An escort was furnished to Mr. McGregor to San Nicolas on or 
about July 20, 1901, in compliance with instructions from the adjutant-general, first 
district, Department of Southern Luzon. Since that date no guard has been fur- 
nished him or any surveyor. If any American soldier has turned back any sur- 
veyor sent to this station by the civil governor he has done so without authority. I 
do not believe such to have been the case. 

In justice to the officers who have commanded or may command this station, it is 
requested that credence be not given to statements made by natives concerning the 
official acts of those officers until they have been investigated. 

B. T. Simmons, 
Captain, Fourth U. S. Infantry, Commanding. 



[Sixth indorsement.] 

Headquaetees Thied Sepaeate Beigade, 

Depaetment of Southeen Luzon, 
Batangas, Batangas Province, P. L, November 3, 1901. 
Respectfully forwarded to the adjutant-general, Department of Southern Luzon. 
There does not seem to have been a guard furnished as reported (October 11, 1901). 
The records of this office show a guard was furnished Mr. McGregor on July 18. I 
was absent from my headquarters at that time and can not say why such detail was 
made. I am aware of the strong feeling about these lands, and have always been 
averse to the question coming up under present unsettled conditions. 

S. S. SUMNEE, 

Brig. Gen., U. S. Army, Commanding. 

[Seventh indorsement.] 

Headquaetees Depaetment of Southeen Luzon, 

Manila, P. I., November 8, 1901. 
Respectfully returned to the adjutant-general, Division of the Philippines; atten- 
tion invited to the fourth, fifth, and sixth indorsements. 

J. P. Wade, 
Brig. Gen., U. S. Army, Commanding. 

[Eighth indorsement.] 

Headquaetees Division of the Philippines, 

Manila, P. I., November 14, 1901 
Respectfully returned to the Hon. Luke E. Wright, vice-civil governor of the 
Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I., inviting attention to preceding indorsements. 
There does not appear to be any ground for the within complaint. 

Adna R. Chaffee, 
Maj. Gen., U. S. Army, Commanding. 

Exhibit No. 22. 

[Telegram.] 

Manila, November 9, 1902. 
Governor Teias, Cavite: 

I have been informed that forcible possession has been taken of a church in Caridad 
which has been until now in the peaceable possession and under the control of a 
priest of the Roman Catholic Church. Such dispossession is an unlawful act. If the 
church building is claimed by the municipality, its rights must be asserted in court. 
They can not be vindicated by the strong hand under a government of law and order. 
I rely on you to preserve the peace and to prevent the people of a municipality from 
violating the law. You ought not to take sides, as governor, in the religious contro- 
versies, but you must preserve the law, and restrain its violation, no matter who is 
the violator. I rely on you to do so. 

Taft, Civil Governor. 

war 1903— vol 5 18 



274 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Telegram.] 

Cavite, November 10, 1902. 
Governor Taft, Manila: 

Church in La Caridad is a building in construction since long ago without being 
completed, and was not under any possession, control, nor had been used for any- 
religious purpose. Since last Saturday up to date I did not assist in any religious 
festival during the fiestas of Cavite and San Roque. Last Saturday I had been, for 
precaution, at the place in Cavite where they were going to say mass in the new 
church, and without alighting from my carriage, in order to see personally the 
appearance of things, and it is not true, as per newspapers, that I had been present 
at the time, as at the said time I was holding a meeting of the provincial board. No 
official or employee of the government has taken part officially in the various fiestas 
in Cavite, for it is a custom — there is a board of festival which has the official repre- 
sentation, composed of civilians, and the said board is in charge of the organization 
of the fiesta and its carrying into effect, and the town expenses. It is also not true 
that the municipality of La Caridad had invited Priest Aglipay to the said town, but 
a committee composed of civilians. 

Tkias, Governor. 

Exhibit No. 23. 

Cavite, June 10, 1902. 
The Civil Governor op the Philippines: 

The undersigned, natives and residents of Cavite, San Roque, and La Caridad, say 
that they are deeply aggrieved by the prohibition made by the municipality of La 
Caridad to bury any more bodies in the Catholic cemetery, which has been built in 
an isolated lot north of La Caridad for the use of the three pueblos; it has existed 
sixty years without ever being closed, even during the terrible epidemic of 1882, and 
there is no law authorizing such a measure, which hurts deeply the feelings of all 
good Catholics. If the prohibition has been decided as a sanitary measure, it is a 
serious mistake, as the place which has been chosen by the municipality for a burial 
ground is in the pueblo itself and is not fenced around, so that the bodies may be 
dug out by stray animals and become their prey, whereas the Catholic cemetery is 
built of stone, and mortar and surrounded with a wall. Since the Catholic cemeteries 
of Manila are open, as well as those of the other pueblos of the province, the under- 
signed protest against the closing of their graveyard, which deprives Catholic families 
of the consolation of having their dear ones buried in holy ground, and beg you to 
order that the Catholic cemetery be reopened and that the municipality of La 
Caridad be enjoined from taking any measures against the burial of Catholics therein. 

(Signed by J. C. Ruyman and many others.) 

Office of Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, 

Attoreys and Counselors at Law, 

Manila, P. I., June 3, 1903. 
The Acting Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: We are directed by the bishop-administrator of the archdiocese of Manila to 
ask your attention to the action of the municipal board of La Caridad, in the prov- 
ince of Cavite, in relation to the Catholic cemetery situated in that town, and used 
as a cemetery for the towns of Cavite, San Roque, and La Caridad. On May 23 of 
this year the man in charge of the cemetery reported to Father Caballeria, of Cavite, 
that he had received instructions to allow no more interments in the cemetery. 
Later the president of the town of La Caridad informed Father Caballeria that this 
order had been issued because the cemetery was in an unsanitary condition and 
because what was to be interred passed through the town of La Caridad. We are 
further directed to state that it is believed the cemetery is in good sanitary condition. 
Immediately thereafter Father Caballeria, for the archdiocese of Manila, was 
granted a cemetery in a place called Lascaran in the pueblo of La Caridad by the 
owners thereof for use as a Catholic cemetery. The town authorities of La Caridad 
will not allow Father Caballeria to bury anyone in this latter ground, as they claim 
they want to use it for a municipal cemetery and a source of revenue to the munic- 
ipality. 

We are, very respectfully, Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, 

Counsel to the Archdiocese of Manila. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 275 

Manila, P. L, June 28, 1902. 
Hon. Mariano Teias, 

Governor of the Province of Cavite, Cavite, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to inclose herewith a copy of a letter received by me on the 
3d instant from Messrs. Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, counselors of the bishop-admin- 
istrator of the archdiocese of Manila, complaining in behalf of their client of the 
action of the municipal board of La Caridad in your province. 

If the facts with reference to the action of the municipal board of La Caridad are 
correctly set forth in said communication, it is a manifest usurpation of authority. 
Undoubtedly the council of the municipality, under the provisions of the municipal 
code, has the right to abate a nuisance threatening the health or lives of the people 
of the community, but it is equally clear that they have not the right, by virtue of 
this right, to declare a cemetery which is in fact sanitary to be a nuisance and forbid 
interments therein. It is equally clear that the church authorities have the right to 
establish a cemetery of their own, and that the municipal authorities can not, merely 
because they desire to get revenue from a cemetery of their own, forbid the use of the 
church cemetery or prevent interments therein. 

It is desired that you shall make investigation as to all these matters at as early a 
date as practicable and report thereon. If you find that in point of fact the ceme- 
tery at La Caridad is sanitary and not a menace to the public health, then it is sug- 
gested that you should call the attention of the municipal authorities to the impro- 
priety of their action in ordering it closed up. In making this investigation it is 
suggested that you call on the president of the provincial board of health for aid in 
the matter to assist you in reaching a proper conclusion. 

It is also desired that you call the attention of the municipal authorities of La 
Caridad to the invalidity of their ordinance forbidding burials to be made in the new 
cemetery if, as stated, the purpose is to force interments in the municipal cemetery. 
Governor Taft is now at Rome engaged in negotiation with a view to settling all 
vexed questions between the church and the insular government. In the meantime 
it is very desirable that acts of mere reprisal because of supposed wrongs in the past 
should not be indulged in by municipal authorities. All churches have equal rights, 
and are entitled to build churches or establish cemeteries for the burial of the dead 
at will, the only limitation upon their pow T er being the right of the municipality to 
see that they are sanitary. 

It is hoped that you will arrange this matter upon the lines suggested, and that 
there will be no occasion for further legitimate complaint to this office. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

Luke E. Wright, Acting Civil Governor. 

(Through a clerical error the papers in the case were not inclosed with the above 
letter, and the matter was thus delayed. Papers were sent to the provincial governor 
on July 23, 1903.) 



Manila, August 27, 1902. 
Hon. Mariano Trias, 

Provincial Governor, Cavite, P. I. 
Sir: Referring to the acting civil governor's letter of June 28, 1902, and indorse- 
ment of this office dated the 23d ultimo, in the matter of a complaint against the 
municipal board of La Caridad in respect of the parish cemetery, I have the honor 
to invite your attention to the request that the matter be investigated and reported 
upon at as early a date as practicable. Such report has not been received as yet, 
and the civil governor will be pleased to receive it at an early date. 
Very respectfully, 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Office of the Governor, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. /., Septembers, 1902. 
Hon. Civil Governor of the Philippines, 

Manila, P. J. 
Sir: In answer to your esteemed favor of the 23d of June, 1902, forwarding to me 
the claim entered by Messrs. Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, in the name of the bishop- 
administrator of the archdiocese of Manila, anent the closing of the Catholic ceme- 



276 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

tery of the pueblo of Caridad of this province, as a result of the investigations made 
by this office, I have the honor to inform you: 

First. That on account of the cholera of 1882 at "Lascaran," in the barrio of 
San Ignacio of the town of Caridad, there was already a temporary cemetery where 
the victims of the cholera were interred. 

Second. That on account of the present epidemic, on the 16th of May of the 
present year the municipality of Caridad decided to open same, and on the 23d of 
the same month, on motion of the municipal board of health, it was ordered to 
close the old cemetery which was in charge of Padre Cavalleria, based upon the 
reasons that, on account of being located in the center of the settlement, its oldness 
and its state of saturation, it was lacking in hygienic conditions; it was a constant 
menace to the public health and a cause for alarm to the neighborhood, because in 
order to reach said cemetery from any point whatever it was necessary to carry the 
corpses along streets inhabited and populous. 

Third. That on the same date of May 22, 1902, the municipal council enacted an 
ordinance more or less to the following effect: (A) It was ordered to open a general 
municipal cemetery in the barrio of San Ignacio, and also the permanent closing 
of the old cemetery; (B) there was definitely selected a place next to the cemetery 
of the Chinese, along the shore of Manila Bay, in the barrio of San Ignacio, for all 
kinds of burials, either from cholera or from any other sickness; (C) the burial in 
the new cemetery was prohibited without the respective receipt of the municipality 
for the payment of $1 Mexican for each corpse in coffin and 50 cents without coffin; 
and (D) A fine was imposed of $5 Mexican upon any cemetery allowing burial with- 
out this requirement having been complied with. 

Fourth. The Padre Cavalleria, upon being informed of this ordinance, immediately 
presented due protest before the provincial board of health on May 24, 1902, which 
board thereupon called for due information from the municipal council of Caridad. 

Fifth. That this information was provided on May 27, 1902, and consisted of the 
transmission of the cited municipal ordinance, the municipal president of Caridad 
adding upon his own responsibility that the closed cemetery "belonged to the Spanish 
Government and to no Catholic church whatsoever. ' ' 

Sixth. That the said information was conveyed to the representatives of the insular 
board of health, Messrs. O. N. Demay and G. Parker Dillon, and according to the 
same on the 24th of June; 1902, the provincial board of health approved in every 
particular the action of the municipality of Caridad, the secretary being instructed to 
inform the parties interested of this decision. 

Seventh. All the foregoing is taken from a copy of the records in the office of the 
secretary of the provincial board of health, to which as soon as there was received 
in this office the letter of your honor with the complaint of the bishop of Manila it 
was transmitted for their due information. 

Eighth. That the president of the provincial board of health, besides furnishing 
the said copy to this office, in an indorsement of the 16th of August, 1902, added 
that the provincial board of health, composed of Messrs. C. M. Demay and G. Parker 
Dillon; representatives or commissioners of the insular board of health, T. A. Hessler, 
surgeon, U. S. Navy; T. Ejercito, provincial president of sanitation; and Walter B. 
Buxton, provincial inspector, made investigation for themselves of the exceedingly 
bad hygienic condition of the cemetery under consideration, and being ratified, 
together with the assistance of Dr. J. E. Gartner, U. S. Navy, again approved the 
decision of the local authorities of Caridad. 

Ninth. In the cited indorsement, immediately following, the said president stated 
that the board under his presidency ' ' had never refused to allow the establishment of 
any Catholic cemetery subject to due sanitary inspection." 

Tenth. That on account of the context of the letter of your honor, on the 12th 
instant at 4 o'clock exactly in the afternoon, accompanied by Mr. Ejercito, pro- 
vincial president of sanitation, I proceeded to the closed Catholic cemetery, and 
though beautifully and nicely arranged, I satisfied myself that there was not a span 
of ground in length and depth that did not contain particles of human bones; that 
same is in the center of the town, surrounded by houses, in proximity to a girls' 
school, and in order to convey thither corpses, come from Avherever they may, it 
was necessary to carry them through populous streets of some travel. 

Eleventh. Thereupon we proceeded to the new cemetery established by the munici- 
pality at the place "Lascaran." We were attended by the vice-president of said 
municipality. This cemetery extends along the Bay of Manila, and coming from 
the town one passes first by the Chinese cemetery. It is located in such a direction 
that the prevailing winds of any season of the year can not convey the miasmata or 
emanations toward the populated district. From the 23d of May, "when the location 
of same was decided upon, until that day, according to the statement of the sex- 
ton, there had been buried there more than 150 corpses, during the height of the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION 277 

prevalence of cholera, brought from the three towns of Cavite, San Roque, and Cari- 
dad; there were days when the number reached 14 of those buried. On the after- 
noon of the visit there were 3, and it was noted that the graves were dug to a con- 
siderable depth, reaching even the salty seepage of the sea. The ground is somewhat 
uneven but spacious, and sufficient for the sole burying ground for the three town-. 
It is well watched and cared for, and as the income is increased it is being leveled 
and surrounded with a fence with stone foundation, upon which latter will be built 
a railing of cane or lumber. It is accessible by land and sea from Cavite, and to any 
part of Caridad by unfrequented paths, although somewhat traveled, one can reach 
the same without traversing any settlement. 

Twelfth. The closed Catholic cemetery was a public cemetery for the three towns 
of Cavite, San Roque, and Caridad, and on account of not having any ground for 
building one of its own, fearing that the corpses of Cavite would not be allowed 
burial in the new municipal cemetery of Lascaran, and endeavoring to obtain some 
privilege or at least some of the equipment of the closed cemetery, the municipality 
of Cavite, upon being informed of this circumstance, on June 28, 1902, forwarded 
the following data to this office: (A) That it was formerly the custom in Cavite to 
bury their dead within the church or in the churchyard, and for the common people 
or the poor there was a common cemetery in front of the church called San Pedro, 
or the Parochial, bordering on the yard of the same; (B) that the burials of the 
town of San Roque were made on the right side of said town church; (C) that the 
Spanish Government, appreciating the danger to the public health on account of 
such burials for the three towns of Cavite, San Roque, and La Caridad, ordered the 
construction of a general cemetery in the last-named town, and located at the place 
where the closed cemetery now is, appropriating for the purpose about $1,000 for 
equipment, two arsenal foremen to direct the work, and as laborers the men of the 
three towns who were subject to public work on the streets and buildings; (D) it 
was called the " public cemetery" of Cavite, San Roque, and Caridad, and the Span- 
ish politico-military government of Cavite took upon itself the management of the 
same, turning it over to one of the civil employees in its office; and (E) that, hav- 
ing discovered irregularities in the management of said employee, the government 
delegated the management to the parish priest of San Roque, and, as he also fell 
into the same practices, it was transferred to the parish priest of Cavite, until the 
month of May, 1898, when it passed into the hands of the municipalities of San 
Roque and Caridad, and in the year 1899, because of its abandonment, the Padre 
Cavalleria assumed charge of the said cemetery. 

Thirteenth. That since the Padre Cavalleria was claiming possession of the loca- 
tion called "Lascaran" of Caridad, alleging prior rights, this office desirous of infor- 
mation from the municipality of the said town, the following data were received: 

(A) The place of the cemetery closed by ordinance of the aforementioned council, 
with the approval of the provincial board of health, belongs to the barrio of San 
Ignacio; (B) there is a locality called "Lascaran," distant from the village about 
1,800 meters; (C) in this place there existed in 1882 a temporary cemetery for the 
cholera-stricken, and on the 16th and 22d of May of this year, it was not only 
rededicated to the same object, but also to all kinds of burials, by decision of the 
municipal council and in accordance with the board of health of the municipality; 
(D) the owner of the location "Lascaran" was Dona Maria Bartolo Franco, pro- 
prietor also of the whole village of La Caridad; (E) the said owner had died, leav- 
ing heirs, and as executor-heir there appears at the head of the estate Mr. Jose 
Rodriguez; (F) this gentleman rented to the municipality of Caridad, for a ceme- 
tery, the site of "Lascaran" for an indefinite period, and upon payment as a fee of 
the sum of 81 Mexican per month; and (G) it had been prohibited by the munici- 
pality of Caridad to the Padre Cavalleria "to make his interments in the cemetery 
located at the site of 'Lascaran,'" nor is there any notice that the said padre had 
directed any since the date of inauguration until August 20, 1902; "but if the said 
padre had so directed" it would have been permitted him on payment to the 
municipality of the respective fees. 

Fourteenth. That in order to expedite the investigation and to determine whether 
the municipality of Caridad acted in an absolutely legitimate manner or not and in 
accord with paragraph (p) of article 39 and paragraph (e) of article 43 of the muni- 
cipal code, in order to adopt some measure of conciliation in the matter, this office 
also invited information directed from Mr. Jose Rodrigues, which same is as follows: 
" (A) That the site called 'Lascaran,' in the barrio of San Ignacio, of this province, 
in the jurisdiction of the town of Caridad, is our property, since said location is 
included within the boundary of our estate called 'San Isidro' or 'Estanzuela;' and 

(B) as heir of my deceased father, D. Enrique Rodriguez, and lessee of the said 
estate of my two aunts, Dona Carmen and Dona Josefa Rodriguez, and not as execu- 
tor-heir of the property of the deceased Dona Maria Bartolo Franco, I have ceded in 



278 REPORT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

sublet to the municipality of this town of Caridad, for the annual rental of $1 Mexi- 
can a part of the ground which was temporarily designated for burying the cholera- 
stricken in the year 1882 in the said site of 'Lascaran,' for the purpose that the 
municipality may this day establish a municipal necropolis to the extension of 
6,000 or 7,000 meters." (September 1, 1902.) 
The above is the result of the investigation made by this office under my charge. 
Very respectfully, 

Mariano Trias, 
Governor, Province of Cavite. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., September 15, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to Messrs. Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, calling attention to 
the evidence herein contained that the cemetery which was closed was properly 
closed because it was unhealthy for the population to use for interment. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 24. 

Silan, September 20, 1902. 
Secretary of the Council and Administration 

of the Archdiocese of Manila. 

Sir: I hereby comply with my duty and inform you that the constabulary stationed 
in this town have taken the convent of the town of Silan, Cavite, away from me by 
force and are, since the beginning of the present month, using as barracks. You 
will excuse me for not informing you of this sooner, but I hoped to arrange the 
matter privately, and now I see that unless I produce the title deeds the inspector 
stationed here will not return the convent to me, by order of the chief of constabulary. 

This occupancy will certainly cause more wear and tear to the property, and it is 
not known whether or not they will pay rent, and, although it is the only convent 
that they occupy, this is of great inconvenience for the transfer of the service to the 
big church on account of the close connection of the two buildings, whereby the 
church is much exposed to irreverence and profanity. 

I beg to inform you of this for your opinion, and that you may inform the bishop, 
for the knowledge of H. I. 

Lino Cajili. 

Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, 

Attorneys and Counselors at Laav, 
No. 2 Calle Arzobispo, Manila, October 7, 1902. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: By direction of the bishop of Cebu and administrator apostolic of the arch- 
diocese of Manilla, we have the honor to ask your attention to the accompanying 
complaint of the parish priest of Silan, Cavite, and further ask that the constabulary 
be instructed to return the convent to him. 
Very respectfully, 

Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

Counsel to Archdiocese of Manila. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 

Manila, October 8, 1902. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to the chief of Philippines 
constabulary for investigation and report. Early action, with return of papers to 
this office, is requested. 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Headquarters Philippines Constabulary, 

Manila, P. I., October 9, 1902. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the chief, to the senior inspector, Cavite, 
Cavite, for report concerning the occupation of the convent in question. 

F. E. Cofre, Adjutant. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 279 

[Third indorsement. | 

Philippines Constabulary, Office of the Senior Inspector, 

Cavite, Cavite, November 1, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to Inspector Green, Silan, who will acquaint himself with 
the contents and make a report of the circumstances attending the occupancy of the 
convent, and will also state if he has ever been requested by the local priest to vacate 
it. He will also investigate the relations that exist between Inspector Estrella and 
the priest, and the relations that exist between the priest and the presidente, 
Benjamin, and Victor Kiamson and make a report of what he finds. He will also 
refer this paper to Inspector Estrella, with instructions to make a full report of the 
circumstances of the occupany of the convent by constabulary, how it came to be 
occupied, and if he was ever asked to vacate it; and to promptly return this paper. 

T. B. Hyson, Senior Inspector. 

[Fourth indorsement.] 

Silan, Province of Cavite, November 8, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to Inspector Estrella, in compliance with orders conveyed 
in third endorsement, for report. 

William Green, 
Second Class Inspector, Philippines Constabulary. 

[Fifth indorsement.] 

Magallanes, Province of Cavite, November 23, 1902. 
Respectfully returned to the senior inspector, provice of Cavite, inviting attention 
to the inclosed report. 

Juan Estrella. 
The report referred to is as follows: 

Magallanes, November 23, 1902. 
Senior Inspector, Philippines Constabulary, 

Province of Cavite, P. I. 
Sir- I have the honor to reply to your indorsement with reference to the complaint 
of the parish priest of Silan with regard to the occupation by the constabulary under 
my command of the convent in said pueblo, that such occupation had his consent 
and good will, as is proved by his silence during the long period during which they 
occupied it. Demands of such a malicious nature, therefore, are very extraordinary, 
for only two inspectors have been occupying the convent, and no such claim has 
been made before. 
My occupation of the convent had the entire sanction of the priest. 
Very respectfuly, 

Juan Estrella, 
Subinspector, Philippines Constabularly. 

[Sixth indorsement.] 

Philippines Constabulary, Office of the Senior Inspector, 

Province of Cavite, February 14, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the adjutant, Philippines constabulary, inviting attention 
to the indorsements and reports of Lieutenant Green and Subinspector Estrella. 

Patrick Bruin, 
Captain and Inspector, Philippines Constabulary, 

In absence of Senior Inspector. 

The report of Lieutenant Green, mentioned in the last indorsement, is as follows: 

Indang, Cavite, November 8, 1902. 
Senor Inspector Philippines Constabulary, 

Province of Cavite. 
Sir: In compliance with orders conveyed by third indorsement, I have the honor 
to submit the following report: When I relieved Inspector Toanes at Silan, October 
5, 1902, the constabulary were occupying the convent and continued duing so until 
November 7, 1902, when I was ordered to vacate that post. I was never requested 
to leave the convent by the church officials or anyone else. 

In regard to other orders embraced in the third indorsement, I respectfully invite 
attention to fourth indorsement. 

William Green, 
Second Class Inspector, Philippines Constabulary. 



280 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Seventh indorsement.] 

Headquarters Philippines Constabulary, 

Manila, P. I., February 20, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to executive secretary, inviting attention to indorsements 
and reports of Lieutenant Green and Subinspeetor Estrella. 

Henry T. Allen, 

Chief of Constabulary. 



Manila, P. I., February 24, 1903. 
Messrs. Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

Counsel to Archdiocese of Manila, Manila. 
Gentlemen: With reference to your communication of October 7, 1902, inclosing 
a complaint from the parish priest of Silang, Cavite, in which he complains of the 
occupation of the convent at that place by the constabulary, I have the honor to 
advise you that, from information received by this office, this convent was vacated 
under date of November 7, 1902; further, that no requests from church officials to 
this effect were ever received by the occupants of said convent. 
Very respectfully, 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 

Exhibit No. 25. 
[Telegram.] 

Manila, P. L, December 17, 1902. 
Governor Trias, Cavite: 

Am informed by the counsel for the bishop of Cebu, administering the archdiocese 
of Manila, that the parish priest heretofore in charge of the parish church at Bacoor 
on behalf of the archbishop of Manila for the Apostolic Roman Catholic Church has 
left the Roman Catholic Church and has been ordered to turn over the church by 
the bishop to another priest of the Roman Catholic Church; that the priest has left 
the church, and that municipal authorities are in control. 

In my judgment the church is in the lawful possession of the Roman Catholic 
Church until it is judicially established otherwise, and under the control of the bishop 
of the diocese. For that reason, please direct the municipal president at once to put 
into possession of the church the priest presenting proper authority from the bishop 
of Cebu administering the archdiocese of Manila. This is not intended as a decision 
as to title, which may be adjudicated in the courts, but it is necessary in the inter- 
ests of law and order that lawful possession should be protected, and in my judgment, 
the parish churches occupied by priests of the Roman Catholic Church are in posses- 
sion of the bishop of the diocese, and that possession should be respected by all 
executive officers. 

Tapt, Civil Governor. 

[Telegram.] 

Manila, December 20, 1902. 
Trias, Governor, Cavite: 

Hold matters in statu quo at Bacoor until further orders. Aglipay has asked to 
submit evidence to me showing circumstances changing the condition from that 
which I thought to exist. 

Taft, Civil Governor. 

Law Offices Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

No. 2 Calle Arzobispo, Manila, December 29, 1902. 
The Governor, Manila. 

Sir: On behalf of the bishop-administrator of the archdiocese of Manila and in 
connection with the Catholic Church at Bacoor, which is now before your excel- 
lency, we have the honor to transmit certified copy of the affidavit made by the for- 
mer Roman Catholic priest of Bacoor, Fortunato Clemena, on September 1, 1902, to 
the municipal secretary of Bacoor, and to recommend your attention to the fact that 
said Clemena in this affidavit describes himself as representative of the I. C. A. R. 
( Iglesia Catolica Apostolica Romana) and the church as the provisional church of 
the town of Bacoor. 






REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 281 

It is respectfully submitted that this affidavit destroys his alleged claim that he is 
the owner of the church, and we respectfully request that the executive order direct- 
ing a stay of proceedings in the matter, dated about December 20, 1902, be revoked 
and that the executive order of December 17, 1902, telegraphed to Governor Trias 
be enforced. 

Very respectfully, 

Hartigan, Maeple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez, 

Counsel to the Archdiocese of Manila. 

The affidavit mentioned above is a declaration of real estate, sworn to before the 
provincial secretary September 1, 1902. It has no special significance aside from 
that mentioned in the letter, that he states he is the representative of the Eoman 
Catholic Church. 

Cavite, P. I., January 2, 1903. 
Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila. 

Sir: In consequence of your telegram with regard to the religious question in 
Bacoor the municipal president of said town states to the provincial government of 
Cavite : 
"Provincial Governor op Cavite. 

"Sir: There appeared before me to-day Padre Policarpo Villafranca, appointed by 
the bishop of Cebu to take charge of the church of this town, in virtue of a communi- 
cation of said bishop of the 17th instant, which was exhibited to this presidencia. 
When I was about to make the delivery in compliance with the order of the provincial 
government, dated the 18th instant, I received another communication from said 
government instructing me to leave all matters in the town as they were at the time. 
I therefore did not turn the church over as ordered, and beg to inform you thereof 
for your subsequent action. I beg to state that Padre Policarpo Villafranca is awaiting 
the decision of this government. 

1 1 Very respectfully, ' ' Felix Cuenca, 

1 ' Municipal President. ' ' 

I have the honor, by direction of the provincial governor, to transmit this to you. 
Very respectfully, 



Daniel Tirona, 

Secretary, Province of Cavite. 



[First indorsement.] 



Executive Bureau, 
'Manila, January 7, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the secretary of Cavite Province, by direction of the civil 
governor, with a request that the president of Bacoor make a full statement as to 
how he came into possession of the church at all, and if he was in possession, who 
was in actual possession when he came into possession, and all the circumstances 
surrounding the case of the possession of the church. This must be known to this 
office before any definite orders can be issued. 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Provincial Government of Cavite, Office of Secretary, 

Cavite, P. I., February 2, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the honorable executive secretary, inviting attention to 
the accompanying letter marked "D." 

Daniel Tiro*na, 
Secretary, Province of Cavite. 

The letter referred to in the second indorsement is as follows: 

Cavite, P. L, February 2, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: In compliance with your indorsement of January 7 last, I have the honor to 
transcribe you herewith the reply of the municipal president of Bacoor with respect 
to the religious question: 

' ' In compliance with your instructions contained in the letter of the 14th instant. 



282 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

I have the honor to state that I must give the following replies with regard to the 
points set forth in the same: 

"1. That I have never been in possession of the churches of this town, neither of 
the old parish church, now in ruins, nor of the provincial church. 

"2. That I have never taken possession of said churches. 

"3. That, after the death of Mr. Cornelio Ignacio, late parish priest of this town, on 
October 14, 1899, the provisional church which existed (?) was formed by the town 
in the barrio of Malicso, which has been removed to the town itself, it being recon- 
structed, and has been until this day occupied by the priest Fortunato Clemencio. 

"Before closing this report I beg to state that I have not meddled with any of 
the two churches, but that, in order to prevent disturbances, I was compelled to sta- 
tion guards (there), not taking any further steps. When the telegram of the civil 
governor, directing me to turn the church over to the Roman Catholic father who 
would apply to me was received, and when I was about to comply with said telegram 
and turn the church over, in accordance with Father Fortunato Clemena, who was 
present in said act, having been invited by me, there arrived another telegram from 
the same authority instructing me to leave matters at their present status, which I 
did." 

Very respectfully, Daniel Tieona, 

Secretary Province of Cavite. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Govebnoe of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., February 2, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the governor of the province of Cavite, with directions 
to advise the president of the town of Bacoor that he should allow the possession of 
the church to be exactly where it is now, and to take no steps with respect to the 
dispossession of any person in possession. The rights of the parties must be worked 
out in the courts. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 26. 

Law Offices Haetigan, Maeple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutieeeez, 

No. 7 Calle Audiencia, Manila, P. I., February 13, 1903. 
The Civil Goveenoe, Manila, P. I. 

Sie: In accordance with your verbal instructions of yesterday, we have the honor 
to inclose herewith (1) certified copy of the record from the office of the justice of 
the peace of Ternate, Cavite, dated January 31, 1903; (2) copy of letter from Rev. 
Policarpo Villafranca, of the province of Cavite, dated January 31, 1903, and answer 
of the president of Ternate thereto; (3) copy of telegram from the acting governor of 
Cavite Province to the municipal president of Ternate, dated February 3, 1903, and 
translations of the same. 

We respectfully recommend your attention and action on the same. 
Very respectfully, 

Haetigan, Maeple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutieeeez. 

(No. 1.) 

Senor Valeriano Ybanes, justice of the peace of the town of Ternate, province of 
Cavite, certified that there is a record in the archives of the court of the justice of 
the peace which, translated literally, is the following: 

In Ternate, on the 28th of January, 1903, the undersigned justice of the peace was 
required by the municipal president of this town to approve the delivery of the 
church keys, which the whole town, in company with the chief sexton, requires to 
be made to the president. 

The whole town protests against the instruction of Father Policarpo Villafranca in 
the administration of the parish of this town, as he is a priest of low manners and 
deserves only the aversion and contempt of the town. The said town moreover 
says that it is the absolute owner, with full power over the church, ornaments, 
sacred vases, and other utensils, including the images found on the altars, especially 
that of the Sacred Child, Excelso Paterno Tutelar, of this same town, which our 
ardent progenitors brought here from the- Moluccas, arriving at this port in the year 
1653. Since then we have rendered worship and adoration unto so miraculous and 
venerated an image, our ancestors paying for the foundation of the church and we 
for its preservation until this day. And'in view of this authority, asks that it be 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 283 

made justifiable that it, with its power to dispose of it without prejudice to anyone 
for having adhered to the Philippine Church, make donation of the church and 
temple and all its ornaments, utensils and images, which are stamped in Christain 
worship, to the priest appointed by the Bishop Maximo Eminentisimo Gregorio 
Aglipay, so that he may take possession of the said church and administer the parish 
of the above-mentioned town, and meanwhile that the keys be deposited with the 
municipal president, as representative of the same town, until the arrival of the 
Bishop Maximo Padre Gregorio Aglipay and a priest appointed to take possession of 
the church and recover the keys. 

Which terminates this record, subscribed and sworn to before me. 

Victoriano Ybanes, Justice of the Peace. 
By Miguel Ramos, Municipal President), 
(and thirty-seven other persons. 

There is a note on the margin of the first page which says: "Justice of the peace 
of Ternate: This is faithfully and legally taken from the original, to which I refer, 
and on a petition of the Presbyter Senor Policarpio Villafranca, I issue this certificate, 
which I signed in Ternate on the 31st of January, 1903." 

Victoriano Ybanes. 

Ternate, January 31, 1903. ' 
The Municipal President of Ternate: 

The undersigned priest of this town applies to you, being the executive power, 
asking help to put me in possession of .the church of this town, in compliance with 
the instructions of the honorable governor-general of the islands, dictated on the 
10th instant, for, according to the record drawn out in the court of the justice of the 
peace, the citizens, together with the municipal president, Senor Miguel Ramos, have 
taken from Agent Simplicio Dirain the keys of said church, possessing themselves of 
the same. 

Very respectfully, Policarpio Villafranca. 

Being acquainted with your communication, I take the pleasure to answer that I 
can not give the help asked for — the mentioned possession of the church — on account 
of its being in the possession of the citizens of this town, without detriment to what 
the honorable governor-general of the Philippines may dispose. 

Very respectfully, Andres Ninon. 

Ternate, January 31, 1903. 
I have this day received your communication referring to the protest against the 
refusal of my assistance to put you in possession of the church. 

Andres Ninon. 

February 3, 1903. 
The Municipal President of Ternate (via Naic): 

Received act; acquainted with same. Forewarn you that whole town shall be 
arrested for noncompliance with circular-letter of the honorable civil governor for- 
warded by the government to that presidency on the 16th of January, 1903, if they 
do not respect the possession of church by the Roman representative, P. Policarpo 
Villafranca. Look out for order and protect possession of this, without prejudice to 
the right of the town to establish their right to the property .before the tribunal of 
justice. 

, Acting Governor. 

(The above are the inclosures mentioned in the letter of Messrs. Hartigan, Marple, 
Solignac, McCabe & Guiterrez, dated February 13, 1903. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, February 13, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to J. B. Early, esq., attorney at law, 37 Plaza Cervantes, 
Manila. 

Beekmen Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



284 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Early & White, Attorneys and Counselors at Law, 

23 Plaza Cervantes, Manila, February 16, 1903. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Governor of the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: Archbishop Aglipay herewith presents his reply to the statements made by 
the Eoman Catholic priest, Padre Policarpo Villafranca, in regard to the Ternate 
chapel in Cavite Province. This reptywill give you an idea of the other side of the 
controversy, and from his statements it seems as if the Roman Catholic priest was 
never in possession. We called to-night to see you, but you were busy, and this will 
be presented to you if possible by Archbishop Aglipay in person. 

Yours, very respectfully, J. B. Early. 

(The inclosure with the above letter was the following:) 

Exact information relating to question of Ternate, Cavite Province. 

First. The people of Ternate were the proprietors and possessors of the church 
property, and are so still, which can be proven by an official document which is 
attached. 

Second. The Roman Catholic priest, Padre Policarpo Villafranca, lived in Mara- 
gondong, near Ternate, and only went to Ternate to officiate when employed and paid 
by the people of Ternate. 

Third. The people of Ternate have a proper person who is in charge of the church 
property, who was an assistant to Padre Villafranca whenever he was called to 
officiate. 

Fourth. The people of Ternate have changed their faith; they have left Rome and 
joined the Independent Catholic Church, and without usurping the church building, 
the keys, or any other property; these stayed in the possession of the people who 
were the actual possessors. Consequently, the president of Ternate, the justice of 
the peace of Ternate, and the governor of Cavite Province are obliged to obey the 
instructions of the honorable Governor Taft in his circular letter to provincial offi- 
cials, ordering them to protect the rights of those actually in charge of the property. 

Fifth. In this case, Padre Villafranca, of the Roman Catholic Church, who never 
resided in Ternate, never had possessson of the said church, never had possession of 
the keys, seeks to reverse this order. He is therefore obliged to test his claim to pos- 
session in the courts, and not the people of Ternate, who are the possessors. The 
fact that Padre Villafranca first made his demands before the justice of the peace in 
Ternate shows that he began the proceedings in the right way. Then he came to 
Manila and attempted to reverse the facts. In consequence of the misrepresentations 
made to Governor Taft by Padre Villafranca Governor Taft ordered the president of 
Ternate and the justice of the peace of Ternate suspended, and also ordered that the 
people make their claim for possession before the courts. 

Sixth. In view of the foregoing, Obispo Maximo Aglipay respectfully petitions 
Governor Taft to reinstate the president of Ternate and the justice of the peace of 
Ternate, and direct Padre Villafranca to continue his case in the courts, because it 
appears to me to be the simple act of justice, in view of the fact that the people who 
were the defendants before the justice of the peace are by this action of Governor 
Taft compelled to be plaintiffs. 

16th of February, 1903. 

Gregorio Aglipay. 
Obispo Maximo. 



Manila, February 13, 1903. 
Governor Trias, Cavite: 
Please have following message delivered as soon as possible: 

Justice of the Peace, Ternate: 

You are hereby suspended from your office of justice of the peace, on the ground 
that you took part in a conspiracy to compel the sacristan of the Roman Catholic 
Church to deliver the keys and possession of the church, which was in his possession 
as agent of the Roman Catholic Church. This suspension will continue until you and 
the president, whom I have already directed to be suspended, shall restore the church 
to the possession of the sacristan. If the people of the church then claim ownership 
and possession of the church, with the power to dispose of the same, they must make 
that claim through the courts. Your action was in direct contravention of the gov- 
ernor's letter of instructions, and might properly subject yourself and your fellow- 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 285 

citizens to prosecution for sedition. It is hoped that this telegram and a similar tele- 
gram to be sent by the governor to the municipal president will lead to the restora- 
tion of the church and remove further necessity for action and a termination of the 
proceedings of suspension. 

\Vinthrop, Acting Executive Secretary. 



Manila, February 14, 1903. 
Governor Trias, Cavite: 

Desire you to suspend the president of the town of Ternate for having forcibly 
dispossessed, through the agency of the justice of the peace of that town, the lawfully 
appointed agent of the Roman Catholic Church in possession of the parish church, in 
violation of "my instructions to governors and presidents. If the town claims the 
church, the claim must be presented in court. The town can not thus take possession 
by duress and force agahist the sacristan holding the keys for the Eoman Catholic 
Church. 

Taft, Civil Governor. 



Cavite, February 15, 1908. 
Acting Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Have just arrived at Cavite. Municipal president and justice of the peace of 
Ternate are suspended, per your telegrams 14th and 15th. I had not ordered these 
suspensions before, because, according to reports, I did not see reasons for so doing. 
I send report by mail. 

M. Trias. 



Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, February 16, 1903. 
My Dear Winthrop: 

Aglipay and Early have been to see me about this Ternate business. It seems to 
turn on the question whether the sacristan willingly gave up that key or was com- 
pelled through fear to do so. Of course, he was in actual possession of the church 
because he had the keys. Now, it seems that the question of ownership of the church 
is one that has been mooted down there, and if he turned over from the Roman to 
the Church of Aglipay, and recognized the right of the people to control the custody 
of the church, and so gave up the key, then my instructions were not violated, and 
the president and justice of the peace should be restored to their offices. It is very 
difficult to determine the fact, and the only thing I see to be done is for you or some- 
body in the attorney-general's office to go down to Ternate on a launch and inter- 
view the sacristan and find out the facts. If the facts are that he gave up the key 
voluntarily, and really turned over the church willingly, then there was no violation 
of my instructions, and the president and justice of the peace should be restored. 
Look into this matter. I have told Bishop Aglipay that this is the result. I send 
you the papers which Early has prepared. 

Sincerely, Wm. H. Taft, 

Per Carpenter, Secretary. 



Office of the Fiscal, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. I. , February 19, 1903. 
Mr. Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: Yesterday morning at half past 10 I received your telegram requesting me to 
go to Ternate at 1.30 in the afternoon. I replied that, owing to lack of steamer, I 
was unable to reach the town mentioned; the road not being easy for vehicles, the 
latter being in poor condition, and the distance from this town to Ternate being 
great. 

In the afternoon I went to Manila, and there was informed that there was no 
steamer for Ternate, but was one for the town of Naic leaving Manila to-morrow, 
Friday, the 20th instant. I therefore returned this morning to Cavite, where the 
court was holding session. 

I have the honor to inform you in order to explain my failure to be present at the 
town of Ternate. 

Respectfully, F. Santamaria, 

Fiscal, Province of Cavite. 
(The telegram to which the above was a reply is not shown by the records.) 



286 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Manila, P. I., February 20, 1903. 
Governor Taft, Cebu, Cebu. 

Araneta and I went to Ternate Wednesday. Interviewed the suspended presi- 
dent, justice of the peace, and several principales. The sacristan was not at Ternate 
nor at Maragondon. I have telegraphed for him, and he is expected to be in Manila 
today. From the statement of the president, justice of the peace, and principales of 
Ternate, it appears probable that the sacristan was compelled to turn over the keys 
to the president, and that therefore the suspension of the president and justice of the 
peace was proper. Matter can not be finally decided until evidence of sacristan is had. 

Winthrop, Acting Executive Secretary. 



Manila, P. I., February 21, 1903. 
My Dear Major Hartigan: 

Where is the sacristan of Ternate? We must see him before the Ternate church 
question can be decided. It seems strange that Padre Villafranca can not be found, 
or at least can not let us know where the sacristan is. I wanted to settle this mat- 
ter before Judge Taft comes back, and I want to do so still; consequently, if you can 
get hold of the sacristan and can come to the office to-morrow morning about half 
past 9, I will be there. Telephone me (No. 58) early to-morrow morning whether 
you can find the long-lost individual. 
Very sincerely, yours, 

Beekman Winthrop. 
To Maj. T. L. Hartigan, 

No. 2 Arzobispo, Manila, P. I. 



Office of the Governor, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, February 24, 1903. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippines, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit to you the following report in regard to the 
religious events which have taken place in Ternate, a pueblo of this province: 

A LITLLE HISTORY. 

In 1653, Senor Seminiano Manrique de Lara being governor-general of the islands, 
there landed, coming from the Moluccas, the Mardicas, on the northwest coast or 
"bar" of this province, who constituted themselves into a barrio of the pueblo of 
Maragondon, and later into an independent pueblo called Ternate. The expedition, 
consisting of seven individuals, all males, reached the said place in a small boat and 
brought with them the image of the "Holy Child, Jesus," who is now the patron 
saint of the pueblo. 

The organization of Ternate into an independent pueblo took place in 1857, and in 
1858, on the site of the chapel where the image was worshiped, there was begun 
the building of a church at the expense and with the work of the pueblo, not except- 
ing the women and children, who were engaged in the work of carrying the sand 
and water. 

The feasts of the image are held by the people from the 1st to the 6th of January 
of each year, and to them there proceed such large pilgrimages from the neighboring 
pueblos and near provinces that these feasts were formerly among the most renowned, 
and second only in this province to those of Porta- Vaga, in this capital. 

The church was opened for worship on January 2, 1863, and on the 30th the Arch- 
bishop of Manila wrote to the gobernadorcillo, or municipal president of Ternate, 
requesting information as to the distance between Maragondon and Ternate; to the 
number of contributors that the pueblo could count upon; whether the church 
existed; what was the material used in its construction, and whether there was some 
house devoted to the use of the parish priest; and, in a contrary event, whether there 
would be any difficulty in furnishing the same. The gobernadorcillo having reported 
that there was some distance between Maragondon and Ternate; that the pueblo had 
a sufficient number of parishioners; that the church was of masonry construction, 
and had a dwelling place for the parish priest, in February of the same year the 
pueblo and the church had a permanent priest. 

The inhabitants of Ternate do not speak Tagalog, but almost Spanish, and they 
are proud of this and do not permit themselves to be confounded with the general 
run of those in the province. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 287 

ANTECEDENTS OF THE INCIDENT. 

Thirty-seven years ago Father Esteban del Rosario was in charge of the church of 
Ternate. To the distinct annoyance of the pueblo he was transferred to the pueblo 
of Indan in November of last year, and, notwithstanding the fact that the priest was 
content (satisfied) with his new church, it appears that several times he asked for 
his return, which was not granted. 

Upon his departure Father Esteban delivered the keys of the church, together 
with a communication in writing, to the municipal president of Ternate, in whose 
possession they remained until the 30th of December, 1902, when the municipio de- 
cided to intrust them to the sacristan, Simplicio Dirain, who was not such until after 
his appointment, to the end that he might take charge of the coining feasts in Jan- 
uary. Before the election fell upon Simplicio Dirain there were two other candidates 
who did not care to accept the office. 

Father Policarpo is the parish priest of Maragondon, and perhaps as "Vicar Fora- 
neo" of the province he took charge officiously of the charge without the consent of 
the pueblo. In effect, it is not explained for what reason, on November 14, 1902, 
the municipal president being absent from the pueblo, the justice of the peace (auxil- 
iary) received word from Father Villafranca that he w T as corralled (acorralado) inside 
the church by the women of the pueblo and could not get out. The auxiliary jus- 
tice of the peace could do nothing until the return of the president, who pacified the 
women, made them desist from their attitude, and protected the departure of Father 
Policarpo. On the 21st of December it was recorded in a resolution (first exhibit) 
that the pueblo was disgusted with Father Villafranca, because he did not appear 
more than (irregularly) on Thursdays of each w r eek to hold mass; because he refused 
frequently to give spiritual assistance to the dying; because he would not permit that 
in the church there should be lighted any other candles than those bearing the mark 
or seal of the said priest, and because during his absence the church remained closed, 
thus preventing the residents from complying with the religious regulations on feast 
days. 

THE ATTACHED EXHIBITS. 

The first exhibit is a copy of the resolution placed on record on December 21, 1902, 
and sets forth that the municipal president, being compelled thereto by (the resolu- 
tion says on petition of) the residents, had to call together a session of the council to 
take up the matter of possession (the exhibit says ownership) of the church, pre- 
senting to that end the above complaints against Father Policarpo Villafranca and 
requesting that the municipio take charge of the possession of the church for the 
reasons appearing in the history of the same. 

The third exhibit is a copy of a resolution drawm up in triplicate on January 24 
last, and is nothing more than a simple statement of the separation of the pueblo 
from the Roman Catholic Church and an adhesion in the meanwhile to the Independ- 
ent Filipino Church, until the Pope should see fit to recognize the rights of the Fili- 
pino clergy, when they would immediately again submit to his authority; and it has 
been transmitted to this government in the erroneous belief that it had something to 
do with this case. 

As a result of both exhibits there was issued by the provincial secretary a telegram, 
of which the third exhibit is a copy. (This is the telegram of February 3, 1903, 
written on page 2 of this "Exhibit No. 26.") 

At that time I was ignorant in regard to all these points, when the fourth exhibit 
was presented to me, which is a protest against the threatening telegram of the 
secretary, the said protest stating furthermore that if the people were prosecuted 
they would flee to the country. It is not true, as w r ould appear from said exhibit, 
that the residents of Ternate, besides being in the judicial courts, were also cited to 
appear before the administrative authorities. The provincial secretary sent the tel- 
egram in question as a preventive measure, and in compliance with the terms of the 
circular of your office of January 10 last. 

In view of the said protest, since the matter was subjudice, I sent out two tele- 
grams, copies of which form exhibits 5 and 6. In the first I annulled the telegram 
of the provincial secretary; in the second I requested Father Policarpo Villafranca 
to be careful not to create a disturbance of the peace in Ternate, for fear that there 
might be a repetition of the events at Pandacan. 

The seventh exhibit is a certified copy, accompanying the fourth exhibit, of the 
letter of the archbishop of Manila, and the answer of the gobernadorcillo of Ternate, 
to which I have already referred in giving the history of the church of Ternate. 

To my telegram of the 12th instant, Father Policarpo Villafranca answered with a 
letter in which, among other things, he states that: (a) On January 28 of the present 



288 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

year the keys were taken away from the sacristan, and from then until I do not 
know what date the church was guarded by policemen, so much so that on the 30th, 
Thursday, Father Villafranca was not able to hold mass, because they thus advised 
them; (6) on the 31st of January, because the municipal president of the pueblo 
refused to hear the protests of the said priest and help him to recover possession, 
suit was brought before the justice of the peace praying for the closure of the church 
until the matter was closed; (c) that during the feast of the patron saint, which are 
held between January 1 and 6, Father Policarpo Villafranca officiated; and (d) that 
it was true that the latter had come near being assaulted, which showed the wisdom 
of my preventive or admonitory telegram, and at once I sent an answer to that 
effect. These exhibits are Nos. 8 and 9. 

The tenth exhibit is the document to which Father Policarpo Villafranca refers in 
his letter. 

The twelfth and thirteenth exhibits are relative to the cessation in office of the 
municipal president and the taking of possession of his successor. 

Before closing I would call your attention to the signature to this last exhibit, it 
being the same as that affixed to the protest against the aforementioned telegram of 
the provincial secretary. 

I greet you. 
" Very respectfully, Maeiano Trias, 

Governor, Province of Cavite. 

[Indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, March 9, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the solicitor-general, by direction of the civil governor. 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



Manila, P. I., February 28, 1903 
Provincial Board, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. I. 
Gentlemen: I have the honor to inform you that the justice of the peace of the 
municipality of Ternate, Victoriano Ybanez, has been suspended by the civil gov- 
ernor, being charged with compelling the sacristan of the church to turn over the 
keys of the church to the municipal president of Ternate, in violation of law and of 
orders of the civil governor issued by a circular letter of January 10, 1903. The 
provincial board of Cavite will, by direction of the civil governor, take action in 
accordance with act No. 314. 

Very respectfully, Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



Office of the Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. I., March 7, 1903. 
Senor Gregorio Araneta, 

Solicitor- General, Manila. 
(Through the attorney -general. ) 
My Dear Sir: You are familiar with the facts with respect to the taking of the 
Roman Catholic parish church in the pueblo of Ternate, in Cavite, from its sacristan, 
who was holding it, under orders from Padre Villafranca, for the Roman Catholic 
Church, the priest of Maragondon. I have ordered both the president and the justice 
of the peace suspended and directed them to be tried by the provincial board. I am 
convinced from the evidence as reported to me by Mr. Winthrop that the justice of 
the peace and the president used their official power to extort the keys from the 
sacristan, that they had no right to do so, and that in doing so they violated the law. 
I am willing to forgive them if they will turn the keys over to the sacristan, but if 
they do not, I desire them prosecuted, both before the provincial board and before 
the court of first instance, for an abuse of their office. I request that you examine 
the criminal code in force in order to determine which section of that code they have 
violated and that you then take steps by issuing an order to the fiscal to secure their 
arrest and prosecution. They should, if possible, be brought before the court of first 
instance. You can notify the fiscal to direct them to appear before him and to have 
them understand that if they will turn the keys back to the sacristan and give the 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 289 

possession to the person who had it when they engaged in their unlawful enterprise 
the proceedings will be discontinued, but that otherwise they will be prosecuted to 
the full extent of the law. 

Very respectfully, Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 

[Telegram.] 

Cayite, March 10, 1903. 
Honorable Executive Secretaey, Manila: 

By order provincial board, dated 7th instant, investigation of charges against justice 
of the peace, Ternate, to take place 13th instant. 

(Signed by the provincial secretary. ) 



Manila, March 10, 1903. 
Provincial Boaed, Cavite: 

Reference telegram 10th. Unless there are difficulties in the way, charges against 
president, Ternate, should also be investigated 13th. 

Winthrop, Acting Executive Secretary. 



Cavite, March 11, 1903. 
Honorable Executive Secretary, Manila: 

By order provincial board, charges against president, Ternate, will be investigated 
on 13th instant. In your letter of February 28 no reference was made to president, 
solely justice of the peace. 

(Signed by the provincial secretary.) 



Office of the Secretary, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. L, March, 1903. 
Honorable Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to forward the following resolutions of the provincial board 
of Cavite, held at Cavite on the 13th day of March, 1903, with evidence taken in the 
investigation of the charges brought against the former president and justice of the 
peace of the town of Ternate. 

Charges: "That they compelled the sacristan of the church at Ternate to turn over 
the keys of the church to the municipal president in violation of law and of the 
orders of the honorable civil governor issued by circular letter of 10th of January, 
1903." 

The former president and justice of the peace of Ternate were before the board to 
answer the charge of taking the keys of the church from the sacristan. 

The following facts appear: 

First. That the people in the town of Ternate rebelled against the authority of the 
priest and went over bodily to the new church. 

Second. The priest, Policarpo Villafranca, is not liked by the people, and had only 
one witness to testify for him, the sacristan. 

Third. That the action taken to get the keys was not solely the action of the jus- 
tice of the peace and the president, but was the joint and united action of the people. 
The officers were overpersuaded and overcome by moral force. It was in the nature 
of mob violence backed by public sentiment. 

Fourth. It is feared that trouble may result when the priest takes charge of his 
church. 

Fifth. The people claim they built the church for their own use and that the church 
goes with them into whatever religion they care to follow. 

Sixth. The president and justice of the peace testified that they did not receive 
the honorable civil gevernor's letter of the 10th of January until January 29. 

Seventh. That before this date the people had registered their act of taking the 
church, in the office of the justice of the peace. 

Eighth. That the justice of the peace did not sit as a justice of the peace to try a 
case at law, but simply registered the expressed will of the people. 

Ninth. That the keys are still undelivered. 

war 1903— vol 5 19 



290 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Tenth. That the president, Miguel Ramos, and the justice of the peace, Victoriano 
Ybanez, should be removed from office for having permitted the said forcible action, 
and having acquiesced in the same instead of endeavoring to uphold the law. 

The evidence taken is to be forwarded to be read in connection with the original 
documents heretofore forwarded to the honorable civil governor, copies of which are 
in the hands of the board. 

Very respectfully, Daniel Tirona, 

Secretary, Province of Cavite. 

(Here follows the testimony of the following witnesses, in the order named: Sim- 
plicio Guiray, sacristan mayor of the church; Bias Catamisan, an assistant of the 
church; Father Policarpo Villafranca; Sr. Miguel Ramos, municipal president; Vic- 
toriano Ybailez; Valeriano Ramos, a fisherman, landowner, and taxpayer. The tes- 
timony is in Spanish, and no translation thereof has been made and for this reason 
it is not copied here. The substance of the testimony is fairly indicated in the above 
report. ) 



Executive Bureau, 
Manila, P. I., March 28, 1903. 
Sr. Victoriano Ybanez, 

Justice of the Peace, Ternate, Cavite, P. I. 
Sir: The charges, evidence, and recommendations of the provincial board of Cavite 
in the case against you having been received and fully considered, you are informed 
that the findings of said board are concurred in, and you are accordingly hereby dis- 
missed from the office of justice of the peace for the municipality of Ternate, in the 
province of Cavite. 

By direction of the civil governor. 

Very respectfully, A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



Manila, P. I., March 28, 1903. 
Official copy respectfully furnished to the provincial board, province of Cavite, 
Cavite, P. I. 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 



[Telegram.] 

Manila, May 27, 1903. 
Santamaria, Fiscal, Cavite: 

Inform this office immediately result of your action in matter of Ternate church. 
Have keys been delivered to the priest? Prompt reply is desired. If nothing has 
been done yet, comply immediately with your instructions. 

Araneta, Solicitor-General. 



Manila, May 28, 1903. 
Copy sent to Messrs. Hartigan, Marple, Solignac, McCabe & Gutierrez. 



Manila, P. I., March 18, 1903. 
Sr. D. Francisco Santamaria, 

Provincial Fiscal, Cavite, Cavite, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith copy of a translation of a letter 
directed to me by the civil governor under date of the 7th instant, with reference to 
the matter of the church at Ternate, in your province, in order that you may com- 
ply with the orders contained therein, so far as they concern you. I have studied 
this case, and it is my opinion that the justice of the peace, as well as the municipal 
president, of the pueblo of Ternate took advantage of his official position to extort 
the keys of the Ternate church from the sacristan charged with the custody thereof, 
and that in doing so they infringed section 217 of the Penal Code, which prescribes 
as follows: 

"Sec 217. The public official who shall condemn the property of a person, unless 
by virtue of a mandate from the competent authority for reasons of public utility, 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 291 

before proper indemnification has been made therefor, shall incur the penalties of 
suspension in its medium and maximum degrees and a fine of 625 to 6,250 pesetas. 

"He who shall disturb any person in the possession of his property, unless by 
virtue of a judicial writ, or a mandate from the competent authority issued in 
accordance with the express provisions of law, shall incur the same penalty." 

I inclose herewith a copy of the document drawn up in the office of the justice 
of the peace of the pueblo of Ternate, approving the delivery of the keys to the 
municipal president, and the action of the municipal council of the pueblo declar- 
ing, without authority therefor, that the church belonged to the municipality. 

From the investigations which, by order of the civil governor, the executive sec- 
retary and I have made in this matter, I am convinced that the municipal president, 
in his capacity as such official, disturbed Father Policarpo Villafranca in his posses- 
sion of said church, taking part as president in the action of the municipal council 
of Ternate declaring, without competent authority for so doing, that the ownership 
of said church vested in the municipality of Ternate, and taking part, in his capacity 
as president, in the action of the residents of Ternate of taking the keys from the 
hands of the sacristan, who, under the orders of Father Villafranca, had the care of 
the church and as president receiving said keys; and that the justice of the peace 
assisted in such dispossession, authorizing as justice of the peace this action of the 
municipal president. 

The fact that in both cases it was recognized that Father Villafranca had the 
administration of the church is shown by the sacristan having had possession of the 
church. 

In accordance with the instructions contained in the civil governor's letter, you 
are to give the municipal president and justice of the peace to understand that, if 
they return the key to the sacristan and give up the possession of the church to the 
person who was in possession when they carried out their illegal enterprise, they will 
not be proceeded against. In case they do not, you will immediately file complaint 
in the court of first instance, asking for preliminary investigation and the arrest of 
the accused if in the judgment of the court there is sufficient ground therefor. 

Report to this office your action and the result thereof. 

Very respectfully, Gregorio Araneta, 

Solicitor- General. 



Cavite, P. I., July. 17, 1903. 
The Solicitor-General. 

Sir: I have the honor to send you the following report upon the matter of the 
church at Ternate: 

Complying with instructions received in March of this year I made the munici- 
pal president, as well as the justice of the peace, of Ternate understand the illegality 
of the act committed by them when they availed themselves of their public functions 
in order to evict from the possession of the Ternate church the priest vested with 
the administration of said church. 

Said president and justice of the peace, apparently convinced, offered me to return 
the key of the church to the sacristan in charge thereof, from whom they had taken 
said key. But, after two months had passed, I again required of said functionaries the 
fulfillment of what they had offered to do; they answered that such failure was due 
to the absence and unknown whereabouts of the sacristan in charge of the church. 

Then, believing it opportune to take legal action, on the 13th of June last past I 
filed an indictment against said Miguel Ramos and Victoriano Ybanez, formerly 
municipal president and justice of the peace of Ternate, accusing them of violation 
of the provisions of article 217 of the penal code. 

Upon the presentation of my indictment, and on my petition, the honorable judge 
of the court of first instance for this province issued a subpoena duces tecum against 
the accused in my indictment, for them to appear before that court, bringing with 
them the key which they had taken possession of; and he also ordered the appear- 
ance of the priest, Sen or Policarpo Villafranca. 

On the 3d of the present month the said ex-municipal president and justice of the 
peace of the pueblo of Ternate appeared before the court and delivered up to the 
judge the key to the church of their pueblo, for what he should think expedient 
according to their statement. On the same date, the judge having to leave the 
province to hold a session in another, he decreed that the clerk of this court keep on 
deposit the key delivered by them, that the summons ordering the appearance of 
Senor Policarpo Villafranca be again issued, and that upon this person's appearance 
the said key be delivered to him. 



292 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The clerk of the court has issued summons to Manila and to the pueblo of Mara- 
gondon, in this province, directed to Senor Policarpo Villafranca, without his having 
appeared up to this time. The one directed to Manila was returned by the sheriff 
of that city, on account of the absence of the priest Villafranca. 

The key to the church of Ternate is deposited with the clerk of this court. 

This is the condition in which the matter is found, mentioning the action taken 
by me. 

A copy of my indictment is attached. 

Respectfully, F. Santamaria, 

Fiscal, Province of Cavite. 



INDICTMENT. 

United States v. Miguel Ramos and Victoriano Ybanez. 

In the court of first instance for Cavite, province of Cavite, June 13, 1903. 

The undersigned accuses Miguel Ramos and Victoriano Ybanez of the crime 
described and punished by article 217 of the penal code, committed as follows: 

That said Miguel Ramos, taking advantage of his functions and authority as munic- 
ipal president of the pueblo of Ternate, on or about the 28th of January, 1903, in 
the pueblo of Ternate, province of Cavite, evicted from the church of Ternate and 
disturbed in the possession of the same the priest, Sehor Policarpo Villafranca, tak- 
ing the keys of said church from the sacristan in charge of them; and in the same 
pueblo and on the same date, said Victoriano Ybanez, taking advantage of his func- 
tions and authority as justice of the peace of the pueblo of Ternate, officially 
authorized and aided in said eviction from the church and despoiling of the same; 
done by the accused without the mandate of any authority and in violation of the law. 

F. Santamaria, Fiscal. 

Witnesses: Policarpo Villafranca, the sacristan of the church, and Andres Ninon, 
councilor of Ternate. 



Department op Justice op the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Attorney-General; 

Manila, P. L, July 23, 1903. 
Hon. Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

(Through the Attorney-General. ) 
Sir: I have the honor to return herewith the papers relating to the controversy 
had between the parish priest of Maragondon, Father Villafranca, and the municipal 
president and justice of the peace of Ternate with respect to the church of said town. 
In compliance with your letter of March 7, I addressed a communication to the 
provincial fiscal, a copy of which is herewith inclosed, accompanied by a translation 
of your letter, directing him to comply with your instructions in so far as they con- 
cerned him, making, moreover, certain suggestions and recommendations with respect 
to what should be done in the matter. I have the honor to call your attention to 
the inclosed communication from the provincial fiscal reporting his action in the mat- 
ter. The keys of the church are now in the possession of the clerk of the court at 
the disposition of Father Villafranca. 

Very respectfully, Gregorio Araneta, 

Solicitor- General. 

Exhibit No. 27. 

Laoag, October 4, 1901. 
The governor of Ilocos Norte forwards to the civil governor an official letter and 
certain documents for such action as he may deem advisable. 

To the Honorable Civil Commission: 

Agudo Agbayani, governor of Ilocos Norte, forwards to the Commission copy of 
the act of a session of the municipal council of Laoag, which was sent to him for his 
approval of the different resolutions taken by the said council; a proposal made by 
Councilor Severino Palting, asking that the cemetery of the town be given back to 
the church, is deemed by the governor to be anomalous and contrary to the provi- 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 293 

sions of the municipal code, which prescribes that property belonging to the munici- 
pality in virtue of its former organization shall belong to it under its new organization; 

article also prescribes that the municipal council shall administer the property 

of the municipality ; Councilor Severino might really be charged with maladminis- 
tration, since, on August 30, 1900, when the municipality was constituted under 
General Orders No. 40, and had not yet been organized under law 82, the cemetery 
had been recognized as the property of the pueblo, and the revenue derived therefrom 
figures in the estimate of receipts in the pueblo. As I consider that the Councilor 
has been guilty of maladministration in making such a proposal, I inclose herewith a 
copy of the act of the council, in the session of which the cemetery was recognized as 
municipal property, and of that in which Councilor Palting presented his proposal 
for proper action on the part of the Commission. 

Agudo Agbayani, Governor. 



MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF LAOAG, 
[Session of August 27, 1900.] 

* * * 'phe secretary read an order of the colonel commanding the province fix- 
ing the burial fee at 1 peseta. 

[Session of September 2, 1900.] 

* * * The object of the meeting was to know if the cemetery had been built 
by the pueblo or at the expense of the church. The two oldest councilors declared 
that, if the church was built on the proposal of the parish priest who was then in 
office, all the inhabitants of both sexes contributed to the work and supplied free of 
charge the materials, such as bricks, stones, mortar, etc. ; the lot on which the cem- 
etery was built was given to the pueblo by Senora Macaria Guerrero; once, when 
repairs were made to the church or chapel, which is inside the cemetery, the work 
was done for the account of the pueblo. The other councilors also declared that 
they know from hearsay that the cemetery was built at the expense of the pueblo, 
and that the church or the priest took no part therein. 

[Session of August 29, 1900.] 

* * * The secretary read an order of the commanding officer, declaring that if 
the cemetery had been built by the pueblo and was its legitimate property, the 
burial fee of 1 peseta should be paid to the municipality and the cemetery known as 
the "Municipal Cemetery." The municipal council then declared that the cemetery 
belonged to the pueblo, although the initiative thereof belonged to the parish priest; 
that the work and materials were supplied free of charge by the people, etc. (See 
session of September 2. ) By an unanimous vote the council decided that the burial 
fee would be paid to the municipal treasury and would be double for foreigners. 

The income from burial fees appears in the municipal budgets for 1900 and 1901. 

During the session of the council of August 23, 1901, Councilor Severino Palting 
proposed that the cemetery of the pueblo be returned to the church. The municipal 
council decided to request the opinion of the provincial fiscal in the matter. 



Manila, P. I., October 17, 1901. 
Senor Agudo Agbayani, 

Governor of Ilocos Norte, Laoag, P. I. 
Sir: I am in receipt of your communication of October 4 concerning an attempt of 
the council of Laoag to cede to the church the cemetery. If the cemetery belongs 
to the municipality it would hardly be within the power of the municipality to thus 
part with the property of the municipality. The question of ownership is one on 
which there may be different opinions, but if the municipality is in possession of 
the cemetery and the municipal council believes that it belongs to the town, then it 
is their duty to hold the cemetery until by proper judicial proceedings it shall be 
recovered by the church, if it belongs to the church. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



294 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Exhibit No. 28. 
[Fourth indorsement.] 

Department op Finance and Justice, 

Baguio, Benguet, June 1, 1903. 

Respectfully referred to the honorable secretary of the interior, Baguio, Benguet, 
as requested in the first indorsement hereon. 

Section 43, paragraphs (e) and (f), of Act No. 82, known as the " Municipal Code, " 
enumerates among the revenue resources of a municipality the following: 

" (e) Rents and profits from all property belonging to the municipality, tolls from 
ferries, municipal stables, markets, slaughterhouses, public bath houses, and ceme- 
teries belonging to the municipality. 

" (/) Rentals for the privilege of establishing and maintaining the same." 

The solicitor-general contends that the words "the same" in subdivision (/) refer 
to cemeteries in general and not to those belonging to the municipality, and that 
authority is thereby given to the municipality to levy a license or privilege tax on all 
cemeteries established or maintained within the municipality. The Catholic Church, 
represented by Messrs. Hartigan, Marple & Solignac, declares that ' ' burying grounds, 
churches, and their adjacent parsonages or conventos, and lands and buildings used 
exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, or educational purposes, and not for 
private profit ' ' shall be exempt from taxation, and that the Commission did not 
intend to confer upon municipalities the power of imposing any tax on cemeteries or 
to derive a revenue from any cemeteries other than those belonging to the munici- 
pality, or established or maintained on lands belonging to the municipality. 

Subdivisions (e) and (/) of section 43 give no authority of any kind or character 
to a municipality to impose any tax, privilege tax, or direct tax, on property. That 
section merely specifies the income which the municipality may derive from its 
own property or from property in which it has an interest. Under subdivision (e) 
the city may itself establish ferries, municipal stables, markets, slaughterhouses, 
public bath houses, and cemeteries on its own property and rent them or derive a 
profit from them through their use by others. Under subdivision (/) the munic- 
ipality may permit others to establish ferries, stables, markets, slaughterhouses, 
bath houses, or cemeteries on its property and may derive a rental or income from 
the privilege so conceded. In a word, section 43 provides for four classes of income: 

(1) From taxation, subdivisions (a), (b), (h), and (j); 

(2) From services rendered by the municipality in consideration of fees paid, sub- 
divisions (d) and (g) ; 

(3) From punishments, subdivision (i); and 

(4) From property of the municipality, subdivisions (c), (e), and (/). 

The terms " rents," " rentals," " profits," used in subdivisions (e) and (/), are 
terms used to signify an income from property, but can not be so construed as to give a 
power to tax. Had it been the intention of the lawmakers to permit the municipality to 
derive an income from cemeteries in which it had no interest whatever, words other 
than "rent," "rental,"or "profits" would have been used. "Rent," "rental," or 
' ' profits ' ' might be derived by the municipality from cemeteries in which it had an 
interest, but certainly not from cemeteries in which it had no property interest 
whatever. 

Once settled that subdivisions (e) and (/) are not tax provisions, but provisions 
authorizing the municipality to rent its own property and secure an income there- 
from, the difficulties presented by this case may be easily solved, inasmuch as it is 
admitted that the cemetery in question neither belongs to the municipality nor is 
established or maintained on property of the municipality. 

James F. Smith, 
Secretary of Public Instruction. 

Exhibit No. 29. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Office op the Provincial Governor of Nueva Ecija, 

San Isidro, June 4, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the executive secretary of the Philippines, Manila, P. L, 
with the following information: 

I have investigated this matter and find that the question is simply one of juris- 
diction, in which it is desired to secure the intervention of a municipal president to 
settle a difference where the adjusting of the matter belongs exclusively to the 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 295 

immediate ecclesiastical superior of both parish priests. A president is not called 
upon to settle contentions of peaceable jurisdiction between two priests belonging to 
the same church, but to assist the man in actual possession in the event of violent 
intrusion by another. Otherwise the president would be the intruder. Father 
Mariano de la Paz, the Koman superior in this province, informs me that this case 
has already been determined ecclesiastically. 

Kegarding the cockfights on February 20, 21, and 22, 1903, this was in accordance 
with act No. 638, approved on February 11, 1903, since the occasion was the cele- 
bration of the feast of the patron saint of the municipio. 

Since the question of limits of jurisdiction has already been the origin of unpleas- 
antness, and I believe that this case arose in that way, I am of the opinion that 
there should be suggested to the proper party that the parish priests who control 
pueblos of one province should not control others of another province. In this way 
there would be avoided ridiculous petty squabbles between brothers of the cloth who 
ought to respect one another. 

Epifanio de los S. Ckistobal, 
Provincial Governor Nueva Ecija. 

Exhibit No. 30. 

Office of the Provincial Governor Cagayan Province, 

Tuguegarao, Augusts, 1902. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: Following instructions of your indorsement of June 21, on a letter, No. 10346, 
of Esteban Guzman, parish priest of Tuguegarao, toward municipal police interfering 
with church services, I have made an investigation of the case, and it appears that 
Policemen Ignacio Saquin, Federico Batulan, and Guillermo Mapagu, misunderstand- 
ing orders given to them by the sergeant of that body, and therefore exceeding their 
authority, did enter the church as stated in the letter. 

For this I find that they were, by the municipal council, arrested fifteen days and 
advised if it occurred again they will be permanently separated from the police serv- 
ice and turned over to the courts, and though it seems to me that their punishment 
was insufficient, yet I think that they can not be punished twice for the same offense. 
I transmit this information to the parish priest, who I think will be satisfied. 
Very respectfully, 

Pastor Salo, 
Acting Governor of Cagayan. 
[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., August 26, 1902. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to the Rev. Esteban Guz- 
man, parish priest, Tuguegarao, Cagayan, P. I., for his information, and trusting that 
the unfortunate incident is closed. 

A. W. Fergusson, 
Executive Secretary. 

Exhibit No. 31. 

Manila, P. I., December 12, 1901. 
Hon. Manuel Corrales, , 

Governor of Misamis, Cagayan, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the 12th 
ultimo, inclosing the protests of the people in the pueblo of Jimenez against two 
friars being allowed to locate in that pueblo. I beg to say in reply that there is no 
law which forbids friars from going to or remaining in any town of the archipelago. 
In this regard religious persons stand upon precisely the same footing as other peo- 
ple; their right of free locomotion stands upon the same footing in every particular 
as that of any other citizen. So long as they do not violate the law, they should not 
be interferred with and are entitled to the protection of those civil officials charged 
with the enforcement of law and the protection of individuals. Of course, if they 
violate the law, they are amenable to its provisions, just in the same way as are 
other people. 

It is to be regretted that these padres should insist upon remaining in a commu- 
nity which does not desire their presence or ministration, but their right to do so is 
unquestionable and must be respected. One of the fundamental principles of 



296 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

American Government is the complete separation of church and state, and another 
is the right of every person within the jurisdiction of the United States to worship 
God according to the dictates of his own conscience. It is therefore impossible for 
any priest or religious teacher to exact contributions from anyone against his will, 
or to compel his attendance upon divine service; so that the people of Jimenez, if 
they elect to do so, may remain away from church whilst these padres officiate, and 
are not compelled in any way to contribute to their maintenance. This being so, it 
is not easy to perceive why the presence of two padres in the pueblo of Jimenez can 
in any wise injuriously affect the people. 

Governor Taft some months ago addressed a communication to the Hon. Wallis 0. 
Clark, governor of Tarlac, defining at some length the respective rights of priests 
and people, a copy of which I herewith inclose for your perusal and guidance, and 
also for the information of the municipal authorities of Jimenez. This communi- 
cation so completely covers the entire subject that it need not be further discussed 
here. 

Very respectfully, Luke E. Wright, 

Acting Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 32. 
[Telegram received.] 

Arayat, Pampanga, May 8, 1902 — 11.25 a. m. 
General Wright, 

President Civil Commission, Manila: 
Has any municipality the right to close a cemetery against the wishes of the local 
priest? Graveyard at Arayat is full, but local priest insists that burials shall still 
take place there. Have I authority to use my own judgment? Please answer at 
once here, as I am on inspection tour. 

De Mey, 
President Board of Health, Pampanga Province. 

[Telegram sent.] 

Manila, P. I., May 8, 1902. 
De Mey, 

President Board of Health, Arayat, Pampanga: 
Reference your wire this day, under paragraph (p), section 30, Municipal Code, 
the municipal council has the right to prohibit the burial of dead within the centers 
of population and provide for their burial in such proper place and in such manner 
as the council may determine. Municipal board of health has power to abate 
nuisance endangering public health, under section 5 of act 308. Law is that the 
municipal council and board of health must act subject to the supervision and control 
of the provincial board of health, but not to the judgment of any one member 
thereof. 

Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 

Exhibit No. 33. 

Manila, P. I., November 20, 1901. 
Hon. Ceferino Joven, 

Governor of Pampanga, Bacolor, P. I. 

Sir: As will appear from the inclosed documents, the complaint of the Rev. Victor 
Mendoza, parish priest of San Luis, your province, of the action of the municipal 
council of that municipality in declining to permit the assessment by the municipal 
board of assessors of certain buildings and lands alleged to belong to the Roman 
Catholic Church, and furthermore of the action of the president and municipal coun- 
cil in ejecting him as the representative of the Catholic Church from possession of 
the church, convento, cemetery, and other lands alleged to be church property, has 
been filed with this office. He has also filed a copy of the complaint made by him 
to you as provincial governor of such illegal action, and your reply thereto, copies 
of which are inclosed herewith. 

I beg to say that, if the action of the municipal council, as appears from what 
purport to be copies of its records, is authentic, then it has clearly acted in violation of 
the provisions of the Municipal Code and in excess of its authority. By the terms 
of section 43 (a), all real property is subject to assessment for taxation, and, in case 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 297 

of doubt or difficulty as to who the true owner is, said property is required to be 
assessed in the name of the person in possession. By section 49 (a) of said code, a 
board of assessors is created, composed of the president, the municipal treasurer, 
and a specially authorized deputy of the provincial treasurer, which board is denomi- 
nated the municipal board of assessors. This board is given sole authority to assess 
property for taxation. The municipal council has no jurisdiction over the subject, 
and of course has no power or authority to determine what land shall or shall not be 
assessed for taxation, or in whose name the same shall be assessed. If, as it seems to 
be clearly the case, the parish priest, as the representative of the church, was in pos- 
session 01 the property now claimed to belong to the municipality of San Luis, the 
property should have been assessed in the name of the church. Furthermore, it is 
entirely clear that it was a palpable and gross usurpation of authority for the presi- 
dent and municipal council to eject the representatives of the church thus in posses- 
sion of the property. If the municipality of San Luis claims to be the true owner of 
any property in the possession of the parish priest or the duly constituted church 
authorities or agents, in such case the proper course for the municipality to pursue is 
to bring suit in the court of first instance of the province for such possession. By 
this method the real rights of the parties in controversy will be asserted in a way con- 
sistent with justice and good order. Any other course is productive of injustice and 
disorder and can not be tolerated. The letter written by Governor Taft to Capt. Wal- 
lis O. Clark, governor of Tarlac, covering the general subject of the relations of the 
church and state in these islands, was, I believe, sent you for your guidance and for 
distribution among the various municipal authorities of your province. Possibly, 
however, it may not have reached you, and I therefore now inclose a copy of the 
same for the purposes indicated above. This letter so thoroughly explains and defines 
the respective rights and duties of municipalities and church authorities, and of the 
course to be pursued in the unfortunate event of differences between them, that I 
need not further elaborate the matters therein discussed, contenting myself with 
requesting your careful study thereof and that you follow out the lines therein indi- 
cated for your government. 

I desire furthermore to comment briefly upon the position taken by you in your 
letter of June 17, 1901, to Padre Mendoza, to the effect that you have no supervision 
or control over the municipal authorities of San Luis and are in no way obligated to 
correct any illegal action on their part. This seems to me a grave error. By the 
provisions of section 7 of the provincial act you are declared to be the chief execu- 
tive of the province, and it is made your duty to see that the laws are faithfully exe- 
cuted by all officers in the province. In addition, you are given authority to suspend 
any official in the province for misconduct, if in your judgment such a course is nec- 
essary, reporting your action to the civil governor; and, finally, it is made your duty 
to hear all complaints made against the conduct of any executive officers and to take 
the steps indicated in said section. 

Instead, therefore, of declining to take cognizance of the complaint made by Padre 
Mendoza, you should have given it careful investigation and taken such action as 
the facts and the law demanded. This criticism is made in the kindliest spirit, 
fully recognizing the difficult position in which controversies of this character place 
the provincial governor; but it must not be overlooked that the only way in which 
good government can be maintained in these islands is by an honest and intelligent 
enforcement of the law on the part of all officials, and especially those high in 
authority. 

In no well-organized community can disputes as to property rights be determined 
by force or violence, but must be submitted to the impartial determination of the 
courts of justice. If it be true that in times past, by redson of incompetence 
or corruption, the courts of the islands failed in the performance of their duties, 
this, too, is equally true, that now no such unfortunate condition of affairs exists. 
The judges appointed for the purpose of determining controversies are able and 
impartial and may be relied on to do even-handed justice. 

I beg, therefore, that you will, on receipt of this, investigate the complaint made 
by the Reverend Mendoza, and if you find the facts to be as stated by him call the 
attention of the municipal authorities of San Luis to their illegal action. If they 
refuse to revise same and restore the status quo, it would seem to be a case for you 
to suspend them for official misconduct. You will report your action in the premises 
to this office. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours, 

Luke E. Wright, Acting Civil Governor. 



298 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Exhibit No. 34. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, P. I., October 13, 1902. 
Kespectfully returned to Pablo Leuterio et al., petitioners herein, calling attention 
to the passage of a law in respect to cemeteries and possessions modifying the present 
municipal code and enabling the petitioners first to apply to the provincial board, 
and, if that board concurs with the municipal authorities, then to apply for an 
injunction in the court of first instance. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Inclosure — Act 469.] 

Section 1 of act No. 469 reads as follows: 

Section 1. In all cases of municipal ordinances regulating possession or closing 
municipal cemeteries, an appeal may be taken from the enforcement of such ordi- 
nance or ordinances to the provincial board of the province by the persons interested 
therein. The provincial board, upon a sufficient notice to the interested parties, 
and upon hearing, shall confirm, modify, or nullify such ordinance or ordinances as 
it may deem best for the public interest, its decision in the matter to be final: Pro- 
vided, however, That where such ordinance or ordinances have been enacted, not for 
the public good, but in bad faith and because of prejudice or hatred, the court of 
first instance having jurisdiction of the municipality and province shall have power, 
upon complaint properly filed, to enjoin the enforcement of such ordinance or ordi- 
nances in whole or in part, because of such bad faith, prejudice, or hatred only. 
Upon questions involving the public health the opinion of the president of the 
provincial board of health shall be requested by the provincial board, but his opinion 
shall be advisory only. 

Exhibit No. 35. 

Office of the Governor of Pampanga, 

Bacolor, May 23, 1902. 
Hon. Acting Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands. 

Sir: I have the honor to send you herewith the minutes of the session of the munic- 
ipal council of the pueblo of Lubao, in which said council protests with the greatest 
energy against the arrival and the presence in the pueblo of a friar of the Agustino 
order, named Gallo M. de la Calle. 

I believe that the presence of said friar must necessarily contribute more or less to 
disturb the peace of mind and the tranquillity of the inhabitants of the pueblo, and 
recommend, as a preventive measure, that the superior authority take the matter into 
consideration, and that, if possible, said friar be removed from the pueblo. 
Very respectfully, 

C. Joven, 
Governor of Pampanga. 



At the extraordinary meeting of the municipal council of Lubao, held on May 19, 
1902, the president said: "I have called this meeting for the purpose of submitting 
to your consideration a fact which might be an obstacle to the measures which you 
have adopted in former ordinances in regard to public health, the policing and good 
appearance of the pueblo, and development of the municipal estate, all of which 
were intended to consolidate the peace and the tranquillity which we enjoy at present. 
I suppose that you have heard about the arrival here of a friar named Gallo de la 
Calle, who used to be parish priest of this pueblo, and who is said to have come to 
take charge of the parish; I now hope that you will take a decisive resolution in the 
case; I need not remind you of all we have suffered from the friars, who are the 
cause of our misfortunes, and are responsible for the death of so many innocents, and 
the sufferings of so many others who were banished; yet all know that it was on 
their account that we were compelled to appeal to arms." 

The members of the municipal council then declared that before the meeting they 
had consulted the inhabitants of their respective districts, and that all protest against 
the presence of the friar and ask that he be promptly removed. The antipathy of 
all the inhabitants makes them fear that an attempt against the life of the friar might 
be made if he remained any longer in the pueblo. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 299 

And in view of such a possibility, which they wish to avoid, they resolve by a 
unanimous vote to forward a copy of the present minute to the civil governor of the 
province, as a protest against the presence of the friar, for such action as he may 
deem convenient. 

Eugenio Fernandez, 

Municipal President. 
(Follow the signatures of the members.) 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. /., August 29, 1902. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to Maj. Thomas L. Harti- 
gan, counsel for the bishop-administrator of the archdiocese of Manila. 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Manila, P. I., May 30, 1902. 
Hon. Ceferino Joven, 

Provincial Governor of Pampanga, 

Bacolor, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the 23d 
instant, inclosing copy of resolution of the municipal council of Lubao protesting 
against the presence of a friar, who, it is alleged has been sent to take charge of the 
parish church of that town. I will at once take up the matter with the church 
authorities here, with a view, if possible, of having the objectionable priest withdrawn. 
In the meantime, however, you are expected to see that no act of insult or violence is 
perpetrated against him by the people of Lubao. Kindly inform me as to whether the 
friar is now in charge of the church or still in the town. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, 

Luke E. Wright, 

Acting Civil Governor. 



Office of the Executive Secretary 

for the Philippine Islands, 
Manila, June 2i 
Hon. Ceferino Joven, 

Provincial Governor of Pampanga, 

Bacolor, Pampanga, P. I. 
Sir: Referring to your communication of May 23, inclosing copy of resolution of 
municipal council of Lubao protesting against the presence of a friar who, it is 
alleged, has been sent to take charge of the church at that town, and to letter dated 
May 30 from the acting civil governor requesting information as to whether the 
friar in question was then in charge of the church or still in the town, I have the 
honor to inform you that as yet no reply has been received from you. The acting 
civil governor directs that the information requested in his letter of the 30th ultimo, 
be secured and furnished this office with the least practicable delay. 
Very respectfully, 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Provincial Government of Pampanga, 
Bacolor, June 25, 
Hon. Executive Secretary: 

Sir: 1 have the honor to inclose the information requested by the civil governor 
in his communication of the 20th instant. I had not thought it necessary to send a 
written report, as I had talked about the matter with the governor when I last came 
to Manila. 

I confirm what I recommended in my communication of May 23, viz, that the 
friars be removed from certain pueblos of this province as a measure of precaution. 
Very respectfully, 

C. Joven, Governor. 



300 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Lubao, June 4, 1902. 
The Governor of Pampanga. 

Sir: Referring to your communication of the 2d instant, with the answer of Governor 
Wright to the protest of this pueblo against the presence of the friar Gallo de la Calle, 
I must inform you that said friar is still in the pueblo, with another friar, named 
Jose Rodriguez, who arrived a few days after the 1st and took charge of the parish 
in virtue of a communication of the bishop, which he showed me. 

In regard to insults or acts of violence on the part of the people of Lubao, I will 
try to prevent them, as I have done hitherto, as much as I can; but, in view of the 
antipathy of the people against the friars, I can not guarantee that they will not be 
assaulted, as I can not always be looking after them, and do not hold myself respon- 
sible for what might happen to them, especially at night. For this reason I am 
anxious that they should leave the pueblo, as not even the constabulary force sta- 
tioned in the pueblo would be sufficient to preserve them from the hatred of the 
people. 

Eugenio Fernandez, 

Municipal President. 



Ltjboa, June 14, 1902. 
The Governor op Pampanga. 

Sir: The pueblo being alarmed by the presence of another friar, named Pedro Dias 
Ubierna, who arrived yesterday afternoon, I went to see him, with the sergeant of 
the constabulary in charge of the post, and told him that his presence in the pueblo 
was impossible, in view of the alarm which it caused among all the inhabitants, and 
that it would be better for him to leave. At that moment a hostile crowd gathered in 
the street, shouting, "Away with the friar!" and if it had not been for me and the 
sergeant there would have been serious trouble. 

The friar said that he had come to take care of the friar Gallo de la Calle, who was 
sick, and to be his assistant in the parish, by order of the bishop, as the other friar, 
Jose Rodriguez, was in poor health. I informed him that Friar Gallo de la Calle had 
died and that the other had gone back to Manila. He said that he would wait for the 
decision of the bishop, to whom he would report all that had happened. The 
insistence of this friar to remain makes me fear a conflict, and I therefore beg you to 
decide what you will deem advisable in order to avoid trouble, which I would not 
be able to prevent, such is the hatred of the people against the friars. 

Eugenio Fernandez, President. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, August 29, 1902. 
Respectfully referred, by direction of the civil governor, to Maj. Thomas L. Harti- 
gan, counsel for the bishop-administrator for the archdiocese of Manila. 

A. "W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 

Exhibit No. 36. 

Mexico, Pampanga, June 1, 1902. 
(Directed to the bishop-administrator of the archdiocese of Manila.) 
The undersigned, parish priest of Mexico, is sorry to send you herewith a copy of 
a municipal ordinance in which the municipality interferes with the church. 

By said ordinance the municipality absolutely forbids the ringing of the church 
bells, and sets the hours for mass on Sundays and feast days, and also on week days. 
My parishioners find that it is an outrage, but they do not dare protest, as they fear 
the municipal secretary, at whose suggestion it appears that such, an abusive meas- 
ure was taken. 

(Signed by the parish priest. ) 

municipal ordinance Of may 17, 1902. 

It shall be contrary to law for any person to make, order to make, or cause to be 
made any noises which might cause an inconvenience or a prejudice to the health, 
the good order, the tranquility, and the comfort of the pueblo and of its inhabitants. 
Such are, ringing peals, chimes, or ringing the bells at full swing, beating drums, 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 301 

blowing trumpets (except in the case of members of the army, constabulary, or 
municipal police ) or horns, lighting of fire crackers, etc. 

The church bells shall only be allowed to be rung for the purpose of calling the 
people to worship in churches, temples, or chapels belonging to any sect or religion, 
but not earlier than 5 a. m. nor later than 6 p. m. Shall also be authorized such 
chimes as are sanctioned by custom to mark certain hours of the day; also the ring- 
ing or pealing of bells to be as a sign of rejoicing, for the celebration of a happy or 
memorable event authorized by law, such as on the following Catholic feast days: 
All Sundays, New Year's Day, Three Kings', San Jose\ Annunciation, Ascension, Corpus 
Christi, Assumption, Virgin's Birthday, All Saints' Day, Purisima Concepcion, and 
Christmas; also the ringing of bells as an alarm in case of fire, or for a lawful civic 
event, or for a baptism, or for a burial ceremony, the fiesta of a barrio, or the thanks- 
giving masses of religious feast days, so long as they are not novenaries: Provided, 
That for all these it shall be necessary to have the consent of the municipal council, 
its executive chief, or the local authority. 

It shall be necessary to ask the permission of the municipal president before 
parading through the" streets, for any purpose whatsoever, with music, drums, etc., 
giving serenades before houses, on the plazas, or in the streets, or having processions. 

Any person or persons found guilty of transgressing the present ordinance, by the 
municipal court, shall pay a fine of not less than $3, Mexican, nor more than $15, or be 
imprisoned for not less than three days nor more than fifteen days, or both, at the dis- 
cretion of the municipal court. 

This ordinance shall take effect on its passage and as soon as published. 

A true copy: 

The Municipal Secretary. 



HaRTIGAN, MARPLE & SOLIGNAC, 

Attorneys and Counselors at Law, 

Manila, July 9, 1903. 
The Vice-Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. I. 
Sir: By direction of the bishop-administrator of the archdiocese of Manila, I have 
the honor to submit the inclosed communication from the parish priest of Mexico, 
province of Pampanga, and to respectfully ask your attention to the same. 
Very respectfully, 

Thomas L. Hartigan, 
Counsel for the Archdiocese of Manila. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., Juhj 14, 1903. 
Respectfully forwarded to Hon. Ceferino Joven, provincial governor of the prov- 
ince of Pampanga, calling bis attention to the within complaint of the bishop-admin- 
istrator of the archdiocese of Manila. Information is desired as to whether the 
ordinance complained of has, in fact, been passed; if so, it would seem to be a mani- 
fest abuse of the police power by the municipal authorities. While undoubtedly the 
municipal council has the right, by proper ordinance, to prevent unseemly noises in 
the streets, it has no right, under the guise of the exercise of such power, to require 
that before any church bell can be rung a permit must be obtained from the presi- 
dent. Besides, the ordinance is vague and indefinite as to what authority is author- 
ized to grant the permit. The same criticism suggests itself with reference to the 
latter part of the ordinance, requiring permit by the municipal president as a pre- 
requisite to having church processions in the streets. Whilst it is undoubtedly true 
where such processions operate as an "obstruction of the street, they might be regu- 
lated or forbidden in extreme cases, yet it is not perceived how, in a rural commun- 
ity like Mexico, a procession could by any reasonable possibility have such an effect, 
nor is it believed that that is the purpose of the ordinance. The undersigned has 
heretofore on several occasions called your attention to similar violations by munic- 
ipal councils in your province and regrets to be again compelled to do so. Noninter- 
ference by municipal councils with church affairs and by the church with municipal 
affairs- must be insisted on and should be impressed upon the municipal councils of 
your province. 

Luke E. Wright, 
Acting Civil Governor. 



302 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Provincial Government of Pampanga, Office of the Governor, 

Bacolor, P. I., August 4, 1902. 
Respectfully returned to the honorable acting civil governor, with the following 
statements and remarks: I have taken considerable pains to investigate so as to place 
an answer suitable and just. In the first place, this was referred to me by the munic- 
ipal president of Mexico, this province, April 28, 1902, stating that the people, or 
some of the people, of said municipality had complained of the many unnecessary 
noises in the town. In the communication the continuous ringing of the bells was 
mentioned as the most unnecessary noise that they were compelled to endure, stating 
that from the hour of 4 a. m. until 10 p. m., the bells were kept ringing almost con- 
tinuously. As the communication was signed by some of the leading inhabitants of 
the municipality of Mexico, and signed also by the American schoolmaster at that 
place, I deemed it my duty, as governor of the province, to give the president of Mex- 
ico such information on the subject as was lawful, citing the municipal code, also part 
of a letter from the honorable Governor Taft to the governor of the province of Tar- 
lac. From the contents of the ordinance of the municipality of Mexico, I do not see 
just where there is anything that even suggests or limits that the church bell shall 
not ring at all unless permission is first requested from the president. The ordinance 
gives the church the privilege to ring the bells on all days that are recognized by 
the Catholic Church laws as feast days, Sundays, etc. It also states that beating of 
drums, trumpet blasts, blown within the limits of said municipality, was a nuisance, 
and that it would be contrary to participate in such noise unless permission was 
given by the president. In regard to the procession, the ordinance does not intend 
to conflict with the processions held and passed through the streets of the town 
from the church. The processions mentioned in the ordinance are ones participated 
in at all hours of the day and night (not through the heat of the day), but from 5 
a. m. until midnight, and with chants, singing, music, loud beating of drums, and 
causing much dust to arise; and during the ravages of the present plague it is very 
dangerous to all participants as well as to those who do not participate. These pro- 
cessions are called and used to attract the attention of Saint Roque, so as to prevent 
the cholera from entering the town, and by these processions through the streets at 
11 p. m., and oftentimes later, it caused the more sensible inhabitants to protest. In 
regard to the bells, irrespectively state that its usages according to the laws and cus- 
toms of the Catholic Church in the municipality of Mexico were overstepped, inas- 
much as the bells were rung at all hours for a gain; in cases of deaths, marriages, or 
baptisms, those who can pay, having bells rung according to the amount of money 
donated. In many instances the bells are rung at 4 a. m., and the large bell is used 
at this hour, and it is impossible to sleep, also when the bells are rung at 10 p. m. 
If anyone should be sick from a fever and could not rest during the day, the bells 
make it impossible to rest at night. This can be investigated, as there are many 
now residing in Mexico who are perfectly willing to state the facts in the case. 
Respectfully inclose a copy of the complaint and of the signatures of the complain- 
ants, trusting that the honorable acting civil governor will see that it is not my 
intention to, or to allow the municipal council to, impose any ordinance that would 
in anyway work a hardship on anyone; but the only instance of the contrary is 
that the padre can not make as much money as he could while allowed to ring the 
bells at night. The padre had the perfect right, and the ordinance gave him the 
privilege, to ring the bells or cause them to be rung at all hours between 6 a. m. and 
6 p. m., but forbade the ringing of said bells during the night and the very early 
hours of the morning. The provincial secretary, referred to in the inclosed, had 
nothing to do with the communication, and it is a mistaken idea on the part of the 
inhabitants of Mexico that they need fear any unlawful action from the source men- 
tioned. 

C. Joven, Provincial Governor. 

The inclosures with the preceding indorsement are: (1) A complaint signed by 24 
residents of Mexico against the noises mentioned; (2) letter of the municipal presi- 
dent to the provincial governor transmitting the complaint and asking advice, and 
(3) letter from the provincial governor to the municipal president citing the munic- 
ipal code and the civil governor's letter to the governor of Tarlac (Exhibit No. 13), 
and stating that, if conditions are as alleged in the complaint and the municipal 
president's letter it is the duty of the municipal council to abate the nuisance. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 303 

[Third indorsement.] 

Office of the CrviL Governor, 

Manila, P. L, November 18, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to Major Hartigan, calling attention to second indorsement 
and to the passage of an act on this general subject by the Commission, a copy of 
which is inclosed. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

(There is nothing in the record to show what act was referred to here, but it is 
presumed that it was act No. 469, enacted on October 6, 1902, part of which is copied 
in Exhibit No. 34.) 



The Most Excellent and Most Illustrious 

Deputy of the Holy See in these Islands: 

The parish priest of Mexico, Pampanga, undersigned, with the greatest consider- 
ation and most profound respect, before your excellency sets forth: That, desiring 
to celebrate the coming Christmas season, since such is the wish of his parishoners, 
who are anxious to continue the old custom of celebrating the same with a novenary, 
or nine days of mass, regularly known as " cockcrow masses," and since the under- 
signed parish priest is forbidden by the municipal president to ring the bells at the 
hour of 4 in the morning: 

Therefore, the said parish priest and his parishoners humbly pray that you will 
see fit to seek from the government of these islands the necessary permission, or the 
absolute removal of the prohibition above alluded to, which is prejudicial to nearly 
all the parishoners of this pueblo who remain good apostolic Roman Catholics. 

This is a boon which it is hoped will be obtained from your excellency, whose 
important life your humble servants desire that God shall protect for many years. 

Isidoro Sarua y Salatbat. 

Temporary Parish House of Mexico, December 10, 1902. 

[First indorsement.] 

Manila, December 24, 1902. 
Respectfully returned to his excellency the apostolic delegate. The question of the 
ringing of the church bells at such an hour as 4 o'clock in the morning is a question 
largely within the control of the municipal council. I can not say on the face of 
things that the action of the council and the president in forbidding the ringing of 
the bells at 4 o'clock in the morning is such an abuse of power as to call for extraor- 
dinary intervention. It has been held that the ringing of church bells under cer- 
tain circumstances could constitute a nuisance, and it must rest with the discretion 
of the municipal authorities to pass on such questions. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 37. 

Apostolic Delegation, February 5, 1903. 
Dear Mr. Winthrop: The delegate has requested me to send you the inclosed 
letter from the parish priest of Guagua, asking you at the same time to kindly bring 
its contents to Governor Taft's notice. As you will see, it is apropos of a committee 
which has been formed to institute celebrations, etc., and invite Aglipay to them. 
The members of the said committee are all government officials or people in the 
employ of the same, thus infringing orders recently sent out by the governor to the 
various municipalities. 

With kindest regards, believe me, very sincerely, yours, 

M. J. O'Connor, 

Private Secretary. 

Most Excellent and Reverend Senor Apostolic Delegate: 

In compliance with my duty as parish priest of this pueblo of Guagua, province of 
La Pampanga, I have to inform you that a committee has been formed composed 
of Don Mariano Santos, Padre Reyes, Vicente Tagle, Hilario Bisda, and Fulgencio 
Francisco, for the purpose of inviting Senor Aglipay to the feast of the barrio of 
Santo Nino, of this parish, to say mass, preach, marry, baptize, and confirm in the 
said barrio next Sunday, the 8th instant, 



304 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Since these acts of a people in whom there exists but one faith and one religion 
can accomplish nothing less than discords, dissensions, and divisions, which easily 
degenerate into fatal collisions, which not only disturb public order, but also affect 
even the government itself, which is bound to watch over the peace of Catholic con- 
sciences; on account of the circumstances, serious in my opinion, that persons charged 
with official positions intervene as promoters, I deem it a conscientious duty for me 
to convey this information to you and keep you posted as to the occurrences at this 
place. 

On Tuesday, the 27th of January last, when I had the honor to confer with you, 
during my absence, the Aglipayans posted several lampoons in this pueblo of Guagua 
in which they insulted me; and I send you one of these. 

On Saturday, the 31st of the same month, the rumor was circulated in this pueblo 
that if I preached on the following day, Sunday, the Aglipayans would hiss me in 
the pulpit. I notified the municipal authorities of this, and through their mediation 
nothing happend. 

The Aglipayan committee is composed of the following men: Senor Mariano 
Santos, municipal sanitary physician of this pueblo, first propagandist and president; 
Senor Pedro Reyes, collector of the provincial treasury of Pampanga; Senor Vicente 
Tagle, municipal secretary of this municipality, a most bitter Aglipayan; Senor 
Fulgencio Francisco, school teacher of this municipal government; Senor Hilario 
Bisda, a clerk of said municipality. 

I beg that you will bring this to the notice of the first civil authority of these islands, 
in order that he may put an end to the misconduct of the Aglipayans, and above all 
of the employees who head this commotion against the Catholic and Apostolic Roman 
Church. 

God preserve your reverence many years. 

Maximo Viron. 

Guagua, February 2, 1903. 

[Copy.] 

The Most Worthy Father: 

In consequence of your sermon, preached on the 25th instant, you stated therein 
three errors which fall at the least blow, for they are not founded upon palpable 
reasons. 

The preaching was thus: 

Kings and emperors have sought to destroy the religion of Christ; they were 
unable to destroy it. Can it now be destroyed by Aglipay and his party? Can the 
blind free the blind? 

Most worthy father, to the first error I have to answer: Kings and emperors could 
not destroy the religion of Christ, I agree, because it is the true religion. One truth 
can not be contrary to another truth; then we shall not destroy it. 

Second error: Can it be destroyed by Aglipay and his party? Father, you have 
misunderstood us, because we and Father Aglipay do not prepare instruments to 
attack the religion of Christ, which is the true one, as I have stated before, nor do 
we desire that said religion be destroyed by us, for we are Christians; but, on the 
contrary, we seek means of purifying the religion of Christ, and to give the public 
the sight through glasses of the treasures of the Pope, acquired by bulls and indulgences 
and others which it takes time to enumerate. I believe, most worthy father, that 
the treasure of bulls and others are not merits of Chirst, because Christ obtained the 
treasure through his sufferings and not through his merits; then merits are not 
treasure. 

Third : The blind can not free the blind. In this case you are understood to mean that 
Father Aglipay and we are deprived of the faculties with which God endowed us. As 
a consequence it is shown that you are above the blind. Why do you not desire to 
free us from the claws of the Pope (by means of instruction), the cause of the griev- 
ous injuries to our country? And why do you, a Filipino from head to foot, our 
natural brother, defend with all your mantle the hypocrisies of the friar, all except 
Father Aglipay, when you can not affirm to me that the blind nor yourself * * *. 

Time will tell. 

Snag R. Buan. 

Guagua, January 26, 1903. 



[A literal copy of the lampoon in Pampanga translated into Spanish and from that language into 

English.] 

In answer to your talk, or sermon, this pueblo of Guagua has become perfectly 
acquainted with your true custom; to-day it has become convinced that until the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 305 

present you have been desirous of continuing the deceit and abuse of your fellow - 
man that you have learned from the friars. Ah, ill-thought man, how can you pos- 
sess a conscience and continue to wish for those of your nation to remain in obscur- 
ity? Remember your soul; place your hand upon your breast and meditate upon 
your deeds, and it may be the Holy Spirit will enlighten your understanding and 
you will repent of your deeds; then will the hatred which this people feels toward 
you vanish, and you will not be cast out as were two friars who came here, so that 
you must remember the people do not love the partisans of the friars such as you, 
and will never accept these conscienceless persons. 
The Catholics of the Independent Church. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, P. I., February 11, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the secretary of public instruction, inviting attention to 
the letter herein prepared, but which I am not certain of the wisdom of sending. 

Wm. H. Tapt. 
The letter referred to is as follows: 

Manila, P. I., February 9, 1903. 
Monseigneur Giambatista Guidi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli and Apostolic 

Delegate to the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 

Your Excellency: Mr. Winthrop has handed me a letter which your secretary, 
Father O'Connor, wrote him, inclosing a complaint from the parish priest of Guagua, 
Pampanga. The first complaint is that a committee has been formed to invite Senor 
Aglipay to the feast of the barrio of Santo Nino, of the parish of Guagua, to say mass, 
preach, marry, baptize, and confirm in said parish. Certainly, so far as the govern- 
ment is concerned, the organization of a committee to invite Senor Aglipay into the 
parish is not a matter of which any cognizance can be taken, whatever discord, dis- 
sensions, and divisions it may occasion. 

Secondly, it is said that the Aglipayans have posted several lampoons in the pueblo 
of Guagua. I have examined the so-called lampoons, and from the statement they 
appear to be replies to certain arguments advanced by the priest in his pulpit against 
Seii or Aglipay and the cause which he represents. I do not find any insult, in the 
sense in which that term is ordinarily used, to the priest. The priest can not expect 
to advance arguments or use strong expressions in his denunciation of the Aglipay 
movement without meeting on the part of those who sympathize with the movement 
counter expressions equally strong. I am sure that an American priest would not 
regard such a statement as this as any other than a natural outgrowth of a discus- 
sion, unpleasant it may be, but not calling for remedy by the police. 

The next charge is that the rumor was circulated that if the priest preached on 
the following Sunday the Aglipayans would hiss him. In respect to this he said he 
notified the municipal authorities, and through their mediation nothing happened, 
which seems to indicate that the municipal authorities were alive to their duties and 
properly prevented a disturbance in the Roman Catholic Church which would have 
justified a public prosecution. 

The next charge is that, upon the committee organized to invite Senor Aglipay 
into the parish, was a municipal sanitary physician, an employee of the provincial 
treasurer's office, the secretary of the municipality, a school teacher, and a clerk, 
and it is suggested that this infringed the orders sent out by me to the various 
municipalities. The order refers specifically to the governor and the municipal 
presidents of the province, in which a word of caution is given them not to make 
themselves so prominent in the movement on either side that charges may be made 
against them that they are using their official influence in favor of either the Roman 
Catholic Church or the Filipino. The letter expressly states that officers of the 
state, as individuals, may take an interest in religious controversies and may aid 
the churches of which they are members, as individuals. It is not understood that 
the committee are acting or threatening to act in any official capacity, nor is it appar- 
ent how these subordinate officials referred to are using their official authority to 
further the interests of the Aglipay movement. Neither the health officer, nor the 
secretary of the municipality, nor the school teacher, nor the clerks of the provincial 
treasurer, or the municipality have any official power which in the slightest degree 
affects the exercise of police authority in the municipality or in the province. The 
mere fact that they happen to hold municipal positions is no reason why they 

war 1003— vol 5 20 



306 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

should not take part, peacably and properly and with due propriety, in a church 
movement v/hich shall invite Seiior Aglipay to organize his church in that vicinity. 
I answer this letter with considerable detail, because I wish to avoid as far as I 
can a misunderstanding of the attitude of the government with respect to this 
schism and other religious movements. I am most anxious to . cultivate the most 
friendly relations between the government and the authorities of the Roman 
Catholic Church; but, on the other hand, it is my duty to make it known that the 
mere fact that a religious movement is directed against the Roman Catholic Church 
and involves a schism in that church does not make what is done in support of that 
movement unlawful, and does not call for its condemnation by the government 
unless some civil law is violated. It does not violate the civil law for any official to 
take part in a religious movement. What was said in my letter to the governors 
was a mere friendly caution, as a matter of good policy, to avoid making themselves 
prominent, merely to escape charges that they were using their official authority in 
the interest of a particular church, but it must be observed that any support on their 
part of any religious movement does not become illegal unless it appears that in 
some way their official action is partial and unduly aids one religious faction as 
against another. Were a president to engage in this matter, in view of the fact that 
he might have to act as a police officer, I should use my discretion, but probably 
should caution him that he might put himself in a position where it would be diffi- 
cult for him to act impartially; but the mere circumstance that subordinate officials 
have nothing to do with the police jurisdiction should take an interest in a religious 
movement does not call for a renewed warning, in my judgment. 
Very respectfully, yours, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Office of the Secretary of Public Instruction, 

Manila, March 5, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the honorable the civil governor. I have carefully read 
the complaint in this case, and the only matter w T hich appears to me to be a 
threatened violation of the law and of public peace or order which would justify 
executive interference is the threat of the Aglipayans to hiss the regular priest of the 
parish in the church. It seems, however, that the parish priest made his complaint 
in this matter to the municipal authorities, and that in consequence the threatened 
disturbance was not carried into effect. In the United States none of the matters set 
out in the letter of Reverend Father Maximo Viron would be at all considered as a 
justification for executive interference, except the one matter already mentioned of 
the threatened disturbance. No one can regret more than I do the intrusion of Agli- 
pay and his schism into a situation already sufficiently complicated. I consider him 
to be a man absolutely destitute of all principle and an all-around bad man, with a 
shrewdness which enables him to just approach the border line of law and order 
without passing beyond it. Nevertheless, to say that the executive has the right and 
the authority to prevent him from entering a town, or to prohibit the people of a 
town, or officials, in their private capacity, from inviting him to visit them and 
enunciate his doctrines, if such they may be called, would be, to my mind, a most 
dangerous principle to establish either here or in the United States. Certainly such 
an interference by the Executive in the United States would not be tolerated even 
for the fraction of a second. Such executive interference exercised to-day against 
Aglipay might be exercised against the Catholic or some other religion to-morrow. 
I see no objection to the letter which you propose sending, inasmuch as it is a clear 
statement of principles well recognized in our country and which of necessity must 
be recognized in this. The above is in accordance with my views expressed to you 
verbally a few days ago. 

James F. Smith, 
Secretary of Public Instruction. 

Exhibit No. 38. 

proclamation. 

I have been informed of what happened at Silay on the 6th instant, on account of 
the presence of two friars in the pueblo, and, in order to avoid the repetition of such 
facts, which might have lamentable consequences and cause crooked interpretations, 
it is my duty to make a few recommendations which may guide the people in its 
future behavior. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 30? 

Under the government established here by the United States, as Governor Taft 
has said so well, no minister of any religion can be molested or interfered with in 
the exercise of his ministry, provided he harms no one in his civil rights, such as 
the right of life or liberty, or of property, or in his rights as one of the public, and 
does not transgress the criminal laws. Any act which would interfere with the liberty 
of a minister of a religion, except in the above-mentioned cases, is against law and 
reason, and the more so since no pueblo is forced to accept a minister it does not 
want, the separation of church and state being complete, positive, and absolute. 

Personal liberty is a principle admitted by all polished nations, and can be denied 
to nobody, without exception of classes or conditions. 

Furthermore, the honorable acting civil governor has informed me, in a letter 
dated the 16th of May, that we will soon have the resolution of the problem of 
the friars, since Governor Taft is in Rome for the purpose of settling the question, 
among others. In the meantime you must avoid all acts or manifestations which 
can only cause a prejudice to all who take part in them, as it is an essential principle 
of the American Government that each one is free to worship God according to his 
own conscience, and that nobody can prevent him from so doing. If a person does 
not agree with the friars he has the remedy in his own hands and has only to refuse 
to contribute to their maintenance; but he can not prevent a friar from exercising 
his ministry, or other persons from accepting said ministry. 



Bacolod, July 9, 1902. 

Exhibit No. 39. 



L. Locsin, Governor. 



Manila, P. I., January 10, 1903. 

Sefior , 

Governor of the Province of . 



My Dear Sir: The schism in the Roman Catholic Church and the establishment 
and organization of an Independent Filipino Church, because of the zeal and heat 
which frequently accompanies religious discussion, and especially because of the con- 
flicting claims with respect to church property, may result in attempts at dispossession 
of those in charge of the churches and consequent disorder and disturbance of the 
peace. I have thought it necessary, therefore, to write you a letter calling your 
attention, and, through you, that of the municipal presidents to the functions which 
it is proper for civil executives to discharge in respect to religious controversies 
involving disputes over property. The policy of complete separation of church and 
state is enjoined upon those who serve under the American sovereignty. This does 
not mean that officers of the state, as individuals, may not attend church and may 
not take an interest in religious controversies and may not aid the churches of which 
they are members, but it does mean that no officer of the government has the right to 
use his official position or the authority which he exercises as an official to further the 
interests of the church of which he is a member as against the rights and privileges of 
other churches to w T hich he may be opposed in his views. In these islands it is difficult 
for the man to separate himself from the office in the eyes of the people, and I therefore 
extend a word of caution to you and to the municipal presidents of your province against 
making yourselves so prominent in the religious controversies which I have referred to, 
on the one side or the other, that charges may be made against you that you are using 
your official influence and exercising your official authority in favor of either the Roman 
Catholic Church or the Filipino Catholic Church. You'should, as far as possible, as 
an official, pursue a line of conduct absolutely impartial between the two conflicting 
parties, and you should only intervene as officials whenever the public peace is dis- 
turbed and must be restored and conserved. To deal justly with all individual 
interests should be the pride of every government, and the capacity of a people for 
self-government may be largely measured by the ability and courage of their elective 
officers to do justice in the face of clamor or passion or prejudice of some of those 
who elected them. No controversy so arouses the participants to passion and violence 
as that which grows out of religious differences, and if peace can be maintained 
where the people of a country divide under a new schism into two religious bodies 
without violence it speaks volumes for the law-abiding character of the people and 
for the capacity and ability of their self-chosen officers. I urge upon you, therefore, 
and upon the municipal presidents over whom you so worthily exercise supervisory 
and disciplinary authority , to use your every effort now and in the months to come 
to prevent the religious schism which exists in parts of the islands from resulting in 
any disturbance of the peace. 

Again, let me call your attention to one phase of the schism which is most import- 
ant, and that is as to the possession of churches and conventos. Executive officers 



308 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

have no function whatever to perform in respect to the determination of the question 
who owns private property. The questions of ownership or title, and even the right 
of possession, are questions to be decided by courts, which are open to all parties 
in interest for the purpose of settling just such questions. The only function of the 
executive is to see to it that the peace is not disturbed by attempts on the part ot one 
not in possession forcibly or by fraud to disturb another in the possession of property 
and to deprive him of it. Where, therefore, the priest or other representative of the 
Roman Catholic Church shall be in possession representing his church, it is not your 
function to decide that the people of the town, who, because they may have assisted 
in building the church, believe themselves to be the owners of the church, may oust 
him and let the priest of the Independent Filipino Church into possession. Whatever 
you may think of the merits of such a question, it is your duty to preserve the pos- 
session of the Roman Catholic priest or representative by arresting any person who 
attempts forcibly to dispossess him or actually succeeds in doing so and allow the 
priest or representative having had peaceable possession to resume it, but beyond 
this you can not go. Such rights as the people of a town may have to either owner- 
ship or possession of the church property must be asserted in the courts. They 
can not assert such rights by force. On the other hand, should a priest in possession 
leave the Roman Catholic communion, and, retaining possession of the church 
property, allow it to be used for the ceremonies and services of the Filipino church, 
it is not for you to decide that this is an unlawful act on his part and to seek to 
remedy it by dispossessing him of the church, because the change which is effected 
is not effected by a disturbance of the peace, and the remedy for the wrong done, 
if it be a wrong, can only be had in the courts organized to decide such questions. 
You must respect the person in peaceable possession, and you must protect him 
against dispossession, no matter how lawful or equitable in your opinion are the 
claims to the property on the part of the attempted dispossessor. If he has a lawful 
right he can have it vindicated in the court. He can not be permitted to take the 
law into his own hands. To allow him to do so would be to produce riot and con- 
fusion throughout these islands. The question is one of actual possession, not of 
constructive possession. Indeed, the question, so far as you and the presidentes are 
concerned, is really one not of possession at all, but of disturbance of the peace. 

Should any priest or other person in charge of a church or convent notify a presi- 
dent that he has reasonable ground to suspect that an attempt will be made to dis- 
possess him, the president should detail policemen to maintain him in his possession 
and prevent an assault or forcible dispossession, A failure on the part of the presi- 
dent to protect with energy peaceable possession of church property will be good 
cause for removal. 

If the course which I have attempted to mark out for executive action be followed, 
the conflicting parties will be remitted to the courts to vindicate their rights, and the 
peace, which is so absolutely essential to the welfare of the country and to the con- 
duct of decent government, will be fully preserved. With the confidence that you 
will observe the rules laid down in this letter and will see to it that your municipal 
presidents do the same thing, I beg to subscribe myself, 
Your very obedient servant and wellwisher, 

Wm. H. Tapt, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 40. 

Manila, May 20, 1902. 
Hon. Luke E. Weight, Vice-Governor, Philippine Islands. 

My Dear Governor: I inclose herewith three orders issued by the municipal 
president of Bacolod, Negros Islands, which I think interfere unduly with the church 
of that town. 

The right reverend bishop has requested me to call this matter to your attention, 
as he feels confident that you will not countenance any such interference with church 
affairs on the part of any civil official. 
Regretting having to bother you with such matters, I remain, as ever, 
Sincerely and respectfully, yours, 

W. D. McKinnon. 



Municipio of Bacolod, Negros Occidental, P. I., 

President's Office. 
Sefior Mauricio Ferrero. 

Sir: Consideration having been given to your petition of yesterday's date, in which 
you ask for ' ' permission for passage through the principal streets of this town on 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 309 

Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Resurrection Sunday of the processions which 
from time immemorial it has been customary for the Catholic people to hold on the 
days indicated," the municipal council has resolved that since the said processions 
pass precisely through the principal streets of this town and the ' ' processions which 
from time immemorial have been formed by the Catholic people" on Holy Thurs- 
day, Good Friday, and Resurrection Sunday are an outward manifestation of the 
faith, in which manifestations there are to be found, besides a compact multitude of 
people, many platforms carrying images of saints, which unquestionably are an 
obstacle and an impediment to the rapid transit of the non-Catholic people, who 
have an equal right to the use of the streets, the council, I repeat, bearing in mind 
this point, as well as the ordinance in regard to the use of the streets and squares, 
has unanimously resolved to deny the permission which you request. 
The above is communicated to you for your information. 
Yours, very respectfully, 

J. V. L. Gonzaga, 
Municipal President of Bacolod. 



Municipio op Bacolod, Negros Occidental, P. I., 

President's Office, 
Bacolod, March 29, 1902. 
The Catholic Parish Priest of Bacolod. 

Sir: I have the pleasure to transmit to you the resolution passed by the municipal 
board of health of this pueblo in regard to hygiene and health that you may duly 
comply with the same, it being as follows: 

"1. That it is strictly prohibited to take corpses into the church, even in normal 
times, and the bodies of persons dying of contagious diseases, such as smallpox, 
measles, tuberculosis, and others, must be conveyed directly to the cemetery with- 
out passing through the depository for corpses. 

"2. That the parish priest shall be obliged to furnish the church as soon as pos- 
sible with 100 spittoons, conveniently distributed, so that persons attending the 
church may not spit on the floor. Each of these spittoons shall be filled up to one- 
third of its total capacity with quicklime or with a one per thousand solution of 
corrosive sublimate. Every morning, at the termination of the religious functions 
the floor of the church shall be mopped and the contents of the spittoons shall be dis- 
charged upon the beach and the spittoons washed with salt water. The parish priest 
shall also be compelled to keep clean the chapel used as a depository for corpses." 
Respectfully, yours, 

J. V. L. Gonzaga, 
Municipal President Bacolod. 



Municipio of Bacolod, Negros Occidental, P. I., 

President's Office, 

Bacolod, March 31, 1902. 
The Catholic Parish Priest of Bacolod. 

Sir: You are informed by the present communication that the ordinance in regard 
to health and hygiene, of which you were apprised by my letter of the 29th instant, 
has been enacted because approved by the municipal council, and has the force of 
law after five days, counting from to-day, March 31, 1902, and a failure to comply 
with the provisions of said ordinance will be punished by a fine of 200 pesos or six 
months' imprisonment, or by both penalties, according to the circumstances which 
attend the infraction of the law. 

Respectfully, yours, J. V. L. Gonzaga, 

Municipal President Bacolod. 



Manila, P. I., May 26, 1902. 
Hon. Leandro Locsin, 

Governor of Occidental Negros, Bacolod, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to send herewith a communication from the Rev. W. D. 
McKinnon inclosing copies, which no doubt are accurate, of certain ordinances 
enacted by the municipal council of Bacolod, of which complaint is made by the 
authorities of the Catholic Church. 



310 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Upon an examination of these ordinances I am impressed with the belief that they 
are objectionable and should be repealed. While municipal authorities have an 
undoubted right to regulate street processions when the object is to prevent obstruc- 
tion and disorder, they have no right under this guise to prevent a church procession 
because either the religion or the priest is obnoxious to them. It is difficult to 
understand how a religious procession in the streets of Bacolod, conducted in the 
ordinary way, could to any appreciable degree interfere with the use of the streets 
for ordinary purposes. It is hardly to be doubted that the authors of this ordinance 
would themselves admit that its real purpose is as stated. 

The second ordinance is equally objectionable in the extreme to which it goes. 
Undoubtedly municipal authorities have the right by proper ordinance to prevent 
the spread of contagious diseases, and might well provide that the bodies of persons 
dying of such diseases should not be taken into churches where large numbers of 
people are congregated, but it is not perceived upon what proper theory the munic- 
ipality can forbid the taking of the bodies of any deceased persons into churches 
for funeral purposes. An ordinance so broad as this is calculated manifestly to 
interfere with the free exercise of religious observances. 

Again, to require the parish priest to furnish his church with 100 spittoons, con- 
veniently distributed, and requiring them to be filled with quicklime or other disin- 
fectant solution, and that every morning their contents should be discharged upon 
the beach and the spittoons washed with salt water, is, to say the least of it, a most 
extraordinary ordinance, and one evidently directed against the priest and his con- 
gregation rather than for the purpose of protecting the public health. 

On my last visit to Bacolod I was made aware of the feeling of a considerable por- 
tion of the people against certain Catholic priests then officiating in that city. It is 
to be hoped that the cause for this feeling will be speedily removed; and Governor 
Taft is now en route to Rome with a view, among other things, of accomplishing 
this end. Extreme action such as has been taken by the municipal council of Baco- 
lod can only have the effect of embarrassing him in his efforts. Aside from this con- 
sideration, as I had the honor of explaining to the municipal authorities of Bacolod, 
it is a fundamental principle of American government that every man shall have the 
right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, without inter- 
ference from any source. Manifestly such legislation as the above does operate 
directly to interfere with the exercise of this right, and can not be justified or per- 
mitted. As I was careful to explain to the municipal authorities of Bacolod, under 
the existing regime no one can be compelled to contribute against his will to the 
support of any church; and if the Catholic priests now in charge in that city are 
objectionable to the people, they have the matter in their hands by refusing to con- 
tribute to their maintenance, but they can not, by legislation of the character referred 
to above, interfere with these priests in the exercise of their functions, or with such 
persons as choose freely to seek their ministrations. 

Governor Taft some months since wrote a letter covering this general subject to 
the Hon. Wallis 0. Clark, governor of the province of Tarlac, a copy of which I here- 
with inclose for your perusal. It is a clear and admirable statement of the relations 
between church and state, which makes further elaboration on my part unnecessary. 
I hope, therefore, that you will, upon receipt of this, call the attention of the munic- 
ipal authorities of Bacolod to the objectionable nature of these ordinances and impress 
upon them the necessity of their immediate repeal. It is also my desire that you 
inform me of what action has been taken. 

With sentiments of distinguished consideration, I have the honor to be, 
Very respectfully, 

Luke E. Wright, Acting Civil Governor. 

Official copy respectfully furnished, by direction of the acting civil governor, to 
the Rev. W. D. McKinnon, Manila, P. I., for his information. 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Office of the Provincial Governor of Occidental Negros, 

Bacolod, Occidental Negros, June 28, 1902. 
Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have received your favor of May 26 last, together with a communication 
from Rev. W.. D. McKinnon and copies of certain ordinances passed by the munici- 
pal council of Bacolod. 

Pursuant to instructions contained in the last paragraph of the aforementioned 
letter, I remitted the same and the accompanying documents to the municipal presi- 
dent of Bacolod, besides having a talk with him." 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 311 

Having brought the matter before the municipal council of Bacolod, the president 
returned the documents I had sent him, together with the answer of his council. 

As you have expressed the desire to know what steps would be taken in the 
matter, I beg to remit you herewith the answer of the municipal council of Bacolod; 
I also inclose the communication of Rev. W. D. McKinnon and the copies of the 
ordinances. 

Very respectfully, L. Locsin Rama, 

Governor, Occidental Negros, P. I.. 



Municipality of Bacolod, June 22, 1902. 
Provincial Governor of Occidental Negros, Bacolod. 

Sir: The council has informed itself of the communication of the civil governor 
of the Philippine Islands relative to the complaint made by Father McKinnon with 
regard to several resolutions of this municipality, which bad faith and the inveter- 
ate habit of misinterpreting meanings have qualified as au interference with church 
affairs, thereby making the municipality of Bacolod appear before the superior 
authorities as an entity sowing discord, or, what is still worse, as an oppressor of 
legitimate rights. 

Thi3 is not true, and this municipal council, convinced that it has acted lawfully, 
honorably, and justly, believes to be entitled to defend itself and to explain its con- 
duct, expecting from the justice of the honorable the civil governor that he will not 
hurl an anathema at this council without first hearing it. 

We will be brief with our explanation. Here it is: 

The ordinance in regard to the use of the streets: 

This ordinance has been passed with a view to regulate the use of the streets, and 
does not refer to any certain congregation, as certain persons have tried to make it 
appear, but applies alike to all public gatherings and processions, profane or religious, 
and the sole object of the council, which was acting in virtue of the authority con- 
ferred upon it by law, was to do what it said, to regulate the use of the streets and 
squares for the purpose of avoiding disorders and to procure that traffic be unob- 
structed in the streets. The ordinance simply requires a permit to be applied for, 
Lv order to enable the authorities in charge of the maintenance of public order to 
take the proper measures to avoid conflicts and disorders if the permit is given. 

On a certain day the Catholic priest of Bacolod solicited permission to hold pro- 
cessions through the principal streets on Holy Thursday and Friday and on Easter 
Sunday, but the council disallowed his request, taking into consideration that these 
processions would doubtless obstruct the free circulation of the public in the streets, 
which are very narrow here, as the said processions move along in a compact mass, 
carrying with them numerous images on carts and platforms. If we should have to 
go back — God forbid — to the times of Spanish rule, when the state was intimately 
associated with the church and the latter was an omnipotent power in the Philip- 
pine Islands, a religous procession on Holy Thursday would have been perfectly in 
order in the streets of Bacolod, even if the latter would be narrower than they are, 
because the procession would move along undisturbedly, for the simple reason that 
nobody would dare to use either streets or squares while that manifestation of the 
Roman Catholic faith would be taking place. 

But to-day, when, with the separation of church and state and with religious 
tolerance, the situation has undergone a thorough change and has made way to a 
respectable state of affairs, a procession like that requested by the Catholic priest, 
as they used to be held, would cause many objections on the part of non-Catholics 
and of Catholics considering processions through the streets as outward manifesta- 
tions of the faith which might just as well take place within the church or in its 
front yard. These objections or protests might assume serious proportions at the 
present time when the animosity toward the friars is so marked, it being public 
and notorious that the majority oi: the people here were opposed to the friar coming 
to take charge of this parish, and there has been considerable excitement over it, as 
the civil governor was informed during his visit to this town. This feeling might 
easily have given rise to disorders, as the friar, who had arrived only recently, was 
to participate in the procession, and the council therefore tried to avoid such a 
possibility. 

It appears from the communication of the civil governor that the ordinance passed 
by this municipality with regard to the use of the streets had been made for the sole 
object of prohibiting religious processions, while it refers to all and any gatherings 
or processions, whether of a profane or religious character, and was passed by this 
council in good faith and in the interest of the general public, whom it believed 
to serve. 



312 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Furthermore, when the aforementioned ordinance was passed the narrowness of 
the streets was principally taken into consideration. On this account the municipal 
council of Bacolod saw fit to regulate, and later on to prohibit, their being used for 
religious processions, which in the opinion of its members were liable to obstruct the 
rapid transit of the public. This opinion, which is equally rational and in harmony 
with the present state of affairs and not in opposition to law and justice, is corrobo- 
rated by theory, or, better, by the opinion expressed by the illustrious Mr. Taft, who 
says in his letter to the governor of Tarlac: "The municipal council may also regu- 
late or prohibit the use of the public streets for processions, whether religious or 
not, if in its judgment they obstruct the free circulation of the public in the streets." 

To do the opposite, or, in more concrete terms, to grant the Catholic priest the 
permission to hold processions, would have caused many protests from persons who 
had to use the streets freely, or at least would have compelled the municipality 
to make a distinction in granting privileges, which is always and everywhere 
objectionable. 

One must see, or rather have seen, what the Holy Week processions were like in 
Bacolod. If a person who has seen them would claim that they were not liable to 
obstruct the rapid transit in the streets, one may with right presume that that per- 
son does not know or understand what an obstruction of the streets means. 

As one of the worthy members of the civil commission, Mr. Luzuriaga, is from 
Bacolod, we would appeal to his gentlemanly and truthful disposition and ask him 
to state whether or not the religious processions in Bacolod obstruct the free circula- 
tion of the public in the streets, if the honorable civil governor would have reasons 
for doubting the word of an honorable council. 

The motives of the council in passing the ordinance above mentioned must not be 
attributed to bad will toward the priest, because nearly all the members of the 
municipality, being Catholics, would first consider, not the priest — that would be the 
least — but the religion which they profess, if their duties as councilors, representatives 
of the government, and therefore without official religion, would not oblige them to 
consider before and above anything the welfare of the community which they repre- 
sent, which is composed not only of Catholics but also of people pertaining to other 
religious communities. 

We believe that we have given a sufficient explanation of the conduct of the 
municipal council of Bacolod in the matter of the prohibition of processions as far as 
the use of the streets and squares of the town is concerned, and ask the civil governor, 
not seeing any transgression of the law or rights in the said ordinance, to consider it 
legitimate. 

The ordinance relative to corpses and the hygiene of the church as a public build- 
ing. This ordinance provides for: 

1. The prohibition of the taking of corpses into the church. 

2. The direct conveyance to the cemetery of the corpses of persons who have died 
from a contagious disease. 

3. The cleaning up and placing in a sanitary condition of the church as a public 
building, ordering the administrator or owner of the establishment to provide cuspi- 
dors with disinfectants to destroy the microbes. 

This ordinance was passed by the municipality, as they believed, in good faith, to 
contribute thereby toward the laudable object of protecting the public health. Fur- 
thermore, this provision was already made by the Spanish laws. 

In fact, the sanitary laws issued by the Spanish Government, of which w T e beg to 
inclose a copy, prohibited absolutely the holding of burial services over the corpse 
within the church, and in the royal order of April 16, 1856, the Spanish sovereign 
said as follows: 

"The depositing of corpses is permitted for the period advised by science and com- 
patible with the public health in chapels independent of the churches in normal 
times, but not when there is any epidemic in the country, providing that these 
chapels be completely separated from the churches; that they be not habilitated for 
religious services, in order that not for this nor for any other reasons worshipers be 
allowed to enter them, and that the sanitary precautions in regard to ventilation and 
disinfection be strictly observed." 

The order of the board of health to which we refer is therefore not new, but has 
had the effect of law before, with the only difference that in those times the priests 
did not pay any attention to the laws if it was not favorable to their interests to do 
so. Everybody knows how powerful the monastic orders used to be in the Philippine 
Islands. 

Sanitary regulations have also been established relative to private dwellings, and 
if the orders of the board of health are obligatory for them there is no reason why 
public buildings and establishments frequented by many people should be exempt. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 313 

The sanitary regulations should even be stricter for them than for private dwellings, 
the number of persons assembling there being larger. 

In compliance, at least apparently, with the orders of the Spanish authorities, the 
priest ordered a chapel built adjacent to the church, but separate from the same. 
As that order of the Spanish Government is still in force, the council being of this 
opinion for the reason that the ordinance objected to providence, and as in these 
times of epidemic the public health should be the principal consideration, disregard- 
ing all petty interests and monastic pride, what trouble would it be for the Catholic 
priest of Bacolod to hold the last rites over corpses in the chapel constructed for the 
purpose, instead of doing so within the church itself. Does he not receive the 
same fee? 

However, these are only profane considerations. This council does not know 
what scientific considerations may have prompted the municipal board of health to 
issue ordinances which are now considered in opposition to religious rites. The 
sanitary regulations in force at the present time are made so oppressive by the cir- 
cumstance "that their whole weight falls naturally on the poor people and on their 
way of living, the more respectable the poorer they are, but not in religious rites. 
However, the poor people bear this burden with smiling faces, as the public health 
demands this sacrifice. 

The same is the case with the cuspidors. 

Orders have been issued that every public establishment be cleaned up and pro- 
vided with cuspidors, but nobody has complained except the Catholic priest, who, 
by the way, used to keep his church in an extremely filthy condition before the 
ordinance referred to was issued. If no private dwelling, evangelic church, or 
public establishment is excused from the most rigid compliance with the sanitary 
ordinances, and all have to be kept clean within and without, no matter who are 
the inhabitants or owners, why should just the Catholic Church be exempt? 

The foregoing considerations have induced this council to pass the sanitary ordi- 
nance in force in Bacolod. If, contrary to the opinion of the council, these ordinances 
should be deemed in opposition to the free exercise of religious rites, the fault of the 
council consists in its desire to protect thereby the public health, but it must never 
be said that these ordinances were directed only and exclusively against the friar and 
his congregation, although the friars deserve that laws be made against them which 
might wipe out forever in the Philippine Islands their footsteps soiled with blood 
and crime, because in its resolutions the council always considers the public best and 
does not care whether its ordinances meet with a good or bad reception with the 
people of the surplice. 

The priest, Father McKinnon, who, by order of the bishop, filed a complaint with 
the civil governor regarding the ordinances of the municipality of Bacolod, told a 
falsehood when he qualified them as an interference with church affairs. It is 
evident that it would be an interference with church affairs to meddle with the inner 
workings, the discipline, rites or ceremonies of the church, but the municipality of 
Bacolod has not done this; it has simply passed ordinances with regard to hygiene 
and the use of the streets, and does not believe to have interfered with church affairs 
in doing so, unless the church is considered above all law and under the protection 
of the despised cloak of immunity as in times which have fortunately passed. 

The municipal council believes that the foregoing is a truthful statement of its 
motives in connection with the public welfare which prompted it to pass the ordi- 
nances referred to. They were not promulgated — as certain persons have tried to 
make the superior authorities believe — with the sole object of bothering the friar, 
but have a general character and are obligatory for everybody. 

Begging your pardon for these necessary remarks the municipal council of Bacolod 
closes this report, explanation of its conduct in passing the ordinances referred to. 

For the municipal council of Bacolod : 

J. V. L. Gonzaga, 

President, Bacolod, P. I. 

Manila, P. L, November 15, 1902. 
Governor Leandro Locsin, 

Governor of Occidental Negros, Bacolod, P. I. 
My Dear Governor: I find on my desk your letter of the 28th of June to the act- 
ing civil governor concerning a communication from the Rev. W. D. McKinnon, and 
copies of certain municipal ordinances passed by the municipal council of Bacolod 
interfering with church affairs. 

Since this letter was written the Commission has taken action, and has remitted 
the parties to an appeal to the provincial board and subsequently, if bad faith can 



314 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

be charged, to a resort to injunction before the courts. This relieves the chief exec- 
utive of irregular action in the matter. I inclose a copy of the act, and when com- 
plaint is made to you concerning such matters it will call your attention to the 
proper course to be taken. 

I have the honor to be, sincerely yours, Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 

( It is not definitely indicated what this inclosure was, but it is presumed that it 
was Act No. 469, part of which is copied in Exhibit No. 34.) 

Exhibit No. 41. 

Manila, P. 1., March 19, 1903. 
Senor Leandro Locsin, 

Governor of Occidental Negros, Bacolod, Negros. 

My Dear Sir: I beg to inclose to you a petition from Cenon Eosado and 51 others 
of Isabela, Negros, asking that there be a decree requiring the expulsion of Friar 
Malchior Ardanas on the ground that he is unwelcome to the people. I beg that 
you will explain to the petitioners that there is no power in the civil government to 
expel any minister of religion who does not desire to go. The question whether the 
people will attend church is a question they may settle. There is no compulsion 
that they shall receive ministrations from the friar or that they shall attend church 
where he performs his functions as a priest; but on the other hand, in a government 
where the state is completely separated from the church, as under the present Gov- 
ernment of the United States, it is not possible for the United States to intervene in 
the Roman Catholic Church to say who its ministers shall be. Please explain this 
to the people. 

I understand it to be the policy of the Roman Catholic Church not to have friars 
stationed in any pueblo where the Catholics of the pueblo do not desire a friar to be 
placed. Their petition, therefore, should be addressed to his excellency the apostolic 
delegate, and not to the civil authorities. 

Very respectfully, Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 42. 

Manila, P. I., July 23, 1903. 
Hon. Demetrio Larena, 

Governor of Oriental Negros, Dumaguele. 
My Dear Governor: I beg herewith to inclose a copy of a report made to me by 
Grant T. Trent, supervisor of fiscals, in respect to the treatment of Claudio Argote, a 
Spanish friar and the secretary of the bishop of Jaro, in the town of Bais and in the 
town of Dumaguete, in your province, on the 2d and 3d of May of this year. The 
investigation and this report were made by my order after complaints had been filed 
by residents of Dumaguete in respect to the matter. From this report and the evi- 
dence taken by Mr. Trent, it appears that Mr. Argote was taking a vacation as sec- 
retary and was traveling for his health on a coastwise steamer which stopped at a 
number of towns in Oriental Negros; that when the steamer stopped at Bais he went 
ashore and called on the padre and also upon a Spanish friend, a Mr. Prast; that 
upon invitation he stayed at Mr. Prast' s house; that certain brothers Villanueva, 
hacienderos of influence in the town of Bais, organized a mob for the purpose of 
driving Senor Argote out of Bais by force; that they presented a petition to the presi- 
dent requesting him to order Senor Argote to leave the town, and that the president 
was terrorized into making the request of Senor Argote on the ground that if he did 
not go violence would ensue; that some members of the mob were armed Avith 
revolvers and others with sticks; that many of them were drunk and that their 
appearance was most threatening; that Senor Argote had every reason to believe 
that unless he did leave the town he would be subjected to physical violence, and 
that it was only by reason of the threat of violence that he was induced to go. It 
further appears that the municipal president had only seven policemen, poorly armed, 
and it may be inferred from the circumstances that he sincerely believed that he had 
no power with the policemen to control the mob. He made, however, no effort to 
quiet the mob or to ascertain who were the leaders or to direct their arrest. He did 
not even leave his house. He does not seem to have been a party to the movement, 
and the only just criticism which can be made upon him is in his lack of courage in 
attempting to quell the riot and to prosecute those engaged in it. With respect to 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 315 

him, therefore, it seems to me that charges should be filed against him for a failure 
of duty in at least attempting to quell the mob and taking active steps in the protec- 
tion of Senor Argote. 

With respect to the case at Dumaguete, the facts are much more serious. There, 
the facts as shown by the examination of Mr. Trent and his conclusions were that 
Seiior Argote landed from the steamer at Dumaguete, went to the priest's house, and 
was invited by the priest to remain with him overnight until the steamer should 
depart; that about 9 o'clock the municipal president, Seiior Melito Larena, with a 
crowd of one hundred people behind him, visited the convento and requested Seiior 
Argote at once to leave the town; that this was in pursuance of a petition signed by 
one hundred people and that among the petitioners and among those in the crowd 
were the following persons: Ramon Cuadra, president of the municipal board of 
health of the pueblo or Bacon; Epifanio Montebon, deputy provincial treasurer; Fed- 
erico Fernandez, clerk in the office of the provincial treasurer; Juan Saavedra, clerk 
of the court of first instance; Santiago Gonzalez, clerk in the office of the provincial 
governor; and Hermenegildo Yillanueva, member of the board of tax revision. In 
the crowd there were 5 persons armed with revolvers, and 2 of these were Epifanio 
Montebon, deputy provincial treasurer, and Santiago Gonzalez, a clerk in the gover- 
nor's office. J. S. Mohler, senior inspector of constabulary, was present in the town 
and knew that there was a plan on foot to drive the fraile out of town. He said 
that he started to ascertain the source of the plot and to arrest the parties instiga- 
ting the same, but was unable to do so. It is very plain from this evidence, which 
was taken in a judicial way, that the municipal president violated his duty, violated 
the rights of Senor Argote, and was in fact a part of the mob; that the other officials 
named were engaged with him in the unlawful purpose, by threats of physical force, 
of expelling from town Seiior Argote. The question whether the people desired to 
have as their spiritual advisers and ministers Spanish friars or not is not the question 
here presented . That is a matter for them to settle with the Roman Catholic Church, 
if they are members thereof. They are not obliged to attend a church in which a 
friar preaches. They are not obliged to have any relations whatever with the friar 
when he visits the town; but the friar is a Spanish subject and under the treaty of 
Paris entitled to be in these islands and pursue his lawful calling and to visit any 
part thereof without molestation, so long as he keeps within the law and violates the 
rights of no one. Xo official, insular, provincial, or municipal, and no citizen of these 
islands, has any right to interfere with his stay in any town which he may choose 
to visit. It is the duty of the insular government as much to protect him in those 
rights as it is for the Government to protect an American citizen or a citizen of the 
Philippine Islands in the enjoyment of the same rights. The honor of the American 
Government is involved in making good this obligation assumed under the treaty of 
Paris. Any other view can not for a moment be tolerated, in view of the principles 
which the American Government is pledged to carry out here, and it would be a fatal 
inconsistency were such a violation of personal rights as this to be winked at or passed 
over without the severest condemnation. 

I am deeply regretful that this occurred in the province of Oriental Negros, espe- 
cially in the town of Dumaguete, which has shown so much sympathy with Ameri- 
can principles and so great a desire for progress in free government. Free government, 
however, is absolutely impossible if a majority of the people do not understand that 
the legal rights of the minority must be sacredly preserved. A tyranny by the 
majority and the disregard of the rights of the few by the majority may make much 
more of a despotism than the absolute rule of one man, if that rule is beneficent and 
just, and the capacity of a people for self-government is largely measured by the 
power of the majority to restrain itself in dealing with the rights of the minority. 

For these reasons 1 must ask you to institute at once disciplinary measures with 
respect to the presidents of Bais and Dumaguete. You should begin by suspending 
them both and filing charges against them both. In the case of the president of 
Bais, the charge should be that he failed to make any effort to restrain the mob, and 
that he permitted himself to be used by the mob to accomplish its purpose of driving 
Senor Argote from Bais, in violation of his rights secured under the treaty of Paris. 

Your charges against the president of Dumaguete should be that he took part in 
and assisted in a demonstration of force, in order unlawfully to expel from Dumaguete, 
by threat and duress, Seiior Argote, a Spanish subject who had the right, under the 
treaty of Paris, to be in the town of Dumaguete and to be unmolested in his stay. 
You should also suspend Ramon Cuadra, president of the board of health of Bacon, 
for taking part in an unlawful riot, and an attempt by force and threat of violence 
to expel Seiior Argote from the town of Dumaguete in violation of his rights under 
the treaty of Paris. You will also request the provincial treasurer to hear the 
charges against Epifanio Montebon, his deputy, and Federico Fernandez, a clerk in 



316 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

his office, and take proper action. I must also ask you to hear the charges against 
Santiago Gonzalez, a clerk in your office, for being concerned in this matter, and 
take the proper action. 

I have sent a letter to Juan Saavedra, clerk of the court of first instance, and to 
Hermenegildo Villanueva, member of the board of tax revision, inviting attentian to 
the charges made against them by Mr. Trent, and advising them in preparing an 
answer that they can examine the evidence and the recommendations of Mr. Trent 
in the copy which I have sent to you. Will you be good enough to allow them to 
examine the copy sent you, and themselves to take a copy if they desire. 

I shall send a copy of the report of Mr. Trent in Spanish as soon as it can be made, 
in addition to the English copy which I am inclosing herewith. 

I have directed the attorney-general to take steps to prosecute the brothers 
Villanueva, and I have ordered the chief of constabulary to look into the conduct 
of Inspector Mohler to determine whether he was not derelict in his duty in not 
suppressing the lawlessness which ended in Senor Argote's forced withdrawal. 
Very respectfully, yours, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 42 A. 

report of an investigation made by the provincial board, province of oriental 
negros, in re the expulsion of a fraile from dumaguete, oriental negros. 

The Provincial Government of Oriental Negros, 

Dumaguete, September 24, 1903. 
The Hon. W. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir: The following report is submitted in compliance with instructions contained 
in your letter to the provincial governor, dated July 23, 1903. 

Meliton Larena was suspended from the office of presidente of the municipality of 
Dumaguete by the provincial governor, August 12, 1903. The provincial governor 
submitted to the provincial board charges that the said Meliton Larena, on the night 
of May 3, 1903, headed a mob of 100 people, and by means of threats and duress 
unlawfully expelled from the town of Dumaguete a Spanish subject, Senor Argote, 
in violation of the provisions of the treaty of Paris. 

On the 17th day of August, 1903, at which time the case had been set for hearing, 
the presidente appeared before the provincial board and asked that the inquiry be 
postponed until August 20, 1903, in order to enable him to prepare his defense to the 
charges against him. 

The case was taken up August 20, the time fixed, and the inquiry continued from 
day to day without any unnecessary delay until completed. 

The board has given this inquiry the labor and care commensurate with its impor- 
tance to the individual and the community. 

The testimony was carefully translated and reduced to writing at the time, and in 
each and every case carefully read to the witness in the language in which it was 
given, before it was signed. 

The testimony shows that Senor Argote, a friar, arrived in Dumaguete by the 
steamship Ysabel about 4 o'clock in the afternoon of Sunday, May 3, 1903, and dis- 
embarked and went to the convent where he was the guest of Gervasio Galopin, the 
resident priest. 

At 6 o' clock the same evening a large procession, with floats bearing images, with 
bands of music, and the people singing songs, paraded the principal streets. The 
assistants or managers, it is not clear which, of this procession were Gervilano Mapeso, 
Gregorio Maputi, Saturino Maquiling, and Magno Generoso, all of whom are workers 
in the Roman Catholic Church, and were the signers of the telegram of complaint 
sent to Manila upon which this inquiry is based. 

Soon after this procession completed its work, as the testimony shows, a procession 
of thirty or forty persons, with a band of music, started from near the cockpit in the 
north part of town, going south on the street which runs parallel with the convent 
and church on the south side of the plaza. This demonstration was organized by 
Benito Gallardo and Froilan Flores, as shown by the testimony, and was composed 
of members of or persons friendly to the Aglipay Church. A protest against the 
presence of the friar had been prepared and signed by many of the persons compos- 
ing this assembly. It is not definitely known from the evidence how many names 
were signed to this paper or who they were, or its exact wording, as the paper seems 
to have been lost during the ex-parte examination of witnesses in this matter by 
Judge Trent. This procession marched to the residence of Meliton Larena, in the 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 317 

south part of town, where the protest w T as presented to him. The testimony con- 
tains many conflicting statements as to the number of persons present at the resi- 
dence of the presidente, as well as to his statements to the assemblage. It seems, 
however, fairly shown by the testimony, that there were about forty persons, 
excluding the 'band. There is no conflict in the testimony as to the fact that the 
presidente ordered the people to go to their homes and that he would take care of 
the friar. The crowd and band then left the residence of the presidente, as shown by 
the testimony, by the main and direct street leading to the north part of town, from 
whence the procession had originally started. This street passes immediately in 
front of the convent grounds and church. When the procession arrived in front of 
the main entrance to the convent grounds a halt was made and the crowd cried, 
"Long live Aglipay," and "Out with the fraile," and then moved on north and 
after passing the main business part of town, dispersed. The testimony is unani- 
mous on the point that no threats were made against the friar or hostile demonstra- 
tions during the halt in the street in front of the convent grounds. It is also shown 
by the overwhelming preponderance of the testimony that the presidente did not 
head the procession when it left his house and did not accompany it to the convent. 
It shows he went to the convent and was met there by four members of the police 
force which he had sent for. He presented the protest of the people to the friar. It 
is also equally clear from the testimony that at the same time he assured the friar he 
would protect him and that was the reason he was there. He did not threaten the 
friar or coerce him. And when the friar announced his purpose to go aboard the 
boat accompanied and furnished him a guard to the boat. The priest, who is the 
best witness on this part of the subject of investigation, says: "There were no threats 
made against the friar. I do not think now, and did not then, that the friar was in 
any danger from violence or being interfered with in any manner." 

There was no desire on the part of the friar, as the testimony shows, express or 
implied, or on the part of friends in his behalf, to remain, and he went on board the 
boat of his own volition, as is shown by the testimony of the resident priest. 

The main question in this inquiry is conclusively settled by the testimony of the 
priest, who was present at the interview between the presidente and the friar, and is 
the only disinterested witness as to what actually occurred and what was said. He 
says the presidente was not accompanied "by a mob;" that he did not threaten the 
friar in any maner or order him to leave town; he acted like an educated gentleman. 

The demonstration was a peaceable one and orderly, as is shown by the testimony 
of all the witnesses; free from any act of turbulence or violence; and as a body of 
marching people created no more, if as much, attention as the processions which 
from 7 to 9 o'clock almost nightly parade the principal streets of Dumaguete with 
lights and singing songs, and not infrequently with bands of music. 

The testimony shows it was a very small demonstration, and at the time created no 
attention from the public generally. But it was the first public demonstration of the 
Aglipay Church and its friends in Dumaguete, and for that reason, and that alone, 
attracted the attention it would not otherwise have received. 

The evidence is conclusive that there was no purpose or thought of interfering with 
a citizen and subject of the Spanish Government. It was a movement against the 
friar, not by any official, but by private and reputable citizens, organized and man- 
aged from its inception by the members of the Aglipay Church and the friends of the 
church, and to publicly demonstrate their adherence to the new church and the 
opposition to the presence of a friar, which is widespread and far reaching, and is not 
by any means confined to the members of the new church. The nationality of the 
friar was not known or spoken of by any man in the demonstration. 

There were no arms or clubs carried by any person in the demonstration, as is shown 
by a preponderance of the testimony and the sworn statements of the men named as 
carrying revolvers. 

The testimony shows there was nothing in the demonstration or the conduct of any 
man who took part in it to offend or insult the most sensitive Spanish citizen resident 
of or in Dumaguete, unless it be accepted that a demonstration of the members and 
friends of the Aglipay Church is an insult or offense to Spanish citizens; and that can 
not be accepted under the American Government, which guarantees religious freedom 
to all citizens. Neither will it do to admit that one class of citizens may peaceably 
and orderly parade the streets at will and deny the right to any and all other citizens. 
The first act of the American people after the adoption of the Constitution was to 
write in the organic law an amendment guaranteeing the right of the people to peace- 
ably assemble and give expression to its will by petition. 

This inquiry was originally instituted in response to a complaint sent by telegram 
from here. This action was right and proper and is not subject to criticism, but 
on the contrary is to be commended. This telegram was signed by four men, all 



318 KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

of whom are workers at the Catholic Church. It is disclosed by the evidence that 
not one of these men could write a telegram, and that a man of " much learning " 
was called to do the writing. It is also equally shown that none of these men knew 
the contents of the telegram signed and sent. They are all laboring men of less than 
average intelligence. One of the number pays no taxes, while the other three each 
pay a small amount; one of the number 56 or 57 cents, Mexican currency. Magno 
Generoso, who paid for the telegram, swears it cost over $15, Mexican currency, and 
that- he paid for it, but was to be reimbursed by payments and equally divided 
between all. Cervillano Maypeso swears he paid 1 peso. Gregorio Maputi swears 
the telegram cost $15.62£, Mexican currency, and that he paid $1.50, and was never 
asked to pay any more. Saturnino Maquiling swears he paid 60 cents for his share. 
This makes $3. 10 paid by three of the persons who signed the telegram, leaving $12. 52 J 
to be paid by Magno Generoso, who Cervillano Maypeso swears was "a kind of a 
leader." 

The reasons for sending the telegram were about as conflicting as any of the testi- 
mony submitted by the board. Cervillano Mapeso says: " We were not mad, but 
were unwilling for that kind of a demonstration; that they did not mention in the 
telegram anything about the very large demonstration which paraded the streets at 
6 o'clock the same evening; I do not think one procession has as much right to parade 
the streets as another." 

Gregorio Maputi swears he signed the telegram sent to Manila, but did not put 
anything in it about the big demonstration at 6 o'clock the same evening because he 
thought that was "natural." 

Saturnino Maquiling says he signed the telegram on account of the people in the 
demonstration crying, ' ' Long live Aglipay ! ' ' and "Out with the friar ! " "I have not 
sent a telegram to Manila about the nightly processions in the streets because it con- 
forms to my will. And I did not refer to the large demonstration which paraded at 6 
o'clock Sunday evening, May 3, 1903, because I don't think the procession which 
paraded about 9.30 o'clock the same evening had the same right to parade as the one 
at 6 o'clock." 

All four of these men swear they never sent or received a telegram before this 
telegram was sent, and Bernabe Amor, who was called to write the telegram, says 
he "wrote something, but would not dare to call it a telegram; that he never saw a 
telegram, and calls the telegraph wires a telegram." 

The next day, after testifying in this case that he "had no personal knowledge of 
such a telegram being sent," Antonio Oria informed a member of the provincial 
board that he had seen the telegram which was sent to Manila. The testimony 
shows that two of the witnesses, Antonio Oria and Macario Lezana, who testified in 
this case and also in the ex parte inquiry, swear they were in the shade when near 
the cockpit, and were near the door of the church while the procession was in front 
of the convent grounds. It will be observed that Gregorio Maputi swears that he 
entered the convent grounds in company with Cervillano Mapeso, Magno Generoso, 
and Saturnino Maquiling, and passed near the door of the church, but did not see 
Antonio Oria and Macario Lezana. To this extent it casts a doubt upon the state- 
ments made by them. 

The progress of civil government in this province has been marked by its freedom 
from any turbulence and the enthusiasm by which it has been accepted by a large 
majority of the people. Nowhere has there been an organized movement against the 
government. Every law of the Commission and ordinance and regulation of the 
provincial government has been cordially accepted and enforced with fidelity on the 
part of the presidentes of all the municipalities, and in this the presidente of Duma- 
guete has been conspicuous for the promptness and vigor with which the laws have 
been enforced. 

Meliton Larena has not only served the American cause in civil affairs, but was a 
soldier in the revolutionary period in this province and performed gallant and meri- 
torious service in behalf of American supremacy, and as the executive of the muni- 
cipality of Dumaguete has been honest, capable, and efficient. From the organization 
of civil government in this province he has been a conspicuous character in leading 
the people in the permanent establishment of a government "of the people, by the 
people, and for the people." 

The question of protecting the rights of the minority from the arbitrary acts of the 
majority is not the overshadowing question determined by this inquiry, but it is a 
question of guaranteeing to the people the right to peaceably assemble regardless of 
their religious views. Behind all this lies local predjudices and long-standing bit- 
terness engendered during and since the revolutionary period in this province, the 
latent fires of which have been smoldering and will continue to be a factor for years 
to come. Around this storm center has waged, in addition, the accumulated bitter- 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 319 

ness on the part of many against the presence of the friars. This predjudice is not 
confined to church demonstrations, but is a factor in the politics of the province. In 
the effort to crush out a competing religious organization is being fought the pre- 
liminary contest of the December municipal elections by striking down the active 
progressive agents who have been most potent factors in effecting the permanency 
and stability which has marked the progress of civil government in more than two 
years of its history in which the municipal and provincial governments have been 
administering with even-handed justice for all and special privileges for none. 

A careful examination of the testimony submitted herewith shows that the charges 
are not sustained by the evidence; the board, therefore, recommend that Meliton 
Larena be restored to the office of presidente of the municipality of Dumaguete from 
which he was suspended by the provincial governor August 12, 1903. 

Henry A. Reed, 
Provincial Supervisor- Treasurer. 

Henry W. Langheim, 
President Provincial Board of Health. 

I was present at the examination of all the witnesses in this case but took no part 
in the proceedings. I concur in and approve the recommendation of the members 
of the provincial board in this report. 

Demetrio Larena. 
Provincial Governor. 

United States of America, Philippine Islands, 

Province of Oriental Negros. 
I, Jose A. Erquiaga, provincial interpreter and translator, province of Oriental 
Negros, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully, accurately, and honestly, translate 
the testimony given before the provincial board in the case of the trial of Meliton 
Larena, presidente of the municipality of Dumaguete on the charge of misconduct 
in office, he having been suspended from office by the provincial governor August 
12, 1903, and all papers, letters, and telegrams and records pertaining to the trial of 
said case. That I will not disclose the testimony or any part of it to any person, or 
the contents of any letter, or any part of it, to any person, or the contents of any 
letter, telegram, official record or paper, submitted to or referred to by the provincial 
board, whether admitted as evidence or not, or read or referred for information, or 
any telegram, letter, or paper received by said board or any member of it, or sent by 
the board or any member of it. That I will not talk with any person not a member 
of said board about the testimony or any matters pertaining to this inquiry. So help 
me God. 

Jose A. Erquiaga. 

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 15th day of September, 1903. 
[seal.] Juan Montenegro, 

Provincial Secretary. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Oriental Negros, 

Dumaguete, P. I. , August 12, 1903. 
To the Provincial Board, Province of Oriental Negros. 

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith charges against Meliton Larena, 
presidente of the municipality of Dumaguete, province of Oriental Negros, for miscon- 
duct in office: 

That the said Meliton Larena, presidente of the municipality of Dumaguete, province 
of Oriental Negros, did, on the night of the 3d day of May, 1903, in charge of a mob 
consisting of about one hundred people, unlawfully expel from this locality by means 
of threats and duress the Spanish subject, Mr. Argote, who, by the way, had landed 
from the steamer Isabel to stay in the convent overnight, compelling him to embark 
that same night. Under the treaty of Paris said Mr. Argote had perfect right to be 
unmolested during his stay here. 

Demetrio Larena, 
Provincial Governor. 

Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, September 15, 1903. 

In the matter of Meliton Larena, Presidente municipality of Dumaguete. 

_ At this time come the members of the provincial board of the province of Oriental 
Negros in special session for the purpose of hearing the testimony in the case of 



320 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Meliton Larena, for misconduct in the office of presidente of the municipality of 
Dumaguete, who was, on the 12th day of August, 1903, suspended from said office 
by the provincial governor. 

The provincial governor was present but did not take part in the proceedings of 
the board, he being legally disqualified by reason of the fact that Meliton Larena is 
his brother. 

Jose" A. Erquiaga, provincial translator and interpreter, filed his oath as translator. 

The said Meliton Larena, being present, the following charges filed by the provin- 
cial governor, dated the 24th day of August, 1903, were read to him and in his 
hearing: 

"Meliton Larena, presidente of Dumaguete, is accused that in the night of the 3d 
day of May last, in charge of a mob consisting of about one hundred people, unlaw- 
fully expelled from this locality by means of threat and duress, the Spanish subject, 
Mr. Argote, who by the way, had landed from the steamer Isabel to stay in the con- 
vent overnight, compelling him to embark that same night. Under the treaty of 
Paris, said Mr. Argote has perfect right to be unmolested during his stay here." 

To all of which said charges the said Meliton Larena pleaded not guilty. There- 
upon the said Meliton Larena, being duly sworn according to law, declared as 
follows in his own behalf: 

"My name is Meliton Larena; I am 53 years of age; my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I am a farmer. I resided in Dumaguete since the year 1876. I have been 
presidente of the municipality of Dumaguete nearly four years. On Sunday May 
3, I left my house at about 6 o'clock and went out into one of the adjacent barrios, 
returning in about one hour. As I came back the people were talking some about 
a fraile being in town, having arrived by the boat Isabel. When I arrived near 
the municipality, I met Laureano Flores, vice-president of this municipality; 
I inquired of him if he knew anything about the presence of a fraile, and he 
said that he did not. I was inspector of customs at that time and went to 
my house and sent for Augustin Apostol, my clerk, and asked him if there 
was a fraile in the list of passengers of the Isabel, which had arrived some time 
during the day; the clerk informed me that there was no fraile among the list of 
passengers. I then sent the clerk to the office to bring me the list. He brought the 
list and I examined it, but did not find the name of the fraile. It was developed 
later, however, that the fraile was in the list of passengers, but I did not know the 
name of the fraile. I then concluded that the people were mistaken, told my clerk 
to go home, and sat down to dinner with Mr. Greer in my house. After dinner I 
heard the band playing. It did not seem to be on the "playa," as was usual on Sun- 
day evenings, but from another direction. After dinner I was resting with Mr. Greer, 
at my house, until some time near 10 o'clock, when the band came to my house, 
accompanied by about 200 men. They stopped in front of my house and presented 
me with a petition signed by a large number of persons. The paper was a protest 
against the presence of a fraile in town and said the fraile was not wanted. They 
desired me to have him leave town in the most legal way. The crowd were crying 
' ' Long live Aglipay ! " ' ' We do not want friars ! ' ' They were not drunk, and I did not 
see any of them who was under the influence of intoxicants. They were not armed, 
and I did not see any man with arms. It was not an assemblage of irresponsible 
parties, but was pacific in its tone and attitude, and was composed of good citizens, 
many of whom occupied prominent positions in social and business lines, and taken 
altogether it was an assemblage of representative citizens of the town of Dumaguete. 
I do not remember the names of the persons who signed the petition, and the paper 
is not in my possession, and I don't know where it is. I gave it to Mr. Trent and 
he did not return it to me. When this petition was presented to me I hurriedly 
read it, and told the people I thought they were mistaken and that there was no 
fraile in town . The people insisted that there was a fraile then at the convent. I then 
told them to go to their homes and I would settle the question with the fraile. The 
crowd then left my house, as did also the band, and went west. I supposed the 
crowd were going to their homes, as I had ordered them. I could hear the band 
playing after it left my house. I sent for the police force, and went out from my 
house to the convent. The police arrived at the convent at the same time as I. I 
went to the convent alone, and the band and the crowd did not accompany me or 
follow me. There was no crowd or any person around the convent when I arrived. 
The door was closed, and there was no guard in or about the convent. I knocked 
at the door and it was opened, and I went upstairs, where I found Friar Claudio 
Argote and Padre Gervasio Gallofin. 1 went to the convent to comply with the 
promise I had made to the people to settle the fraile question and to show the fraile 
the petition and advise him of the action of the people. The fraile read the petition 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 321 

and then said: "What do you say to that?" I replied: "It is up to you; you have 
a better judgment than I." After thinking a long time the fraile said: "Aren't we, 
the strangers, protected under the American law?" I told him yes, and that my 
purpose there was to advise him of what the people have done in their protest and 
to learn his decision. About this time the band and a crowd of people passed the 
street in front of the convent. The band was playing and the crowd cried: "Long 
live Aglipay ! " "We don' t want frailes ! ' ' The streets along which the band and the 
crowd passed is about 80 yards from the convent door. I did not see the crowd, as 
I was then talking with the fraile. About this time the fraile told me to send two 
policemen to advise the crowd to go to their homes, as he would embark. I sent 
the police to inform the crowd of the fraile' s decision. When the band ceased play- 
ing the fraile asked me who would be responsible for his getting aboard of the boat. 
I told him I would. When he got ready I went with him to the boat, taking along 
with me four policemen. When I went down the stairs of the convent there were 
three or four soldiers of the constabulary force on duty at the wall inclosing the con- 
vent ground. There was no crowd at the beach when we arrived there. A small 
squad of constabulary soldiers were near there, but I did not know whether they were 
on duty or not, I was not in charge of a mob in the night of May 3, 1903, neither 
was I controlled by a mob that night, and my action was not influenced by a mob. 
I did not expel the fraile from the municipality of Dumaguete, and did not threaten 
him with violence or in any manner, and did not compel him to embark on board 
of a boat that night. I had a police force with me to protect the fraile when I went 
to the convent, and so informed him. He went on board of the boat that night of 
his own free will. I performed some military services in making civil government 
possible in this province. On the 27th day of July, 1899, 1 was besieged by an armed 
force of "babylanes" in the town of Siaton, which threatened to reach this capital, 
when I was then military chief of that section, maintaining the integrity of the sov- 
ereignty of the United States, and assisted next day by the regular force under the 
command of Lieutenant Edwards. 

Meliton Laeena. 

Eev. Father Gervasio Gallofin was produced, sworn, and declared as follows: 
My name is Gervasio Gallofin, my age is 43 years, and I am the priest in charge of 
the church at Dumaguete. Between 9 and 10 o'clock at night, Sunday, May 3, 
Meliton Larena, presidente, came to the convent and inquired if there was a fraile 
there; I told him the secretary to the bishop, a fraile, was there, and that he had 
come to bring the "holy oil." This conversation took place at the head of the stair- 
way, where I met the presidente; the fraile was then in the " sala." The presidente 
told me he had come on account of the demonstration of the people; that he had a 
protest on the part of the people who did not want the fraile to stay in town. He 
told me he should not have come out from his house at this time, but on account of 
the protest of the people it was his duty to do so. I did not read the protest, but 
took the presidente into the "sala" where he met the fraile about the center of the 
room. Both men saluted each other and the presidente stated that he had come in 
the name of the people, and handed the fraile the protest; I do not remember whether 
the fraile read it or not. After the fraile was convinced of the reasons of the presi- 
dente, he asked whether he would be abused or not; the presidente replied that that 
was the reason he came, and that he would be responsible for any abuse made to 
him; he said he would protect him against anyone interfering with him. The presi- 
dente came to my house alone, but in two or three minutes after his arrival I noticed 
some of the police force were there, two or three of them coming near where we were 
talking and into the parlor after we went in. This was between half past 9 and 10 
o'clock. The fraile left the convent in company with the presidente and I supposed 
went on board of the boat, as that was where he said he was going. I do not think 
any people came inside the wall inclosing the convent grounds; there was no hollow- 
ing or loud noise that I heard; the band was playing, but there was no noise such as 
throwing stones. After the presidente and fraile left the convent I closed the build- 
ing and heard no demonstration, before that time or afterwards, that night, except 
the band playing. I think the fraile went on board of the boat as a result of the con- 
ference with the presidente; I do not think now, and did not then, that the fraile was 
in any danger from violence or being interfered with in any manner. I did not hear 
any threats made against the fraile by the crowd if there was one, or by any person. 
The presidente was not accompanied by a mob or any person, except as I have stated, 
when he came to the convent. The presidente did not threaten the fraile in any 
manner or order him to leave town; he acted like an educated gentleman. 

Gervasio Gallofin. 
war 1903— vol 5 21 



322 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

September 16, 1903. 

James W. Greer, on being sworn, declared: 

My name is James W. Greer, my age is 34 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and 
I am coast district inspector of customs. I have been a resident of Dumaguete since 
the 29th of April, 1903. I was at the residence of Meliton Larena, municipal presi- 
dente, on the night of May 3, 1903, as I was then taking my meals at his house. 
About 6 o'clock, the presidente and I started out for a walk about the town; among 
other places we went to the "playa." We returned to the house about half past 7 
o'clock, and at about 8 o'clock we had our dinner. About the time we completed 
it, though we were still at the table, I heard the band playing, which stopped in front 
of the house. I was in the room and did not go to the door. The band played 
a while and I heard some one hollow "Long live Aglipay!" The presidente went 
to the window, but I stayed back in the room. After the band quit playing I asked 
the presidente, "What does this mean?" "What is it?" I don't remember the 
words of his reply, but I think it was to the effect that it was a matter of no impor- 
tance, and I did not go to the window to see; I thought at the time that it was some 
people out for a good time. The presidente said something to the crowd, but it was 
in Bisayan and I don't know what it was. The crowd went away after that; I don't 
think they were there more than five minutes, possibly ten. I do not know where 
they went, as I went to bed after they left. I did not hear or see anything more of 
it that night. The presidente had not left the house when I went to bed, and I don't 
know anything about whether he went out or not. At that time I did not know 
there was a fraile in town. It was not a noisy crowd and the only thing I heard was 
the band playing and what I have stated before. I have no idea of how many people 
were in the crowd, and there was nothing to indicate that it was a mob. If I had 
thought that it was a mob, I would have gone to the window to see what was going on. 

James W. Geeee. 

Ramon Cuadra, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Ramon Cuadra, my age is 29 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and I 
am a clerk in the coast district inspector of customs office. I am a member of the 
Aglipay movement and hold my membership with the congregation at Bacong, 
where I was employed until the last day of May; my residence was here during the 
time; I went to Bacong every morning, returning in the evening. I am secretary of 
the board of the congregation of Bacong. There is an organization of the Aglipay 
Church here, though I never attended its meetings. I have heard that there are over 
twenty members here. Benito Gallardo was one, Zacarfas Alo; I do not remember 
any other at this moment. I have personal knowledge of a meeting of citizens of 
Dumaguete on the night of May 3 by being a member of this meeting. I do not 
know who notified me of the meeting; the purpose was to let the fraile know that 
we were adherents of the Aglipay Church. At the time of the assemblage of this 
people we knew there was a fraile in town, and that he was then in the convent. It 
was not the purpose of this demonstration to interfere with the Spanish subject, as 
we did not know the nationality of the man; but the demonstration was against the 
fraile as a fraile, and not against him as a man and citizen of Spain. The presidente had 
no knowledge of this meeting of citizens, and did not assist in the movement in any man- 
ner. I do not think there were more than twenty persons in this assemblage besides 
the band. I saw and signed a petition requesting the presidente in a legal way to 
let the fraile know of our adherence to the Aglipay Church rather than to the 
Roman Catholic Church and our dissatisfaction at the presence of the fraile in town. 
I did not go upstairs at the presidente's house, and don't know who gave the peti- 
tion to the presidente. The presidente told us to go home and he would take care 
to state the petition to the fraile. We then left the house of the presidente and 
went home. There were no arms in the crowd and no sticks other than such as are 
carried on ordinary occasions by a man when walking. There were no stones or 
clubs thrown at or in the direction of the convent, and no threats against anyone. 
The crowd was composed of good people, and it was a peaceful demonstration and 
there was no disorder. All the persons in the crowd were adherents of the Aglipay 
Church. I mean that the people in the demonstration were all members of the 
Aglipay Church or sympathizers with the movement. The presidente was not at 
any time and he is not now a member of the Aglipay organization, to my knowledge. 

Ramon Cuadra. 

Augustm Apostol, on being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Augustm Apostol, my age is 35 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and 
lam a clerk in the office of the coast district inspector of customs. I went to the 
house of the presidente about 7 or half past 7 o'clock on Sunday night, May 3, 1903, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 323 

in response to an order from the presidente who was then the collector of customs. 
The presidente inquired of me if, in the list of passengers by the steamer Isabel, there 
was a fraile; I told him no; he told me then to go to the office and bring him the 
list. I went and got the list and gave it to the presidente; he examined it and said 
the people were mistaken about there being a fraile among the passengers. I then 
left the residence of the presidente, took the list back to the office, and went to my 
home; I did not see or hear any demonstration of people that night. 

augustin apostol. 

September 17, 1903. 

Zacarias Alo, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Zacarias Alo, my age is 36 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and I am a 
merchant. I have been a resident of Dumaguete about five years. I am a member 
of the Aglipay Church, which was organized at Dumaguete about eight months ago. 
I am the representative of the committee to organize in Dumaguete. There are 
many members of the church in Dumaguete and have been since its organization; I 
can name some of them, but not all. Among those who are members I remember 
the names of Claro de Leon, Filemon Mercado, Andres Cortez, Generoso Apostol; 
that is all I remember now. Meliton Larena is not now, and never was, a member 
of this church. I remember the fact of a demonstration on the night of May 3, 1903, 
but I do not know who organized it, and did not see anything of it, as I was confined 
to my house on account of illness at the time. Next morning I learned from talking 
with some of the members of the Aglipay Church that it was a peaceful demonstra- 
tion, the purpose of which was to show the fraile that he was not wanted here on 
account of former events. The demonstration, as I learned, was not against this man 
as a Spanish subject or as a man, but against him as a Friar. There was nothing 
said about him as a subject of Spain, and all the people knew was that he was a 
fraile. I have never heard that there was any throwing of stones at or in the direc- 
tion of the convent, or any hostile demonstration on the part of the people at the 
time; it was stated and understood to be a peaceful protest against the presence of a 
fraile, and the crowd, as I was informed next morning, had no arms. 

Zacarias Alo. 

Antonio Oria, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Antonio Oria, my age is 29 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and I 
am a farmer. I was born in Dumaguete, and this town has been my home all my 
life. About half past 7 o'clock on Sunday evening I was walking in the playa in 
the Paseo Rizal and heard a rumor that a hostile demonstration was being 
organized against the friar then in town. This was the first that I heard of 
the presence of the fraile. I do not remember who told me about this matter. In 
view of these rumors, myself and Macario Lezana went to the vicinity of the cock- 
pit, stopping about 30 meters from the cockpit to one side of the street, so that we 
were concealed from public view, but had a good view of the crowd which was 
assembled in the street. It was a clear, bright, moonlight night, and I could distin- 
guish the number of persons and the names of three. There were eight persons in 
all, three of whom were FroiMn Flores, Ramon Cuadra, and Hermenegildo Villa- 
nueva. I do not know the names of the other five. I could not hear the conversa- 
tion of the persons, if any, but the three persons I have named had revolvers; the 
others did not. We remained about two or three minutes and then continued our 
walk, but I don't remember whether we went back to the beach or went to the 
store. About 8 o'clock I went to my house and took supper, after which, at about 
9 o'clock, I came out and went to the store of Pedro Teves, where I had agreed to 
meet Macario Lezana. We had agreed to meet at this place to take a walk and see 
if the rumors he had heard were being carried out. Macario Lezana and myself 
went from the store to the main door of the church. We went there for curiosity 
and not for the purpose of being present at any demonstration. We took a position 
beside the door of the church, close to the wall, so as to be concealed by the shade, 
and remained there until the fraile left the convent. No one was with us. We did 
not have any arm, and I don't remember whether Macario Lezana had a cane or 
not. It is a custom to carry a cane. There was no other person concealed or sta- 
tioned in or about the church or convent grounds, to my knowledge. About half 
past 9 o'clock the band, accompanied by about forty persons, came from the resi- 
dence of the presidente, and when they arrived in front of the convent stopped for 
four or five minutes. The band ceased playing and the crowd cried: "Long live 
Aglipay!" "Out with the fraile!" After this the presidente came out of the crowd 
with five policemen, went to the door of the convent, which was closed, and knocked 



324 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

on it two or three times, saying: "Justicia" (justice). The door was opened and 
the presidente and the police force entered the building. I do not know what 
occurred inside the building. The band and the crowd remained until the presi- 
dente came out with the police and accompanied by the fraile. The presidente and 
fraile went toward the beach and the band and crowd went on north. I did not see 
any stones, missiles, or clubs thrown at or in the direction of the church or the con- 
vent, and there were no threats of violence uttered by the crowd or any member of 
it toward the fraile or any other person. Froilan Flores, Epifanio Montebon, 
Eamon Cuadra, Hermenegildo Villanueva, and Juan Saavedra carried revolvers. 
I did not see any other arm in the crowd, though some carried canes. The 
barrels of the revolvers protruded below the coat of the persons who had them. 
The revolvers were not carried in the hands of the men or in any way except 
as I have stated. About ten of the crowd whom I knew were representative 
citizens of Dumaguete, and others I think the laboring classes, and about ten of 
the number were children. Eight or ten of the crowd came inside the wall 
inclosing the convent grounds, but did not go near the church or convent. The 
demonstration was not against the man as a subject of Spain or as a man, but 
against the fraile; nothing was said about his being a subject of the Spanish Govern- 
ment. I do not think the fact that the man was a subject of the Spanish Govern- 
ment, if he was one, had anything to do whatever with the demonstration. As a 
matter of fact I do not know who organized the demonstration, but from seeing 
Froilan Flores, Eamon Cuadra, and Hermenegildo Villanueva I thought they 
organized the demonstration. Froilan Flores is not and was not then in the employ 
of the provincial government, Mr. Hermenegildo Villanueva was vice-president of 
the municipality of Bais, and Eamon Cuadra was then president of the municipal 
board of health of Bacong. I do not remember to have stated that ten or twelve of 
the crowd carried revolvers, but if I did make such a statement it was a mistake, 
and I am satisfied that not more than five carried revolvers. While the crowd was in 
front of the convent I was at the door of the church, which is about 45 or 50 meters 
distant. I am fully convinced that I saw revolvers on the persons that I have named, 
as the moon was shining very bright and the revolvers were in holsters. 

After hearing my testimony read, I desire to say that I do not mean that any of 
the crowd were representative citizens, and where it is recorded that the presidente 
took with him five policemen it should have been written four, as that was the cor- 
rect number. 

I do not know whether the crowd was composed of members of the Aglipay church 
or not, but suppose they were, by their cheering him. I regarded the demonstra- 
tion a peaceful one, as there were no violent acts on the part of anyone, but as the 
result was in the expulsion of a stranger from town the demonstration could not be 
a legal one. It is only a presumption on my part that the demonstration expelled 
the fraile from town, as I have no personal knowledge of the matter. I did not con- 
fer with the civil authorities of the municipality or the provincial government that 
night or at any time about the demonstration. I did not think I had authority to 
determine whether the demonstration was legal, illegal, or a peaceable one, is the 
reason I did not apply to the provincial governor. I did not then and have not 
since presented the matter to the provincial governor, or any provincial or munici- 
pal officer; neither did I present that matter that night or at any other time to any 
military officer, and I did not then and have not since presented the matter to any 
insular officer. I did not write a letter or send a telegram to the civil governor at 
Manila in regard to the demonstration, and I did not sign a telegram to be sent to the 
civil governor at Manila, and I have no personal knowledge of such telegram being sent. 
If the people knew that the fraile was a Spaniard then the demonstration was offensive 
to Spanish citizens, but if they did not know it at the time it could not be offensive 
to the Spanish citizens of the town, though they should have supposed that he was 
a Spaniard, because there are no other frailes of different nationality in the islands. 
The demonstration here took place on Sunday night, May 3, 1903. While I was 
standing at the church door some four or five persons came inside the convent 
grounds, standing in front of the bell tower; they did not have any part in the 
demonstration and were doing nothing that I saw. I think they were laboring peo- 
ple and went there out of curiosity. I am a citizen of the Philippine Islands. 

Antonio Okia, 

September 18, 1903. 

Macario Lezana, being duly sworn, declared : 

My name is Macario Lezana; my age is 28 years; my residence is Dumaguete, and 
I am a farmer. I was born and reared in Dumaguete. On Sunday night, May 3, 
1903, I was walking on the playa with Antonio Oria when I heard some one passing 






EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 325 

talking about a demonstration, and that people were then assembling at the cockpit 
for that purpose ; we went there by way of San Jose street, stopping at one side of 
the street in the shade of a small house about 30 meters from the cockpit. We saw 
about eight men, three of whom we recognized, and who were Froildn Flores, Ramon 
Cuadra, and Hermenegildo Villanueva. They were talking in the street ; we could 
distinguish them very readily because it was a moonlight night, but could not hear 
what was said. Some of them were walking back and forth in the street. The 
three persons I have named had revolvers which I could recognize by the bulk on 
their hips and see the revolvers protruding from under their coats ; the revolvers 
were in holsters, and protruded about 2 inches below their coats. That is all we 
saw there ; we remained about two or three minutes, and then separated and went 
to our homes to dine, agreeing, however, to meet at the store of Pedro Teves after 
supper and take a walk. We met at Pedro Teves' s store about fifteen minutes after 
9 o'clock. I found Antonio Oria awaiting me; he was in the store with Pedro 
Teves, one door being open. There was no light in the store, but there was one in 
the back room ; there was no other person there. We met at the store because we 
wanted Pedro Teves to go with us, but he would not. We went immediately to the 
main door of the church, where we remained; being behind the columns in front of 
the door, we were concealed from public view. We went there out of curiosity and 
to see if the demonstration we heard of was carried out; I was carrying a cane 
which I always carry, but we had no arms. No one directed us to go to the church 
and take station there. The demonstration I had heard talked of was being organ- 
ized against the fraile who had arrived in town. There was nothing said about an 
organization against the Spanish subject, but nothing else was talked of except the 
fraile. I had returned from Iloilo on the boat by which this fraile came, and we 
arrived here about 4 o'clock. I do not know the purpose of the fraile' s visit here. 
A few minutes after we took station at the church door the band and about thirty 
or forty persons came from the direction of the residence of the presidente and 
stopped at the street in front of the convent, but four or five came inside the convent 
grounds. The band ceased playing and the crowd crying ' ' Long live Aglipay ! ' ' 
"Out with the friar!" About this time the presidente and four policemen came 
out of the crowd and through the main entrance of the convent grounds, and went 
to the convent door and knocked on it saying "justicia" (justice); the door was 
opened, and the presidente and the police went inside. The presidente and the 
police could not get into the convent ground by the main entrance without coming 
through the crowd. The crowd and the band remained there four or five minutes, 
when the presidente and four policemen and the fraile came out of the convent and 
went in the direction of the beach, passing in front of the band and the crowd in the 
street. As the presidente and the fraile passed the crowd it cried "Long live 
Aglipay!" "Out with the friar!" The band then began to play and all moved off 
toward the north, and I saw nothing more of the demonstration that night. It was 
a peaceable demonstration. I did not see or hear of any stones, missiles, clubs, or 
anything else being thrown at or against the convent or church, or to any person. 
Juan Saavedra, Ramon Cuadra, Hermenegildo Villanueva, Epifanio Montebon, and 
Froilan Flores had revolvers in holsters which protruded from under their coats, 
and some of the others were carrying canes. I have no personal knowledge, but 
from the action of the crowd I think it was composed of members of the Aglipay 
church. So far as I know no one saw and recognized us while we were behind the 
pillars in front of the church door. We did not leave our place of concealment until 
the people had all gone, and then we went to our homes. It was about half past 9 
o'clock when the crowd in the street in front of the convent grounds left. 

Macaeio Lezana. 

Juan Saavedra, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Juan Saavedra; my age is 46 years; my residence is Dumaguete, and 
I am the clerk of the court of first instance. On Sunday night, May 3, 1903, I 
was in my house, when close to 9 o'clock I heard the band playing, and thinking 
it was a procession of the Holy Cross of May I went out and came up with it near 
in front of the residence of the provincial supervisor, on the east side of the plaza. 
I found from forty to sixty persons, including the band, in the street going south. 
I was informed they were going to the residence of the presidente to present to him 
a petition showing our dissatisfaction of the presence of the fraile in Dumaguete 
and our sympathy with the Aglipay movement. I signed the petition. We went 
to the presidente's house and presented him with the petition. He read it and told 
us to go home and he would confer with the fraile. The crowd then left the presi- 
dente's by way of the main street leading from his house north, and we arrived in 
front of the convent in the street; we stopped about one minute and gave out the cry, 



326 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

' ' We don' t want f railes, " " Long live Aglipay, ' ' and then went on and dispersed to our 
homes. It was about 9.30 or 9.40 p. m. when the crowd dispersed. I did not have 
a revolver and did not see one in the crowd; there was no occasion for revolvers, as 
the demonstration was a peaceful one. I saw FroiMn Flores, Eamon Cuadra, Her- 
menegildo Villanueva, Epifanio Montebon, and Santiago Gonzales; none of these 
persons had revolvers, and to my knowledge Gonzales does not own a revolver. 
There were no stones, missiles, clubs, or anything else thrown at or in the direction 
of the convent, church, or grounds, or at or in the direction of any person. There 
was no threat of violence against the fraile or any person. Many of the crowd were 
men who would not be guilty of any such thing and would not have permitted it 
had any attempt been made. The demonstration was against the fraile and not 
against him as a man or as a subject of the Government of Spain; no nationality was 
thought of in the matter. There was nothing in the demonstration intended or 
which could be construed to be offensive to Spanish citizens residents of Dumaguete. 
It was solely against the fraile as a fraile. The presidente did not go with the crowd 
from his house to the place where it stopped in front of the convent grounds; when 
we left his house he remained inside. I do not remember to have seen any person 
go inside the convent grounds. The presidente and the fraile did not come out of 
the convent grounds and pass in front of the crowd and go in the direction of the 
"playa" while the crowd was halted in front of the convent grounds. I did not 
see the presidente after the crowd left his residence, and he did not go to the con- 
vent whiJe the crowd was halted in front of the grounds. I was not a member of 
the demonstration, but accompanied it at a short distance behind, but I had a full 
knowledge of what transpired from the time I came up with it until it dispersed and 
went home. 

Juan Saavedra. 

Santiago Gonzales, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Santiago Gonzales; my age is 44 years; my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I have until a few days ago been a clerk in the office of the division superin- 
tendent of schools. I came to Dumaguete January 15, 1903, as a clerk in the census 
bureau; I lived in Bais prior to that time. I am the secretary of the committee of 
the Aglipay Church at Bais, and I never moved my membership to Dumaguete. 
On Sunday night, May 3, 1903, in company with Hermenegildo Villanueva I took 
supper with Juan Montenegro, at his house; while at supper we heard the band 
playing, and after completing supper Hermenegildo Villanueva left the house to 
ascertain what was the occasion of the band playing, and as he did not return I sent 
my son to ascertain what it was for. He returned and told me it was some people 
going with the band in the direction of the church; I went out with my son imme- 
diately and came up with the crowd in front of the convent, in the street. I think 
there were about forty persons in this crowd, as my son told me; my sight is so 
deficient at night that I do not go out without some one to lead me. I had nothing 
whatever to do with the demonstration, but signed the protest in the street near the 
bell tower. I could not distinguish who gave it to me, but on reading the heading I 
saw it was for a good purpose and I signed it. The crowd stopped in the street in 
front of the convent, and the band ceased playing just the sufficient time for the 
crowd to cry "Long live Aglipay!" "We don't want friars!" and then the band 
began to play and all went off north, and I returned to my house. I did not have a 
revolver, and did not then own one. I only heard two cheerings as I have named. 
There were no clubs, stones, or missiles, or anything else thrown at or in the direc- 
tion of the convent or church, or any other direction, and there were no threats of 
violence or any other kind made against the fraile or any other person. The demon- 
stration was not against the fraile as a man or subject of the Government of Spain, 
but solely against him as a friar and as a member of a corporation of frailes. There 
was absolutely nothing at all in the demonstration to be offensive or an insult to 
Spanish citizens of Dumaguete, and nothing of the kind was thought of or spoken 
of. I did not see the presidente that night, and my son told me he was not in the 
crowd. 

Santiago Gonzales. 

Pedro Teves, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Pedro Teves; my age is 34 years; my residence is Dumaguete, and I 
am a merchant. About 9 o'clock Sunday night, May 3, 1903, Antonio Orio and 
Macario Lezana came to my store, Antonio Orio arriving first. They wanted me to 
go with them in front of the convent to see if the demonstration against the fraile 
was carried out. I did not go with them because I was going to my brother-in-law's, 
Ramon Pastor, for supper. I closed my store, and went to bed early that night, and 



KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 327 

was called by Antonio Orio. I thought it was a moonlight night, but after exam- 
ining the calendar I find I was mistaken; but there was light enough to see a man's 
face when I opened the door, but I do not know whether that came from the lamp 
in the street a short distance from my store. After Orio and Macario left the store I 
went to the residence of Eamon Pastor, some distance west, and remained there until 
after 10 o'clock, when I returned to my store to go to bed. I did not see the demon- 
stration, but heard some noise which was so far away that I could not distinguish 
what it was. While the calendar shows that it was not a moonlight night, I think 
it was. 

Pedro Teves, M. 

September 19, 1903. 
Hermenegildo Villanueva, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name'is Hermenegildo Villanueva; my age is 27 years; my residence is Bais, 
and ! am a farmer. I was in Dumaguete Sunday night, May 3, 1903; about half past 

6 I left my house for a walk in the play a, and about fifteen minutes later went to 
the residence of Juan Montenegro and took supper by previous invitation. I arrived 
at Mr. Montenegro's house about 7 o'clock, and remained there until about half past 
8 when we took supper, after which I went out, having heard the band playing in the 
northern part of the town while we were still drinking coffee. The music created 
some wonder between us, Santiago Gonzales being present also at supper. I left the 
house in the first place because it was time for me to return to my house, and the 
second consideration was to satisfy my curiosity over the band playing; it was then 
about a quarter of 9 o'clock. I went in the direction of the house where I was stop- 
ping and crossed the "plaza" diagonally from the southwest to the northeast corner. 
"When I arrived near the house of the fiscal, which is in the northeast corner of the 
plaza, I met about forty or forty-five persons, including the band which was playing. 
I asked what they were there for, and Benito Gallardo, if I am not mistaken, 
answered it was a mere demonstration to show their sympathy with the new Filipino 
independent church on account of the presence of a friar in town. In view of the 
fact that it was a peaceful demonstration, and which purpose was only to show their 
sympathy to the new Filipino independent church, and their dissatisfaction on 
account of the friar, I had no objection to follow them behind. The demonstration 
went on south along the street on which the "gobierno" (government building) is 
situated to the residence of the presidente, situated a little southeast of the provincial 
government building. When I arrived opposite the government building a paper 
was handed to me, but I do not know by whom. I went to the door of the govern- 
ment building and read it by the light of a lantern, and on seeing that it was to be 
presented to the presidente, and that the contents of the petition did not contain 
anything in conflict with the present constitution, nor to public order, but it was a 
mere statement showing our dissatisfaction on account of the presence of the fraile, I 
signed it. When the demonstration arrived at the residence of the presidente, I was 
some distance apart from the crowd ; I saw a man with the paper go up stairs in the 
house of Meliton Larena, then presidente. About six or eight minutes after the man 
went upstairs the presidente came to the window and told the people to go home, 
and he would have an interview with the fraile. The presidente did not say that he 
would make the fraile leave town, or that he would take his police force and take 
him out of town. I did not go inside the house of the presidente, but remained 
downstairs. I don't know the name of the man who went upstairs; it was impos- 
sible for me to distinguish him in the crowd, because I was some distance aw T ay, about 

7 or 8 meters. The crowd and the band then left the presidente's house for the busi- 
ness part of the town, passing directly in front of the convent grounds. The presi- 
dente's house is situated on Kizal street, south of the convent. I remember that the 
band and the crowd stopped in the street in front of the convent grounds just long 
enough for the crowd to cry "Long live Aglipay !" "We don't want friars !" but that 
was not over one minute, and then went on north, and at the Escoltal left it, as I 
remembered I had to go to Mr. Alo's house, and that was the last I saw of it. When 
the demonstration left the residence of the presidente he was upstairs standing at the 
window; he did not accompany it to the convent, and was not with the crowd in front 
of the convent grounds and did not go inside the convent grounds while it was there. 
The presidente did not come out of the convent grounds with four policemen and the 
fraile while the crowd was in front of the convent grounds and passed in front of or 
through the crowd and go in the direction of the beach. The crowd did not stop 
long enough as the presidente was at his house when it left. I did not see any stone, 
missiles, clubs or anything else thrown at or in the direction of the convent or church, 
or at or in the direction of any person. I did not hear any threats of violence to the 
fraile or any other person. The demonstration was against the fraile as a fraile, and 



328 KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

not against him as a man or subject of the Government of Spain, as his nationality- 
was not known or talked of. The demonstration was not intended and did nothing 
to offend or insult Spanish residents of Dumaguete, as they only cried "Long live 
Aglipay!" " We don't want friars !" None of the crowd went inside the convent 
grounds. I did not see any person in the crowd who had a revolver; I did not have 
a revolver. I did not aid or assist or have anything to do with organizing the dem- 
onstration. I was not at or near the cockpit or in the street in front of it, at any 
time in the afternoon or night on that day. I do not remember whether it was 
moonlight or not, but if it was it was cloudy, as I could not distinguish a man at a 
short distance from me. 

Hermenegildo Villanueva. 

September 21, 1903. 

Froilan Flores, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Froilan Flores, my age is 27 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and I 
am a farmer. I have not been in the employ of the provincial government or held 
any official employment under the civil government of the province of Oriental 
Negros since about January, 1902. On Sunday night, May 3, 1903, myself and Juan 
Fulvayre were walking on the beach, and in continuing our walk about 8 o'clock 
went to the house of Benito Gallardo over the post-office at the escolta. When we 
arrived there, Mr. Gallardo showed us a petition protesting against the presence of a 
fraile, which I read and found that it contained nothing against the law and was only 
to avoid the presence of the fraile. I signed the petition and so did Mr. Fulvayre. 
Mr. Fulvayre' s residence is in the barrio of Tinaugan, town of Majuyod, about 
55 kilometers from Dumaguete. Myself, Fulvayre, and Gallardo left the house and 
went north on the street passing the cockpit. When near the front of the cockpit 
we met Marcelo Enriquez, of Dauin, and five or six musicians whose names I do not 
know. We remained there about ten minutes and then started to the residence of 
the presidente, in the south part of town, for the purpose of giving him the petition. 
When we left the front of the cockpit the crowd consisted of the persons I have 
named and some children. I can not remember how many there were in the crowd 
at the time we got to the presidente's, but there were probably about thirty in all, as 
others had joined it on the way. The demonstration was organized by Benito 
Gallardo, whose present residence I do not know, and I assisted him. No person 
connected with the civil government of the province of Oriental Negros was present 
at the cockpit at the time the demonstration was organized, or had anything to do 
with organizing it, to my knowledge. I was with the demonstration from the time 
it started until it dispersed. The presidente told us at his house to go home and he 
would take care of conferring with the fraile. The crowd then left the house of the 
presidente and went north on Eizal street, which is the direct street leading from the 
house of the presidente to the escolta in the main business part of the town, and 
when it arrived in front of the convent grounds stopped about one minute, the band 
ceased playing and the crowd cried, ' ' We don't want friars ! " " Long live Aglipay ! ' ' 
and then went on, and when we got to the escolta dispersed. When the crowd halted 
in front of the convent grounds it did not cry to the fraile to come out of the convent 
or they would come and take him out, or any words of that kind. The sole exclama- 
tion was as I have stated. The crowd did not at any time or place call to the fraile 
to come out of the convent or it would come and take him out, and no such language 
was uttered by any member of the demonstration at any time or place. The presi- 
dente was not with the crowd when it halted in front of the convent grounds, and 
did not come out of the convent with four policemen, or any number and the fraile, 
and passed in front of the crowd or through it and go in the direction of the beach. 
When the crowd was halted in front of the convent grounds I saw Jose Vizmanos 
and Andres Cortes on the outside of the fence inclosing the convent grounds. These 
men had not been with the demonstration before that, and I think did not go away 
when we left. I did not see any person inside the convent grounds, or at or near the 
convent, or the door to the church. I did not have a revolver and did not see one in 
the crowd. I think the moon had been shining, but it was dark when we left the 
house of the presidente. 

Froilan Flores. 

Saturnino Maquiling, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Saturnino Maquiling, my age is 39 years, my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I am a laborer. I had no employment between the 3d and the 10th day of May, 
1903. I saw the demonstration Sunday night, May 3, 1903. At about half past' 9 
o'clock I was returning from the house of Ponciano Distrito, and when I arrived 
opposite the convent grounds there was a demonstration of people there who remained 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 329 

two or three minutes and then all went north. All they did was to cry out "Long 
live Aglipay! " " Out with the fraile! " and "Abajo con el convento!" The demon- 
stration had already gone north when the presidente arrived at the convent with 
four policemen and went upstairs in the building, and that was the last I saw of the 
presidente, as I went on home. I did not see the fraile that night. The convent 
door was open when the presidente arrived at the convent. On the 6th day of May, 
myself, Gregorio Maputi, Cervillano Mapeso, and Magno Generoso, and Bernabe 
Amor were at my house when Bernabe Amor wrote a telegram, which was in Visayan, 
to be sent to the civil governor, which the first four named signed. I don't remem- 
ber what was in the telegram, except that we stated that us four had nothing to do 
with the demonstration. The telegram was prepared at my suggestion and written 
by Bernabe Amor, who is very learned. I do not know how much the telegram cost, 
but I gave 60 cents, which is all I paid, and I do not owe anything on the cost of my 
share of the cost for sending the telegram. I do not know who furnished the balance 
of the money to pay for the telegram. I do not know how much each of the other 
three men who signed it paid toward the expense of the telegram, and I have never 
been asked to pay any more than the 60 cents. I do not know what was done with 
the telegram after we signed it. I got an answer from Manila to the telegram we 
sent, but I don't know when it was. It was in English. I gave it to Magno Generoso 
and never saw it afterwards. I sent the telegram to Manila on account of the people 
in the demonstration crying, ' ' Long live Aglipay ! " " Out with the fraile ! ' ' There 
was no disturbance other than this. There are processions in the streets every night 
now. I have not sent a telegram to Manila about this, because it conforms to my 
will. About 6 o'clock Sunday evening, May 3, a very large demonstration or pro- 
cession, carrying torches and images and singing songs and with the band of music, 
passed through the principal streets of town, but I did not refer to it in my telegram 
to Manila, because I don't think the procession which paraded the streets about half 
past 9 o'clock have the same right to parade as the one at 6 o'clock. I paid over 
five pesos land tax on property, which belongs to myself and brothers jointly, for 1902. 

Saturnino Maquiling. 

Magno Generoso, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Magno Generoso, my age is 33 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and 
I am a laborer, but have no regular employment. However, I have an agreement 
with Antonio Oria and Chino ' ' Chiquito, ' ' both agents of different firms, to unload 
boats arriving here. On Sunday night, May 3, 1903, I had been to a prayer meet- 
ing in the house of Ponciano Distrito, called the Chapel of the Holy Cross, and as I 
returned home I saw a demonstration of people going from the residence of the presi- 
dente on the street leading north, and when it arrived at the convent grounds it stopped 
and cried ' ' Long live Aglipay! " ' ' Out with the friar ! ' ' and then they continued walk- 
ing toward the north. I did not hear the crowd or any person in it call to the fraile to 
come out of the convent or they would come to take him out. No stones or any- 
thing else were thrown in the direction of the convent. Juan Saavedra, Hermenegildo 
Villanueva, Epifanio Montebon, Ramon Cuadra, and Froilan Flores had revolvers. 
I was on the inside of convent wall inclosing the grounds while the crowd passed 
along the street in front; it was a moonlight night. \ was about 3 " brazas " distant 
from them; the revolvers were worn on the left side in holsters and protruded from 
the width of one finger to that cf two fingers. It was between 9 and 10 o'clock. I 
saw the presidente; he accompanied the crowd from his house and when it halted he 
went to the convent. The crowd had gone on north and there was nobody there 
then but the presidente and four policemen. The presidente 1 remained in the con- 
vent a short while — I can not say how long — and then came out accompanied by the 
fraile and went toward the beach, and that was the last I saw of him that night. 
About three or four days after this demonstration I agreed with Cervillano Mapeso, 
Gregorio Maputi, and Saturnino Maquiling, all of whom are cousins of mine, to send 
a telegram to the civil governor in reference to this matter. We met at the house of 
Saturnino Maquiling and Bernabe Amor wrote the telegram. It has bef>n so long, I 
have forgotten what was in the telegram. I read the telegram before I signed it; it 
was written in Visayan. We took it to Antonio Oria to be translated into Spanish, 
but not to send it. I then took the telegram to the telegraph operator to be sent to 
Manila. Antonio Oria translated it into Spanish, and it was sent in Spanish. I paid 
for it, but do not remember how much. Each one of the four furnished the money. 
There were but four names signed to the telegram. No one except those whose 
names are signed to the telegram suggested that a telegram should be sent to Manila 
about the demonstration; we did not show the telegram to anybody except to Oria. 
I remember that I took two copies of the same telegram to the telegraph office, one 
of which was in Spanish and the other in English. I do not know who Mr. Oria had 



330 BEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

to translate the telegram. I do not remember what was in the telegram, but I do 
remember that we stated in the telegram that we were not in the demonstration. 
Antonio Oria gave two copies, one in Spanish and one in English, of the same tele- 
gram and said, Here is the Spanish translation, and in order that the operator may 
understand it better, I have had a copy made in English; the English copy was sent 
and I don't know what I did with the Spanish copy. This conversation occurred in 
the house of Antonio Oria and no one was present but us two. Mr. Oria did not 
give me the money to pay for the telegram or tell me how much it would cost; I 
remember now I paid over fifteen pesos. I paid the cost of the telegram out of my 
own money, but the other three had agreed to pay their part, but the payment has 
never been made to me in full. All that has been paid was by Saturnino Maquiling 
$2 (pesos) and Cervillano $1 (peso), and Gregorio had paid something which I 
don't remember how much. I had not been working for anybody on the day I sent 
the telegram or for several days previous to that time. My wife died on the 1st 
day of May, and this cost me nearly all the money I had, except over $20 which I 
had left; the burial of my wife cost me $33, the coffin costing $2 and the church 
fees $31. I own a small tract of land on which the taxes last year were less than 1 
peso, and I had to pay cedula tax. We did not send a telegram to anybody except 
the civil governor about this demonstration. I got an answer to this telegram, but 
I haven't it with me. I never sent or signed any other telegram in my life, and 
never received one except the one we received in answer to the telegram sent by us. 
This telegram which I received was in English. I took this telegram to Antonio 
Oria and asked him to have it translated into Visayan and Spanish. I can read 
Spanish some. I was in the house of Saturnino Maquiling when I received the tele- 
gram; it was in the daytime, but I don't remember the hour. The telegram was 
brought to me by a messenger from the telegraph office. I did not state to anybody 
at any time that the crowd while stopping in front of the convent or any member 
of it called to the fraile to come down; that if he did not come down they would take 
him out. Aside from the cry " Out with the fraile!" "Long live Algipay!" it was 
a quite peaceable and orderly crowd. I did not see the presidente in the convent 
that night, but saw him entering the building. 

Magno Generoso. 

September 22, 1903. 

Gregorio Maputi, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Gregorio Maputi, my age is 39 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and I 
am a tailor. On Sunday night, May 3, 1903, myself, Cervillano Mapeso, Saturnino 
Maquiling, and Magno Generoso were passing through the convent grounds going to our 
home from the house of Ponciano Distrito. We entered from the south entrance, which 
is at the side of the church, and went around the church, passing very near the church 
door, and stopped in the grounds a short distance from the wall. There was no person 
at or near the church door, or behind or near the pillars of the front of the church, and 
there was no one else within the convent grounds. This was close to 10 o'clock. We 
stopped five or six minutes. There were over thirty persons and the band in the street. 
The band stopped playing and I only heard the people cry, ' ' Long live Aglipay ! " " Out 
with the fraile! " As soon as this cry was made the people went on north. They 
cried this many times and stopped four or five minutes. As soon as the crowd went 
on I saw the presidente separating from them; that is the first I had seen of the 
presidente. The presidente and four policemen went to the convent and in the 
building; the door was open. I did not see the presidente in the convent. The 
next we saw of the presidente he was accompanied by the fraile and the four police- 
men and going toward the beach. We were all four together and had gone but a 
short distance from the convent grounds when the presidente passed toward the 
beach. The band and the people had all gone when the presidente came out of the 
convent. When the crowd was near the convent grounds or halted in front of the 
convent there were no threats of violence against the fraile or that it would take him 
out of the convent. There were no clubs or stones or anything else thrown at or in 
the direction of the convent. I did not see Antonio Oria or Macario Lezana at or 
about the door of the church or in or about the convent grounds that night. The 
demonstration w T as noisy but not disorderly. This demonstration was more noisy than 
the large demonstration or procession which had paraded the main streets of Duma- 
guete with music, lights, and images, and in which the people were singing songs, 
about 6 o'clock of the same evening. I signed a telegram which was sent to Manila 
about this demonstration; I did know something of what was in it at the time, but I 
have forgotten now. I did not put anything in the telegram about the big proces- 
sion at 6 o'clock the same evening, because I thought that was natural. All four of 
us took part in the procession at 6 o'clock, because we are assistants in the church. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 331 

I did not talk to anybody except those who had signed it, about the telegram. 
Magno Generoso paid for the telegram, as he had some money of his own; I don't 
know who gave it to him; he sometimes goes to the cockpit and wins some money. 
I think the telegram cost $15. 62 J. I have no account, but I think I have paid 
Magno $1.50 on account of the cost of this telegram. I do not pay any taxes except 
the cedula tax, as I have no real estate. Five of the crowd had revolvers and some 
had canes. Ramon Cuadra, Hermenegildo Villanueva, Epifanio Montebon, Froilan 
Flores, and Juan Saavedra had revolvers. I saw the bulk of the revolvers and the 
ends protruding; they were worn on the right side. We were walking slowly, and 
at the distance of 6 brazas we could distinguish the revolvers, which were in holsters, 
some of which were black and some brown. 

Gregorio Mapdti. 

Bernabe Amor, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Bernabe" Amor, my age is 59 years, my residence is Dumaguete, and I 
have no business but in seasons buying and selling cotton and teach children how 
to make pottery. I do not have a patente for selling cotton, because I only had 50 
cents to buy it. I do not remember that I wrote a telegram for anybody about the 
8th or 9th of May, 1903, or at any time. I never saw a telegram; I call the telegraph 
wires a telegram. I never received a message which came over the telegraph lines or 
saw one, and I never wrote one to anybody to be sent over the telegraph lines. I was 
at the house of Saturnino Maquiling some day in the month of May, when Magno 
Generoso, Gregorio Maputi, Cervillano) Mapeso, and Saturnino Maquiling were 
present. I did some writing at their dictation, but would not dare to call it a tele- 
gram, as I do not know what a telegram is. I have forgotten what I wrote about. 
We had met at this house to decorate an image for the church and there was no one 
present except those I have named. I do not know what I was writing about, who 
signed it after I got done, or what was done with it. I did not talk with anybody 
else about this writing and no one else talked to me about it. 

Bernabe Amor. 

Cervillano Mapeso, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Cervillano Mapeso, my age is 33 years, my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I am a tailor. About half past 9 o'clock Sunday night, May 3, 1903, I was 
returning to my home from the house of Ponciano Distrito, and went into the con- 
vent grounds by way of the south opening in the fence, and then passed east to the 
front of the church and the convent, 4 or 5 brazas from the door of the church at 
the front, and then went on to my home. I did not see any person about the front 
door of the church, or behind or near the pillars in front of the church door, or 
anywhere else in the convent grounds. I saw the band and a crowd of people going 
from the residence of Meliton Larena north on the street passing the convent. When 
the crowd arrived in front of the convent a stop was made just long enough for the 
crowd to cry, ' ' Long live Aglipay ! " ' ' Out with the fraile ! ' ' and then it went on north 
and I did not see anything more of it. The cry from the crowd I have named was 
all that was made by it, or any member of it. When the crowd stopped I saw the 
presidente and four policemen; he passed through the crowd and went to the con- 
vent and went in the building. I do not know whether the door was open or not. 
The crowd was moving north and leaving the street in front of the convent grounds 
when I first saw the presidente. I did not see the presidente in the convent build- 
ing, but after that I was at the northeast corner of the plaza, near the house of the 
fiscal, and saw the presidente and four policemen, with the friar, pass and go 
toward the beach. At that time the band and the demonstration had gone far away 
from the convent grounds. It was a peaceful demonstration; they were just walk- 
ing. While the crowd was halted in front of the convent grounds there was no cry 
to the fraile that if he did not come down they would take him out, nor was such a 
cry made at any other time or place. Epifanio Montebon, Ramon Cuadra, FroiMn 
Flores, Hermenegildo Villanueva, and Juan Saavedra had revolvers. I could see 
the revolvers by the bulk and the end shining. Our kind of a leader, Saturnino 
Maquiling, told us that we would do something to send to Manila. We were dis- 
cussing the matter about sending a telegram on account of a crowd crying, "Long 
live Aglipay ! " " Out with the fraile ! ' ' We were not mad, but were unwilling for that 
kind of demonstration. We did not say anything about a very large demonstration 
or procession with lights, music, images, and in which the people were singing songs, 
which paraded the principal streets of Dumaguete at about 6 o'clock of the same 
evening. I do not think one procession has as much right to parade the street as 
another. At the house of Saturnino Maquiling, myself, Magno Generoso, and Gre- 
gorio Maputi met by agreement, and Bernabe Amor wrote the telegram for us. We 



332 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

all four signed it, but I don't know what was done with it, as it was given to Magno 
Generoso. We told him to pay for it and we would pay him. I paid 1 peso and 
was never called on to pay any more. I have forgotten what was in the telegram. 
I paid in land taxes for the year 1902, 56 or 57 cents, Mexican currency. 

Cervillano Mapeso. 

September 23, 1903. 

Tomas Suarez, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Tomas Suarez, my age is 32 years, and I am a corporal in the Philip- 
pine Constabulary force, stationed at Dumaguete. On Sunday night, May 3, 1903, I 
was on duty in the street in front of the convent, having with me two soldiers. I 
went on duty between 7 and 8 o'clock and returned from that post about fifteen 
minutes before 10. When we arrived in front of the convent grounds there were a 
few people just on the inside of the fence inclosing the convent grounds. I did not 
know the names of any of them; they remained about fifteen minutes and went 
away. What I mean to say is that there were many people there with the band. 
They shouted twice only, ' ' Long live Aglipay ! " " Out with the f raile ! ' ' and then left, 
going north. The crowd did not say — or any member of it — for the fraile to come 
out of the convent, or it would go and take him out. It was an orderly crowd. I 
saw two stones thrown in the direction of the convent, but did not reach the convent. 
I did not see the persons who threw the stones. My instructions were to go there 
and remain until 10 o'clock, and if there were any persons with arms to stop them 
and examine them, and to tell them in a good way, without forcing them, to go to 
the quarters, and if they refused I was to go and report it to the commanding officer. 
There were no arms on the persons in front of the convent and none of them carried 
arms. The presidente was not there, and I did not see him while the crowd was in 
front of the convent grounds. At about 9 o'clock the presidente, with four soldiers, 
came from toward the north, going south, and passed the convent, but did not go 
inside the grounds or convent, and I don't know where he went. The crowd had 
then all gone away from the street in front of the convent. The crowd and the band 
which I found in front of the convent grounds when I went there did not return, or 
any part of it. I did not see the presidente that night with the band and the crowd 
in front of the convent grounds, or at any place with the crowd. When the crowd 
passed, myself and the two soldiers were under a tree, near the bell tower, which is south 
of the entrance to the convent grounds. I did not state to any person, at any time, 
that I saw one man, or five men, in the demonstration who had or carried revolvers. 
I did not go near the entrance to the convent grounds, and was some distance from 
where the crowd was. I did not hear the presidente, while the crowd was in front of 
the convent, tell the people to go to their homes, and I did not tell any person, at any 
time or place, that I heard the presidente make such statement. I did not state to any 
person, at any time or place, that when the crowd was going toward the convent the 
presidente was with them. 

Tomas Suarez. 

Federico Fernandez, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Federico Fernandez; my age is 28 years; my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I am a clerk in the office of the provincial treasurer. I did not get up the 
demonstration against the fraile May 3, 1903, and had nothing to do with getting 
it up. I think the demonstration was gotten up by Benito Gallardo and Froilan 
Flores, for the reason that as I passed the street in front of the cockpit I met them 
and they told me they were going to get up a demonstration against the presence of 
a fraile. I haJ been out walking and was passing the street where the cockpit is 
situated; I was alone at the time of the walk. There were from fifteen to twenty 
there, including the band. I signed a paper which was a statement to show our 
sympathy with the new Filipino Church. Then, accompanied by the band, we all 
went to the residence of the presidente, in the south part of the town. When we 
arrived at the house of the presidente and our purpose had been made known to him, 
he said to us not to be uneasy; that he would take care of not letting the fraile stay 
in town. After we left the presidente' s house, Gallardo said to us that it was neces- 
sary for the demonstration to let it be heard by the authorities, and we went by the 
house of the provincial secretary, and then to the convent. While we were in the 
presidente' s house he told us to go to our homes. When we arrived in front of the 
convent grounds, we stopped just time enough to give out the cry "Viva la Iglesia 
Filipina," "Viva Aglipay," and then went on north, and when we arrived at 
Santa Catalina street we dispersed to our homes. The presidente did not accom- 
pany the demonstration when it left his house, and was not with it when it 
was in front of the convent grounds, or at any time or place. It was a peaceful 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 333 

demonstration. I did not have a revolver and never had owned one since I was 
born, and never carried one, and I did not see any man in the crowd with a 
revolver. I did not see any clubs, stones, missiles, or anything else thrown at or in 
the direction of the convent or ground while the demonstration was passing there 
or halting in front of it. There was no cry made by the crowd or any member of it 
to the fraile that if he did not come down out of the convent it would come and 
take him out. The demonstration was solely against the fraile as a fraile and not 
against him as a man or a subject of the Government of Spain. After we had left 
the presidente's house I did not see him again that night, and he was not with the 
crowd in front of the convent, and did not go into the convent grounds or the con- 
vent while the crowd was in front of or passing the convent grounds. After the 
crowd left the convent we went to the residence of the provincial governor, and the 
governor said he would present it to the provincial board. None of the crowd had 
been drinking. 

Federico Fernandez. 

Epifanio Montebon, being oluly sworn, declared: 

My name is Epifanio Montebon; my age is 30 years; my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I am a deputy in the office of the provincial treasurer. I did not organize the dem- 
onstration against the fraile Sunday night, May 3, 1903, or assist in any way in mak- 
ing the organization, and was not present at the cockpit when it was organized. I 
was invited to a meeting at the house of Catalino Pinili, and while passing at the 
corner near the cockpit, accompanied by Marcelo Enriquez, secretary of Damn, we 
were attracted by the music playing in front of the cockpit and went to see what it 
was for. This was about 8 o'clock. About thirty persons, some of whom were chil- 
dren, were present. The only name I now remember is that of Benito Gallardo, who 
gave me a petition which was addressed to the presidente, requesting him in a legal 
way to avoid the stay of the fraile in town. I read the petition and signed it. 
The crowd was almost beginning to march when I arrived at the cockpit, going in the 
direction of the presidente's house, and as I wanted to see the result of the protest, I 
followed along. At the presidente's house the protest was presented and the presi- 
dente said to us to go to our homes and he would inform the fraile of the protest. 
The crowd went from there north on the street, passing in front of the convent, and 
when opposite the convent grounds, without stopping, Benito Gallardo cried, "Viva 
Aglipay," which was followed by all in the cry of "Long live Aglipay;" "We don't 
want friars." The crowd did not stop in front of the convent grounds, and no per- 
son went inside. The crowd and no member of it called to the fraile to come out of 
the convent or it would come and take him out. No stones, clubs, or missiles, or any- 
thing else were thrown at or in the direction of the convent or grounds by the crowd, 
or any member of it. I did not have a revolver, and no man in the crowd had a 
revolver. The presidente did not accompany the crowd from his house to the con- 
vent, and I did not see him with the crowd at any time, and he was not in the con- 
vent or grounds while the crowd was there or passing in front of it. He was standing 
at the window when the crowd left his house. The crowd went on north to Santa 
Catalina street, where it dispersed, and I went to my house. It was a peaceable 
crowd and orderly demonstration; if it had been otherwise, I would have denounced 
it. The demonstration was purely against the fraile and against his qualities as a 
fraile, and not against him as a man and a subject of the Government of Spain. I 
did not know he was a subject of Spain, and nothing was said about it by the crowd. 
On hearing my testimony read, I want to correct it to the extent of saying that the 
band and people were at the corner of the streets San Jose and Santa Catalina, and 
not in front of the cockpit. In view of the protest being a reasonable one, I 
signed it. 

Epifanio Monteb6n. 

Charles M. Colton, being duly sworn, declared: 

My name is Charles M. Colton; my age is 30 years; my residence is Dumaguete, 
and I am chief clerk and deputy in the office of the provincial treasurer. On Sunday 
night, May 3, 1903, myself and four other gentlemen, all Americans, were in my 
house, on the south side of the plaza, almost directly opposite the convent, when, 
at a little after 8 o'clock, we heard the band playing in the north part of the town. 
One of the boys, whose home was in Bais, remarked that the band was playing the 
same tune it played in Bais the night before when the fraile was there. We all 
went to the window and could see the band coming, then about a block and a half 
distant. It came on and passed my house and went toward the south part of town. 
There were then about 50 persons in the crowd, including the band. After the band 
passed my house we returned to a game of cards we were playing. We remained 



334 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

there half an hour, or possibly more, when our attention was attracted by hearing 
the band playing again. We went to the window and saw the band and a crowd of 
people going north on the street on the opposite side of the plaza, and were then 
near the street which runs east to the church. When the crowd reached the second 
entrance of the walls inclosing the convent grounds it stopped, I should say about two 
minutes, and were yelling, but we could not tell whether they spoke in Spanish or 
Visayan, or what was said. They did not yell in a concerted manner, but sometimes 
one and sometimes three or four, and they soon passed north and disappeared behind 
the buildings. We immediately got our hats and went down to Mohler's, at the con- 
stabulary headquarters, to learn if he knew what was going on. We found that he 
knew the crowd was out, and said he had his men out around the town to report to 
him if there was any disturbance. We stayed there but a few minutes and then 
returned with Captain Mohler and took a walk in the streets around the convent 
grounds. As we passed the convent grounds we saw two of Mohler's men, one of 
whom was at the main entrance to the convent grounds and the other was farther 
down toward the tower. Everything was quiet, the band had disappeared, and the 
crowd dispersed, so far as we can tell, and we did not see anybody at all. It was 
not a mob and was a peaceful demonstration, and I saw and heard of no disturbance. 
I did not see the presidente that night. I did not see any arms in the crowd. It 
was somewhere between 9 and 10 o'clock when we returned from our walk on the 
streets surrounding the convent grounds and in other parts of the town. The crowd 
was not carrying clubs, and there were not enough canes in the crowd to make it 
specially noticeable. It was not a moonlight night, but there was light enough for 
us to see the crowd across the plaza, but not to distinguish anyone. The band was 
the Dumaguete band and was playing the same tune which had been played in Bais 
the night before, as stated by one of the boys in the room with me. 

Charles M. Colton. 

Exhibit No. 43, 

Manila, September 28, 1901. 
The Civil Governor op the Philippines. 

Sir: I am sorry to have to inform you that two foreigners have established them- 
selves two weeks ago, by orders of the Belgian consul, in my convent in the pueblo 
of Jalajala, province of Rizal, without my knowledge or my consent, and that not 
only are they occupying my convent, but they have had the impudence to tell me 
to get my things out of said convent as soon as possible. 

The undersigned, parish priest of the pueblo, is too small a personality to be able to 
oppose the arbitrary acts of these foreigners, but has decided to present his complaint 
to the superior authority, so that proper action may be taken against the two foreign- 
ers, and that my right to the possession of my convent be duly acknowledged. 

You will thereby deserve the thanks of the people of Jalajala and the blessings of 
a Catholic priest who is happy of this opportunity of manifesting his respect and his 
attachment for the illustrious person of the civil governor and the government 
over which he so happily presides. 

Lorenzo Fernandez. 
[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, October 2, 1901. 
Respectfully referred to the governor of Rizal for investigation. 
If it is true that the two persons have ousted the padre in peaceable possession of the 
convent in the pueblo of Jalajala, province of Rizal, and taken possession, this is a 
violation of law. They should be arrested, and the padre should be restored to his 
possession. If, then, the strangers have a claim of title to the property, they can 
assert it in a legal way by taking proceedings; but it is unlawful, under both the 
Spanish and the common law, for one to take forcible possession of property from 
another in peaceable possession, no matter what the title of the dispossessor. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 44. 

Tambobong (near Malabon), November 26, 1902. 
Apostolic Administrator of this Archdiocese, etc. : 

With the greatest respect I have the honor to inform you that this morning about 
8 o'clock I received notice from Padre Candido del Rosario and Padre Leandro de 
Pineda, by means of three persons who came, requesting that I go to Conception 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 335 

Chapel, in the jurisdiction of this parish, because the schismatic priest, Gregorio 
Aglipay, and other of his followers were attempting to officiate in said chapel. I 
went immediately, going first to the house of the acting president, begging the inter- 
vention of his authority in order that he might keep the public peace, and explained 
to him the information which I had received. He replied that he would go, which 
he indeed did, meeting each other on the return to the parish house. When I arrived 
at the chapel I found the two padres at the altar, surrounded by a large crowd, who 
were defending the rights of the Catholic Church to said chapel, and several were 
exercising force to get the priests from the altar. When they saw that I could not 
reach them on account of such a large crowd, they asked me to call the police, which 
I did, without succeeding in getting any one of the police to follow me, and they 
merely told me that their lieutenant was already in the chapel. When I returned 
there I found that there was no crowd in the chapel, and one person told me that 
the two priests had been arrested or were in prison. Not having seen them on 
account of the large crowd I do not know if they were injured. Therefore, I went 
back to this parish house in order to inform your excellency immediately of what 
has occurred this morning in the aforementioned chapel, not knowing what further 
occurred, nor whether said schismatic priests came officially or not. 
God keep you many years, etc. 

Loeenzo Gregorio. 



Bishop's Palace, November 2< 
Mr. William H. Taft, 

Governor- General Philippine Islands, Manila. 
Dear Mr. Taft: The delegate has asked me to send you the inclosed letter, which 
relates to the disturbance of which we spoke yesterday. The circumstances seem 
to be getting worse, as you will see from the inclosed. With respectful regards from 
the delegate and myself, believe me, very sincerely, yours, 

M. J. O'Connor, Secretary. 

[First indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, November 24, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to the attorney-general for immediate investigation and 
report. 

Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 
[Second indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, November 25, 1902. 
Respectfully forwarded to the provincial fiscal of Rizal for further thorough inves- 
tigation of the facts relating to the within communication. 
Prompt return of these papers with report is requested. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney-General. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, December IS, 1902. 
Respectfully referred to the honorable the civil governor,, inviting attention to 
the inclosed report of the provincial fiscal of Rizal. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney- General. 

(The report mentioned in the preceding indorsement can not be found.) 
(The opinion of the attorney-general dated December 23, 1902, instead of Decem- 
ber 24, 1902, is copied in full and marked "Exhibit No. 46.") 



Manila, P. I., November 27, 1902. 
To whom it may concern: 

This is to certify that Mr. George H. Harvey, the bearer of this letter, is an assist- 
ant attorney in the attorney-general's office, and especially deputed by me to visit 
Tambobong and investigate the circumstances of the alleged disturbance in the chapel 
of that barrio. 

Very respectfully, Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 



336 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Department of Justice of the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Attorney-General, 

Manila, P. I., November 28, 1902. 
Hon. L. R. Wilfley, 

Attorney- General, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: Pursuant to your instructions and the deputation of the civil governor, dated 
November 27, 1902, I went to Malabon yesterday afternoon for the purpose of inves- 
tigating the circumstances of the alleged disturbance in the "Ermita de la Concep- 
tion," in the barrio of Tambobong. I was accompanied by Inspector Boone, of the 
Philippines Constabulary. 

Upon arrival in Malabon, we went to the convent and interviewed Senor Lorenzo 
Gregorio, the curate of the parish, who made the complaint to the archbishop in this 
matter. He knew but little of the facts in connection with the alleged disturbance. 
He told me that he had understood that Padre Candido del Rosario and Padre Leo- 
nardo de Pineda, the two Catholic priests who were in the chapel at the time of the 
disturbance, had been arrested at the time, but that yesterday afternoon they were 
in Tondo Convent in Manila; hence, I was unable to interview them. 

Father Gregorio furnished us with transportation and a guide to the chapel where 
the disturbance took place. Adjoining the church or chapel is the police station of the 
barrio, and upstairs is the " presidencia." The president was not there, but I inter- 
viewed the lieutenant of police in charge of the police station, and he gave me a 
fairly complete story of the occurrence, and it may be best told in his own language, 
as follows: 

"At half past 6 o'clock on Wednesday morning, November 26, I was here in the 
sacristy and saw Padre Candido del Rosario enter the sacristy of the church. A 
moment later Don Lorenzo Tuason, who was in charge of the church in the absence 
of his brother (who was the ' hermano mayor de la visita'), arrived in the sacristy. 
He asked Padre del Rosario what he wanted, and the padre answered that he was 
going to obey the orders of the bishop, and prevent anybody of the Independent 
Filipino Church from celebrating mass in this church. Don Lorenzo Tuason asked 
the padre by what right he would prevent them, and he answered that in former 
times only the Romanists celebrated mass in this church. Then Don Lorenzo Tuason 
said that neither the bishop nor any Romanist could prevent Father Aglipay or 
others of the Filipino Church from celebrating mass in this church, because it is the 
property of the barrio, and that the church is in the possession of the barrio. In 
spite of this the Romanist padre insisted that he would prevent the celebration of 
mass in this church by Aglipay or others of the Filipino Church. 

' ' A few moments later Father Aglipay and a companion arrived and went into the 
sacristy. He asked the Romanist padre why he prevented the celebration of mass, 
and he answered that it was the order of the bishop that he should prevent it, even 
though it cost him his life. Then Father Aglipay replied, 'If you have the right of 
property in the church you should resort to the courts of justice to establish it and 
not prevent me from celebrating mass,' and the Romanist padre told him that he 
would prevent him from celebrating mass in the church because it was the order of 
the bishop. 

"During this conversation Leonardo Taylo (the same person who is referred to 
above as Leonardo de Pineda), a companion of Padre del Rosario, arrived at the sac- 
risty. A moment later Padre Taylo went in front of the altar and said that he 
would put out anyone from the Filipino Church who tried to celebrate mass in this 
church. • Then the Romanists in the church said that they would not stay to hear 
mass in the church. In view of this Padre Aglipay and companion left and went 
upstairs into the presidencia. Father Aglipay then "said that he did not care to dis- 
cuss the question, and that they would hold mass somewhere else. When they were 
preparing outside of the church to put up an altar to celebrate the mass Don Leonardo 
Tuason started to take ' la piedra ara ' (the consecrated stone on which a consecrated 
linen is laid during the celebration of the mass) from the altar in order to make an 
altar outside of the church. When Don Lorenzo Tuason had that stone the two 
priests went and took it away from him. During this struggle I was upstairs and 
heard that they were calling policemen, and I went down, and when I arrived there 
I saw the people were all right, because the municipal secretary told them to be 
quiet and that they had to speak politely. Then I asked the people whose was that 
stone, and Don Leonardo Tuason said that he was in charge of it and that these two 
priests were taking it away from him. First letting them know that I was a lieuten- 
ant of police, and that beside me was the sergeant of police, I told these two priests 
to give this stone to the man who was properly in charge of it, or to me that I might 
arrange the matter. The two priests did not obey me. Then I told the sergeant to 
take the stone from him and to take the two priests and Tuason to the police station. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 337 

They did not even recognize my authority, and I told the corporal to arrest Padre 
del Rosario, and by another guard to arrest the other priest and also Don Lorenzo 
Tuason, for their disorderly conduct. The people in the church, seeing the resist- 
ance of the two priests, wanted to go against them, and then we protected the priests, 
and I received a blow on the head, and I think my finger is broken. (A finger of 
the lieutenant was wrapped with a cloth. ) 

"Than when Don Lorenzo Tuason and the priests arrived at the police station, I 
sent them upstairs to the presidencia, charging them with disorderly conduct and 
making known to the president what had happened; and I stated that the two 
priests seized the stone from the hands of Lorenzo Tuason, and there was a tumult 
and scandal inside the Church of the Conception, in front of the altar. The presi- 
dent sent the matter to the justice of the peace, and said that he had no authority 
to proceed against them, because the complaint did not state the charges against 
them. Then the justice of the peace sent the case back to the president, who told 
Tuason and the two priests to go to another court, where they could make complaint. 
Then they were released. 

' ' Father Aglipay held a mass outside of the church during the time that the two 
priests and Lorenzo Tuason were under arrest. Some one of the Filipino Church 
asked the president if he could not get the stone for them in order that they might 
hold a mass outside of the church, and the president got the stone, but I do not 
know from whom he got it. There was no further trouble. After the mass was 
over everybody left in peace. Don Lorenzo Tuason was in charge of the church 
during the absence of his brother, and he took charge of the stone when the mass 
was over. Don Samuel Tuason, the ' hermano mayor, ' is the man who had charge 
of the church, but he is absent in Pampanga, and his brother, Don Lorenzo Tuason, 
was in charge yesterday in his absence. 

"During the tumult in the church, I did not see Father Lorenzo Gregorio, the 
curate, but he may have been there. After the mass had been held outside I saw 
him in the presidencia. I do not know whether the two priests (del Rosario and 
Taylo) are here now. Padre Candido del Rosario is in charge of a little chapel in 
the barrio of Flores, and Father Leonardo Taylo lives in Navotas. Father Aglipay 
celebrated mass in this church last Sunday." 

Father Lorenzo Gregorio told me that he was recently placed in charge of the 
parish and was unacquainted with the people who were in the church at the time of 
the disturbance, except the two priests. He had made no subsequent investigation, 
and was unable to give me any facts in addition to what he had stated in his com- 
munication to the archbishop, which communication I attach hereto. 
A'ery respectfully, 

George R. Harvey, 

Assistant Attorney. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, November 28, 1902. 
Respectfully forwarded to the honorable the civil governor, inviting attention to 
the within report of Mr. George R. Harvey in regard to the alleged church disturb- 
ance at Tambobong. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney-General. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., December 1, 1902. 
Respectfully returned to the attorney-general, requesting the expression of an 
opinion by the solicitor-general as to the ownership and possession, under canonical 
law, of churches erected in barrios by the people of the barrio for the celebration of 
mass by a Roman Catholic priest at stated or infrequent intervals. My impression 
is that "where people erect a chapel and devote it to the purposes of the Roman 
Catholic Church, it thereby becomes the property of the church and subject to the 
disposition of the bishop, solely, however, for the benefit of the Roman Catholics of 
the barrio in which it is erected; and that the retention by any member of the barrio 
of the key is as the agent of the priest or bishop of the diocese, and that the posses- 
sion is therefore the possession of the Roman Catholic Church. I should be glad to 
be advised, however, by one familiar with the subject, as is the solicitor-general. 
An immediate opinion is requested. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

war 1903— vol 5 22 



338 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, December 15, 1902. 
Kespectfully returned to the honorable the civil governor, inviting attention to the 
inclosed opinion of the solicitor-general. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney- General. 

December 9, 1902. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippines. 
Sir: I have the honor to reply to your request for an opinion regarding the owner- 
ship and possession, under canonical law, of chapels erected in barrios by the people 
of the barrio for the celebration of mass by a priest of the Roman Catholic Church at 
stated intervals. 

OPINION. 

" Certain small churches situated in the country or in the towns, as well as those 
erected in houses by private individuals, extraordinarily dedicated to divine Worship, 
are called chapels or oratories. There are public oratories and private oratories. 
The doors of the former are open to the public, and any one who desires may enter 
therein, while a private oratory is exclusively at the disposition of the owner." 
(Devoti, Canonical Institutions, Sec. Ill, Title VII, Book II.) 

"A public oratory, once dedicated to divine worship, may not be put to profane 
uses, this not being true of private oratories. In public oratories the faithful not 
only engage in prayer, but in them the holy sacrifice is also celebrated before a duly 
consecrated altar. Therefore the authority of the bishop should intervene in their 
erection. It is necessary that they should be blessed, and they have a bell to call 
the people to religious worship." (Idem. ) 

"As to the private oratory, any person may have one, but may not celebrate the 
sacrifice of the mass therein without obtaining this privilege from the Apostolic 
See." (Idem.) 

Under the canonical law, public oratories are entitled to the consideration given to 
sacred ecclesiastical places or things. 

Canonists differ as to the entity in whom vests the ownership of ecclesiastical 
property. 

Devoti, in Title XX, Book II, of the work above cited, says: "Ecclesiastical prop- 
erty is that which belongs to the church, the revenues from which should be 
applied to the maintenance of the ministers of the altar and the sustenance of the 
poor. It is said that this property belongs to the church, because the church has the 
administration and custody thereof; but in reality God is the true owner, and 
for this reason such property is excluded from the traffic of men." 

Gomez Zamora, in his Spanish and Indian Royal Patronage, Chap. XXI, page 632, 
says: " Canonists differ as to the person in whom vests the ownership of ecclesiastical 
property. Some say it is the Pope, others the clergy, others the poor, others the 
universal church, and still others the individual churches. Without going into an 
examination of each of the opinions mentioned, we deem most preferable the one 
which holds that the individual churches are as minors placed under the charge of 
a guardian, and maintain that the ownership of the property vests in the respective 
individual churches, and that the administration of the property rests with the 
clergy of said churches, its guardianship and control with the bishop, and the emi- 
nent domain thereof with the Roman Pontiff, who may designate and reserve 
a part of same for the general needs of the church and may decree laws for the 
administration and alienation of ecclesiastical property and providing that the 
rents and profits of said property be applied to the end indicated by the donors, to 
the maintenance of worship, of the clergy, and of the poor in general, and of the 
parish poor in particular. * * *" 

The consideration which the canonical law gives the ecclesiastical things has 
been confirmed in many of the laws of Spain published prior to the civil code, and 
according to said laws ecclesiastical things are excluded from the commerce and 
ownership of men. 

Beginning with the Forum Judicaum, promulgated during the Visigoth monarchy, 
we find that Law I of Book V thereof provides that: "Things which may be given 
to the church, either by princes or others of God's faithful, shall always be held and 
possessed by God's church." Law XXVIII of the same book says: "A thing once 
given to God should never be returned to the power of man." 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 339 

Law I, Title V, Book I, of the Fuero Eeal, promulgated in the reign of Alfonso 
the Wise, reads: " And we therefore order that all things which may now be given 
to the churches, or which may hereafter be given by the kings, or by others of 
God's faithful, such things being rightfully given, shall be held and possessed by 
and be in the power of the church. ' ' 

This law was afterwards incorporated in the Novisima Recopilacion of the laws of 
Spain, ordered published in 1805 by King Charles IV, and is found in Law I, Title 
V, Book I, of said work. 

The laws known as the "Partidas," also published in the reign of Alfonso the 
Wise, contained analagous precepts on the subject. 

Law I, Title VII, of the Partida I, recognizes the following as religious places: 
Monasteries, hermitages, churches, hospitals, and other places specially dedicated to 
the service of God, and even oratories erected in houses with license from the bishop. 
It refers to edifices with licenses from the bishop, such as churches, monasteries, and 
other places dedicated to the service of God as sacred religious places, and to hospi- 
tals and other places dedicated to charitable works as simply religious places. 

Law II of the same title declares that religious places should be under the control 
of the respective bishops. 

Law III provides that things given to the service of God may not thereafter be 
returned to the service of man. 

In accordance with this last-mentioned precept, Law XII, Title XXVIII, of Par- 
tida III, delares that no one may acquire ownership of sacred, religious, or holy 
things, and that those may not be considered to be the property of man, and for this 
reason says that sacred things are excluded from the traffic of men. 

Canonical law concedes the right of patronage to him who grants land for the 
building of a church, or who pays all the expenses of the construction of a church, 
or who, after the construction thereof, maintains the same in whole or in part, setting 
aside a sufficient sum for the ministers of the altar and for the expenses of the church. 

The right of patronage consists in the presentation of a clergyman for the service 
of the church. It is the duty of the patron to care for and defend the church, but 
without meddling either in its jurisdiction or in any administrative matters, this being 
by common law the province of the prelates or rector of the church. (Gomez 
Zamora, Spanish and Royal Patronage, Chap. IV. ) 

The foregoing relative to the patronage of churches is applicable to public oratories, 
those being given the same consideration as that accorded to churches. 

The chapels referred to in the present inquiry, although erected for the benefit of 
the respective residents of barrios, from the fact that they are open to the public are 
unquestionably entitled to be considered as public oratories. As such they are sacred 
ecclesiastical places. Their ownership, according to the commonly accepted opinion 
of canonical-law writers, vests in the Roman Apostolic Catholic Church of the Philip- 
pine Islands, their administration pertaining to the priest or Catholic minister 
appointed by the bishop, subject to the supervision of said bishop and to the eminent 
domain of the Roman Pontiff. All this is without prejudice to any right of patronage 
which may have been acquired. The priests who administer said chapels have the 
right of possession thereof, and the holding of the keys by a patron or other person is 
not a possession adverse to that of the administrator, but, on the contrary, is a right 
exercised in behalf of said administrator or of the Catholic Church. 
Very respectfully, 

Gkegorio Araneta, Solicitor- General. 

Exhibit No. 45. " 

[Third indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. I. , April 1, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the Hon. J. B. Early, inviting attention to the communi- 
cations of the chief of police and Captain Monett, which make it clear that the 
people were not in possession of the church; that the police did not put the padre 
in possession, but that he was in possession, having the keys to the same at the time 
the chief of police and Captain Monett reached the church. This brings the case 
clearly within the rule laid down, that the padre was entitled to protection in his 
possession. 

The title to the church can be easily settled by bringing a suit in the name of the 
people of the vicinity who claim to own the church, and can not be settled by an 
executive order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



340 * EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Exhibit No. 46. 

The Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. I., December 20, 1902. 
Hon. L. E. Wilfley, 

Attorney-General, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I desire your opinion upon the following question: 

A parish priest in actual possession and administering a parish church of the Eoman 
Catholic Church leaves the Roman Catholic communion and joins the Independent 
Filipino Catholic Church, remaining in possession of the parish church and refusing, 
in obedience to the order of the Catholic bishop of the diocese, to yield possession to a 
newly appointed priest of the Catholic Church directed to act as parish priest and to 
take possession of the church. 

Is it my duty, on demand of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, or is it the 
duty of the governor, or of the executive officers of the peace in the pueblo, to put 
the new priest, having authority of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, in pos- 
session of the parish church, or must the bishop appeal to judicial proceedings to 
dispossess the apostate priest and to secure possession for his new agent, the new 
parish priest of the Roman Catholic Church? 
Your early opinion upon this point I shall greatly appreciate. 
Very respectfully, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor . 

Department of Justice of the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Attorney-General, 

Manila, December 23, 1902. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippines. 
Sir: I have the honor to render my opinion upon the question you ask in your 
letter of the 20th instant. 

question. 

A parish priest in actual possession and administering a parish church of the Roman 
Catholic Church leaves the Roman Catholic communion and joins the Independent 
Filipino Catholic Church, remaining in possession of the parish church and refusing, 
in obedience to the order of the Catholic bishop of the diocese, to yield possession to 
the newly appointed priest of the Roman Catholic Church directed to act as parish 
priest and to take possession of the church. 

Is it the duty of the civil governor, or of the provincial governor, or of some execu- 
tive officer of the peace of the pueblo, on demand of the bishop of the Roman Catholic 
Church, to put the new priest, having authority from the bishop of the Roman Catholic 
Church, in possession of the parish church, or must the bishop appeal to judicial pro- 
ceedings to dispossess the apostate priest and to secure possession for his new agent, 
the new parish priest of the Roman Catholic Church? 



In the present case there is a controversy between the schismatic priest and the 
Roman Catholic bishop with respect to the possession and consequent administration 
of the parish church. The former claims the right to remain in possession of and to 
administer the parish church in the name of the Independent Filipino Catholic 
Church, the said church believing itself to have the right to said parish church by the 
change of belief of the priest and the parishioners; and the latter claiming that the 
parish church, as the property of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippine 
Islands, should continue to have such character, the schismatic priest, therefore, 
having no right to continue in the possession and occupancy of said church, and 
claimingthe right to appoint a priest of the Roman Catholic faith in substitution of 
such schismatic priest. 

The determination of such a question is not the function of the executive power. 
Its determination comes within the province of the courts of justice by reason of their 
functions. To deprive the schismatic priest of the possession of the parochial church 
and deliver such possession to the new Roman Catholic priest would imply an exam- 
ination of the question as to which of the contending parties has the right to the 
possession and administration of such parochial church and a decision that the right 
belongs to the Roman Catholic bishop, functions purely judicial and not executive. 

It matters not that the claim of one of the contending parties is manifestly unjust 






EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 341 

and illegal, and that the right of the other party is evident. This circumstance 
would not be the slightest reason why the controversy should be decided by the 
executive power, since it is not the difficulty of the determination of a question which 
causes it to be admitted to the courts, but the opposition of one of the parties to the 
claims of the other. 

Article 46 of the civil code, still in force in these islands, provides that "Every 
possessor has a right to be respected in his possession, and, should he be disturbed 
therein, he must be protected or possession must be restored to him by the means 
established in the laws of procedure. ' ' This provision protects the possession, and 
refers not only to the civil possessor — that is to say, him who is in possession as 
owner — but also to the natural possessor, or him w r ho is simply the holder of a thing. 
Further, the possession refers principally to the possession in fact, and against the 
disturber of such possession the law of civil procedure formerly in force in these 
islands provided the remedy of injunctions — summary trials, which were held and 
decided solely upon the fact of possession. 

In consulting precedents on this question in American legislation, I find two opin- 
ions of the Attorney-General of the United States which bear very closely upon the 
matter under consideration. 

In an opinion rendered October 11, 1838, the following question was dealt with: 
An American vessel had entered and cleared from a port under blockade, and while 
returning to New Orleans was captured by a vessel belonging to the French block- 
ading squadron, from which the captain of the former rescued her and brought her 
into the port of New Orleans, to which he was destined. Subsequently a demand 
was made of the Executive to deliver up the vessel and cargo, both on account of the 
said breach of the blockade and the rescue. Independently of other considerations, 
the Attorney-General, in rendering his opinion, stated that "there is no constitutional 
right vested in the Executive to deliver up the property of an American citizen, 
claimed by him as his own, and in his actual possession, and not comdemned nor 
legallv adjudged to belong to another." (Opinions of the Attorney-General, Vol. 
Ill, p. 377.) 

On November 2, 1843, an opinion was rendered regarding the case of a claim pre- 
sented to the Executive by the owner of an abducted slave, asking that his property 
be returned to him. The Attorney-General stated as follows: "I am aware of no 
authority that can be properly exerted by the Government of the United States 
adequate to the relief that is sought; all that can be done is to instruct the district 
attorney of the United States for the district in which the accused resides to inquire 
into the facts, and to institute a prosecution if they will warrant it. In regard to 
the property in the negro alleged to have been abducted, the Government of the 
United States can not interfere; its courts are open to the party injured. To them 
he may safely appeal for the full vindication of his claim to the property and to the 
damage consequent upon its withdrawal from his service." (Opinions of the 
Attorneys-General, Vol. IV, p. 269. ) 

In view of the foregoing considerations, I am of the opinion that it would not be 
proper for the Executive to intervene in the question at issue. The bishop of the 
Eoman Catholic Church must appeal to the courts in support of his claim. 
Eespectfully, 

Geegoeio Abaneta, Solicitor- General. 

Approved. 

L. E. Wilfley, Attorney-General. 



Office of the Civil Goveenoe of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., January 2, 1902. 
His Excellency Giambatista Guldi, 

Archbishop of Stauropoli and Apostolic Delegate 

to the Philippine Islands. 
Yofe Excellency: I beg to inclose herewith certain correspondence which I have 
had with the Attorney-General and with the Secretary of War on the general subject 
of ownership of churches and the right of possession in the Philippines, together with 
the duty of the executive in respect to possession of said churches and chapels. I 
also inclose a copy of a letter which I sent to the governor of Tarlac upon the same 
general subject. The result of all this is: 

First. That the actual possession by a Eoman Catholic priest of a church or chapel 
is recognized as the lawful possession of the bishop or archbishop of the diocese, and 
that it is the duty of the executive to protect the actual possession of the priest in 
the face of any claims of right to possession on behalf of the municipality or the 
people of the municipality or barrio in which the church or chapel is situate. 



342 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Second. That where, without dispossessing a priest of the Roman Catholic Church 
by force or fraud, peaceable and actual possession of a church is held by the munici- 
pality under a claim of right, or by persons claiming to represent such municipality 
under a claim of right, the executive has no function except to preserve the status 
quo; and that should such possession be a violation of the rights of the church, they 
must be vindicated in a suit in the civil courts. 

Third. That where a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, while in possession of 
the parish church, leaves the Roman Catholic communion and retains possession of 
the church under a claim of right for the municipality or the people of the munici- 
pality, however great violation this may be of the rights of the church, it can not be 
remedied through the executive, but the rights of the church must be asserted and 
vindicated through a suit in the civil courts. 

In view of these conclusions, I have not thought it wise to issue a general order, 
and shall content myself with treating each case as it arises upon the particular 
circumstances thereof. 

I have the honor to be, with great respect, sincerely yours, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 47. 

Manila, P. I., September 7, 1903. 

Sir: Pursuant to your instructions, I visited the town of Hagonoy, province of 
Bulacan, on Thursday, the 3d instant, for the purpose of investigating the charges of 
disturbing religious worship made against certain inhabitants of that town by the 
Rev. Homer C. Stuntz, presiding elder of the Philippine Islands district of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. Briefly stated, the facts in the case are as follows: 

It appears that the building of the Methodist Chapel at Hagonoy, after many months 
of active Methodist propaganda, during which considerable feeling was manifested 
between the opposing church parties, was the occasion for much bitterness and recrim- 
ination on the part of the Catholics of the town. The new chapel is situated on the 
same street as the house of one Domingo Toma la Cruz, the municipal treasurer, and 
a prominent leader in Catholic Church matters in Hagonoy. Cruz is represented as 
being particularly annoyed by the proximity of the church of the new sect to his 
home, and when it was in course of construction is said to have declared that he 
would never permit the holding of services there. 

The church was dedicated for worship on Sunday, the 26th of July, and on that 
day, as well as on every succeeding Sunday since the dedication ceremonies, a bamboo 
band, played by young men of the town, was stationed in front of the church during 
the evening services, making hideous noises with their instruments, without regard 
to time, and rendering the continuance of the services impossible. 

These facts were fully substantiated by the witnesses examined at the suggestion 
of Mr. Stuntz. The names of these men are as follows: Pedro Aduna, licensed 
exhorter; Mariano Madino, Marcelo Estrella, Benedicto Viri, Lorenzo Angeles, and 
Adriano Felipe, all adherents of the Methodist faith. 

Toma la Cruz disclaimed all responsibility for the disturbance; declared that the 
band had never been inside his house, and tried to give the impression that the said 
band was composed of irresponsible boys, sacristanes, altar boys, and others, and 
that the disturbance represented the mischief of children rather than the expression 
of any religious hatred on the part of the full-grown inhabitants of the town. 

It was afterwards ascertained from the presidente that Cruz had rented his "entre- 
suelo" for the purposes of a musical school. . The time of the establishment of this 
school seemed at first suspiciously coincident with the beginning of the work on the 
new church. No connection, however, could be established between the pupils of 
Cruz's musical school and the musicians of the bamboo band, and while there is 
every indication that Cruz aided and abetted the disturbers, none of the Methodists 
furnished any proof of this fact. 

Domingo Tarralba, who was represented in the complaint as the master of the band, 
denied all connection with it, and said he was in the crowd merely as a spectator. 

The presidente of Hagonoy, whose name is Jose Lopez, is a keenly intelligent, 
capable, and, I think, trustworthy man. He gave his testimony frankly and freely, 
and admitted that ill feeling was prevalent since the establishment of the new church. 
No complaint had been made to him, however, or to the justice of the peace, and 
since no actual breach of the peace had occurred, he had hoped that it would pass 
away without any necessity for intervention on the part of the town authorities. 
Cruz, he said, was undoubtedly one of those who felt most bitterly on the subject of 
the new church, and he did not hesitate to say that he thought he was capable of 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 343 

instigating the disturbances. He attributed the whole trouble, however, to the 
lincensed exhorter, Pedro Aduna, who he said was a man of bad repute, a profes- 
sional demagogue and agitator, he was constantly inciting violence by his intemper- 
ate characterizations of the Catholics as "image worshippers," "idolaters," etc., 
and by industriously spreading the report that the Methodist Church was the state 
church of the United States. Aduna had been presidente of the town during the 
American military regime, and created intense feeling by closing t&e Catholic ceme- 
tery and ordering all the deceased inhabitants of the town to be interred in the 
cemetery belonging to the municipality. After being removed from his position for 
cause, he became an evangelist, and lately succeeded in still further intensifying the 
feeling against him by attempting to bury a non-Catholic in the Catholic cemetery, 
in violation of the rules of the Catholic Church, and in spite of the protests of the 
local padre. 

The presidente is of the opinion that the selection of Aduna to be the local mouth- 
peice of the Methodists in Hagonoy is the worst possible choice that could have been 
made, and that this fact has contributed more than any other to the disturbed state 
of public feeling. 

The appearance and manners of Aduna are decidedly unprepossessing and corrobo- 
rate almost in detail the presidente' s statements with respect to him. 

The presidente further stated that his position was very difficult. There are 
21,000 Catholics in the town he avers, and about 100 Methodists. Unless an actual 
breach of the peace occurs, of sufficient gravity to warrant his interference, he fears 
that any unusual action he might take for the protection of the Protestants might 
be misunderstood by the rest of his people, and add to rather than allay the excite- 
ment. It was explained to the presidente that if there was only one dissenter in 
Hagonoy, that his right to worship according to his conscience was as sacred as if 
his opinions were held by the majority of the inhabitants of the town, and that the 
government looked to him to see that the rights of the minority, no less than those 
of the majority, were properly respected; he promised to prevent a recurrence of the 
disturbance by the band, and, if necessary, to station a policeman in front of the 
church during the hours of service to see that the Methodists were not subjected to 
further annoyance. 

It is my opinion that a town ordinance declaring the freedom of religious worship 
and providing penalties and liabilities for infractions of same, would simplify matters 
considerably. Such an ordinance would obviate the necessity of appealing to the 
insular government in cases of this character, at least until local remedies had been 
exhausted, and each conviction had thereunder, would be a good object lesson in 
the real meaning of religious liberty. 

I informed Aduna and the other Methodist workers that when their rights were 
infringed or their meetings disturbed, it was their duty to file a complaint forthwith 
with the justice of the peace, and if the result of the trial should prove that justice 
could not be had in the town, it would then be time for them to appeal their case to 
a higher court or to make grievances known to the proper authorities. 

On being asked his opinion of Lopez, Judge Roxas, who was holding court at 
Malolos, said that Lopez was the most efficient and trustworthy presidente in Bula- 
can. Everything considered, his town was a model one, and it was the judge's 
opinion that he might be depended upon to do full justice to all the interests involved 
so far as his authority extended. 

While in Malolos, in accordance with the verbal instructions of the executive sec- 
retary, I made inquiries as to the complaints against Crisostomo, the provincial fiscal 
of Bulacan. 

The gravest and in fact the only charge against Crisostomo seems to be incompe- 
tency. When I called at the court of first instance I found that Judge Roxas was 
practically compelled to take the examination of the witnesses on behalf of the gov- 
ernment away from the fiscal, and to put the questions to the witnesses calculated to 
elicit the information necessary to sustain the complaint. I asked Judge Roxas 
afterwards about this, and he admitted that it was most distasteful to him, and that 
he was driven to it merely as an emergency measure. The lawyers were protesting 
against the practice. By reason of the fiscal' s incompetency and the lack of intelligent 
preparation and presentment half the cases brought by the government would col- 
lapse unless he came to the fiscal's aid, thus practically assuming the functions of 
the prosecuting attorney. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Richard Campbell. 

Hon. L. R. Wilfley, 

Attorney-General, Manila, P. I. 



344 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[First indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., September 8, 1903. 
Respectfully forwarded to the executive secretary for the Philippine Islands. 

Gregorio Araneta, Solicitor-General. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., September 10, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to Doctor Stuntz, Manila, for his information, with a request 
that the paper be returned. 

W. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Third indorsement.] 

No. 114, Nozaleda, Manila, P. I. 

September SO, 1903. 
Governor Wm. H. Taft, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I return herewith the report of Mr. Richard Campbell on the disturbance of 
a religious service in Hagonoy, Bulacan, as requested in your letter or transmission. 

The inquiry as carried on by Mr. Campbell and reported upon in the communica- 
tion under reply has been most unsatisfactory, and I ask that the attorney-general 
be requested to prosecute the offenders. In support of that request permit me to 
briefly restate the following: 

During two years and well into the third we have maintained Protestant services 
regularly in Hagonoy. During all that time our services have been interrupted in 
minor ways — stones and eggs thrown at the ministers and at the chapel in which the 
work was being done. Little by little offenders have become more bold, and the 
outbreak which constituted the offense for which we now ask prosecution was only 
the culmination of this spirit of bitter hostility. On July 26 last, I dedicated a new 
chapel built there by the people and all day a band in the house of Senor Cruz, 
municipal secretary, located immediately across the street from the new chapel kept 
up its tooting and drumming. As it was the day of town fiesta we made no com- 
plaint, but submitted to the annoyance as though it had been unintentional. We 
were sure that it was not so, for Senor Cruz is a prominent Catholic in Hagonoy, and 
had threatened repeatedly that he would never permit the Methodists to use their 
chapel. After the dedication services were interrupted in each instance. On Sun- 
day August 23, however, a mob of two or three score assembled in the street imme- 
diately in front of the chapel about the time for evening service and with bamboo 
instruments, tin cans, bells, and every noise-producing instrument they could find 
they kept up an incessant din until long past the hour when service could be held. 
Our Mr. Goodell sent for the police, and the officer who came shrugged his shoul- 
ders and declined to interfere. He then proceeded quietly to secure the names of the 
parties, and with the help of members of the church and congregation succeeded 
in getting nearly every name. He brought the paper which he and the officers of 
the church made out in the midst of the din and yelling of this mob, to me, and I 
transmitted it with a request for investigation and action to the attorney-general the 
week following the disturbance, with the results already known. Mr. Campbell's 
report is open to criticism in several particulars: 

1. He admits that the disturbance took place as alleged, but suggested no prosecu- 
tion for the offense! "These facts were fully substantiated by the witnesses exam- 
ined at the suggestion of Doctor Stuntz." In his interview with the presidente that 
official stated that "unless a breach of the peace occurs of sufficient gravity to war- 
rant his interference he fears that any unusual action he might take for the protec- 
tion of the Protestant people might be misunderstood by the rest of his people, etc." 
(pp. 3-4). If the offense charged does not constitute "an actual breach of the peace 
sufficient to warrant interference" on the part of the officials sworn to keep order, 
and protect all worshippers in their rights of peaceable assemblage for divine wor- 
ship, I would be unable to suggest what w T ould be regarded as such breach of the 
peace. He admits the facts as set forth in the charge, and then leaves us to infer 
that he accepts the view of the presidente that no actual breach of the peace took 
place. This is unsatisfactory to us as complainants. 

2. He accepts, apparently without question, the unsupported denials of parties 
charged with participation in the mob, while we have more than a score of witnesses, 
including our Mr. Goodell, who lived in Hagonoy for more than a year, and knows 
nearly all of the participants by name, who saw them at close range while the dis- 



BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 845 

turbance was being made, and are ready to swear that they did do precisely what is 
complained of. For instance the report says (p. 2): "Toma la Cruz disclaims all 
responsibility for the disturbance, declared that the band had never been inside of his 
house, and tried to give the impression that the said band was composed of irrespon- 
sible boys, sacristanes, altar boys, etc." That is precisely what we expected Seiior 
Cruz to "say. But what of the statements of all our witnesses? Why was Mr. Camp- 
bell so confiding? "What did he expect Seiior Cruz to say? Did he expect that he 
would plead guilty? On page 2 of the report Mr. Campbell says that Senor Cruz had 
"rented his entresuelo for the purposes of a musical school. The time of the estab- 
lishment of this school seemed at first suspiciously coincident with the beginning of 
the work on the new church. No connection however could be established between 
the pupils of Cruz's musical school and the musicians of the bamboo band, and 
while there is every indication that Cruz aided and abetted the disturbers, none of 
the Methodists furnish any proof of this fact." The "musical school" is believed 
by all our people in Hagonoy to be pure fake. It was not until services were opened 
in the chapel that this band gathered there. They jeered at all comers, calling 
them "Protestant dogs" and other names yet more vile. It was not a band learn- 
ing to play music. It was a crowd of town hoodlums set on by their leaders to 
break up the services. The report says none "of the Methodists furnished any 
proof" that Senor Cruz "aided and abetted the disturbers," and yet says "there is 
every indication that he did so." What were these indications? From whom did 
he learn of them if not from the Methodists? The presidente said it was a laudable 
effort on the part of Senor Cruz to encourage musical studies that led to the use of 
a room immediately in front of the chapel for the performance on tin cans and bam- 
boo instruments, and to perform only at such times as synchronized with the hours 
of divine service in the chapel. Senor Cruz denied any intent or effort to disturb 
the services. Where did Mr. Campbell find his "indications" if not among wit- 
nesses cited by us from the Methodists? If he had inquired about with any degree 
of diligence he could have found Methodists by the dozen who would have identified 
Senor Cruz with the disturbance of August 23, and with that of July 25, and with 
others of which no complaint was ever made, nor any notice taken. 

3. The report further states that Pedro Aduna, one of our local preachers, is " a pro- 
fessional demagogue and agitator, constantly inciting to violence, etc." (p. 3, top, 
etc. ). When it is known that Senor Aduna is far and away the best educated man 
in the place, and is being talked of as an opposition candidate for the presidente at 
the next election, some light may be thrown on the statements of the present incum- 
bent of that office who has a laudable ambition to be reelected. Politics are not 
calculated to give men favorable opinions of those who oppose their plans and poli- 
cies. It is not true that Senor Aduna was removed from his position as presidente 
for cause. He resigned. He was immediately made justice of the peace, and only 
succeeded in getting the consent of the authorities to give up that position after he 
had resigned at least three times. And, besides, what has the choice of Seiior Aduna, 
or of any other man as a worker in our church, to do with the specific charge that 
on Sunday evening, August 23, a public and persistent and successful effort was made 
by parties known and named to break up divine services held in conformity with the 
law? It is a matter for surprise that a lawyer, if Mr. Campbell is a lawyer, should 
have permitted irrelevant matter of such a character to have any kind of weight in 
determining whether the offenders should or should not have been punished. 

4. It is all very well for Mr. Campbell to secure a promise from the presidente that 
he would provide police protection in future; but that is his duty, and has been his 
duty from the beginning. And such future protection, while past offenders go unpun- 
ished, is certain to be ineffectual. It is all very well for the author of the report to 
instruct the Methodists how to proceed in future, but what of the disturbance of 
which we make definite and detailed complaint? 

For this and other reasons the report is unsatisfactory, and I respectfully ask that 
the attorney-general be requested to prosecute the offenders named in my original 
complaint. 

Yours, truly, Homer C. Stuntz, 

Presiding Elder, Methodist Episcopal Church, Philippine Island*. 

[Fourth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I, October 3, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the attorney-general, inviting attention to the within note 
of Doctor Stuntz. Is there any provision in the Spanish law for the prosecution of 
such an offense as that described in the within? 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



346 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Fifth indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, October 12, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the civil governor inviting attention to the inclosed, state- 
ment of Mr. Richard Campbell. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney- General. 

[Inclosure to fifth indorsement.] 

Department of Justice of the Philippine Islands, 

Office of the Attorney-General, 

Manila, P. I., October 12, 1903. 

Sir: With respect to the present condition of the Spanish law in relation to offenses 
against religious worship, I have the honor to state that the Spanish Penal Code, in 
providing penalties and liabilities for offenses against religion, has in contemplation 
only offenses against the religion of the State. Section 3 of chapter 2 of Book 2 of 
said code, which treats of ' ' Crimes in connection with religion and worship ' ' makes 
no provision for the punishment of offenses against any form of religious worship 
except those directed against the Catholic or state religion. 

So clear is it that no other form of religion was contemplated or tolerated, that 
article 226 of said code provides in terms that " Those who shall publicly perform 
acts of propaganda, preaching, or other cermonies which are not those of the religion 
of the state, shall incur the penalty of prision correccional in its minimum degree." 

With the passing of the Spanish sovereignty, all provisions of law relating to a 
state religion were swept away, and it is assumed that the provisions of section 3 of 
chapter 2 of Book 2 of the penal code, are therefore repealed. The only remaining 
provision of the penal code, which might be held to apply to the case in point, is 
article 571, which provides that " The following shall be punished with the penalty 
of arrest of from one to ten days, and a fine of from 15 to 125 pesetas:" 

" 1 . Those who shall disturb any act of a religious character in any manner not 
foreseen in section 3, chapter 2 of Book 2 of this code. ' ' 

It will be seen that the section cited supra is based upon the chapter which is here- 
inbefore held to be repealed, and therefore that the words ' ' any act of a religious 
character " were meant to apply to the religion of the state. It seems certain, there- 
fore, that to hold that this section applies to the case in point would be to give the 
law an interpretation never intended or contemplated by the Spanish law-making 
body. 

Whether this view shall obtain, or whether it may be held that the penal code 
has been so amended by the organic law as to be susceptible of application to the 
case in point, is open to question. I am of the opinion, however, that the latter is 
an extremely doubtful interpretation. 

It is respectfully maintained that the within report relating to religious disturb- 
ances in Hagonoy is a fair and accurate presentment of the facts in the case as the 
writer found them. The allegations of Doctor Stuntz as to the actual disturbance 
were substantially sustained by the members of the local Methodist church examined 
at his suggestion, and also by the presidente of the town. Doctor Stuntz' s witnesses 
failed, however, to sustain his charges against La Cruz and others, and in fact the 
exhorter, Aduna, and the other Methodist witnesses specifically denied any knowl- 
edge of La Cruz's connection with the disturbances. Indeed, the only confirmation 
of Doctor Stuntz' s charges against La Cruz developed during the inquiry was had 
from the presidente, who stated that La Cruz was a particularly bitter opponent of 
Methodism, and that, while he was unable to connect him directly with the occur- 
rence complained of, not having been to the vicinity at the time, he was of the opin- 
ion that La Cruz was one of the prime movers in causing the trouble. 

Considering the fact that La Cruz is municipal treasurer and apparently a man ot 
influence in Hagonoy, and that Doctor Stuntz' s witnesses had practically acquitted 
the former of all responsibility in connection with the disturbances, the statement 
of the presidente as to Cruz's real connection with the affair, which was made freely 
and frankly, made a favorable impression on the writer, and he was thereafter 
inclined to accept the presidente' s views as to the general situation. 

The witnesses were questioned closely as to the prevalence of ill feeling in the 
town against Protestants, if their meetings had ever been disturbed previous to the 
building of the church, and if they had ever been threatened, persecuted, or annoyed 
because of their religion. 

The majority testified that they knew of no ill feeling against them on religious 
grounds, that their meetings had never been interrupted subsequent to the building 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 347 

of the church, and that they had never been threatened, persecuted, or annoyed 
because of their religion. One man, however, declared that stones had been thrown 
on one or two occasions on the roof of the house in which their meetings were held, 
and Aduna testified that there w r as much bitterness against them on the part of the 
Catholics, and that their meetings had been frequently disturbed. Not one of the 
witnesses, however, would implicate directly any person in the town with the 
disturbances. 

The chief clerk of this bureau, who accompanied the writer to Hagonoy, and who 
acted as interpreter, supports the views and conclusions set forth in the report in 
detail and states that if it is defective in any respect it is in that it understates the 
responsibility of Aduna in the pr3mises. 

The writer was assigned to make the investigation in question, and when he had 
submitted his report of the facts in the case he felt that he had gone to the limit of 
his instructions. He did not consider it to be any part of his duty to decide whether 
or not the alleged participants should be prosecuted. This he believed to be the 
province of the attorney-general or of the Civil Commission. The question here pre- 
sents itself, however, if, as Doctor Stuntz has stated, Mr. Goodell witnessed the 
occurrence and had occular proof of the violations of the law, it may be pertinent to 
inquire why it was necessary for Doctor Stuntz to ask for an investigation to reestab- 
lish facts already in his possession, and why did not Mr. Goodell then and there file 
a complaint with the local justice of the peace? 

The writer does not feel called upon to reply to Doctor Stuntz' s personalities fur- 
ther than to say that he did his duty to the best of his ability and without bias or 
prejudice. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Richard Campbell. 

Hon. L. R. Wilfley, 

Attorney- General, Manila, P. I. 

[Sixth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. L, October H, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the Attorney- General with instructions to institute pro- 
ceedings against Senor Cruz and the other disturbers of public worship in Hagonoy 
if the code justifies it; if not, of course the matter will have to pass unpunished, and 
we can cure it only by amending the law. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

[Seventh indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, October 19, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the executive secretary for the Philippine Islands, with 
the statement that the original complaint of Presiding Elder Stuntz relating to the 
disturbance at Hagonoy, has been forwarded to Senor M. Crisostomo, provincial fis- 
cal of Bulacan, with instructions to prosecute the members of the bamboo band com- 
plained of for violation of subsection 1 of article 574 of the Spanish Penal Code, which 
provides punishment by fine for "those who shall institute or take an active part in 
' callithumpian concerts ' or other tumultuous meetings, thereby offending any per- 
son or disturbing public tranquillity." Prompt prosecution ^and an early report of 
its result has been enjoined, but it is doubtful whether satisfactory results can be 
obtained through the present prosecuting officer. In this connection attention is 
invited to the concluding paragraph of the within report of Mr. Campbell's of Sep- 
tember 7, 1903. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney- General. 

[Eighth indorsement.] 

Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. L, October 20, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the Attorney-General. 

I am not at all satisfied with Mr. Crisostomo, provincial fiscal of Bulacan, and I am 
anxious that he should resign. His resignation might be requested on the ground 
not that he is lacking in integrity, but that the conduct of his office has not been up 
to the standard of skill and competence which is required. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



348 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Ninth indorsement.] 

Office of the Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I., October 30, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the civil governor. 

The provincial fiscal of Bulacan has been advised of the contents of the preceding 
indorsement, as well as of the verbal statement of the civil governor to the solicitor- 
general with reference to the date of presenting his resignation. 

L. R. Wilfley, Attorney -General. 

[Tenth indorsement.] 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, November 3, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to the attorney-general. 
Let the prosecution mentioned in the seventh indorsement proceed. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

Exhibit No. 48. 

Manila, P. I., July 13, 1903. 

Sir: Pursuant to your instructions, I proceeded to the town of Bacoor, province of 
Cavite, on Wednesday, July 8, to investigate the arrest and imprisonment of the 
native Presbyterian congregation of that town by the presidente and municipal 
authorities. 

I found the facts substantially as reported by Governor Trias in his report to the 
executive secretary. 

It appears that upon complaint of a municipal councilor named Gil Ignacio, the 
presidente and municipal police, on the night of July 4, about 11.30 p. m., arrested 
the entire Presbyterian congregation, twenty persons in all, including the two 
preachers, Dalmacio de la Cruz and Pablo Evangelista, who had come from Manila 
to hold the services. The services were held on a vacant lot in the barrio of Alima, 
adjoining the house of one Crispina Jos6, who, although she was not present at the 
meeting, was also placed under arrest and afterwards convicted of breaking the ordi- 
nances of the town, for no better reason than because she sat at her window and 
listened to the singing and exhorting of the Presbyterians. 

The charge was the infraction of ordinances of the town relating to illegal assem- 
blage in suspicious places and at unusual hours of the night. The services began, 
as far as can be ascertained, about 8 o'clock and lasted until 10, and at the end of 
the services a general discussion seems to have arisen on theological questions, which 
lasted up until 11.30, when the police arrived. 

I examined in all fifteen persons, including the presidente, the complaining wit- 
ness, Gil Ignacio, and the man Esteban Lazaro, who is mentioned by the Reverend 
Mr. Rodgers in this complaint as being in his opinion the person directly responsible 
for the protracted and heated discussion which led to the arrests. 

No evidence can be gleaned that Esteban Lazaro was there in any other capacity 
than as an ordinary listener or worshiper, and I think, therefore, that the suspicion 
of Mr. Rodgers is without foundation. 

All the alleged " infrac tores " we could find in the town were also examined; 
also the American school-teacher, a representative of the division of information of 
the Philippine constabulary located in Bacoor, and the two men who are looked 
upon as the leaders of the Protestant movement in the town. Their names are 
Nicolas Gonzales and Narciso San Miguel. 

The testimony is appended hereto. Nothing was developed tending to show that 
the arrests were the direct result of any concerted action on the part of the Roman 
Catholics. Indeed, there was a marked divergence of opinion among the Protest- 
ants as to the state of feeling in the town toward their religion. This, however, I 
attributed partly to the fact that they appeared intimidated by their recent experi- 
ence and partly to their illiteracy, for the evangelical movement in Bacoor has a 
certain Scriptural significance in that its adherents seem to be confined almost 
entirely to the fishermen class, to whom Spanish is apparently almost as alien as 
English. The majority of the Protestants, however, especially the two leaders 
aforementioned, testified that the feeling against them was very strong; that they 
were subjected to constant annoyance and persecutions; were derided and laughed 
at in the streets, and that their services were stoned almost every Sunday. All the 
information that can be gathered from outside sources and from the situation gener- 
ally sustains these allegations. Religious feeling is running high, and I entertain 
no doubt whatever that the arrests were the direct result of this feeling, and that 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 349 

the alleged infraction of town ordinances was merely a pretext to harass the Protest- 
ants and to satisfy religious grudges. 

If any further proof is needed that the arrests were instigated purely by religious 
intolerance it is to be found in the fact that the two preachers were sentenced to sixty 
days' imprisonment and fined 60 pesos, while the others got off with ten days and 10 
pesos, evidently on the principle that the teacher of a "dangerous" creed is more 
guilty than the disciple. 

When asked for an explanation of this discrimination, the presidente said that the 
preachers were guilty of breaking the ordinance with respect to "transeuntes," as 
they were residents "of Manila, besides the infractions of the ordinances prohibiting 
illegal assemblages, with which the others were charged. This excuse will not hold 
water, and in fact has no better foundation than the rest of his shuffling explanations. 

I am convinced that he sees he has committed a grave mistake, and that this occur- 
rence will probably teach him a lesson in discretion, if not in tolerance. He is not a 
bad type of Filipino, has some capacity, is fairly intelligent, and I think that, to use 
the language of Governor Trias, he is "Quixotic" rather than vicious. 

Under ordinary circumstances I should recommend the summary removal of the 
presidente, but in view of the excited state of public feeling in Bacoor and in the 
province of Cavite I hesitate to advise any action which might add to the difficulties 
of civil government in that disturbed region. 

Mr. Kodgers is not inclined to take a serious view of the matter, and in my judg- 
ment a reprimand may prevent any further interference in religious matters on the 
part of the official in question. 

The ordinances for the alleged infraction of which the arrests were made are at- 
tached hereto. They would be intolerable in any ordered community, but consider- 
ing conditions in Cavite Province it can hardly be maintained that they are without 
justification. 

I suggest that the Presbyterians obtain the necessary permission from the munici- 
pality to hold the services, and that the meetings be held in some particular place 
specified in the permit, and that they avoid, if possible, the very appearance of con- 
flict with the ordinances or authorities of the town. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Richard Campbell. 

Hon. L. R. Wilfley, 

Attorney-General of the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 

Part of Exhibit No. 48. 

Presbyterian Mission, Manila, P. I., July 6, 1903. 
Hon. Arthur W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 

Dear Sir: After our conversation this evening it occurred to me that it might be 
of some assistance to you and ourselves in presenting this matter to the governor if 
I should make a statement in writing. 
I inclose the same, and beg that you will use it or not, as you see fit. 
Thanking you again for your kindness in this matter, 

1 am, yours, sincerely, James B. Rodgers. 

The attention of the honorable the civil governor of the Philippines is called to 
the following statement: 

The Presbyterian Church has a congregation of Filipinos in the town of Bacoor, 
province of Cavite. Twice a month lay preachers go from Manila to direct the 
Sunday services. On July 4 Senor Dalmacio Cruz, accompanied by a friend, went to 
this town and at the usual hour held a service in the barrio called Banalo in said 
town. Services have been held in Bacoor for nearly two years with great regularity, 
and when they were begun notice was given to the municipal authorities of the pur- 
pose of the meetings, that there might be no misunderstanding. No serious disturb- 
ance has ever taken place, although some small disturbances have occurred from 
time to time. On the 4th instant the service was closed at 9.50 p. m., and part of the 
congregation had left the place. The remainder were discussing some questions 
raised by one Esteban. The discussion was quiet and orderly. At about 10.45 the 
municipal police arrested the people who were there — the two preachers, nineteen 
men and two women — and confined them in the tribunal. The presidente of the 
place then, or in the morning, asked some questions and wrote out the answers and 
his sentence. The accusation says, I am informed, that they were charged with 
disturbing the public peace and the sentence that they were condemned for having 
transgressed a municipal ordinance which prohibits public meeting without due per- 
mission (the text of the ordinance really prohibits meetings that are illicit or of a 



350 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

suspicious character in suspicious places) and condemns the two preachers and the 
owner of the house w r here they were arrested to sixty days in prison and 60 pesos 
fine and the other to ten days and 10 pesos fine. 

I immediately saw the executive secretary, Mr. Fergusson, and he telegraphed for 
information. In his answer, Governor Trias states, evidently quoting the words of 
the municipal presidente, that these people were indeed arrested and sentenced for 
holding meetings at advanced hours of the night, and disturbing the peace of the 
inhabitants in a suspicious barrio of the town of Bacoor. 

In answer to this I beg leave to state that the service was closed at 9.45 and that 
what followed was a quiet conversation on the matters they had been discussing. 

That there has been no declaration that the barrio of Banalo was suspicious; that 
the teniente del barrio was present at the service and offered no objection to the 
same; that services had been held there for several months without formal protest. 
It is also noteworthy that the man Esteban, who came in and asked the questions, was 
not arrested by the police, which leads to the suspicion that he was a stool pigeon 
sent for the purpose of prolonging the discussion. 

We understand also that there is no municipal ordinance in regard to the keeping 
of hours, unless it is a remnant of the days of military rule. It has not been even 
hinted at in the past. Secondly, the telegram reads: " Because there existed ordi- 
nances in force in the premises (?), and no meetings of any kind can beheld without 
the permission of the municipality." During the first months of our services in 
Bacoor I myself and the preachers who went there gave formal notice to the munici- 
pal authorities of our mission, and the fact was noted. No formal permission was 
needed. No notice has been given us since of the necessity of such permission, and 
the presence at the meeting of the municipal counselor is evidence enough that 
there was nothing illegal about the meeting, even in a technical sense. Thirdly, the 
telegram reads: " As well as another ordinance relative to the presence of transients, 
approved by the provincial board on the 26th of June. ' ' Only two of the persons 
were transients, and they were well known in town and could in no sense be consid- 
ered " sospechosos. " I also call attention to the fact that the law is of recent date, 
and that this was the first time after the passage of it that our preachers had been 
in Bacoor. The residents of the town declare that no such ordinance has ever been 
published, and naturally persons coming from Manila were ignorant of the ordinance. 
I submit that ignorance of the law in this case certainly excuses the infractors. 

We have no desire to have vengeance on anyone, but we do protest energetically 
against such an abuse of power as this and request that such action be taken as wiil 
make clear to the public of Bacoor that the principle of religious liberty must be 
maintained. I say religious liberty because there is no explanation of the acts of the 
president of the town, except his desire to use the power in his hands for the sake of 
stamping out the little congregation that is growing up in that town. 

Thanking you for your kindly attention to this matter, 
I am, sincerely, yours, 

James B. Rodgers. 



The Government op the Philippine Islands, Executive Bureau, 

Manila, August 22, 1903. 
Sir: The charges, evidence, and recommendations of the provincial board of 
Cavite in the case against you having been received and duly considered, the pro- 
vincial board having found you guilty of using your office to interfere with the 
free right of religious worship by certain persons peacefully pursuing that right 
in your municipality, and having recommended your dismissal, I have the honor to 
inform you, by direction of the civil governor, that the recommendation is approved 
and you are accordingly hereby removed from the office of municipal president of 
the municipality of Bacoor, province of Cavite. 

Very respectfully, A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 
Mr. Pedro Malinis, 

Bacoor, Cavite, P. I. 
(Through the provincial governor of Cavite, P. I.) 






EXHIBIT J. 



REPORT OF HON. LTJKE E. WRIGHT, COMMISSIONER, AS TO HEMP. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Department of Commerce and Police, 

Manila, December 5, 1903. 

By resolution of the Commission of the 11th of August, 1903, there was referred to 
me, as a committee, draft of bill already prepared, with notes of discussion thereon at 
public session looking to the establishment of a system of hemp inspection in the 
Archipelago, with directions to report a draft of an act covering the subject. 

After examining the draft prepared by Secretary Worcester and that suggested by 
the chambers of commerce as a substitute therefor, and giving weight to the infor- 
mation elicited as the result of the public discussion criticising both bills, I have- 
reached the conclusion that it is not desirable or advisable to enact any legislation 
providing for a system of hemp inspection. 

American and foreign purchasers of hemp imported from these islands have, at 
various times, complained of the quality of the hemp thus exported and have called 
attention to the fact that the high grades of hemp which formerly predominated are 
now but little produced, and that the lower and inferior grades which are produced 
and exported do not fully and satisfactorily meet the requirements of the trade. 
They assert, and no doubt truthfully, that in order to produce the higher grade of 
hemp, which they prefer in their business, it is necessary to use a flat rather than a 
serrated knife in ' ' pulling ' ' the hemp in the first instance, and suggest some form 
of legislation which will require the native producer of hemp to use a flat knife. It 
appears that the reason why the knife with serrated edges is used is because, 
although an inferior grade of hemp is produced thereby, a larger quantity can be 
produced within a given time than in cases where the flat-edged knife is used, with 
less exertion to the operator, and that the difference in value in the markets of the 
world between the higher and lower grades of hemp is so small that it pays the pro- 
ducer best to produce the lower grade, and he naturally produces the quality of hemp 
which pays him best. 

It does not seem to me that the Commission has any right to prescribe what kind 
of tools an agriculturist shall use in making his crop or in any way interfere with his 
natural right to raise or manufacture products of a higher or a lower grade. The pur- 
chaser of his products can regulate the quality of the artices produced by paying a 
proportionately higher rate for the better article so as to make it to his interest to 
produce it. 

What seems to be really wanted is that we shall by legislation require natives rais- 
ing hemp to produce only the higher grades, although it pays them best to produce 
the other sort. This, I take it for granted, we can not think of doing. 

It would be within the range of legitimate legislation, however, if it were of value, to 
formulate a system of hemp inspection, but an investigation of the methods now in 
vogue of assorting the hemp after it comes into the hands of the local buyer discloses the 
fact that the hemp is assorted and graded in a way well understood by and satisfac- 
tory to the trade, so that the purchaser here fully understands what he is buying 
from the farmer and the foreign purchaser what he in turn is buying from the mer- 
chant in the islands. 

If the hemp is improperly assorted or fraudulently packed the loss does not fall on 
the foreign buyer but upon the local merchant, and he in turn must look to the per- 
son from whom he bought. Every local buyer has his own inspector. The desira- 
bility is not perceived therefore of establishing a system of government inspection. 
Aside from the expense involved the unadvisability of multiplying useless officials is 
obvious. 

351 



352 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The Commission will, of course, when it comes to enact its penal code, provide by 
proper law adequate punishment for fraudulent packing of hemp or of any other 
article of commerce, and this it seems to me is all that is required. 

I therefore respectfully recommend that the Commission refrain from legislating on 
the subject, leaving buyer and seller as at present a free hand in regulating their own 
affairs. 

Very respectfully, Luke E. Wright, 

Secretary of Commerce and Police. 
The Honorable Philippine Commission. 



EXHIBIT K. 



PETITION OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF PANAY AND NEGROS 
FOR ABOLITION OF DUTY ON PHILIPPINE SUGAR. 

Manila, December 18, 1903. 

Sir: The undersigned, in the name of the Agricultural Society of Panay and 
Negros, have the honor to appeal to you soliciting that you be pleased to lend your 
effective support to the petition formulated by that entity that the customs duty on 
Philippine sugar entering the ports of the sovereign country be abolished as the only 
measure that can save agriculture from the ruin to which it is doomed. 

At one time agriculture in the Visayan region was the most flourishing in the 
archipelago, but many disappointments have contributed to its impoverishment to 
the extent that the planter is now compelled to sell his products at a price lower 
than the cost of production, as we shall demonstrate. 

During normal times in order to produce fifty piculs of superior assorted sugar 
the following expenditures would be required: 

Cost of plowing, cultivating, manufacture and transportation to the port 

of Iloilo $150.00 

Interest on §150 at 20 per cent per annnm 30. 00 

Total 180. 00 

superior assorted sugar sells in the Iloilo market to-day at $4.37f the picul, mak- 
ing a total for our 50 piculs of $218.75. 

At first sight it would appear that the planter makes a profit of $38.75 on each 50 
piculs, but if the interest on the capital invested is added to the expenses mentioned 
as well as wear and tear on the machinery, etc., it will be seen that the planters, far 
from reaping a profit, suffer a not inconsiderable loss. 

Asa matter of fact, the following should be added to the expenses already mentioned: 

Interest at 20 per cent per annum on the capital employed per hectare 
necessary to produce 50 piculs of sugar, calculated at $100 $20. 00 

Interest at 20 per cent per annum on cost of two carabaos to produce that 
amount of sugar 40. 00 

Interest on capital invested in machinery, agricultural implements, etc. , and 
buildings, proportionately to the 50 piculs 20. 00 

80. 00 
Adding the $180 180. 00 

Grand total >. 260. 00 

Value of 50 piculs, at $4.37f each 218. 75 

Loss to planter 41. 25 

At first glance the interest allowed for capital appears excessive, but if the present 
condition of the Iloilo money market is considered, the rate given will be found to 
be the lowest. 

It is true that some merchants in the said market charge from 12 per cent to 13 
per cent annually, but at the same time they bind the planter to the following 
conditions: 

(a) To the payment of a commission of from 2 to 2\ per cent. 

(6) To buy all material necessary for packing the sugar ready for market from them. 

(c) To use the ships of the merchant and money lender for the transportation of 
his sugar. 

(d) To sell the sugar to the merchant advancing the money. 

WAR 1903— VOL 5 23 353 



354 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

(e) To pay a fine of 1 peso per picul of sugar that the planter fails to deliver; so 
that any planter who, for example, has agreed to deliver 4,000 piculs of sugar in con- 
sideration of a loan of $4,000 and through circumstances beyond his control, such as 
fire in his cane fields, losses through the ravages of locusts, etc., is unable to gather 
more than 3,000 piculs would be bound to the payment of $1,000 as a fine for such 
shortage in delivery, aside from having to comply with all of the other conditions of 
the contract. 

As there is not a place in any town in the archipelago where the polarization of 
sugar can be determined, it is classified by the buyer often unjustly and to the detri- 
ment of the planter, who, being financially unable to raise his crop, can much less 
assert his rights and make them prevail before the proper authorities. 

For all of these reasons the planter nearly always prefers to pay 20 per cent inter- 
est rather than to submit to the harsh conditions laid down by the merchant who, 
though he charges not more than 12 per cent or 13 per cent, is really the one who 
offers the least advantages, because in the end the planter would pay an interest on 
the money borrowed of not less than from 40 per cent to 50 per cent. 

It is seen, therefore, that agriculture, at least in the Visayan region, is day by day 
approaching ruin, and it is only the support of the government by abolishing the 
Dingley tariff on Philippine sugar that can save it. 

The planters ask for the abolishment of the said tariff not only in order that the 
Philippine sugar may find a market in the United States, but also to compel the 
Japanese market to pay just prices for our sugars. 

According to statistics, 1,332,892 piculs of Philippine sugar were consumed last year 
by Japan and China, but in spite of this consumption native sugar did not bring a 
good price, for the simple reason that Japanese merchants, knowing that there are 
no competitive buyers, have been able to purchase our sugar at the lowest possible 
price. 

The day that the Dingley tariff on Philippine sugar would be abolished, Japanese 
merchants would have to pay at least the same price that it brought in the United 
States. 

Perhaps people will not be wanting who will object to this proposition on the 
grounds that during the past rule the Philippines had no market of its own for its 
products, and yet this did not result in the decadence of agriculture. Anticipating 
this objection, we would say that since American occupation there has been a radical 
change in the markets of the Archipelago, in that prices of articles brought from 
foreign countries have increased twofold, and in some instances a hundredfold, while 
on the other hand native products have remained stationary as regards price. 

The rise in price of imported articles, specially of rice, has been accompanied by 
many other evils that have placed the planter in an embarrassing position. Among 
the latter we might mention the rinderpest, the locusts, the plague, lack of capital, 
and brigandage, which is the necessary consequence of every revolution. 

To approach the subject in a different light, we would state that if the markets of 
the sovereign country have been thrown wide open to Hawaiian sugar, we believe 
that this boon ought to with more reason be granted to Philippine sugar. 

As a matter of fact, the methods employed in the Philippines in working the cane 
are primitive and defective to a degree that the planter is able to obtain less sac- 
charine juice than in other places where more perfect machinery and a more scien- 
tific method of cultivation and sugar making are employed. 

This consideration would of itself be sufficient to demonstrate that the Philippines 
need the protection of the Government more than Hawaii; but there are other fac- 
tors that must not be lost sight of, such as the distance of these islands from 
America, that means increased expenses for freight, marine insurance, exchange, 
commissions, etc. 

On account of these factors it is more than probable that our sugar, even if the 
Dingley tariff is abolished, could never compete with that of Hawaii, Cuba, or Porto 
Rico, and much less with that of America. 

It is unnecessary for us to dwell upon the great and favorable effect which the 
abolition of the Dingley tariff would have with relation to the present political status 
of this country, for fortunately we address an authority who has had the singular 
privilege, accorded only to men of peculiarly great genius, to know to perfection the 
conditions of the archipelago and the aspirations and needs of its inhabitants. 
Very respectfully, 

J. de Leon. 
E. de la Rama. 

The Honorable the Civil Governor op the Philippines. 



EXHIBIT L. 



STATEMENT OF COLONEL COLTON, COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS AT 
ILOILO, AS TO NECESSITY FOR REMOVAL OF DTJTY FROM PHIL- 
IPPINE SUGAR. 

Sugar was first introduced into the Philippine Islands in 1856. Experiments in 
cultivation were conducted during the same year in the vicinity of Talisay. The 
first official record as to the results of the experiments is the exportation through 
Iloilo Harbor in the year 1859, of 5,427 tons of raw sugar. Exportations gradually 
increased until 1899. The exportations in 1869 amounted to 7,344 tons; in 1879, to 
47,625 tons; in 1889, to 112,007 tons; in 1899, to 154,462 tons. The largest exporta- 
tion was in 1892, when 165,897 tons were exported. Since 1898, owing to the dis- 
turbed conditions, the loss of animals, and the lack of capital, production and expor- 
tation have been greatly reduced, dropping during the year 1901 to 34,500 tons. In 
the early years of sugar production only wooden rolling mills worked by cattle were 
used. This was a slow process, resulting in the loss of 40 to 50 per cent of the sugar. 
Few of these mills are still in use, but most of the sugar now produced is by the use 
of steam mills, extracting from 3£ to 7\ tons of juice per day with a loss of from 20 to 
40 per cent. The sugar produced is classified as follows: No. 1, containing 88 per 
cent saccharine; No. 2, 85^ per cent; No. 3, 81 per cent, and damp, 70 per cent. The 
proportion of the different grades produced is about as follows: No. 1, one-fourth; 
No. 2, three-sixteenths; No. 3, and damp, nine-sixteenths. Sugar polarizing as high 
as 92 per cent is produced by old wooden mills in some localities of Panay. The 
expense makes a large percentage of loss. Under ordinary circumstances Negros should 
produce 150,000 tons and Panay 50,000 tons of sugar annually on land now under cul- 
tivation. Men of long experience in the business assert, that, with suitable machin- 
ery, transportation facilities, and capital, the production could be doubled without 
extending the area under cultivation. A conservative estimate of the land suitable for 
sugar production in Panay and Negros, which is not now cultivated, is 90 per cent in the 
former island and 70 per cent in the latter island. The uncultivated land in Panay is 
principally in the interior. At present there is no means of transportation. Negros 
sugar is brought to market by lighter from the estates of the owners from 5 to 14 miles 
in the interior, depending solely on the condition of the roads, which are generally 
bad. The actual cost of producing and marketing, at Iloilo, sugar, per ton, under 
existing conditions, is approximately as follows: Tilling and planting, $22; cutting, 
carrying to mill, per ton, milling, bagging, and shipping, $18; lighterage and deliv- 
ery, $6; total, about $56, Mexican. These figures exclude material items, like inter- 
est on investment, taxes, or rents. It is hard to estimate the present selling price of 
sugar in the Iloilo market, which is based on the price in "foreign markets, and is 
about $64, Mexican, per ton, which is not above the cost of production in the most 
favorably located estates, and is considerably less than the cost of production in 
estates in the interior. Since the American occupation, the quantities in pounds 
and value of sugar exported through Iloilo for the fiscal years are as follows: 



Year. 



Number 
of pounds. 



Value. 



1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

Total 



96, 831, 930 
116,258,022 

77,089,391 
135,687,751 
226,056,793 



SI, 873, 183 
2, 103, 344 
1,471,281 
2,471,820 
3,649,536 



651, 924, 787 11, 569, 164 



355 



356 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

At first glance, it seems from the returns of 1903 that sugar planters are subject to 
congratulations upon the substantial increase both upon price and quantity of their 
product and apparently improved conditions. As a matter of fact, owing to the 
increased cost of labor and extraordinary expenditure for animals to replace those 
killed by rinderpest, they are more deeply in debt at the close of the 1903 season 
than at any previous time. Had it not been for the low ruling rate of exchange 
enabling buyers to pay more in Mexican currency on practically the same gold range 
prices as last year, a large percentage of the planters would have been entirely ruined 
and compelled to abandon their estates. The planters have been steadily losing 
ground since 1899, and have only been encouraged to continue the operation of the 
estates by hope each year that the product would be admitted to the markets of the 
United States at a much more favorable rate of duty if not free. The statistical records 
of the custom-house show 71, 000, 000 pounds of sugar exported last year in vessels clear- 
ing for the United States. The vessels, however, actually cleared for the Delaware 
Breakwater ''for orders," and a very small proportion of the sugar was shipped into 
the United States, the larger portion being carried to Canada or England, and all 
sugar entering the United States, except one cargo entering free, resulted in a heavy 
loss to the shippers. The islands of Panay and Negros are thickly populated, and 
the inhabitants and business interests depend directly or indirectly upon sugar 
industry for support at this time in exceedingly precarious condition, and unless 
something is done by Congress to relieve the situation feel sure that it is no exagger- 
ation to say that it must collapse resulting in great distress to the native inhabitants 
and producing a chaotic condition in business, increase ladronism, and spirit of insur- 
rection. In view of present serious conditions almost certain ruin of the industry 
in the islands in the absence of speedy relief. The matter would seem worthy of 
early consideration and more liberal treatment at the hands of the home govern- 
ment. If the whole Philippine production of three or four hundred thousand tons 
were admitted free into the United States, it would only mean much less beet sugar 
imported from foreign countries and import duty might be collected thereon and 
fairly distributed as reward to industry in Philippines. This would stimulate revival 
of import trade here and create additional revenue for the insular treasury, increas- 
ing the importation of American goods into the Philippines. Congress could take no 
action which would have so salutary an effect among Filipinos or make them more 
contented and loyal than to give them the benefits of our markets upon proper basis 
and thereby the prosperity which they were led to expect under American Govern- 
ment. 



EXHIBIT M. 



STATEMENT OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT AS TO NECESSITY FOR 
ACTION BY CONGRESS IN REMOVING DUTY ON SUGAR AND 
TOBACCO. 

The following statement is furnished by Reyes and others : Sugar industry pros- 
perous until 1884, when the bounty system was introduced in Europe for the purpose 
of aiding beet-sugar industry. As this prospered the cane industry declined. Not 
only in the Philippines, but everywhere, planters in time were compelled to borrow, 
the estates became heavily encumbered, eaten up by usurious rates of interest, fore- 
closure resulting in many instances. McKinley-Dingley tariffs operated against 
Philippines, which, with annexation/ Hawaii , practically closed United States to 
Philippine sugars — the Pacific coast absolutely — and it may be safely said that the 
only cargo sent to the Atlantic coast ports within past five years was of a speculative 
character, based on probable action Congress in tariff matters. Japan-China war 
transferred Formosa to Japan with free trade between the two. As a consequence, 
while Philippine sugars pay duty about $10, gold, per ton, Japan has been and still is 
large consumer Philippine sugars; but Formosa, with such advantage, will no doubt 
shut out that market soon, as aim will be to produce sufficient to meet all require- 
ments of Japan. While the Philippines is country best adapted to sugar production, 
only free, fair market is China, where have to compete with Java sugar. Industry 
there is in higher state of development than here. Therefore at some disadvantage. 
The causes operating against industry past five years are the Dingley tariff, annexa- 
tion Hawaii, Philippine insurrection, and consequences of high-priced labor, higher 
cost rice through necessity importation, loss carabaos, loss credit to planters through 
want faith on part of capitalists in industry under present conditions. Pampanga, 
Batangas, Laguna, and Panay sugar plants destroyed by insurrection. Negros almost 
bankrupt. Seventy-five per cent of the estates will probably have to close. Planters 
completely disheartened at bringing of Formosa under Japan. Only solution is to 
put the Philippines on the same basis as Hawaii as regards sugar, that is, complete 
abolition Dingley tariff. United States market formerly best. Must be restored in 
order to restore confidence and revive industry, otherwise it will die. State aid, 
some form or other, therefore, necessary to save situation. Comparative statement 
exports sugar from Manila, Cebu, and Iloilo in 1897, 1898, shows 3,332,010 piculs 
and 2,859,661, respectively. Dwindled in 1902 to 1,473,160 piculs. Full figures by 
mail. 

Tabacalera Company claims tobacco industry fallen off greatly past five years only. 
Due partly change sovereignty, principally to abnormal conditions due to war fol- 
lowed by famine and disturbance. During Spanish regime, leaf tobacco had safe 
market Spain, as government compelled contracting company to purchase certain 
amount tobacco in Philippines. This stipulation omitted last contract. Philippine 
tobacco inferior to Habana, and can compete only because cheaper. Brazil and other 
South American tobacco, although inferior in quality, is cheaper still and can compete 
all markets. Market Dutch Indies closed to Philippine manufactured tobacco, duties 
being 2 florins per kilo as against half florin on tobacco rest world. In order for the 
Philippines tobacco to enter the United States it must be free. Only way to compete 
with better quality Habana tobacco and cheapness South American. With duty of 
50 or even 25 per cent, Dingley tariff will exclude it. 

357 



EXHIBIT N. 



REPORT OF AN INVESTIGATION MADE BY JAMES ROSS, SUPER- 
VISOR OF FISCALS, CONCERNING ALLEGED SUFFERINGS AND 
DEATHS AMONG CERTAIN LABORERS SENT FROM MANILA 
DURING THE MONTH OF JULY, 1903, TO WORK ON THE BEN- 
GUET ROAD. 

Manila, P. I., September 1, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with your verbal instructions of August 6, 1903, I have made 
an investigation of the reports concerning the alleged sufferings and deaths from 
starvation of certain laborers organized in Manila during the month of July, by Mr. 
Pascual H. Poblete and his assistants, and sent to Dagupan and Twin Peaks for the 
purpose of working on the Benguet road. During the course of this inquiry I have 
visited the provinces of Laguna, Tarlac, Pangasinan, and Benguet, and have exam- 
ined a large number of witnesses, the testimony of whom is herewith presented. 

My object has been, as directed by you, to obtain all the information possible and 
to ascertain the whole truth with reference to the reports that have been so freely 
circulated by certain individuals through the means of conversations, written com- 
munications, and the public press concerning the alleged sufferings of the " Poblete 
Obreros." Having completed the investigation, as directed by you, I now have the 
honor to submit the following report of the same. 

On the morning of August 7 I proceeded from Manila to Calamba, province of 
Laguna, and with the assistance of the municipal officials succeeded in finding sev- 
eral men who had been members of the so-called "Poblete Obreros" and took their 
statements, which are as follows: 

At Calamba, August 7 and 8. 

STATEMENT OP MAXIMO TRASONA. 

I live in Calamba, and was a member of a company of laborers that went to Ben- 
guet in July last. I joined the company in Manila on July 15, upon the solicitation 
of Andres Egasani, who accompanied me there. No other laborers went to Manila 
with me. I united with the other workmen in Manila at Poblete' s house. As an 
inducement in the way of salary, etc., for my joining these laborers, Egasani offered 
me 2 pesos a day and rations. It was understood that when we got to Benguet we 
were to work on the road there. 

I did not have any conversation with Poblete about the work I was to do or the 
compensation which I would receive. I spoke only with Andres Egasani. 
p I and my companions left Manila for Benguet on the 7th of July, taking the train 
for Dagupan and arriving there about 9 p. m. of the same day. There were a great 
many of us. 

Before leaving Manila for Dagupan we were furnished three days' rations, which 
consisted of rice and meat. Upon arriving in Dagupan we had supper and spent the 
night in stores in the market place, sleeping on the floors which were made of bam- 
boo. Nothing occurred to us in Dagupan. We left Dagupan the following day at 
about noon. Before leaving we had breakfast. 

We started in the direction of Benguet. The first night we arrived in a town, the 
name of which I do not remember, and passed the night there. We started out the 
next morning and arrived at Twin Peaks at about 4 or 5 o'clock in the afternoon. 
Upon arriving at Twin Peaks Andres Egasani had a conversation with the officer in 
charge there. After the conversation we had supper and rested. The following 

358 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 359 

morning Andres again had a talk with the same man, after which he came out of the 
house, called us together, and said, "Come on, let's go back to Dagupan" (" Vamos 
Dagupan"). 

Upon arriving at Twin Peaks we had supper. I was not molested in any way by 
any person at that place. We left for Dagupan during the afternoon of the day when 
Andres Egasani told us to return and arrived in Dagupan in about two days. Egasani 
gave us no reason for his desire to return. 

From Dagupan we returned to Manila. Some walked faster than others and arrived 
in Dagupan earlier than the rest. All of the company to which I belonged left Twin 
Peaks together, no one remaining there to work. This was the same company with 
which I left Manila. There were many laborers in it. I do not know of any of my 
companions having died on the trip. There were only a few laborers in the party 
which arrived with me in Manila. I do not know where the others were. When 
we arrived in Manila we went to the court in Intramuros. I do not know why; 
afterwards we united in Poblete's house. I did not have any conversation with Pob- 
lete, neither did any of my companions; we only talked with Andres Egasani. I do 
not know what took place. After several days I returned by boat to Calamba. 

MAXIMO ELASEGUI. 

I live in Calamba, and am acquainted with Maximo Trasona. He was with me in 
a company of laborers which went to Twin Peaks. I left Calamba for Manila with 
my companions one Sunday in July, I do not remember the exact date; there must 
have been about 40 of us. Andres Egasani went with us. In Manila we went to 
Poblete's house where we had a conversation with Andres Egasani. These 40 
laborers upon arriving in Manila were joined by others until the total number of 
laborers was about 200. We were given three days' rations and went to Dagupan by 
rail. Arriving there we had supper, and slept on the bamboo floors of the tiendas 
in the market. When we reached Dagupan an American was there who showed us 
where we were to sleep. We were not given any rice that night because we had 
some left over from what had already been furnished us; but the next morning we 
were given our breakfast and rice for the journey to Twin Peaks. 

The following day we started for Twin Peaks. The first night we slept at a place 
called San Jacinto, and left there the following morning, stopping en route at two 
other places, the names of which I do not remember. We arrived at Twin Peaks on 
the third day out from Dagupan. 

Upon arriving at Twin Peaks, Andres Egasani went up into a house to speak to a 
man there. He afterwards came out of the house and said "Vamos." We left; 
reached Dagupan within two days, and from Dagupan walked to Manila. We 
returned because the "capataz" told us to do so. He did not give us any reason for 
telling us to go. We left when the capataz told us to go, because he was the one 
who had taken us there. We did not ask Andres Egasani (the capataz referred to) 
why, as we were very tired and weak. 

I do not know that any of us were badly treated at Twin Peaks. We saw some 
Americans working there, but I do not know how many; we did not have any con- 
versation with them. We arrived at Twin Peaks between 4 and 5 o'clock in the 
evening; slept there, and left the next day. It is not true that we wanted to enter 
the houses there and were not allowed to do so. I heard that some Americans had 
idcked over the pots in which some of the laborers were cooking their rice, but I did 
not see this. Upon arriving in Dagupan we did not ask for transportation by rail to 
Manila, but started off afoot. I can not say how many days we were in walking 
from Dagupan to Manila, but we were very tired. I did not see any of my com- 
panions die. I heard rumors that some people had died, but I can not remember the 
time or the place, or the name of the person who told me. , 

We came back in small bands; I came behind the others. Upon arriving in Manila 
we went to Poblete's house. He did not give us any more food; we bought rice in 
Manila. Some women and children went with us to Twin Peaks. I know Braulio 
Menece; he was one of those who returned with me on the boat from Manila to this 
place. 

EMILIO MENDOZA. 

I went to Benguet upon the solicitation of Andres Egasani. He promised me 2 
pesos per day and rations. In Manila we were each given 6 chupas of rice and some 
meat. In Dagupan each of us was given 4 more chupas of rice, but no fish or meat. 
We slept on the floor of a warehouse in Dagupan. It did not rain that night. I did 
not hear any complaints about the food or shelter there. When we reached Twin 
Peaks we were furnished rice and some canned meat. The capataz, after talking 



360 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

with an American there, told us that the American said we would only receive 2 
pesetas per day. We would not work for this and the capataz told us to return. 
The capataz asked us if we would work for this and we told him no. We remained 
in Dagupan one day. The capataz told us that we were to return on the train, but 
the conductor would not let us go aboard it. 

We were eight days in walking from Dagupan to Manila, scattered along the road, 
the strong ones in front and the weak ones behind. I was at about the middle of these 
groups. On the way back we lived on rice which we begged from the people along 
the route. Upon arriving in Manila, some of my companions told me that several of 
the laborers had died; but I do not know who they were. None of those who went 
with me died. 

When we went to Poblete's house he gave each of us a chupa of rice. 

I am in good health now and feel no bad effects from the trip. 

MAUEICIO AND TIBURCIO MENDOZA (OF CALAMBA) . 

We went with our brother, Emilio Mendoza, to work on the road in Benguet. 
We were promised 2 pesos a day, with rations. In Manila we were given three 
days' rations for the trip to Dagupan. We returned from Twin Peaks because the 
capataz said he was not satisfied with the pay we would receive. In Dagupan the 
capataz told us that we had been refused transportation on the train, so we had to 
walk back. 

Q. Did you hear the American in charge at Twin Peaks say that he would only 
pay you 2 pesetas a day? — A. No; the capataz told us that the American said so. 

Q. Why didn't you speak to the American about the salary before undertaking 
such a long journey home? — A. We could not speak to the American about it, 
because we can't speak English. 

Q. You don't know, then, that the Filipinos who are working on the road in Ben- 
guet receive 25 cents gold per day, with their rations? — A. We asked the capataz 
what we would receive, and he said 2 pesetas per day, and our food. 

In the group with which we returned there were about 20 laborers; and we were 
in about the middle of the crowd which was going back from Dagupan to Manila. 
We do not know that anyone died; but when we returned to Manila we were told 
that some of our companions had died on the road. We do not know their names, 
neither do we remember the names of those who gave us this information. 

BRIG IDA ABRIL. 

Note. — This woman admits having told a policeman that her husband, Braulio 
Menece, who went to Benguet, had died there. She states that this story was invented 
by her as a joke, and that she has seen her husband since he returned, and that he 
is now in Manila. 

From Calamba I proceeded to Cabuyao, Laguna Province, and there found a num- 
ber of men who had belonged to the Obreros, having been organized by one Publio 
Batallones, of Cabuyao; their statements are as follows: 

At Cabuyao, August 9, 1903. 

NARCISO GENERALIA. 

I was one of a company of workmen who went to Benguet in July last. I was 
invited to go by Publio Batallones of this town, who promised me $2 gold, per day, 
with rations. 1 went to Manila with about 250 others, residents of this place and of 
Calamba. Publio Batallones accompanied us. We arrived in Manila on Sunday, 
and started out for Benguet Friday. During that time w T e w T ere in Poblete's house. 
The capatazwent up into the house and had a conversation with Poblete; he then 
told us that if we would do as much work as the Americans we would receive $2 gold, 
per day; and if we did not do as much work as the Americans that we would 
receive less. 

Note. — Regarding the details of the trip to Benguet, the food furnished, etc., and 
what took place at Twin Peaks, the statement of this witness is substantially the 
same as that of the foregoing witnesses. 

The trip back was a very hard one. We were seven days on the road from Dagu- 
pan to Manila. Several of our companions died on the road. One of the laborers 
died at Pozorrubio, on the way to Twin Peaks. I do not know his name; he lived 
at Los Banos. I did not see the body. He was taken sick on the way up. 1 saw 
him in a house there at Pozorrubio, and when I returned I heard that he was dead. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 361 

Andres Egasani, the capataz, .told me this. The man first had fever, and then later 
he seemed to be taken with a sort of cholera. I heard that others had also died. 

Q. You say that you were traveling for seven days from Dagupan to Manila; did 
all go together or did you travel in small bands? — A. In small bands. I went from 
Dagupan to Manila on the train. 

Q. Then what you know about the seven-day trip is all hearsay? — A. Yes. 

Q. So you can not state whether or not anybody died on the road between Dagu- 
pan and Manila? — A. I can not. 

Q. Did you return from Manila to Calamba on the boat with other workmen who 
had been with you on this trip? — A. No; I was alone. I paid my own fare. 

Q. Did you understand that Batallone's promise of $2 gold per day and rations 
was made by authority of Poblete? — A. Yes. When in Manila we were standing 
below the window of Poblete' s house, and he appeared at the window and stated to 
us that we could earn $2 gold per day. This was Wednesday before we left for 
Dagupan. Poblete told us that if we would work well and equal the Americans we 
could earn the same, which was $2 gold per day. 

Q. Do you believe that you could do as much work in a day as an American? — 
A. Yes. 

Q. Did Poblete say that if you could do half as much work, or one-fourth as much 
w ork as an American, you would receive less in proportion? — A. No. 

Q. Did Mr. Poblete not tell you that the Government was offering Filipino labor- 
ers a fixed salary of 25 cents gold per day and rations? — A. No. 

Q. Did you people think that Poblete was authorized by the Government to make 
this offer?— A. Yes. 

Q. What made you think that he had this authority? — A. We thought that he was 
authorized by the Government to make us this offer through the capataces, Publio 
Batallones and Andres Egasani. 

Q. Did any official of the Government make such a statement to you? — A. No. 

Q. In regard to the man who died at Pozorrubio. Were you the only one from 
Cabuyao who was present with him in the warehouse where he was sick? — A. Yes. 

Q. And afterwards, when you returned to Dagupan, you heard that the man had 
died?— A. Yes. 

Q. You only know what Andres Egasani told you about it? — A. Yes, that is all; 
but when we were coming back the man was not there. Personally, I do not know 
that he died ; Andres Egasani told me about it. 

Q. Was Andres Egasani with you at Twin Peaks? — A. Yes. 

Q. Did he come back at the same time? — A. Yes. 

Q. And arrived in Pozorrubio with you at the same time? — A. Yes. 

Q. Then Andres Egasani only knew and told you something he said he had heard 
about a man having died at Pozorrubio? — A. Yes. 

Q. Did anybody in your company go to look for the grave of this alleged dead 
man or make any inquiries about him? — A. No, not that 1 know of. 

NICOLAS DIAZ. 

I went to Benguet to work on the road there in July last. Publio Batallones had 
come to me and stated that I could make good money in Benguet, and would be given 
transportation there from Manila to Dagupan by train, and from Dagupan to Benguet 
we were to walk. 

We did not stay at Twin Peaks because Poblete' s promise was not kept. This 
promise was that if we did as much work as the Americans we would receive the 
same pay, but when we got there they only wanted to give us 2 pesetas and our 
rations. I did not talk with the officer in charge, but was told this by the capataz. 

I was told by the capataz from Calamba (Andres Egasani) that several workmen 
had died on the road back to Manila; personally I do not know anything about this. 

Note. — Regarding the details of the journey, this witness makes in substance the 
same statement as that given by the preceding witness. 

Q. When you were at Poblete' s house in Manila, before going to Dagupan, did you 
hear Poblete say anything about the salary to be paid? — A. Poblete told us that we 
should work well and equal the Americans, because we would then be paid well; 
that if Ave w T ould work like the Americans did they would give us $2 gold per day; 
that if we did not work as well then we would receive half that amount. 

Q. Do you believe you can do as much work as an American? — A. Yes. 

Q. On the way back from Dagupan to Manila, did the capataz walk with you? — A. 
Yes; he came with us. I suppose that Andres Egasani (the Calamba capataz) was 
in a group which was ahead of us ; and Publio, I think, was behind. 



362 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

MANUEL BARANGALAN, ESTEBAN CANTILLAN, RAYMUNDO FACIOLCO, JUAN PAULO, EDUARDO 
CABALE, EUSTACIO DEBOMA, ANDRES PAULO, NARCISO DISON, ISAAC BARABGALAN, 
BENIGNO CANTA, OP CABUYAO (EXAMINED JOINTLY AND SEPARATELY). 

We went to Benguet to work on the road. Poblete told us that if we could do as 
much work as an American, we could receive 4 pesos Mexican, per day. He told us 
this at his own house ; he spoke to us from an upstairs window. 

We started for Dagupan on a Friday in July; we don't remember the day of the 
month. Before starting we were given three days' rations. We arrived in Dagupan 
at 8 o'clock in the evening of the same day. The following day we left for Benguet, 
and were given more rice before starting. We arrived at Twin Peaks the third day 
from Dagupan. Upon arriving at Twin Peaks, the capataz told us that we would 
only be paid two pesetas. We did not hear the conversation he had with the officer 
in charge ; but this was what the capataz stated to us. We did not speak with any- 
one else about the matter. We reached Baguio on Monday, and started back the 
next day, by order of the capataz. Rations consisted of rice, bacon, and fresh beef, 
given to us at Twin Peaks. The food was good. We do not know of anyone having 
been molested by an employee or officer of the government in Benguet. 

Eduardo Babale and Isaac Barangalan. We saw an American kick over one 
of the rice pots. This American was a laborer. We did not see any other miscon- 
duct toward us. We did not protest to the chief about this. 

Juan Paulo and others. On the way back to Manila we were in a group of about 
50 laborers. We do not know that any of the laborers died on the road. Andres 
Egasani said that some of the workmen had died. 

Note. — On the return trip from Dagupan to Manila Narciso Dison was with three 
others, Esteban Cantillon was with three others, Eduardo Cabale was with six others, 
Eustacio Deboma was with six others. We did not hear of any deaths, except what 
Andres Egasani told us about a man having died at Pozorrubio. 

From Cabuyao I proceeded to Los Banos, Laguna Province, and there took the 
following statements : 

At Los Baftos, August 10 and 11, 1903. 

CRISTOBAL DIMALA. 

On the 17th of July I left Manila for Dagupan. I was solicited to go by one 
Miguel Tolentino, who is now in Lipa. Miguel promised me that I would earn $2 
Mexican per day. He said he made this promise under the authority of Publio 
Batallones. I went to Manila with 19 other men from this place. We united with 
other workmen at the house of Poblete. I do not remember now the names of any 
of those who went from this place with me. We remained in Manila four days before 
leaving for Benguet. Poblete said that the Americans earned 4 pesos Mexican per 
day, that if we did the same work as the Americans we would receive the same 
amount of money, but that if we did only half as much work as the Americaus we 
would recoive only half as much money. He did not tell us that if we could do only 
one-tenth as much work we would receive only one-tenth of the salary. He told us 
this from the window of his house ; we were in the court below the window at the 
time. 

We remained in Manila for four days and then went aboard the train for Dagupan. 
There were about 250 of us who went at that time. Upon leaving Manila we were 
given rice and meat for the trip. We left Friday the 17th of July, and arrived at 
Dagupan that night at about 10 o'clock. An American there showed us a warehouse 
where we could sleep, and we spent the night in it. This house has a bamboo floor 
and was a good place to sleep in. We were given no more food that night, as we still 
had some left. The following day they gave us food for the trip up to the mountains. 
As soon as we arrived at Twin Peaks we were given three chupas of rice and some 
bacon. The following day a leg of beef was divided amoilg us. We did not go to 
work there because we had contracted for a salary of 2 pesos daily. The capataz told 
us that we would not be paid this, and that if they refused to give us 2 pesos per day, 
with rations, we should not work. Publio Batallones was the capataz who told us 
this. At about 11 o' clock of the day after reaching Baguio we started back to Dagupan. 
We did this because the capataz, Batallones, told us to do so. 

While in Baguio I was not mistreated by any American or officer in charge of the 
work. 

Publio Batallones said that if we stayed there and worked they would pay us 
only 2 pesetas; but that if we would return to Manila, Poblete would see that we got 
2 pesos. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 363 

We were two days in going from Twin Peaks to Dagupan and a week in returning 
from Dagupan to Manila. On the way back we were compelled to beg food of the 
people living along the route, as we had nothing to eat. We returned in small com- 
panies or groups. There were seven in the group, of which I was a member. We 
came behind the greater number of laborers. One man died in Paniqui on the way 
back from Dagupan to Manila. This pueblo is two days' walk from Dagupan. The 
name of the man who died is Francisco Malabayabas. He was taken sick and I cared 
for him. I was present when he died. His death resulted from a diarrhea. Being 
tired and hungry, he had eaten cocoanut and drank water. He was taken sick at 4 
in the morning and died at about noon. 

Q. Were you present with him all the time he was sick, until he died? — A. Yes, 
and after he died; we were quarantined for two days. 

Q. Who were present besides yourself? — A. There were two brothers of Francisco 
named Estanislao and Pedro who were also present. They live in the barrio of Anos 
of the jurisdiction of Los Banos. 

Q. Did these men go from this place with the laborers for the Benguet road? — 
A. Yes. 

Q. But you said you didn't remember the names of any of these except the capa- 
taz, who had gone from here with you — how is this? — A. Your question made me 
remember about it. 

Q. Do you not remember any others besides the three brothers you have men- 
tioned and Miguel? — A. I remember one Eduardo, a resident of the barrio of Anos. 
I do not remember the names of any others. 

Q. You say that there were seven in your company returning from Benguet — you, 
Francisco, and his two brothers, making four — who were the other three? — A. 
Miguel, Florencio Yer, Pioquinto Benjamin, Servando Castillo. 

Q. When Francisco was taken sick, where did the men last mentioned go? — A. 
They did not wait, but went on ahead. 

Q. Why did you alone remain with Francisco and his two brothers? — A. Because 
we were quarantined. The others escaped. 

Q. You were present, were you, all the time during Francisco's sickness? — A. Yes. 

Q. What were you doing? — A. I was looking after the sick man and cleaning up 
the house where he were staying. 

Q. Did Francisco's brother go to look for a physician? — A. A " practicante " came 
to the place and gave him medicines. 

Q. After Francisco died what was done with the corpse? — A. We dug a grave and 
buried him. 

Q. Where is the grave? — A. In the Panteon, the burying-ground of Paniqui. 

Q. What distance from the house where he died? — A. It was ten minutes' walk. 

Q. Did you first go to the church? — A. No. 

Q. At what hour did you bury him? — A. At 4.30 p. m. 

Q. What day was this? — A. I don't remember. This occurred two days after we 
left Dagupan. 

After being released from quarantine we were four days in traveling from Paniqui 
to Manila. We had to stop in some of the pueblos and beg food. I had known 
Francisco Malabayabas and his brothers for about a month and a half before we 
started to Benguet. Francisco's brothers returned to this place with me from Manila. 
I last saw them last Saturday at their house in Anos. I can not say whether or not 
any other laborers besides Francisco died on the road between Manila and Dagupan. 

PEDRO MALABAYABAS ( BARRIO OP ANOS, JURISDICTION , OP LOS BANOS ). 

I had a brother named Francisco. He died in Paniqui, on Saturday, the 25th of 
July, from the effects of hunger and exhaustion. He had eaten some cocoanuts; 
was taken sick shortly after midnight and died during the day. His bowels moved 
twice, and the second time he was taken with colic or cramps, with which he had 
been troubled since his childhood. The name of the owner of the house in which 
Francisco died was either Hernando or Fernando. He was not a friend or an 
acquaintance of ours, but he had permitted us to come in and stop there. The sick 
man was attended by a physician; I don't remember his name. Francisco was 
buried soon after he died in a place called "Tramo." From the time he was taken 
sick until he died no one was present with the sick man except myself, my brother 
Estanislao, the owner of the house, and the doctor. I am sure no one else was pres- 
ent during this time. 

We left Dagupan on Thursday. I could not say how many people there were with 
me going from Dagupan to Paniqui. Sometimes we would meet and unite with other 
groups and sometimes we would be separated from them. As we were kept in quar- 



364 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

antine we were left behind the others, and did not see them again on the way to 
Manila. 

We were released from quarantine at about 3 o'clock of the day after the burial of 
my brother. 

My brother Estanislao has gone to Calamba. I have a sister named Juliana. She 
lives in Anos. 

I know Cristobal Dimala. I do not know where he is now. 

The physician in Paniqui can give you a certificate as to the death of my brother. 
I was present when my brother was buried. My brother Estanislao and the phy- 
sician were also present at the burial, but no one else. 

I do not know and have not heard of any other laborer except my brother who 
died on the road from Dagupan to Manila. 

My brother Francisco was 19 years old. 

Cristobal Dimala was with me on the road from Dagupan to Paniqui. He did not 
go into the house with me; I do not know where he went. I am sure that he did 
not go into the house with me, or stay there during the illness of my brother. 

JULIANA MALABAYABAS ( BARRIO OF ANOS, LOS BANOS) . 

I have three brothers, named Pedro, Estanislao, and Francisco. Francisco is dead. 
I learned of his death from Pedro. Pedro said that Francisco died from exhaustion. 
I last saw Francisco on a Sunday of last month; I don't remember the date. He was 
here then, as he lived in this house. He went away to work in Benguet. I believe 
that what Pedro said about Francisco's death is true. 

JULIAN NUNEZ (TENIENTE, BARRIO OF ANOS) . 

I know the Malabayabas family. I have not seen Francisco Malabayabas for a 
month. I do not know where he has gone. I have seen the other brothers since 
that time, but not Francisco. I have not talked with any of the family during that 
time. I have heard nothing said about Francisco since I last saw him. 

At Manila, August 16, 1903. 

ANDRES EGASANI. 

I live in Calamba. I was the capataz of a party of laborers that went to Benguet 
in the month of July last. I solicited laborers in Calamba, Los Banos, and neighbor- 
ing pueblos. About 250 laborers came from these pueblos, one-half of whom were 
recruited by me. 

Poblete told me that if my laborers could work as well as the Americans they would 
earn as much, and I repeated this to the laborers. 

We went from Manila to Twin Peaks, leaving Manila on Friday, the 17th. We 
left Dagupan on Saturday morning, the day after our departure from Manila; we slept 
at Mangaldan; Sunday morning we left Mangaldan and arrived that evening at 
Pozorrubio, where we slept; we left there Monday morning, arriving in Twin Peaks 
at about 5 o'clock in the afternoon; we left Twin Peaks Tuesday afternoon at 2 o'clock; 
we spent that night in Pozorrubio; from there we went to Mangaldan, remaining there 
until the next morning. We arrived in Dagupan Thursday, and from there returned 
to Manila. From Dagupan I walked as far as Gerona — three days' journey — and 
from that place took the train for Manila. 

Lucio Gutierrez died between Pozorrubio and Twin Peaks. I do not know from 
what town Lucio Gutierrez came. He presented himself to me as a laborer in 
Calamba. I last saw him in Pozorrubio. 

Q. You heard that he was dead? — A. Yes. 

Q. But you didn't see him? — A. No. 

Q. So you can't swear whether or not he is dead or alive? — A. No, but a policeman 
gave us the information. 

Q. What is the name of the policeman? — A. I don't know. 

Q. Filipino or American? — A. Filipino. 

Q. Where and when did he tell you this? — A. At Twin Peaks, the day we arrived 
there, when we were hunting houses to live in. This was a municipal policeman. 
I do not know what pueblo he belonged to, but he was watching in Twin Peaks. 

Q. What did he tell you. — A. He said that one of us, Lucio Gutierrez, had died 
between Pozorrubio and Twin Peaks. 

Q. Did you see the man's grave on your return? — A. No. 

Q. Did you look for it? — A. They told us that his grave was some distance away. 

Q. Where did they tell you that he was buried?— A. They told me the place, but 
I have forgotten. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 365 

Q. You say that the last time you saw Lucio was at Pozorrubio ; at what place in 
Pozorrubio? — A. He left Pozorrubio with us for Twin Peaks, and when we arrived 
there, I, having been at the head of the column, inquired if all the men were there. 
I found that Lucio was not present. The following day the policeman that I have 
already mentioned told me that he was dead. I saw him last when we were pre- 
paring" to leave Pozorrubio. I counted all the men to find if they were all present 
and found they were, including Lucio. That was the last time I saw him. 

Q. How was he then, was he sick or not? — A. He told me that he was not feeling 
very well; that he was hungry, having nothing but rice to eat. 

Q. What did you say to him? — A. I told him to never mind; that we would soon 
be at Twin Peaks, and it would be all right. 

Q. Then you went to the head of the column and saw him no more? — A. Yes. 

Q. State exactly, as near as you can remember, what the policeman said to you in 
regard to the death and place of burial of Lucio? — A. He told me that they found 
the body in a little store by the side of the road about five hours' march from Pozor- 
rubio toward Benguet. 

Q. When did he say they found the body? — A. He did not say. 

Q. What day and what time of the day did you have the conversation with this 
policeman at Twin Peaks? — A. About half-past 2 in the afternoon on Tuesday, the 
day that we left Twin Peaks for Dagupan. 

Q. How did the policeman know that the name of the dead man he found was 
Lucio Gutierrez? — A. The policeman said that there was a man at Pozorrubio told 
him it was Lucio Gutierrez. 

Q. What was the name of the policeman? — A. I do not know; he did not tell me. 

Q. What did he say in regard to the disposition that was made of the body? — 
A. The policeman said he told the people there to bury the body. 

Q. Then the policeman was not present at the burial? — A. I do not know. 

Q. Upon your return from Twin Peaks, did you make any inquiries of the people 
at the ' ' sitio ' ' concerning the death of Gutierrez, and the place where he was 
buried? — A. No. 

Q. Why did you not? — A. Because it was raining and there were no people there 
and the house where Gutierrez had died was burned. 

Q. How do you know tlfat was the house where he died?— A. The policeman 
told me. 

Q. Was the policeman with you on your return journey? — A. No. 

Q. Were there any other houses there in that "sitio?" — A. There were other 
houses, but they were at some distance from the road. 

Note. — This witness's description of the place where the man Gutierrez is alleged 
to have died, corresponds to that of the barrio of Asan, of the pueblo of Alava, 
between Pozorrubio and Twin Peaks. 

Q. Did the capataz who had charge of the rear of the column make any report to 
you in regard to Gutierrez having dropped out on the march? — A. No. 

Q. Did anybody else say anything to you about Lucio having dropped out? — A. 
Yes; some of the men told me that, arriving at the "sitio," Lucio said he was tired 
and not feeling well, and that he would stop there and that, if he felt better, he 
would continue later on. 

Q. Do you remember the names of these men, or any of them, that gave you this 
information? — A. No, I do not. 

Q. Where were you when they gave you this information? — A. That was after we 
arrived at Twin Peaks. 

Q. Did you not stop at all when you arrived at this "sitio" on your return trip? — 
A. No; but before we arrived there we passed through the barrio of Caoringan, and 
some of the people there told me that a man had died farther on, and had been 
buried. 

Q. Did they say that they had buried him? — A. No, they did not. 

Q. Did you make any inquiries from them as to the place of his burial? — A. I did, 
and they told me that it was far away. 

Q. Was that all they said? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. You say you do not know where the home of Gutierrez was? — A. No, sir; I do 
not know where his home was. 

Q. Do you know whether he had any family or relatives? — A. I have heard that 
he had a family. 

Q. Did you hear where the family lived? — A. No, I did not. 

Q. What you state is all you know about the death of Gutierrez?— A. Yes; I have 
stated what I heard in regard to it. 

Q. Of your own personal knowledge, then, you are not able to state whether 
Gutierrez is dead or not? — A. No, I am not; only what I have heard. 



366 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Q. Then Gutierrez may be alive to-day for all you know? — A. Yes; he may be. 
I am stating only what I have heard in regard to it. 

Q. Why did you not take sufficient interest in this matter to go to the place where 
Gutierrez was said to have been buried and verify the reports concerning his death 
and burial? — A. I did not do that, because I was tired; it was raining, and I was wet 
and cold. 

Q. Have you any knowledge or information concerning any other deaths having 
occurred among the laborers from the time they left Manila until their return? — A. 
No, sir; I have not. I left them on the return trip at Gerona and took the train to 
Manila, being sick and feeling unable to walk farther. 

Q. But you were with them continuously from the time they left Manila until you 
reached Gerona on the return trip? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Had there been any other deaths you would have undoubtedly heard of it, 
would you not? — A. Yes, sir; I believe I would. 

Q. Can you give me the name of any person who can give any further information 
concerning the death of Lucio Gutierrez, or concerning his place of residence or his 
family? — A. I do not know of any now, but I believe that I can ascertain the names 
of some people who know where Gutierrez lived and who are acquainted with his 
family, and if so I will write to you and send you their names and addresses. 

Note. — I have never seen or heard from Mr. Egasani since the date of his exami- 
nation. 

By Capt. Robert H. Noble, U. S. Army: 

Q. What kind of a trip did you have from Manila to Calamba? — A. The boat ran 
on a bar in the Pasig River and we stayed there all night and did not get off until 
the next morning, 

Q. Did you have enough to eat on the boat? — A. Yes, sir; we had plenty to eat, 
but Ave found difficulty in cooking it because the cook on the boat did not allow us 
sufficient time to do the cooking. 

Q. Were any of your people sick on this trip or were they in good health all the 
time? — A. Some of them were sick; they were hungry. 

Q. Nothing more than that? — A. No. 

Q. The night before you sailed, were there any si<5k in your party? — A. Yes, 
sir; two. 

Q. Did they remain in Manila, or did they return to Calamba with you? — A. They 
returned to Calamba. 

Q. Were there others sick in the house of Mr. Poblete that did not return to 
Calamba with you? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. How many, do you know? — A. I saw three in all; two of whom returned to 
Calamba with me. 

Q. Do you remember on the night of July 30, having a conversation with me in 
the house of Mr. Poblete regarding those who had died on the Benguet trip? — A. 
Yes, sir. 

Q. Do you remember what you told me on that occasion? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. You told me some had died, did you not?— A. Yes, sir. 

Q. How many, did you tell me had died? — A. I told you there had been seven 
deaths. 

Q. I asked you of what those persons had died, did I not? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. What answer did you give me? — A. I told you they had died of hunger. 

Q. I asked you, did I not, how you knew they had died of hunger? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. What answer did you give? — A. I told you they had died of hunger because 
they had nothing to eat and had been asking alms along the road to Manila. 

Q". It is my recollection that you told me that you knew that these people had died 
of hunger, because they had pains in the stomach. — A. Yes, sir. 
_ Q. Did I tell you that it was impossible to determine that a person died of hunger 
simply because he had pains in his stomach, because one can have a pain in the 
stomach from many causes. Is it not true that is what I told you? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. I do not remember of your having said anything about their having asked alms 
on the road. (No answer.) 

Q. You spoke of seven men having died. Do you know the names of those men? — 
A. There were two, Francisco Malabayabas and Lucio Gutierrez, and the other five ; 
I do not know their names. 

Q. Then why did you tell me seven? — A. Because I had heard it from different 
people. 

Q. Who were the people that told you that? — A. I do not remember. I have 
forgotten the names. I was sick from the trip. 

Q. You did not pay any special attention to these accounts of people having died? — 
A. No, I did not; I was sick. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 367 

Q. Did these people who told you of the deaths of these men state where they had 
died? — A. They told rue the names of the towns, but I have forgotten. 

By Mr. Ross: 

Q. Did you not state to me just a few moments ago, after having told me what you 
had heard concerning the death of Lucio Gutierrez, that you had no knowledge or 
information of any other deaths having occurred? — A. I told you that I had not seen 
any others. 

Q. Is it not true that in answer to my question whether you had any knowledge 
or information concerning the deaths of persons other than Lucio Gutierrez, you 
answered "No," that you had not? — A. I answered "No," because I understood you 
to mean whether I had seen any other persons who were dead. 

Q. You did not see Lucio Gutierrez's body, did you; your information concerning 
his death was hearsay, was it not? — A. Yes. 

PUBLIO BATALLONES. 

Q. What is your name and residence? — A. Publio Batallones, residence at Cabuyao, 
Laguna Province. 

Q. Were you capataz of a party of laborers that went from Cabuyao and vicinity 
to Benguet in the month of July? — A. I was. 

Q. How many men were in your party? — A. One hundred and twenty-five. 

Q. Your party was combined with one headed by Andrew Egasani? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. You united your parties here in Manila, did you not, just prior to your 
departure for Benguet? — A. Yes. 

Q. How many men were there in all in the party that went to Benguet, including 
your company and that of Egasani, and all others? — A. There were 250 (about) in all. 

Q. What day did you leave here for Dagupan? — A. It was on Friday. 

Q. Was that the 17th of July? — A. I remember it was Friday, in the afternoon; I 
I can not remember the date. 

Q. When did you arrive in Dagupan? — A. It was about 8 or 9 o' clock that same day. 

Q. Did you stay in Dagupan that night? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Where did you go from there? — A. From Dagupan we went to Twin Peaks. 

Q. How many days were you on the road from Dagupan to Twin Peaks? — A. Three 
days. 

Q. Did all the men that left Dagupan arrive at Twin Peaks? — A. Yes; all but three, 
who remained at a sitio on the road. One was sick and the other two remained 
to take care of him. 

Q. Where is this sitio? — A. Between Pozorrubio and Twin Peaks. 

Q. Who were those men that remained at the sitio? — A. I do not remember 
their names. I was told by one of the corporals that these men remained behind. 
I did not see them leave the column myself. 

Q. Is that all you know concerning these three men? — A. That is all. 

Q. How long did you remain at Twin Peaks? — A. We remained there over night 
and until about 2 o' clock the following afternoon, when we left, returning to Dagu- 
pan. There were no houses at Twin Peaks. We left on that account. 

Q. You did not return again to Twin Peaks after you left there? — A. No, sir. 

Q. Where did you go? — A. We went to Pozorrubio that evening; passed the night 
there; that is, some of us. Some of the laborers remained behind in Balangabang, 
and the following clay we continued on to Dagupan. 

Q. Having arrived in Dagupan, what did you do? — A. Arriving at Dagupan we 
found that Mr. Vicente Poblete and Major Kennen had gone, to Twin Peaks. We 
applied there to the man in charge — an American — for food, which he refused to 
give us, stating that he had orders to furnish rations only to laborers en route from 
Manila to Twin Peaks and not to those returning from Twin Peaks. I then asked 
Andres Egasani to go out on the road from Dagupan to Manila and endeavor to in- 
duce the laborers w r ho had left Dagupan for Manila to return, but they did not 
return. On the contrary, all the others started for Manila. I remained until all 
the others had left. 

Q. Did you take the train or did you walk? — A. I walked to Tarlac with three 
companions, where we remained two days, meeting there men from other companies 
that had been to Twin Peaks and others en route from Manila to Dagupan who 
wished to returned to Manila; in all about 30. I requested of the station-master 
at Tarlac permission for these men to enter some freight cars and ride to Manila, 
which he granted, and we came to Manila in that way. 

Q. Do you remember the date you arrived in Manila? — A. I do not remember the 
date. It was on Tuesday in the week following our departure from Manila for 
Benguet. 



368 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Q. Do you know of any of these laborers having died during the trip from Manila 
to Twin Peaks or during the trip from Twin Peaks to Manila? — A. On the return 
from Twin Peaks to Dagupan, at the sitio near Pozorrubio, I heard that the man 
we had left there on the way up had died, and when we arrived at Paniqui, in Tarlac 
Province, I heard that Francisco Malabayabas had died there. I heard this from 
Francisco's brothers. 

Q. Do you know the name of the man that was said to have died at Balangabang? — 
A. Andres Egasani told me that the man's name was Lucio Gutierrez. 

Q. When and where did Andres Egasani tell you of the death of Lucio Gutierrez? — 
A. At the sitio where he died. 

Q. That was the first you had heard of Lucio' s death? — A. Yes; that was the first. 

Q. All you know about the death of Lucio Gutierrez, then, is what you were told 
by Andres Egasani? — A. The people at the sitio also told me that Lucio Gutierrez 
had died there of dysentery. 

Q. How did the people know that it was Lucio Gutierrez who had died there? — 
A. The people said that they heard his name from the policeman there. 

Q. As a matter of fact, did they not tell you that a man had died there of dysen- 
tery, not naming him? — A. The people did not state the name of the men that died. 
Some of the people asked Andres Egasani and he told them it was Lucio Gutierrez. 

Q. Then, the people of Balangabang simply knew that a man had died there? — A. 
Yes, sir. 

Q. Did Andres or you make any effort to find the place of burial of the man that 
had died there, and which Andres said was Lucio Gutierrez? — A. No. 

Q. Why did you not? — A. Because the policeman said he was buried in another 
town, out a considerable distance from the road. 

Q. Was the policeman there in Balangabang with you? — A. Yes, sir; there was 
an American there also who inquired whom the man was of our company that had 
died there and Andres told him it was Lucio Gutierrez. 

Q. In regard to this policeman, Andres Egasani states that the policeman told him 
of Gutierrez's death at Twin Peaks, and that the policeman remained there and did 
not accompany you on the return trip; what have you to say as to that? — A. The 
policeman was at the sitio. 

Q. Then neither the people of the sitio, the policeman, nor the American you have 
referred to gave you any information as to the name of the man that was missing, 
but Andres Egasani told them his name? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Did anybody tell you where the man was buried? — A. The policeman told us 
that he was buried in a small town up there. 

Q. Did he tell you the name of the town? — A. No; he did not. 

Q. Did you ask the name of the town? — A. No; I did not. 

Q. Did you ask how far it was to the place of his burial? — A. No. 

Q. Why did you and Andres not investigate the reports you heard concerning the 
death and burial of this man? — A. Having heard that he was dead and buried, and 
in view of the circumstances that we had to continue the march, we did not consider 
it necessary to make any further inquiries. 

Q. Did you ever know Lucio Gutierrez? — A. No. 

Q. So far as you know Lucio Gutierrez may be alive to-day? — A. Yes, sir; all I 
know about it is what Andres Egasani told me. 

Q. In regard to Francisco Malabayabas, you say that you heard in Paniqui that he 
died there? — A. Yes; I heard it from his two brothers, Pedro and the other, I do 
not remember his name. 

Q. When was this conversation that you had with the two brothers of Fran- 
cisco? — A. I do not remember the date. 

Q. What did they tell you in regard to Francisco's death? — A. They told that, hav- 
ing been hungry and eaten all sorts of things along the road, he was taken with dys- 
entery and died. 

Q. Did they not tell you that just before he was taken ill he had eaten a cocoanut 
and drank a lot of water? — A. They told me nothing more than that he had eaten a 
great many things on the road. 

Q. Did you know this Francisco during his lifetime? — A. No, sir; I did not. 

Q. In addition to the supposed deaths of Lucio Gutierrez and Francisco Malaba- 
yabas, have you any knowledge or information concerning the deaths of other laborers 
during the trip from Manila to Twin Peaks and return from Twin Peaks to Manila? — 
A. I only know of these two, but I heard of many others. 

Q. How did you hear of the others? — A. From conversations and talk with people 
that I met in the road. 

Q. Did you receive any definite information about these deaths, or was it simply 
rumors? — A. Nothing definite, except that one of the corporals, Jose Espina, told 
me here in Manila that he knew of four persons having died. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 369 

Q. What did he say? Did he tell you the names of these people or where they 
had died?— A. No. 

Q. Did he tell you from what towns the men came from that had died? — A. No. 

Q. Where was this corporal, Jose Espina, during the trip to Twin Peaks and return? 
Was he with you all the time? — A. We were together on the trip to Twin Peaks and 
as far as Tarlac on the return trip. 

Q. After having arrived at Manila from Dagupan you took the steamer from here 
to Calamba, did you not? — A. I remained here until the following day. 

Q. And on the following dav you returned to Calamba by steamer, did you not? — 
A. Yes. 

Q. Were you accompanied by others of these laborers? — A. Yes. 

Q. How many? — A. Twenty-four, including the women. 

Q. In this trip from Manila to Calamba, were there any of your companions sick? — 
A. No. 

Q. Were there any sick the night before you left Manila for Calamba in your 
party? — A. 1 saw in Senor Poblete's house three or four persons who were sick, 
They were of the company of Andres Egasani. 

Mr. Eoss. Mr. Vicente Poblete, son of Pascual H. Poblete, told me that he would 
endeavor to fine Jose Espina and bring him to my office on Monday, the 17th of 
August. He has never appeared. 

At Manila, August 17, 1903. 

DR. H. E. STAFFORD. 

I went to Poblete's house on the 7th day of July, at about half-past 8 or 9 o'clock 
in the morning. Upon inquiring above for Mr. Poblete, I was told that he could 
not be seen; but after insisting and waiting for perhaps ten minutes, Mr. Poblete 
appeared. I told him that I had been sent by the governor to see the sick people 
from Twin Peaks who were in his house. He appeared not to understand me, and a 
man who spoke English was called in toactas an interpreter. Mr. Poblete walked over 
to one corner of the room, where there was a screen, and spoke through the screen to 
someone behind it. He then returned and me told that all but one of the sick people had 
gone to Batangas. I asked to see the one who had remained, and was taken behind the 
screen aforesaid, where I found a Filipino lying upon a mat. I asked Mr. Poblete 
to inquire of the man whether or not he was willing to go to the civil hospital, and 
received an affirmative reply. I then went out in the street, turned in an ambu- 
lance call, and upon the arrival of the ambulance returned to the house for the sick 
man, whom I found back in the kitchen, standing up and eating rice. I took him 
to the hospital and upon examination found that there was apparently nothing the 
matter with him except a hydrocele, which seemed to have been in existence for 
some time. AVhile the man did not appear to be extremely well nourished at the 
time of his admission to the hospital, still I did not consider him an ill man, neither 
did the house surgeon, Doctor Williams, who examined this case carefully. The 
man said that he had had this hydrocele for several months, but that it did not inter- 
fere with his working. He was operated upon for . the hydrocele and discharged 
from the hospital cured. 

MARIANO VIJANDRE. 

I am the Mariano Yijandre who signed a letter addressed to the civil governor, 
dated July 24, 1903, making certain statements concerning my experiences as a mem- 
ber of a party of laborers who started to Benguet in July last. Poblete wrote this 
letter and requested me and others to sign it. 

Poblete authorized me to go into the provinces to look for laborers to go to Ben- 
guet. I went to the province of Bulucan and got together 106 laborers for that expe- 
dition. I don't remember the date when we left Manila for Dagupan. We united 
in Dagupan; there were 450 of us — four companies under the command of myself, 
Cabrera, Arrienda, and another man whose name I don't remember. Every 106 
men had a capataz. This party did not go to Benguet. We remained in Dagupan 
one day and not being satisfied with the food given us there we returned, with the 
exception of Arrienda, who with some of his men went to Pozorrubio. After remain- 
ing in Dagupan for one day we began returning to Manila in small groups. I was 
one of the last to leave. All of my company went with me when we left Dagupan, 
but on the way back to Manila the party became dispersed into small groups. I 
think it was about the 21st of July when we left Dagupan for Manila. I stated in 
the letter referred to above that four of my companions had died from exhaustion on 
the way back. I was told this by one of my "cabos." I have forgotten his name. 

avar 1903— vol 5 24 



370 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Q. Did only one person tell you this? — A. Many persons. 

Q. How many? — A. More than eight persons told me this. 

Q. Give me the names of these persons. — A. I have forgotten their names. 

Q. Can yon remember the name of any one of them? — A. I can not. 

Q. Where did these people tell you this? — A. In Manila. 

Q. Did your informants give you the names of the men who were said to have 
died? — A. No, they did not know the names; the cabos have lists of their names. 
" Q. But of the company which went with you from Dagupan, can you say of your 
personal knowledge that any died? — A. I didn't see any, but we left a sick man in 
Tarlac on the point of dying from hunger. 

Q. What is the name of this man? — A. I have forgotten the name of the man, 
The cabos have the lists. 

Q. But do you know the man? — A. I would know the name if I saw the list. 

Q. This man whom you say you left sick in Tarlac, did he travel with you from 
Dagupan to Tarlac? — A. No. 

Q. Were you present when he was left there sick? — A. No. 

Q. Then how do you know that he was left there sick? — A. When we passed 
through Tarlac we saw several sick men there, left by a party who had traveled 
through that place the day before. 

Q. How did you know that the man was sick from hunger? — A. Because he told 
me so. 

Q. How did you know, if these men were traveling through a day ahead of your 
party, that they had had nothing to eat? — A. The sick man himself told me. 

Q. Didn't you know his name? — A. No. 

Q. Why didn't you make a note of the sick man's name? — A. I forgot it; it seemed 
to me that I didn't need his name. 

Q. Do you know where this man is now? — A. No. 

Q. Have you seen him since? — A. No. 

Q. Who was with you that day when you saw the sick man? — A. Cabrera. 

Q. Only this one man, then, was left sick in Tarlac? — A. Yes. 

Q. The news you received about the four men having died there was received by 
you in Manila? — A. Yes. 

Q. How many days after you arrived in Manila had passed before you received 
this information? — A. Two days after we arrived, when a group of laborers arrived 
and said that these men had died. 

Q. Can you give me the name of any other persons who told you of the death of 
these men? — A. A cabo named Juson. He lives in Manila. I don't know where he 
is now. 

Q. This is the only one who told you of the men having died? — A. Yes. 

Q. You didn't hear from anyone else about this sick man? — A. The cabo was the 
only one who told me. 

Q. What did Juson say? — A. He said that one man had died in San Carlos, Pan- 
gasinan. He told me the name of the man, but I have forgotten it. I made a 
memorandum of the name. 

Q. Is Juson the only one who told you about this? — A. Many people told me 
about it. 

Q. But you have just said that Juson was the only one who told you about this. — 
A. Juson was the only one who saw the man. 

Q. The others who told you about the man had only heard of this, then, and had 
not seen the man? — A. The others saw him. 

Q. But you have just said that Juson was the only man who saw him. — A. There 
were others. 

Q. What did the others tell you? — A. Thev said that men had died in the road. 

Q. How many? — A. Certainly more than eight. 

Q. In your letter to the governor you say four.— A. We said four because we 
were certain that there were as many as four, but had only heard that there were 
more. 

Q. Can you state anything positive as to the names, or whether or not the men 
died? — A. No; only what I have heard. 

Q. As you were the capataz of a company, why didn't you, when it was reported 
that some of your men had died, take sufficient interest in the matter to ascertain the 
names of the dead men, in order to notify their families? — A. They didn't say the 
men were from my company. 

Q. To whose companies did your informants say the men belonged? — A. They 
didn't tell me anything about that. 

Q. Then the information you received from Juson was not very definite, was it? — 
A. He didn't tell me the names of the men or of the companies from which they 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 371 

came; on the return to Manila the men were all mixed up; the cabos had lost their 
lists, and did not know what companies the men belonged to. 

Q. If the lists are lost, how can the cabos state that the dead men belonged to any 
company; might not the dead men reported by the cabo have been entirely outside 
of the organization?— A. Yes; they might. 

Q. That is all you know, then; you have not seen any of the dead men? — A. That 
is all I know. 

Q. Did you walk all the way from Dagupan to Manila, or did you go part of the 
way by train? — A. I walked to Tarlac and took the train there. 

Q. How many of your companions went aboard the train with you? — A. Four. 

Q. Where did you see Juson last when returning from Dagupan to Manila? — A. At 
San Carlos. 

Q. How many days before you arrived in Tarlac did you see Juson in San Carlos? — 
A. I saw him there the day before I arrived in Tarlac. 

Q. Juson was there with a number of your men, was he? — A. Yes; I can't tell how 
many, but there were a number of them. 

Q. Why did you, a capataz having charge of your men, leave them in San Carlos 
and go ahead; why didn't you stay with them and help look after them? — A. The 
people didn't want me to stay with them, and didn't want to obey me; they went 
ahead to beg food. 

Q. Did you as a capataz consider it your duty to remain with your company? — 
A. I did not stay with them because they did not want me, and didn't want to 
obey me. 

Q. Then you were not able to maintain your authority over these men? — A. No. 

Q. You didn't try very hard? — A. The laborers didn't like to obey me. 

GERAKDO CABRERA. 

Q. What do you know about the deaths that were alleged to have occurred among 
the laborers on the road between Dagupan and Manila. — A. I do not know anything 
except what I have heard from the cabo named Aurelio Juson, who lives at No. 68 
Calle Balderrama, Tondo. 

Q. Where did Juson give you this information; here in Manila? — A. Yes. 

Q. How many days after your return here from Dagupan? — A. I received the infor- 
mation on the second day. 

Q. What was this information? — A. That men had died [on the road. He said 
that Bernabe Dayao, a member of the third company, had died. 

Q. This third company was not your company? — A. No; the capataz of the third 
company is Mariano Yijandre. 

Q. How many men did Juson tell you had died? — A. Only one. 

Q. Did he say any others had died? — A. He said that only one had died. 

Q. Did he say that four, five, six, or eight had died? — A. No; only one. 

Q. Was Juson a cabo of the third company? — A. Yes. 

Q. Where did he see this dead man? — A. In the pueblo of San Carlos. 

Q. What was your company? — A. The first. 

Q. When did you leave Dagupan? — A. On the 21st day of July last. 

Q. Did you walk all the way back to Manila? — A. No; I took the train at Tarlac. 

Q. Where were the men of your company when you were walking from Dagupan 
toward Manila? — A. They were separated into groups, because the men found the 
walking tiresome and were scattered along the road. 

Q. Did vou hear of anv men of your company having died? — A. No. 

Q. You'didn't go to Twin Peaks?— A. No. 

Q. Who wrote this letter that you sent to the governor? — A. Poblete wrote it. 

Q. Did he request you and Mr. Vijandre to sign it? — A. Yes. 

Q. It is stated in this letter which you signed that "we have walked from Dagupan 
to this capital with the laborers at our orders." Now, you didn't walk from Dagupan 
to Manila, did you? — A. We walked only as far as Tarlac. The statement in the letter 
is incorrect. 

Q. Neither did you go with the laborers? — A. There were many of the laborers in 
Tarlac at the time who did not have the money to pay their fare on the train; only 
five of us took the train there, and the rest remained behind. 

Q. So you took the train and left your men in Tarlac? — A. Yes. 

AURELIO JUSOX (68 CALLE VALDERRAMA, MANILA). 

I was a "cabo" on one of the companies of laborers who went to Benguet in July 

last. I don't remember the name of the capitas of the company to which I belonged. 

I was in Dagupan with the laborers, and went as far as Pozorrubio with 20 other 



372 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

workmen. I did not go farther because there was no more food. One of these laborers 
died at San Carlos on the way back to Manila. I left here by rail for Dagupan on the 
20th of July and arrived in Dagupan the same day. There were more than 400 of 
us on this train. We stayed in Dagupan two days, and then, with 20 companions, I 
walked to Pozorrubio. The rest of the 400 did not wish to go on Irom Dagupan, 
because they had no more food. I and my 20 companions got food from the Ameri- 
can in charge there, but the others did not go because they said they did not have 
enough rations. 

We arrived in Pozorrubio during the evening of the same day, and passed the night 
there. Being tired, we did not care to go farther, and returned to Dagupan the next 
day, and from there to Manila on foot. Some of us walked all the way back, and 
some took the train for Manila at San Carlos. After I and my 20 companions 
returned to Dagupan from Pozorrubio we separated, and but 8 of these men walked 
with me as far as San Carlos. We were one day in walking from Dagupan to San 
Carlos. I was the only one of those men who took the train; the others were left 
behind in San Carlos. 

I don't remember the names of the men who left Dagupan with me. I was in 
Pozorrubio for about one day. I remember now that Mariano Vijandre was the 
capataz of my company. I did not see Mariano after returning until last Sunday. We 
then had a talk about what had passed in Dagupan and on the way to Benguet. 
Since that time I have seen him frequently. We had a talk about bringing back my 
trunk from Dagupan. I did not speak to him about anything else. I also told 
Mariano that one man had died in San Carlos. The dead man was named Bernabe 
Dayao. I knew about him because a capataz told me that this man was dead. I 
don't know the name of the capataz. The capataz told me this in Tarlac. He told 
me this because I was a cabo. I know Bernabe personally. He came from Nueva 
Ecija. I knew Bernabe was a member of one of the companies which went to Ben- 
guet. He simply told me that the man was dead ; that was all he told me, and all I 
know about it is what he told me. 

Continuing the investigation, I left Manila again on the 18th of August, stopping 
at Tarlac, province of Tarlac, where the following testimony was taken: 

Tarlac, August 19, 1903. 

STATEMENT BY S. C. PHIPPS, PEOVINCIAL SUPERVISOR. 

It was either on the 2d day of August or the last Sunday in July, about the middle 
of the afternoon, when about 50 workmen came into Paniqui. They were carrying 
a few clothes and some rice. They waited there until the 6.30 train went out, when 
they all boarded her and came down to Tarlac. They came on the trains, the train- 
men not being able to put them off. I did not see a man in the crowd sick, but after 
they came here to Tarlac the cholera broke out. None were sick when I saw them, 
but I have heard that some were sick and were cared for in the convent here. The 
" jefe" among the workmen complained about not getting what they expected up 
there at Twin Peaks. I spoke with the "jefe," and he said they were returning 
because they were dissatisfied with their wages and did not have a place to sleep. 
That was about the only complaint he made; he said nothing about suffering from 
hunger. 

ANDRES CATANJAL, PRESIDENT OP THE PROVINCIAL BOARD OP HEALTH, TARLAC PROVINCE. 

I am president of the board of health for the province of Tarlac. I have official 
information as to the death of certain persons who were passing through this city 
and province during the month of July. I do not know whether or not they were 
members of the so-called "Poblete Obreros." I simply know they were transient 
persons, not residents of this capital. About the 23d or 24th of July there arrived in 
Tarlac a party of men coming from the direction of Dagupan. It was reported to me by 
the municipal doctor that one of these men was sick with cholera, whereupon I 
ordered him to take the sick man to the convent, together with his companions, and 
place them all in quarantine there. I went to the convent and found this man 
Komaldo Santiago sick. I examined his case and found him to be suffering from 
cholera. The man was given treatment and furnished medicines and food, but died 
on the 27th day of July. On the following day two more of his companions were 
taken sick with cholera, one of whom was Melicio Gabriel, who died on the 30th 
day of July. The day following their death they were immediately buried in the 
cholera cemetery, in quicklime, as is customary in cases of cholera dead. Between 
the time that the two men above mentioned were attacked with cholera and their 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 373 

death two more of their companions were also attacked. I do not remember their 
names, but can state that they recovered after being sick only two or three days. 
There had been no cholera in tarlac for about a month prior to the arrival of the per- 
sons above mentioned. Immediately following the arrival of these two men and their 
sickness there occurred about six or seven other cases of cholera, all residents of 
Tarlac, of which two persons died. I obtained the following information in regard 
to the two strangers who died here: Romaldo Santiago, single, 30 years of age; by 
occupation, laborer; resident of Angot, Bulacan Province. Melicio Gabriel, single; 
age, 35; occupation, laborer; resident of San Rafael, Bulacan Province. These men 
made no statement to me that they were members of any company of Obreros, nor 
gave me any other information concerning themselves than the above. I know of 
no one having died from hunger or starvation, and I also state that if anyone says 
that persons died from starvation that he states that which is untrue. I was 
informed that in the latter part of July there were a great many persons passing 
through here on their way from Dagupan to Manila who received food and shelter 
from the inhabitants of this town. I know nothing about these persons, only what I 
have been told. All 1 know is with reference to the men who were quarantined and 
cared for in the convent. I can state positively that the two men above mentioned 
did not die of starvation, but of cholera. I know this from my own observation of 
the cases, having visited them daily during their sickness. From reports received 
from the various municipalities of the province, I am able to state that the following 
deaths from cholera occurred during the last days of July: Francisco Malabayabas, 
of Los Baiios, Laguna Province, single, 19 years of age, laborer, who died of cholera 
at the barrio of Estacion de Paniqui on the 25th day of July last, and was buried in 
the cholera cemetery of said town the same day; Isidro Laidea, native of Lipa, 
Batangas Province, 18 years of age, died of cholera at the town of Bambam on the 
24th day of July; Hipolito Nunez, native of Angot, Bulacan Province, 28 years of 
age, died of cholera at Bambam on the 27th day of July; Catalino Quilala, 36 years 
of age, native of Malinao, Albay province, died of cholera at Bambam on the 27th 
day of July. I have no information or knowledge from which to state whether or 
not any of the above-mentioned individuals were or were not members of the "Pob- 
lete" or other organization of "Obreros." In the report of the death of these per- 
sons the president of the municipal board of health of Bambam does not state 
whether or not the bodies were buried in the cholera cemetery, but instructions from 
my office are to bury the cholera dead in a special cemetery in quicklime. I have 
no reason to believe that such instructions were not carried out in these cases. 

I have here a note just received from the president of the municipal board of health, 
pueblo of Tarlac, in regard to the deaths of Bias Gamboa and Manuel Legano (let- 
ter attached marked Exhibit "A".) My statement gives all the information I have 
concerning deaths of nonresidents of this province during the months of July and 
August, 1903. 

DE. JOSE ESPINOSA, PRESIDENT MUNICIPAL BOARD OP HEALTH, TARLAC. 

Q. You wrote this note (Exhibit A), Doctor, in reply to a request of the presi- 
dent of the provincial board of health for information concerning the deaths in this 
town of Bias Gamboa and Manuel Legano? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. You state in this note that these men died of starvation? — A. The answer 
therein is wrong. When I replied to the inquiry of Doctor Catanjal this morning I 
was in my house and wrote without consulting my books. I was in a hurry and 
did not examine the records. 

Q. Then this statement is a mistake? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Please turn to your book and state what your records show in regard to these 
men, Bias Gamboa and Manuel Legano. — A. Bias Gamboa died from "fiebre palu- 
dico" (malaria) on the 22nd day of July, 1903, age 33, married; the record does not 
show his residence. 

Q. Do you know where his residence was from any other information? — A. No, 
sir. 

Q. In regard to Manuel Legano? — A. My record shows that he died in this city 
on July 23, 1903, of same disease as Gamboa, 30 years of age, married. The record 
does not show his residence and I do not know the same. 

Q. How long were these men sick before they died? — A. They told me about one 
week, with fever. 

Q. How long were they sick in Tarlac under your observation? Did you attend 
them during their sickness? — A. No, sir. I secured the data concerning them when 
I gave the certificate of death. 

Q. To whom did you give the certificates? — A. I do not know; perhaps to some 
relatives of the dead. 



374 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Q. Some person that came to you? — A. It must have been some of their relatives. 

Q. On what did you base your opinion that they died of the fever? — A. From 
information given me by their families. 

Q. Did they both die in the same house? — A. I do not remember. 

Q. You do not know if these men were residents of Tarlac or some other place? — 
A. I am not certain, but I believe they were not of Tarlac. 

Q. Did the people who called upon you for the certificates of death say anything 
with reference to the residence of these men? — A. No, sir. 

Q. Do you know where the bodies of the dead men were buried? — A. In the 
Catholic cemetery of this town. 

Q. When?— A. I believe that it was on the day following their death. 

Q. You have stated in answer to my question as to how long these men had been 
sick, "They told me about one week." You mean by that that the people who 
called upon you for the certificates of death told you that? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Did the people who came to you for the death certificates state to you that these 
men were members of the Poblete Obreros? — A. No, sir. 

Q. Did you see the bodies after death? — A. Yes, sir; I saw them in the church. 

Q. From having seen the bodies of the deceased and from all other information you 
have in regard to these cases, do you believe what these people told you, namely, 
that these men had died of " fiebre paludice?" — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Have you any knowledge or reliable information that anyone died of starva- 
tion in Tarlac during the months of July or August? — A. I have not. 

G. N. EAGAN, SCHOOL-TEACHER OP TARLAC 

On Saturday, about August 2, I went to the station for the purpose of taking a 
train for Manila. At the station I met an American, whose name I can not recall, 
who had just come down from Twin Peaks, and he told me of the difficulties they had 
had with the workmen there that he had seen, and which called my attention to the 
conditions. On the way to Manila I saw a large number, between one and three 
hundred of these men, and as my attention had been called to it, I was particularly 
observing them. I saw several trains, apparently freight trains, composed of box 
cars and flat cars, loaded with timber, and in these cars and on that timber were 
large numbers of these men. Many of them had handkerchiefs, or something of 
that kind, in which was rice and other kind of provisions, including betel nut and 
cigarettes. All of them were in very good humor, and evidently having a good 
time and pleasant trip, and I saw none of them on the trip that I thought was in 
any way in want of food, or even of cigarettes or "vino." They were also very 
arrogant, and at some stations they would fill up the passageway so that it was very 
difficult to get through, and they made no effort to open up a passageway 
for anyone. When I returned to Tarlac on Sunday, the following morning, I saw a 
repetition of the same thing, and on both trips I saw a large number of them who were 
taking food with them. I also saw several that from appearance had drunk a large 
amount of "vino" or other intoxicant. I saw some drinking beer and ginger ale at 
the canteens going down. They were at different stations along the line, the largest 
number being at San Fernando de Pampanga. I was at Tarlac during all the time 
that this "obrero " movement was going on and have known from information of the 
presence of large numbers of these people in the town, and I have no knowledge or 
information, nor have I heard anything at all that would indicate that any of them 
were suffering for food or any of the necessities of life. I was told by reliable parties 
that the men had enough food. Large contributions had been made and given to 
them during their stay here. The convent was open to all who wanted to occupy it. 

WILLIAM M. JONES, PROVINCIAL TREASURER, TARLAC PROVINCE. 

I translated the following telegram to the provincial governor (Governor Ramos), 
immediately after its receipt: 

"Manila, August 1, 1903. 
"Governor Ramos, Tarlac, P. L: 

" I am informed that in your province there are a number of laborers from Tagalog 
provinces, 1,000 or more, who left Manila for Twin Peaks in order to work on the 
Benguet roads and that they are likely to give some trouble. You must direct the 
presidentes of each town to try to induce them to repair to the nearest railroad station 
where, if they apply to the railroad authorities, they will secure free passage to Manila 
upon identifying themselves as part of the Benguet labor forces. You are authorized 
to expend not exceeding 300 Philippine pesos for the purchase of rice to give to these 
persons the necessary food between their present places and Manila. Confer with 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 375 

the senior inspector of constabulary and say that I desire him to render all assistance 
in this matter. The people whom I refer to are suffering from their own foolishness 
and in the interests of your province and out of charity to them I am anxious to 
relieve their suffering as much as possible. 

"Taft, Civil Governor." 

Q. Has anyone ever made application for transportation or food under this 
order? — A. No, sir; not to my knowledge. 

Q. I understand that Governor Eamos is sick and unable to be seen? — A. He has 
been sick for the last two days and has a doctor in attendance with him, and for that 
reason he is not at present in his office. 

Q. Had anyone made application to the governor for assistance would you have 
known about it? — A. Yes, as he would have had to come to me for the money. 

Q. Will you state, if you can, what, in your opinion, is the reason why no appli- 
cations were made to the provincial government for food or transportation. — A. My 
understanding and from what I can learn is that they had plenty of food with them 
and that those who were in need were given food by the people in the town. I state 
here what has been told me. 

Q. Is that a matter of common knowledge and report in the town. — A. Everybody 
talked about it. It seems to be generally understood. 

DE. MAECIANO BABEEEA, SECEETAEY, PEOVINCE OP TAELAC. 

I was advised of the telegram that came from Governor Taft on August 1 to the 
provincial governor, authorizing him to spend $300, Philippine money, for food, and 
to furnish transportation to returning laborers from Benguet. That telegram was 
immediately translated into Spanish and transmitted to all the presidentes along the 
railway in this province, each of which presidentes was duly authorized by the gov- 
ernor to spend a certain sum for food and were given instructions as to requesting 
transportation from the railway company. Up to this time I have received no reports 
from the various presidentes as to what they did under this order, and I do not know 
whether there have been any applicants for assistauce or not. To my knowledge 
there have been no such applications in Tarlac. 

At Paniqui, Tarlac province, August SO, 1903. 

JUAN COLINDBINO, MUNICIPAL PEESIDENTE OF PANIQUI. 

During the last days of July there arrived in Paniqui and presented themselves 
at the municipal building about 40 men who said they had come from Benguet and 
had been walking all that day in the road from Bayambang to this place. They were 
tired and hungry and I gave them food. It was very early when the first of this party 
arrived, I should say about 5 o'clock in the morning. Later on others came and they 
remained all that day and overnight, departing on the following day in the direction 
of Manila. They were given plenty to eat in this city. When they left we gave each 
one of then a little rice and a small amount of money, 10 cents to each man, and some 
cigarettes. They were well cared for during their stay here and did not suffer for the 
necessaries of life. I understand that there were many others that passed through 
this town by way of the railroad who did not present themselves at the presidencia, 
but that the citizens of the town supplied them with food and cigarettes and some 
small sums of money. I heard that there was a man named Francisco Malabayabas 
belonging to one of these parties of "obreros" who died here' of cholera. I have no 
personal knowledge of this only what I heard the president of the municipal board 
of health say, and he will be able to give you all the information concerning his sick- 
ness and death. According to my information, Francisco Malabayabas was the only 
"obrero " who died in Paniqui. 

DE. ELIAS N. EECTO, PEESIDENT OF THE MUNICIPAL BOAED OF HEALTH OF PANIQUI. 

I am president of the municipal board of health of Paniqui. My records show that 
on the 25th day of July, 1903, a man named Francisco Malabayabas died in this town, 
and that he is described as follows: ' ' Nineteen years of age; native of Los Baiios, Rizal 
province; occupation, laborer; single; died in consequence of cholera in this town." 

Q. How long was he sick before he died; do you know? — A. About six or eight 
hours. 

Q. Did you see Francisco's brother here? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Do you know in whose house they were? — A. I did not personally see Fran- 
cisco. The information contained in my record is based on a report of Tomas Fran- 



376 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

cisco, a sanitary inspector. He visited the house where Francisco Malabayabas was 
sick and reported to me. The body of the deceased was buried on the day following 
his death in the cholera cemetery. To my knowledge none of the "obreros" died 
here of hunger nor from any other cause except the above-mentioned Francisco 
Malabayabas, who died of cholera, as above stated. From the investigation I made 
of the case I am convinced that he did not contract the cholera here but was infected 
at some other place farther north, in Pangasinan province, because he was sick when 
he arrived or very soon after his arrival. The towns of Moncada, San Carlos, Bayam- 
bang, and other towns between here and Dagupan are known to be infected with 
cholera, 

TOMAS FRANCISCO, SANITARY INSPECTOR AT PANIQUI. 

Q. On what day did you see the sick man, Francisco Malabayabas? — A. On the 
25th day of July. 

Q. At what hour of the day? — A. About 11 o'clock in the morning of the 25th day 
of July, I found at the railway station a man, who, upon examination, I found to be 
suffering from cholera. His symptoms were vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and blue 
ringer nails. I had him taken first to the cockpit, and afterwards to a house near 
the cockpit owned by a man named Delmacio, whose surname I do not know. I 
was accompanied by another inspector who attended the sick man and gave him 
medicine. I left the other inspector to attend the sick man, who was also accom- 
panied by two other men, one of whom said his name was Malabayabas, and a brother 
of the sick man; the name of the other companion 1 do not know. I returned to the 
house where he was on the following morning about 8 o'clock to see this Francisco 
and found him dead. Whereupon I caused the body to be buried in the cholera 
cemetery. 

Q. Pedro Malabayabas, brother of the deceased, states that Francisco did not die 
of cholera. — A. I am positively certain that it was cholera. I saw him and observed 
his case carefully, and he had all the symptoms of cholera which I have above 
described. I placed the brother of Francisco and the other companion in quarantine 
for two days, allowing them to depart on the third day, after which I disinfected the 
house. Francisco' s brother wanted me to certify that the deceased did not die of 
cholera, but of hunger, which I refused to do, being certain that it was a case of 
cholera. I believe that the object of his making this request of me was to avoid 
being put in quarantine. 

At Dagupan, August 21, 1903. 

J. P. W. RICKARDS, CAPTAIN, PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY, SENIOR INSPECTOR, PROVINCE 

OF PANGASINAN. 

Q. You wrote this letter, did you, Captain [showing witness letter dated August 
15, 1903, which is hereto attached, marked "Exhibit B"]? — A. Yes. 

Q. I will ask you to state how and in what manner you secured the information 
stated in this communication? — A. At Urdaneta. The information came from the 
presidente of the town and was verified by Telegraph Inspector Hill. In San Carlos 
the advice is in writing from the presidente in an official letter, in Bautista the 
advice came by telegram from the presidente of the town, and the one at Alava was 
reported by the presidente and verified by Inspector De Witt. 

Q. In those instances where the reports of the presidentes were not verified by 
one of your officers, are you satisfied, from your own acquaintance with the presi- 
dentes and their manner of conducting business, that the information given by them 
is correct? — A. Yes; I have no doubt it is correct. I heard incidentally from the 
inspector that some of the men who died were said to be Poblete workmen, but he 
was not sure. Most of the refugees returning from Twin Peaks passed through 
Bautista, and a large number came from that place. 

Q. In the course of the investigation you made in regard to the Poblete workmen, 
have you received any information of any of these men having died of starvation? — 
A. No; none whatever. I have reason to know from reports of the inspectors that 
the workmen were well treated by the municipal authorities and people in the 
towns through which they passed; that they invariably got food and, in many cases, 
money from private individuals. 

Q. When it was stated to you by the presidentes and others who have reported to 
you in regard to the deaths of these men that they were members of the Poblete 
obreros, I suppose you do not know where they obtained such information? — A. 
There is no proof whatever, except the word of the people themselves, in saying they 
were Poblete workmen. Groups of people wandered in the towns and the presi- 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 377 

dentes took their names. They stated they were people who had been directed to 
work on the Bengnet road. 

Q. Had there been any deaths of starvation amongst those returning laborers they 
would probably have come to your knowledge? — A. Undoubtedly. It would cer- 
tainly have come to my knowledge through the constabulary inspectors in the 
provinces. 

Q. There was cholera in the province at the time? — A. There was; yes. 

Q. With reference, Captain, to the reports which you have received regarding the 
death of certain men at the towns of Bautista, San Carlos, and Urdaneta, 1 find that 
very complete details are given, except the former residence of the deceased ; have 
you any data concerning this? — A. No. The question was particularly asked as to 
the provinces and towns from which those persons who died belonged, but neither 
the presidentes nor the constabulary officers were furnished this information. 

Q. It would seem, therefore, that the presidentes, in securing the statements from 
these men before their death, had neglected to inquire of them their places of 
residence? — A. Yes; the trouble Was these people had died before we got this order, 
and it was impossible to get anything except what they gave of their own accord, 
without any reference to this order. There was no one in the towns who knew them 
to get the information from. 

Q. Did these presidentes state to you that they had positive information that these 
men were Poblete obreros, or just guessed that because they passed through their 
towns? — A. They stated that the people who applied for food said they were work- 
men returning from Benguet. 

Note. — In the letter of Captain Rickards, Exhibit B, three deaths are reported at 
the pueblo of Urdaneta, province of Pangasinan, of persons supposed to have been 
connected with the obreros. In this connection I desire to call attention to the 
map herewith submitted, marked ' ' Exhibit C, ' ' showing the route from Twin Peaks 
to Dagupan. From this map it will be seen that the road from Twin Peaks to Dagu- 
pan, after passing through the pueblo of Alava, touches first the pueblo of Pozor- 
rubio, from thence running to Manaoag, a distance of 9 kilometers, and from Mana- 
oag, via San Jacinto and Mangaldan, to Dagupan. From Manaoag there is a branch 
road to Urdaneta, 13 kilometers in length, not considered passable at this time of the 
year; a very bad road. A person en route from Twin Peaks to Dagupan would have 
no occasion to pass through Urdaneta. On the contrary, if he went to Urdaneta he 
would simply be going 13 kilometers in a direction opposite to his destination. The 
anxiety shown by the members of the Poblete obrero companies to get to Dagupan, 
would, I believe, have prevented them from taking a side trip to Urdaneta; and I 
am, therefore, of the opinion that the persons reported as dead in Urdaneta have no 
connection with any of the Poblete companies. 

At Pozorrubio, August 22, 1903. 

AGUSTIN PATAYAN, PEESIDENT OF THE MUNICIPAL BOARD OP HEALTH. . 

Q. You were here in Pozorrubio during the month of July when the laborers were 
passing through? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Did any of them die there? — A. No, sir. 

Q. Do you know of any man by the name of Lucio Gutierrez having died in this 
town, or in any one of its barrios, during the month of July? — A. No, sir; I have 
never heard of it. 

Q. Had he died in your town would you have known about it? — A. Yes, sir. 

JACINTO PERALTA, MUNICIPAL PRESIDENT OF POZORRUBIO. 

A large number of men passed through here during the latter part of July and the 
early days of August, but I did not see any one who was sick nor any that were suf- 
fering from hunger or suffering from anything except the ordinary fatigue of the 
journey. There were a few men in this town, going to and coming from Twin 
Peaks, who asked for a little rice, and it was always given them. Some men that 
passed here going from Dagupan to Twin Peaks stated that rice had been given them 
for two days' journey, but that they bad been on the road three days. 

Q. How many days does it take to go from Dagupan to Twin Peaks? — A. The dis- 
tance can be walked in one day, two days being considerably more than enough to 
accomplish the journey with ease. 



378 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

At Twin Peaks, August 24, 1903. 

N. M. HOLMES, CHIEF ENGINEER, BENGUET ROAD. 

They (the workmen) arrived here on the afternoon of July 20 — the 250. I had a 
note from Mr. Schutt, of Dagupan, saying that he had rationed them for two days. 
I believe his note was dated either the 17th or 18th, as I recall it now. The work- 
men on reaching here said they had eaten up their rice, and that they had not had 
anything to eat for twenty-four hours, but according to Mr. Shutt's note they must 
have been rationed fully up to the date they arrived here, but they told me they 
had not had anything to eat the last day, so I sent them over to the commissary and 
had rations issued to them. The amount of rations issued was 500 pounds rice, 10 
pounds salt, and 81 pounds bacon. This was the night they came in, and was sup- 
posed to ration them until the next morning. They seemed perfectly satisfied at 
that time. They were supposed to go up to Camp No. 3. We had no houses here 
for them but had up there and they had gotten in very late that afternoon, too late to 
go on any farther, so I told them to make themselves comfortable around here, and I 
did all I could for them. I showed them the different places where they could sleep 
that night if they wanted to, and told them to get in places where they would have 
shelter of any kind, and they immediately started out and began cooking their 
rations and were apparently very contented. The next morning they came up, two 
capataces (bosses), a young man who spoke a little English doing most of the talk- 
ing, and when the other men started to work I had them lined up at that time pre- 
paratory to sending them to Camp No. 3. They were just about lined up when the 
capataces came to me and demanded some rations. I said I had just rationed them 
yesterday for twenty-four hours and when they got to their camp more rations would 
be furnished them. They refused to go until they had more rations, so 1 delivered 
over to them another 500 pounds of rice and 10 pounds of salt. After giving them 
the rice and salt we told them we would give them a ration of beef as soon as it was 
killed. I then thought their troubles were all satisfied and I had them lined up 
once more, and they were about ready to start, when this youngster came up again 
and said that the women of the party had not been rationed. I said I had no 
authority to issue any rations to women, and he said they insisted on the women 
having rations, and in order to preserve peace and get them started I said I 
would give them (the women) rations. I believe they had seven women, so I 
made out another ration return and had the women rationed. I then started the 
workmen off to their camp, when this youngster came back again and asked 
how much pay they were to get a day, and I said, "You will receive 25 cents gold 
or 50 cents Philippine money and rations a day;" and as soon as I said that 
he flew into a state of excitement and said he had been promised $4 a day when his 
work became as good as an American's, but under any circumstances he was to get 
$2 a day and rations for each of his men. I told him that such wages was entirely 
out of the question; that we were not paying any such wages as that to Filipinos, and 
the only authority I had was to pay 25 cents gold a day and a ration. He refused to 
listen to this, and said the price he mentioned was the one he was promised. As Major 
Kennon was expected back that afternoon, I said, after using all the persuasion I could 
with him to get him started to Camp No. 3, for we had no houses here for them, ' ' Now, 
you go up to Camp No. 3 and get your men housed there, and this afternoon, when 
the Major comes, bring the question to him. I have no authority to regulate or make 
changes in your wages, nor give any other than 25 cents gold and rations a day." He 
refused to listen to that, and finally said that if Major Kennon was coming up that 
afternoon they would wait for him. He refused to go up to Camp No. 3 or even put 
his men under shelter until he had settled that business, as he brought his men back 
and they came and stood in front of this house. The whole time they were here 
until they left they were under my eye and I saw them the whole time. Later on 
that day — it was some time after dinner — we killed this beef and issued to these men 
the 181 pounds, and the very instant they got the beef they simply took it and 
walked deliberately out of camp. That was the last I saw of them. They never 
waited for Major Kennon to come. On leaving the camp, they started directly down 
the road. This was practically everything that occurred while they were here. 
After they got away, I heard they had made a complaint that some American had 
mistreated them and kicked over their cooking utensils. This did not come under 
my observation, and I do not believe it. Any American that is inclined to be rough 
with natives certainly would not have picked out this place to do it, because I have 
always had very strict orders in that regard and have discharged a number of Ameri- 
cans who have imposed on the natives, and I am quite sure that no man would go 
in front of this house and kick over the cooking pots. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 379 

Q. Did it rain the afternoon the men were here? — A. I thmK it did shower a 
little. 

Q. Do you know of them having asked for shelter in some of these houses and 
been driven out? — A. No ; that is certainly false, for I gave them a chance to sleep 
in any place where they could get shelter. Some slept in the doctor's house, others 
in the* houses along the row, others were in the house now occupied by Major Kennon, 
which was in an unfinished condition at the time. 

Q. Was it particularly cold at that time? — A. Not particularly; the same as it is 
this afternoon ; even better weather than this. It was pretty warm and nice that 
night, as I remember ; we had a little rain, never heavy, and the next day was bright 
and clear. 

Q. When these capataces came to see you, did they undertake to make any con- 
ditions as to their pay as foremen? — A. They demanded double the pay of a laborer, 
and in case a laborei would get $2 they were to get $4. I told them that they would 
get double the laborers' pay, but that the laborers' pay would be 25 cents gold a day, 
and they would get double that. They simply came "back with one complaint after 
another. Three or four times I had them just started, and each time they came 
back — once about their rations, once about rations for the women, and then about 
the rate of wages. I do not know if they came up here to work or what for. They 
were orderly and behaved themselves while they were around here. They did not 
have any trouble, and if there was any of the kind they are said to have complained 
about — their cooking pots being kicked over — they would have come to see me about 
it, as they came up with every little piece of trouble they had, where to sleep, what 
to do about cooking utensils, and every little thing, in fact. 

Q. Did they complain about having suffered from cold during the night or hav- 
ing been out in the rain? — A. No; I do not remember any complaint as to that. 
Their complaint was about rations; they wanted more rations, and the amount I gave 
them the night before they could not possibly have eaten. 

Q. Were there any other parties of so-called Poblete workmen here other than 
the 250? — A. A small party that had already gone to Camp No. 3. There were some 
40 or 50 in that outfit. 

Q. Before the arrival of the 250?— A. Yes. 

Q. Were they Poblete men also? — A. They were supposed to be, I think. 

Q. After the 250 did any more Poblete men come in? — A. No; I do not think so; 
unless they came up saying they were Poblete men. 

Q. How many of these Bicol people have you here? — A. We have 113. 

Q. Do they work well? — A. The Bicol men have done very well; are contented, 
work well, and we have no trouble with them. They do better work than any 
Filipinos I have ever seen since I have been engaged on this work; they work very 
quietly and orderly. They have some carpenters with them. We think they are 
good workmen, superior to the others, and we told the capataces that any of their 
men who got out a good piece of work that was up to the standard of the American, 
they would get the same money, because work is what we are after, regardless of 
the man's color, race, or nationality. If a workman can do the standard of work 
according to our standard of wages, he can draw the same price. As for this crowd 
of Poblete, from the time they came in until they left they did absolutely nothing 
but draw rations all the time they were in here. They were in front of my house 
during their entire stay and were directly under my observation, and if anything 
had happened to them about which they could complain I surely would have 
seen it. 

Q. How do you find the work of the Filipino laborer compared with the Ameri- 
can? — A. Well*, take it on some work — drilling, for example— the Filipino is entirely 
unable to handle the sledgehammer, but they do work on the hand drill, and in 
that drill about 2 feet a day to an American's 6 or 8. 

JAMES L. SCOTT, CHIEF CLERK TO MAJOR KENNON. 

I was present during some of the conversations which took place between Mr. 
Holmes, chief engineer, and the capataces of the Poblete laborers. They arrived in 
Twin Peaks about 12 o'clock noon on July 20, were rationed, native rations, and 
immediately after eating them sent one of their number to Mr. Holmes to ascertain 
what wages were being paid. Mr. Holmes informed them they were to receive 25 
cents gold a day, board and quarters. _ They told Mr. Holmes that they had been 
promised as much money as an American was receiving if they performed as much 
work as an American. Mr. Holmes told them they would have to demonstrate their 
ability to perform that amount of work before they could be promised that pay. 
The capataz then told Mr. Holmes that he did not want as much money as an Ameri- 



880 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

can, but would be satisfied with 2 pesos per day. Mr. Holmes informed him that he 
could not pay any such wages as that and advised him to remain until the return of 
Major Kennon, which would be the next day. They remained about the camp, 
apparently satisfied, until about 6 o'clock in the afternoon, when, as I understand, 
they made a demand for fresh beef. Mr. Holmes informed them that as soon as 
beef was killed they would be issued their rations of fresh beef. The next morning 
the beef was killed, and they were given about 200 pounds in a lump. Without any 
explanation whatever they immediately bundled up their rice that had been issued 
to them and their meat and set out on the march for Dagupan. While in the camp 
they were treated well and with all respect, and were not molested by anyone, to 
my knowledge. They complained that they did not find things as Mr. Poblete had 
promised them, and it was their intention to return to their homes. 

Q. While these people were here were they under your observation most of the 
time, in a place where you could see what was going on? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. If any American laborers had abused or molested them would you probably 
have seen it? — A. Yes, sir; I would have seen it. 

Q. Where were these workmen quartered on the night they were at Twin Peaks? — 
A. They were quartered around the station. Some were sleeping at the house of the 
doctor over there. They slept anywhere they could find shelter, houses not being 
very plentiful here at that time. Some of them slept here in the unoccupied house 
of Major Kennon, and others on the verandas. 

Q. Do you remember the condition of the weather that night and the next morn- 
ing; whether it was unusually cold, or whether there was a heavy rain? — As nearly 
as I can remember, we had no rain on that night or the next morning. If it did 
rain, it was very light. 

Q. Did any of these men complain that they had suffered from the cold or had 
been exposed to the rain? — A. Not that I ever heard of. 

Q. Is it not a fact that all of the talking was done by their capataces? — A. Yes, sir. 

Q. Do you know of any of the men having been. driven out of houses where they 
were seeking shelter? — A. No, sir. 

Q. Have any other parties of Poblete workmen come here since that 250? — A. 
No, sir. 

Note. — I arrived at Twin Peaks on the afternoon of August 23 and left on the 
morning of the 25th. On Monday, the 24th, I walked up from Twin Peaks to Camp 
No. 3, a distance of about 4 miles, and saw the work going on. There was a large 
force of men at work, of many different nationalities, including a number of Fili- 
pinos. I talked with many of the Filipino laborers along the route and at the camp 
in Twin Peaks, especially with those from Albay, as I have a slight knowledge of 
the Bicol language. They all said that they were satisfied with their employment, 
that the wages paid them were sufficient, that they were treated kindly by the offi- 
cials and bosses, the food good, and they had no complaint to make. 

Barrio of Asan (Pueblo of Alava), August 25, 1903. 

VICTOR RODRIGUEZ, MUNICIPAL PRESIDENTS OP ALAVA. 

According to the records of the municipality of Alava, a stranger died in this barrio 
on the 13th day of July of cholera. I have no knowledge or information concern- 
ing the matter other than that shown by the municipal records based upon a report 
to the teniente of this barrio. I present herewith a certified copy of the record. 
(Hereto attached, marked "Exhibit D.") This is the only case of death of a 
stranger that I know of within the jurisdiction of my town during the month of July 
and the present month of August. Had there been other deaths I am sure I would 
have received information concerning them from the tenientes of the barrios. Dur- 
ing the first days of August, I can not remember the exact date, I received an order 
from the # provincial governor directing that in case any obreros passing through my 
town, going to or from Dagupan, were sick, hungry, or in need, I should administer 
to their wants, paying expenses of the same from the municipal funds, as I under- 
stood it, to be reimbursed later by the government. According to this order I issued 
instructions to the tenientes of barrios along the road. There has never been an 
application for assistance from any obreros. 

TEODORICO GENELASO, TENIENTE OP THE BARRIO OP ASAN. 

Q. When did you see for the first time Rufino Gutierrez? — A. When I saw him 
dead. 

Q. You did not see him before he was dead? — A. No. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 381 

Q. How do you know he died of cholora if you did not see him wnen he was 
sick? — A. He had all the signs of cholera, blue nails, and in his clothing, and I saw 
where he had vomited in the house. 

Q. Did any men around here see the body before he died? — A. No; they only saw 
him when they carried the body. 

Q. Was the body in a house alone; were there no other people in it? — A. There 
was no one in the house. 

Q. Do you remember the date about when this happened? — A. It was in the month 
of July; I can not remember the date. 

Q. Did you see any companies of obreros passing through here en route to Dagu- 
pan about 'that time, shortly after the death of this man? — A. Yes; there were many 
men. 

Q. Did you speak to any of them? — A. No. 

LAURO VILLAMIL, SERGEANT OF POLICE OF ALAVA. 

Some time after the death of this man Gutierrez, a great many obreros passed 
through here going to Dagupan, and I talked to many of them about what were the 
conditions up there, who they were, and where they were going, etc., and inci- 
dentally, in these conversations, I mentioned to some of them that a man by the 
name of Gutierrez, from Nueva Cdceres, had died in this barrio, and been buried here. 

At IAngayen, Province of Pangasinan, August 26, 1903. 

STATEMENT BY GOVERNOR FAVILA. 

This is a true copy of my order to the presidentes of the different pueblos in this 
province, written after my receiving the telegram from Governor Taft to render all 
assistance to needy ' 'obreros " returning from the Benguet roads, as regards food 
and transportation. Up to date, so far as I know, no application for assistance has 
been made by any obreros in any of the pueblos. 

Copy of Governor Favila's order is hereto attached, marked "Exhibit E." 

I returned to Manila from Dagupan on August 28, and being desirous of finding 
some record or lists from which the names of persons who died in Tarlac and Pan- 
gasinan province could be checked, called upon Mr. Pascual H. Poblete, the following 
conversation ensuing: 

Conversation between Mr. Ross, supervisor of fiscals, and Mr. Pascual H. Poblete, at 

Manila, August 29, 1903. 

"Mr. Ross. Mr. Poblete, I came to see you to ascertain if you can furnish me with 
lists showing the names of the men who composed the various parties of "obreros" 
that you sent from Manila to Dagupan and Twin Peaks. I have the list of the first 
250, that is the Egasani and Battallones parties, but have no others in my possession 
and have been unable to obtain them. 

"Mr. Poblete. I am very sorry, but I am unable to furnish you any lists of these 
men. I never kept any names. I was not expecting to make any money out of it 
and simply desired to assist the laborers and the government. You understand that 
with each 105 men there was a capataz, and these capataces were supposed to have 
lists of their men. I do not know whether they all reserved their lists or not, nor 
can I give you the names of any of these capataces who might be able to assist you. 

"Mr. Ross. Then you are unable to furnish me any data with reference to any of 
these men? 

"Mr. Poblete. No, sir; I am sorry to say that I can not for the reasons that I have 
stated." 

The letter hereto attached, marked "Exhibit F," was written by the president of 
the provincial board of health of Pangasinan Province at my request, the informa- 
tion contained in said letter having been taken from his official records. The state- 
ment of this official shows that cholera existed in all the towns along the railway 
through which the Poblete obreros passed on their return trip from Dagupan to 
Manila. The purpose of this testimony is to show the source of infection of the men 
that died of cholera at Paniqui and Tarlac, Tarlac Province, it having been stated by 
the officials of those towns that little or no cholera existed there prior to the arrival 
of the "obreros" from Dagupan. 

The letter hereto attached, marked "Exhibit G," was received by me at Dagupan 
from the president of the municipal board of health at Moncada, Tarlac Province, 



382 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

and relates to the death of one Antonio de Robles, of the town of Aliaga, Province of 
Nueva Ecija, who died of cholera on the 1st day of August, 1903. 

Attached hereto, marked "Exhibit H," is a letter from the provincial governor of 
Tarlac Province to the executive secretary, giving information concerning the death 
of certain individuals in Tarlac Province. The information given by the provincial 
governor is based on reports of municipal presidentes and coincides with that obtained 
by me during my investigations, except that no reference is made to the death of 
Francisco Malabayabas at Paniqui on July 25. and that he states that Bias Gamboa 
and Manuel Degano died of starvation, whereas the official records of the municipal 
board of health of Tarlac show that these two men died of malarial fever. (See 
testimony of Doctor Espinosa, president of the municipal board of health, Tarlac (p. 
— . ) I believe that the information obtained by the municipal doctor, and made a 
matter of public record by him is more reliable than that given by the provincial 
governor on the information of the municipal president, especially when considered 
with the rest of the testimony, which clearly shows that the needs of these obreros 
were liberally contributed to by the people of the towns through which they passed, 
and that there was scarcely a possibility of any of them dying from hunger. 

The letter dated August 7, 1903, from the secretary and acting governor of the 
province of Pampanga, addressed to the honorable civil governor, states that none of 
the Poblete obreros died in that province. This letter is among the files of the execu- 
tive bureau in this matter, marked "28866, A35, August 20, 1903." 

Attention is invited to copy of a letter hereto attached, marked "Exhibit I," from 
Major Kennon to Mr. C. L. Schutt, containing instructions as to treatment to be 
accorded Filipino laborers. In this connection see testimony of Mr. N. M. Holmes 

and Mr. J. L. Scott (pp. ), showing that these instructions were complied with; 

also statements of the men themselves. 

A written statement made by Alfonso Acosta, a translation of which is hereto 
attached, marked " Exhibit J," throws some light on the question of whether or not 
any of Mr. Poblete' s men died of starvation, and also the rumors that were circulated 
in regard to such alleged deaths. 

COMMENT. 

During the course of this investigation a large number of witnesses were examined. 
Every person who was known to have any knowledge or information concerning the 
facts, or to whom reference was made as having any knowledge or information, was 
searched out and his testimony taken. The result is quite a voluminous record, of 
which I will endeavor to give the substance. 

It appears from the testimony above set forth and from the records in this matter 
that early in the month of July, 1903, Maj. L. W. V. Kennon, in charge of the 
Benguet road works, had a conversation with Mr. Pascual H. Poblete, of the city of 
Manila with reference to securing laborers to work on the Benguet road, Mr. Poblete 
having publicly stated that it was within his power to secure a practically unlimited 
number of laborers; that Major Kennon told Mr. Poblete that he was in need of 
laborers on the Benguet road and would be very glad, if through his agency, he 
could secure them. The subject of wages was discussed and Major Kennon informed 
Mr. Poblete that the rate of wages fixed for Filipino laborers was 25 cents gold, or 
50 cents Philippine currency, per day, with rations and quarters, adding that the 
rate might be increased if they showed ability to perform the same amount of work 
as laborers of other nationalities and races- It was distinctly stated, however, by 
Major Kennon (and as he speaks the Spanish language fluently I cannot believe 
that Mr. Poblete could have misunderstood his remark) that all Filipino laborers 
must begin at the 25 cents, gold, a day rate, the question of increase to be deter- 
mined later in case they demonstrated their ability to perform more work. 

It appears that Mr. Poblete very soon after his talk with Major Kennon under- 
took the organization of a body of laborers to send to Benguet. For this purpose he 
secured the services of several intelligent young Filipinos from Laguna and other 
provinces to assist him, with the understanding that they were to be employed in 
the capacity of foremen or capataces. 

These capataces went out into the Provinces and organized companies of laborers 
to go to Benguet, offering them, according to the statements of a number of men 
who joined these organizations, $4 per day, Mexican, provided they equaled the 
work of Americans, and $2 a day if they only did half as much work. I interviewed 
a number of these men and they all claim that that was as far as the capataces went 
in their statements concerning wages. They further stated that upon their arrival 
in Manila, having reported at the house of Mr. Poblete, he addressed them from the 
balcony, offering them these terms. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 383 

On the 17th day of July, 1903, 250 of the men assembled at Mr. Poblete's house 
and proceeded, under the leadership of Andres Egasani, Publio Battallones, and 
others, to Dagupan, by the railway, having, according to their own statements, been 
supplied with three days' rations/ They arrived at Dagupan about 8 or 9 o'clock on 
the night of the 17th, ate their supper from the rations on hand and were quartered 
for the night in stores and "camarines" in the marketplace. The following day 
having been issued rations for a two days' journey, they left for Twin Peaks, arriving 
there July 20. The distance from Dagupan to Twin Peaks is about 35 miles over a 
very good road. It is possible to walk the distance in a day, but it can be made 
with the greatest ease in two days. Why it required these men three days to 
make the trip is not explained. They arrived at Twin Peaks about 4 o'clock in 
the afternoon of the 20th day of July, and were received by Mr. Holmes, chief 
engineer, Major Kennon being absent at the time. They were immediately issued 
rations, consisting of 500 pounds rice, 10 pounds salt, and 81 pounds bacon, 
and were told that they would not be expected to remain there, but that the 
work was farther up the road at Camp No. 3, 4 miles beyond Twin Peaks, 
where they were to proceed on the following day. They were quartered 
for the night in the new houses at Twin Peaks, and on the verandas of 
houses occupied by officials of the road, and made as comfortable as possible — 
apparently satisfied. Early the following morning, however, when about ready to 
start for Camp No. 3, they demanded more rations, which Mr. Holmes gave them, 
notwithstanding the fact that they had already been rationed for twenty-four hours, 
more than sufficient for the trip to Camp No. 3 (a distance of 4 miles from Twin 
Peaks). This demand having been complied with was speedily followed by others 
for rations for the women of the party and for fresh beef, all of which were com- 
plied with by Mr. Holmes, even to rationing the women and children of the party; 
but upon the last issue of fresh beef being made, they immediately packed up their 
rations and left the camp in the direction of Dagupan, notwithstanding the promise 
made by the capataz to Mr. Holmes to await the return of Major Kennon, when the 
difference as to wages promised by Mr. Poblete to the capataces and those actually 
paid by the Government might be discussed and explained. During their stay at 
Twin Peaks they were treated with kindness and consideration, were issued rations 
far beyond their necessities, were constantly under the eyes of .Mr. Holmes and Mr. 
Scott, where it would have been impossible for anyone to have mistreated them 
without being observed by one or both of these gentlemen. Mr. Holmes and Mr. 
Scott both state very positively that the men were not abused in any way, but on the 
contrary they seemed contented and satisfied, except the capataces, who were con- 
stantly running to Mr. Holmes with demands. The testimony of Messrs. Holmes 
and Scott is corroborated by the men I interviewed at Calamba, Cabuyao, and Los 
Banos, Laguna Province, who stated that they were furnished sufficient food and 
were not illtreated in any way whatever. The only instance of anything of that 
nature being, as stated by Eduardo Babate and Isaac Barangalan, that they saw one 
rice pot kicked over by an American; but if there were any abuses of a serious nature 
committed by any American or others against these Filipinos, as has been stated by 
certain individuals, it is indeed strange that they did not come to the knowledge of 
either Mr. Holmes or Mr. Scott, or were not observed by some of the men present at 
Twin Peaks on that occasion whose statements have been taken. 

Having left Twin Peaks, the 2p0 proceeded down the road to Dagupan, breaking up 
into companies and parties on the way, and after remaining a short time in Dagupan, 
straggling out over the road toward Manila. During this time it appears that there 
had been other so-called ' ' obrero ' ' companies organized in Manila by Mr. Poblete 
and started for Dagupan, the total number footing up to about 1,400 men, only about 
1,000 of whom, however, reached Dagupan, the others having deserted, or dis- 
appeared in some way, en route, and of the 1,000 arriving at Dagupan the only ones 
that ever reached Twin Peaks or made any effort to do so were the 250 whose move- 
ments have been described, except a party of 30 or 40 under a man by the name of 
Lacosta, that went to Twin Peaks, accepted the terms offered them, went to work 
and are still working. All of the others returned from Dagupan to Manila without 
making any effort whatever to reach Twin Peaks, with the exception of a small 
party that went as far as Pozorrubio and turned back. It is undoubtedly true that 
a great many of the laborers en route from Manila and other points to Twin Peaks 
were influenced to abandon the undertaking by statements of members of the 250 
whom they met on the road or at Dagupan. The disorganization of these "obrero" 
companies and the general exodus from Dagupan which followed, resulted in scatter- 
ing over the country along the line of the railway between Dagupan and Manila 
several hundred men, most of whom perhaps were not supplied with the means of 
maintaining themselves on the journey. Notwithstanding this the testimony shows 



384 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

that there was no suffering from hunger, the people along the route over which they 
traveled supplying them liberally not only with necessary food, but even with 
"vino," beetle-nut, cigarettes, and money. Several persons of unquestioned veracity 
and of high standing in their respective communities gave their testimony on this 
point and they all state most positively that no one of these men died of starvation, 
or even suffered from lack of sufficient food, but on the contrary, that they fared 
remarkably well, the people of the towns through which they passed receiving them 
into their homes with the hospitality characteristic of the Filipino people and con- 
tributing liberally to their assistance. With reference to the deaths which it has 
been stated occurred among these laborers, I made, with the assistance of provincial 
and municipal authorities of Tarlac and Pangasinan provinces, and constabulary offi- 
cers, a very careful investigation and have found that the following-named persons 
died during the time of the obrero movement: 

TARLAC PROVINCE. 

Tarlac. — Romaldo Santiago; died July 27, from cholera; 30 years of age; occupa- 
tion, laborer; residence, Angot, Bulacan province. Melicio Gabriel; died July 30, 
from cholera; 35 years of age; occupation, laborer; residence, San Rafael, Bulacan 
province. Bias Gamboa; died July 22, from malarial fever; 33 years of age; resi- 
dence, unknown. Manuel Legano; died July 23, from malarial fever; 30 years of 
age; residence, unknown. 

Paniqui. — Francisco Malabayabas; died July 25, from cholera; 19 years of age; 
occupation, laborer; residence, Los Banos, Laguna province. 

Bambam. — Isidoro Leidea; died July 24, from cholera; 18 years of age; residence, 
Lipa, Batangas province. Hipolito Nunez; died July 27, from cholera; 28 years of 
age; residence, Angot, Bulacan province. Catalino Quilala; died July 27, from 
cholera; 36 years of age; residence, Maliano, Albay province. 

Moncada. — Antonio de Robles; died August 1, from cholera; residence, Aliaga, 
Nueva Ecija province. 

PANGASINAN PROVINCE. 

Bautista. — Martin Miranda; died July 20, from cholera. Francisco Espiritu; died 
July 31, from cholera. Sinforosa Roque (wife of Nicolas Solas); died July 31, from 
cholera. 

San Carlos. — Simplino Tua; died July 23, from diarrhea. 

Urdaneta. — Laborer, surname unknown, called "Marielo;" died July 24, cause not 
stated. ApefanoBoan; died July 16, from cholera. Clara Manoalo (wife of a laborer) ; 
died July 23, bathing when in heated condition. 

Alava. — Rufino Gutierrez; died, barrio Asan, on August 10, as stated by Inspector 
De Witt, Philippine Islands; 23 years of age. Municipal records show July 13 as 
date of death, from cholera. 

Only one of the above-named individuals, Francisco Malabayabas, has been identi- 
fied as a Poblete "obrero," he having died of cholera at Paniqui, Tarlac province, 
on the 25th day of July, 1903; the others who died were said to be strangers in the 
towns where they were found and were traveling along the road at the same time 
that the obreros were, and upon this the assumption is based and the statement made 
by some officials in reporting on these matters that they were members of these 
organizations. 

Note.— A careful examination and comparison of the names of the men reported 
dead with the only list in our possession (that of the 250 laborers that left Manila for 
Twin Peaks on the 17th day of July), shows Francisco Malabayabas as the only mem- 
ber of that organization that died. It is shown by the record of the testimony in this 
case that Mr. Poblete, when asked to produce lists of the other parties and companies 
of laborers that left Manila was unable to do so, and we are left without any definite 
information on this point. 

Before going north I was unable to obtain the names of any persons supposed to 
have died, except those of Francisco Malabayabas and Lucio Gutierrez. The state- 
ments concerning the death of Malabayabas were verified at Paniqui, except that 
the testimony of his brother, Pedro, that Francisco died of starvation, was found to 
be untrue. With reference to Lucio Gutierrez, I made a very careful and searching 
inquiry, it having been stated by Andres Egasani and Publio Batallones, that on the 
march from Dagupan to Twin Peaks, Gutierrez being in an exhausted condition, had 
dropped out of the column at some barrio of Pozorrubio, two of the company remain- 
ing to take care of him, and that upon their return, two days later, they found that 
Gutierrez had died. The manner of these witnesses when testifying concerning this 
matter aroused my suspicions; which were confirmed by the result, and the case of 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 385 

Gutierrez affords a very good illustration of the reckless and ill-advised manner in 
which these statements concerning deaths have been made. The president of the 
municipal board of health and the presidente of Pozorrubio state positively that no 
deaths occurred among the Poblete "obreros" within the jurisdiction of their town. 
Arriving at the barrio of Asan of the town of Alava I interviewed the presidente and 
teniente of the barrio and secured an official certificate (Exhibit D) from the munici- 
pal secretary regarding the death of a man by the name of Rufino Gutierrez, of Nueva 
C&ceres, which certificate shows that the man died of cholera at Asan, on the 13th 
day of July, three days before the Poblete men left Manila. As shown by the list of 
the 250 laborers that went to Twin Peaks there was a man among the number by the 
name of Lucio Gutierrez, whose place of residence I have been unable to ascertain, 
but who is said to have joined at Calamba. Even if it is true, as stated by Egasan 
and Batallones that this man left the company at some place in the vicinity of Pozor- 
rubio, there is no ground for the belief that he died there, the truth probably being 
that he lost interest in the undertaking and returned to Dagupan with the two men 
who were said to have remained with him, and that the others, hearing that a man 
of the same name had died in the barrio of Asan, jumped to the conclusion that the 
dead man was Lucio Gutierrez and so reported it. 

Note. — The statement of Alfonso Acosta (Exhibit J), the testimony of Brigida 
Abril and Pedro Malabayabas, afford further illustrations of the loose and reckless 
manner in which these stories of suffering and deaths were circulated. Another 
instance of the same character is found in the testimony of Doctor Espinosa, presi- 
dent of the municipal board of health of Tarlac province asking for data concerning 
the death of two individuals, named Bias Gamboa and Manuer Legano, promptly 
replied with a note (Exhibit A), stating that they had died of starvation, but when 
called upon by me for a personal statement and requested to produce his official 
records the doctor discovered that he was mistaken, and stated that he had written 
the note (Exhibit A) hurriedly, and that as a matter of fact both men had died of 
fever, as shown by his records and confirmed by personal investigation, and that to 
his knowledge no one had died of starvation in Tarlac. Doctor Espinosa was until 
recently the treasurer of "-La Union Obrera Democrdtica. " 

The final result of this inquiry, after searching out every bit of information obtain- 
able, and running down all sorts of rumors and reports, shows that one man (Fran- 
cisco Malabayabas), identified as a member of one of the Poblete companies, died of 
cholera on a trip from Dagupan to Manila, it having been reported by his brother 
and some of his friends that he died of "starvation." That sixteen others, strangers 
in the towns in which they were found, died of cholera and fevers during the time 
the Poblete "obreros" were traveling through Tarlac and Pangasinan provinces. 

As shown by the map of the route from Twin Peaks to Dagupan hereto attached 
(marked Exhibit C), it is extremely improbable that the three people who died in 
Urdaneta were connected with the Poblete organizations. As to whether the other 
thirteen were or were not connected with these organizations, there is no proof; but 
assuming that they were members of the Poblete companies, I can not see how the 
government or any of its agents can be held responsible, even in the remotest degree, 
for their death, or that anything more than their own folly and that of their leaders 
led them to their unfortunate end. It is not surprising that of more than 1,000 
men, scattered along the highways, and straggling through the country as these 
people were, with cholera existing in nearly all the towns through which they 
passed, that some of them should have fallen victims to the disease. The only 
wonder is that more did not die. 

The stories of suffering and death from starvation among these people are shown 
by this testimony to be entirely untrue. On the contrary, the testimony shows that 
they were liberally supplied by the people of the country through which they trav- 
eled with necessities, and even luxuries, having been so well provided for in fact 
that the order of the civil governor to the provincial governors of Pangasinan and 
Tarlac provinces to expend a certain sum for the relief of needy persons belonging to 
these obrero companies, and to provide them with transportation to Manila was not 
taken advantage of. An interesting piece of information elicited during the course 
of this inquiry is that the letter to the civil governor, signed by Mariano Vijandre, 
Gerardo Cabrera, and another (on file among the papers in this matter, marked 
"29684 Al, July 27, 1903"), in which a tale of hardship and suffering, not sustained 
by the testimony, is told, and in which Mr. Pascual H. Poblete is referred to as a 
man ' ' whose disinterested affection for his fellow-countrymen is proverbial, as has 
been proven by the facts on more than one occasion," was written by Mr. Poblete 
himself and signed by these men, Vijandre and Cabrera, at Mr. Poblete' s request. 

It is very evident from the testimony that the persons responsible for the sensa- 
tional stories circulated in Manila at the time of the return of the so-called "obreros" 

wak 1903— vol 5 25 



386 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

from the north had no reliable information on the subject, but that they seized upon 
a lot of vague and indefinite rumors, and with the aid of their imaginations worked 
them up into the statements, letters, and newspaper articles which they endeavored 
to pass off upon the government and the public as the truth. 

Very respectfully, James Ross, 

Supervisor of Fiscals. 
The Civil Governor, 

(Through the office of the honorable the attorney-general, Manila, P. I.) 



Exhibit A. 

Senor Oatanjal: Los individuos Bias Gamboa y Manuel Legano eran transeuntes; 
el 1° era vecino de Cabiao, Nueva Ecija de 33 anos de edad y casado. 

El 2° era vecino de S. Leonardo, Nueva Ecija, de 30 anos de edad y casado. 

Fallecieron de hambre segun se averiguo; el 1° fallecio el dia 23 de julio pasado y 
el 2° el 24 del mismo mes. 

Suyo J. Espinosa. 



Exhibit B. 

Constabulary of Pangasinan, 
Office of the Senior Inspector, 

Dagupan, P. I., August 15, 1903. 
Assistant Adjutant, Philippines Constabulary, 

Manila, P. I. 
Sir: In compliance with letter to the chief of the Philippines constabulary, dated 
August 10, 1903, and signed by William H. Taft, civil governor, of which an official 
copy was furnished this office for investigation and detailed report, I have the honor 
to forward herewith the following reports of death of Poblete workmen from presi- 
dentes of the different municipalities. 

Bautista, Pangasinan: Martin Miranda died of cholera July 30; buried in Civil 
Cemetery, Bautista. Francisco Espiritu died of cholera July 31; buried in Civil 
Cemetery, Bautista. Senora Sinforosa Roque (wife of Nicolas Solas, laborer) died of 
cholera July 31; was buried in Civil Cemetery, Bautista. 

San Carlos, Pangasinan: Simplino Tua died of diarrhea July 23; was buried in 
Municipal Cemetery of San Carlos, Pangasinan. 

Uraneta, Pangasinan: Reported by presidente, one laborer died of cholera, whose 
surname was unprocurable, only he was called "Marielo ;" died July 24 at Urdaneta 
and was buried in Municipal Cemetery. Apefano Boan died at Urdaneta of cholera 
July 16; was buried in Municipal Cemetery. Clara Manoalo, the wife of a laborer, 
died at Urdaneta July 23 ; cause, bathing when in a heated condition ; was buried in 
Municipal Cemetery at Urdaneta. 

There has also been reported one Poblete laborer died at Alava, but to date no 
reply has been received from courier that was dispatched from Twin Peaks August 
13; immediately upon his arrival, name will be wired, if reported death is substan- 
tiated. The above is a complete list of deaths of Poblete workmen that have 
occurred in the province of Pangasinan while en route and returning from Twin 
Peaks. Inspector De Witt reports no deaths in Alava (August 15). 
Very respectfully, 

J. F. W. Rickards, 
Captain and Inspector, 
Senior Inspector, Constabulary, Province of Pangasinan. 

(An official copy respectfully furnished to supervisor of fiscals, Manila, for his 
information. ) 

Note: August 17, 1903. 

Telegram from De Witt states that one of the Poblete workmen, named Rufino 
Gutierrez, age 23 years, died in barrio of Asan of Alava on August 10, of cholera; 
was buried in Municipal Cemetery of Alava. 



Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903. Part i. 



^- 



EXHIBIT "C 



Dag up an 



Lasiao 



Mangaldan 



S. Fabian 



Distances Kilometers. 



San Jacinto 



Manaoag 



13 



Urdaneta 



linalonan 



EXHIBIT »C". 



83 . 



12 



Twin 
Peaks 



Alava 



11 



Pozorrubio 



EXHIBIT C. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 387 

Exhibit D. 

PARTIDA DE DEFUNCION DE RUFINO GUTIERREZ. 

Macario Fortich, secretario municipal de este pueblo de Alava, provincia de.Pan- 
gasinan, certifica que k folio del libro de registro civil de este municipio se halla un 
asiento de def uncion del tenor siguiente : 

En 13 del julio de 1903, segiin manifestation del teniente de barrio de &san, de 
este municipio, el individuo llamado Rufino Gutierrez, de 21 anos de edad, natural 
de Panaga, provincia de Nueva Caceres, segiin su c£dula personal que se habia 
encontrado, se suponia fallecio por efectos de colera, segun observaciones que pre- 
sento su cadaver al hallarle en una casa deshabitada en dicho barrio de Asan. . 

Lo preinserto concuerda con su original, k que me remito, que firmo en Alava, 24 
de agosto de 1903, de que certifico. 

Macario Fortich, Secretario Municipal. 



Exhibit E. 

[Telegrama circular.] 

Lingayen, 3 Agosto 1903. 
Presidente Municipal : 

Sirvase informar inmediatamente k esta oficina si en ese municipio han fallecido 
algunos obreros de Poblete procedentes de Benguet. En su caso manifieste sus nom- 
bres, donde y cuando murieron y fueron enterrados y la causa de su muerte. 

Caso de hallarse en esa jurisdiction algunos de dichos trabajadores, presteles auxi- 
lios necesarios para su alimentation, quedando autorizado el Tesorero Municipal para 
dar k los trabajadores arroz y vianda que no excedan de 20 c^ntimos mex. diario k cada 
trabajador debidamente identificado, y notifique a todos los trabajadores que vuelvan 
k Manila presentandose k los jefes de las estaciones del ferro-carril quienes les deran 
libre pasage, facilitandoles los auxilios a los enfermos para llegar k la estacion mas 
inmediata. 

Sirvase transcribir este despacho k los Presidentes de . 

Favila, Gobernador. 

Verdadera copia. 



Exhibit F. 

Provincial Government of Pangasinan, 

Office of the Board of Health, 
Lingayen, Pangasinan, 25 Agto. de 1893. 
Certifico: Que k peticion verbal del Tesorero Provincial, los pueblos que d, conti- 
nuacion se expresan han denunciado el colera desde las fechas siguientes: Dagupan, 
desde el 1° de julio; Binalonan, desde el 6 de julio; Malasiqui, desde el 9 de julio; 
Bautista, desde el 12 de julio; Calasiao, desde el 12 de julio; Bayambang, desde el 
16 de julio; Urdanete, desde el 16 de julio; Pozurrubio, desde el 22 de julio; Alava, 
desde el 15 de este mes; San Carlos, desde el 17 de este mes. , 

Todos los expresados pueblos continuan con la enfermedad en la fecha de la 
present©. 

V. Jesus, 
Pres. Prov. de la Junta de Sanidad, Pangasinan. 



Exhibit G. 

Junta Municipal de Sanidad de Moncada, Tarlac, I. F., 

Oficina del Presidente, 

21 de agosto de 1903. 
En 31 de julio del mes proximo pasado se me presento el vecino de este pueblo 
Don Sil vino Lopez, solicitando que se ingrese al hospital de col6ricos establecido 
provisionalmente en este pueblo la persona de un obrero que se dice, era procedente 



388 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

de Benguet, y que acaba de llegar en esta dia; enterado de ello, con el solicitante nos 
apersonamos al presidente municipal y heinos podido conseguir sin perdida de momen- 
tos todo auxilio, para el traslado inmediato del enfermo, desde la via ferrea, hacia 
el hospital citado. Hechas las averiguaciones, resulta que se llama Antonio de Eobles, 
natural y vecino de Aliaga, Nueva Ecija y que estaba atacado de colera morbo asM- 
tico en estado tan grave. Se le administro los medicamentos y alimentos nesesarios 
y apesar de ello, murio el dia siguiente 1° de agosto, habiendose sido enterrado en 
el cementerio municipal de este pueblo en el mismo dia. 

(Signature illegible.) 
Presidente Municipal de Sanidad de Moncada, Tarlac, I. F. 



Exhibit H. 

[Translation,] 

Office of the Peovincial Governor, 

Tarlac, P. I., August 11, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: Pursuant to the directions of the honorable the civil governor contained in his 
telegram of the 1st and 3d of the present month, relative to the workmen for the 
Benguet road, I have the honor to annex the replies of several municipal presidents 
of this province in regard to this particular, inviting your attention especially to the 
reports made by the presidents of the pueblos traversed by the railroad in this 
province, of which the following is an abstract: 

Beginning with the 21st of July last, several groups of the aforesaid workmen 
have passed through Moncada, one of whom, a citizen of Santa Cruz, Laguna, by the 
name of Servando Ortega, remained with Mr. Silvino Lopez, a resident of Moncada. 
On the 31st of the same month one Antonio de Eobles, from Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, 
arrived suffering from cholera, and died of this disease in the hospital established in 
that pueblo. 

Gerona, — Numerous workmen also arrived in Gerona imploring public charity, 
although fortunately no death occurred among them in that pueblo. 

Tarlac. — Numerous workmen passed through Tarlac imploring public charity, the 
following having been attacked by cholera and taken to the convent of the church 
here: Tomas Marcellano, 29 years of age, single, a native of Daraga, Albay, and 
resident of San Miguel, Manila; Damaso Valencia, 23 years old, native of Baliuag, 
Bulacan, and resident of San Miguel, Manila; Ignacio Bantog, 24 years old, single, 
native of Angot, Bulacan, and resident of San Nicolas, Manila. These men recovered 
from their illness. In the same convent the following-named men died of cholera : On 
July 27, Eomualdo Santiago, single, a native of Angat, Bulacan, and on the 30th of 
the same month, Melecio Gabriel, single, of San Eafael, in the same province. They 
were buried in the cemetery for cholera dead of this municipality. The following- 
named workmen have died in the barrio of San Nicolas, Tarlac, from starvation, as it 
is reported: Bias Gamboa, 33 years of age, a native of and resident of Cabiao, Nueva 
Ecija, married to Lucia Cudia on July 23 last; Manuel Legano, 30 years of age, of 
San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija, married to Maria Austria on the 24th of the same month. 
They were buried free of charge in the Catholic cemetery of this pueblo. 

Murcia. — Many of them passed through Murcia, and some of them had the fever, in 
consequence of the hunger which they suffered, as it is reported. None of them died, 
however. 

Capas. — Many of them passed through Capas, most of them with wives and children, 
hungry and begging food from house to house. Those who arrived half naked were 
given clothes. Fortunately no death occurred here. 

Bamban. — Many of them were there, their number being estimated at 200. Three 
of them died of cholera and were buried at isolated spots in the said pueblo. Their 
names were: Isidoro Laidea, native of Lipa, Batangas; Hipolito Nunez, of Angat, 
Bulacan, and Catalino Quilala, of Albay; they died on the 24th, 27th, and 31st of 
July last. 

It is reported that none of the workmen have come through the pueblos which are 
not on the railroad. 

I have the honor to inform you of this for your knowledge. 
Very respectfully, 

Alfonso Eamos, 
Provincial Governor, Tarlac, P. L 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 389 

Exhibit I. 

Manila, July 9, 1903. 
Mr. C. L. Schutt, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: You are hereby "appointed employee of the Benguet road, at a salary of $75 
per month and rations from July 10, 1903. 

You will proceed as soon as practicable to Dagupan and there take charge of the 
receiving and forwarding of laborers destined for the Benguet road. 

Under the terms of the agreement made, all the Filipino laborers for the road will 
march to Twin Peaks, but will be furnished sufficient rice for the journey, which 
should not be more than two days. This you will buy at the lowest rates obtain- 
able for first-class rice, at the rate of 3 chupas of rice per day for each laborer. The 
Government can not pay for the rations of wives or families. Every assistance will 
be given natives in getting them started. They should remain in Dagupan as short 
a time as possible. If possible they should be started on the road to Twin Peaks the 
same day they arrive in Dagupan. 

You will engage native boats to unload native laborers arriving by steamer. Na- 
tives will invariably be accorded courteous and considerate treatment. 

In case of Chinese laborers no assistance except information shall be given without 
a special authority in each case, as their contract provides that they pay for their 
own maintenance. So also with American laborers. They pay their own expenses. 

Please see the agent of Benguet road now at Dagupan and assist him in any way 
you can. He will continue in charge of the shipment of supplies, but I wish you to 
ascertain what transportation in and around Dagupan is available for him. Consult 
the agent in this matter. Use your best judgment in forwarding the interest of the 
Government in the matter intrusted to you. 

Respectfully, L. W. V. Kennon, Major, in charge. 



Exhibit J. 

[Translation.] 

The undersigned, Alfonso Acosta, reached Tarlac on the 9th instant on official 
business, and while on the railway station I noticed that a foreman and two mem- 
bers of Poblete's gang were getting on the train. I approached said foreman to ask 
him what had happened, and he replied to me that he was taking his two men over 
to Manila, as they had no money to pay their fare; and he went for money, so as to 
send them off, and upon reaching the railway station he was told they had free pas- 
sage; and I asked him, "Is it true that Poblete's men have died of starvation on the 
way?" Said foreman replied to me: "No, sir; it is true that two have died, but it 
has been through drunkenness and cholera." 

On the afternoon of the 5th I landed from the train and took toward my home. 
From a long way I saw my children all dressed in mourning, and from downstairs I 
asked them why were they weeping. At this my wife also came out, embracing me 
and saying, "Alfonso, Alfonso, we were told that you died of starvation, with ten 
other hombres more;" and once being there, and they were convinced I was not 
dead, I told them to take their mourning clothes off. 

Alfonso Acosta. 



REPORT OF R. H. NOBLE, CAPTAIN, TJ. S. INFANTRY, AID-DE-CAMP TO CIVIL 
GOVERNOR, CONCERNING THE DISPOSITION MADE BY HIM OF THE POBLETE 
LABORERS WHO RETURNED FROM BENGUET ROAD. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, Executive Bureau, 

Manila^ July 31, 1903. 

Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, Manila. 

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows concerning the disposition made by me, 
in accordance with your instructions of yesterday, of the returned laborers from the 
Dagupan-Benguet Road which Pascual H. Poblete claimed were at his house, No. 18 
Calle Gunao, desiring to return to their homes in the provinces. 

Transportation to Calamba and Santa Cruz was arranged for with Yangco & Co. at 
the rate of 35 and 45 cents Mexican, respectively, a slight reduction on the regular 



390 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

fare; and 8 sacks of rice were placed at the office of the steamers for distribution to 
the workmen upon their departure this morning for their homes. 

As Mr. Poblete had arranged with you to furnish correct lists of the 250 men 
desiring to return to their homes, I went to his house last night at the hour agreed 
upon. He stated that the lists were not yet ready. Seeing probably about seventy- 
five or eighty men standing about, I asked if these were the men who had returned 
from Dagupan, and he said, "Yes." Being asked where the remainder of the 250 
men were, he stated that they had not as yet come in from looking for work about 
the city, which was the reason why the list of 250 had not yet been made out. I 
told him that it was absolutely essential to have the lists as agreed upon, and a correct 
list should be made, even if it took all night; and that up till midnight he could 
send the lists to me at Malacanan. He also stated to me that 19 men were so sick 
in his house as to be unable to travel, and that he was incurring great expense in 
paying for their physician and for medicines for them. I told him that I would 
speak to you concerning this matter and see if a medical officer of the civil govern- 
ment could not attend to their cases. 

At midnight one of Poblete' s men, who is in charge of the party from Calamba, 
came to Malacanan and presented me with a list of exactly 250 men, whom he stated 
were the workmen from the provinces of Laguna and Batangas desiring to return to 
their homes this morning. Upon glancing at these lists I perceived that they were 
arranged in twenties, which was not the arrangement agreed upon between Mr. 
Poblete and myself when I called at his house, he having agreed to make parties of 
thirty-five, to whom should be given 1 picul of rice, or sufficient for two days' rations 
of rice for that number of men returning to their homes; and as the arrangement of 
twenties was precisely the one made in sending these men to Dagupan, and there 
being just 250 men, neither more nor less, I asked the man if he was sure that this 
was the list that Mr. Poblete had given him to be given to Governor Taft in accord- 
ance with the agreement of yesterday morning. He said that it was; but upon further 
cross-examination, and my intimation that if he made misstatements to me I would 
call the police officer, he stated that it was a fact that this list which he had presented 
to me was not the list of the men who were returning to their homes, but was a copy of 
a list which had been made out, on the 16th day of July, of those men who went 
north to Dagupan. I told him he should inform Mr. Poblete for me that deceit of 
this kind would not go with me; that a correct list would be furnished, and that I 
would be present at the steamers and call the list of names of the men who were 
to go. 

This morning, at a quarter past 6, I called at Mr. Poblete' s house and inquired for 
him or for some member of his family, when I was informed that they were not 
yet awakened. I told the servant that it would be necessary for Mr. Poblete, or his 
representative, to go down to the wharf, as I had previously arranged the night 
before, in order to assist in the return to their homes of these men whom he had 
asked the Government to provide transportation for. In a few moments his son 
came down and stated that it was a misunderstanding. I told him that as we were 
doing his father's work we expected that he would manifest sufficient interest to be 
present and lend assistance at the wharf. 

Arriving at the wharf, there were found to be present 22 men and 4 women from 
Santa Cruz, 10 men who were marked to go to Los Baflos, and 14 marked to go to 
Calamba; 50 in all. Mr. Sulueta, interpreter for the firm of Waite & Earlj, was 
there to assist me, and Mr. Amidon, agent for Yangco & Co. , also assisted me, inquir- 
ing individually of each one whether he was a bona fide returned Poblete laborer 
en route to his home, and, being assured that they were, they were divided into two 
parties. Subsequently 3 more men came and joined the party for Calamba, making 
53 in all. Four of the number were from Lipa and 2 from San Jose, province of 
Batangas; all the rest were from the province of Laguna. 

One sack of rice was given to each of these detachments to be distributed among 
them on the steamer en route. Each man would thus receive by equitable distribu- 
tion between 5 and 6 "chupas" (or about 5 pounds) of rice, which the men stated 
to me would be sufficient for their necessities, as none of them lived at more than 
two days' distance from Manila, and the greater part would arrive home this 
afternoon. 

About the time these arrangements were completed, and a few minutes only before 
the departure of the steamers, Mr. Poblete' s son Vicente arrived on the scene. 

With reference to the sick, Doctor Stafford, to whom I delivered your instructions, 
informed me this morning that when he went to Mr. Poblete' s house, early this 
morning, he had some difficulty in getting in, and finally found 1 sick man behind 
a screen. He was not very sick, but as the doctor preferred to treat him in the hos- 
pital, he had him sent there. Upon asking Mr. Poblete where the other 18 sick 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 391 

men were, he stated that they had gone to Batangas. I invite attention to the fact 
that but 6 men of those who went on the steamer stated that they were from 
Batangas, and none of them claimed to be sick, and none appeared sick. 

As Mr. Sulueta speaks Tagalog fluently, he kindly informed the members of 
these detachments of the arrangements that were made for the division of the rice, 
and charged them to see that the men to whom it was delivered made the proper 
distribution. Mr. Sulueta also inquired diligently among the men as to the cause of 
their returning to Manila. They stated that Mr. Poblete had promised them that 
none of them would receive less than 50 cents, and to some of them he had promised 
$1 gold; also that the provision for housing them at Twin Peaks was as yet inadequate. 

Having seen it reported in the newspapers that a large number of these men had 
died en route, I asked the one in charge from Calamba how many there were who 
had died, and he stated to me that there were 7. I did not have time to verify this 
statement with the remainder of his party; but as he was the same man that had 
attempted to deceive me with the list the night before, and, as only 50 workmen, 
instead of 250, presented themselves, it would seem that a discount of about 80 per 
cent might be taken as reasonable. 

Very respectfully, R. H. Noble, 

Captain, United States Infantry, 
Aid-de-Camp to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands. 



EXHIBIT O. 



REPORT OF CAPT. A. R. COUDEN, COMMANDANT, TJ. S. NAVAL 
STATION, CAVITE, ON FILIPINO LABOR EMPLOYED AT THE 
NAVY-YARD. 

United States Asiatic Fleet, 
Philippine Squadron, Flagship Rainbow, 

Cavite, P. I., November 13, 1903. 
Sir: I inclose herewith a copy of a communication from the civil governor of the 
Philippines, with the request that you submit the report therein mentioned for trans- 
mission at your earliest convenience. 

Respectfully, Yates Stirling, 

Rear-Admiral, U. S. Navy, 
Commander of the Philippine Squadron, United States Asiatic Fleet. 
The Commandant, 

V. S. Naval Station, Cavite, P. I. 



Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, November 12, 1903. 
Admiral: I am informed that Captain Couden, U. S. Navy, as the commandant of 
the navy-yard at Cavite, has had a large experience in dealing with Filipino labor, and 
as in my annual report I feel obliged to make some reference to the subject it would 
give me great pleasure if I could have the views of Captain Couden in this matter. 
I have spoken to him informally in regard to it, but I take this more formal method 
of securing the report. 
With the hope that my request may be granted, believe me, 

Sincerely, yours, Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 
Rear-Admiral Yates Stirling, U. S. Navy, 

Commanding Philippine Squadron, Cavite, P. I. 



U. S. Naval Station, Cavite, P. I., December 12, 1903. 
Sir: Referring to your letter of November 13, 1903, transmitting a letter from the 
Hon. W. H. Taft, civil governor of the Philippine Islands. 

2. There are large numbers of Filipinos employed at this station in all capacities, 
from common laborers, writers, copyists, minor clerks, to mechanics, including boat 
builders, machinists, boiler makers, leather workers, sailmakers, flag makers, ship 
fitters, riveters, blacksmiths, and all the various trades and callings of a naval repair 
yard. 

3. As to common labor, when a gang of men is employed on one sort of labor con- 
tinuously they become after a time very satisfactory; for instance, we_ have a gang 
handling coal, and no better men for the work could be asked. It is possible to 
observe this labor and to readily determine its character, and the cheerfulness and 
activity displayed is surprising and commendable. These men are employed by the 
day and not by the ton handled. 

4. Common labor where it is of a changing character, for instance, piling lumber 
one day, loading cascos another, digging trenches, cleaning up a piece of ground, 
seems unsatisfactory; they are not quick to work in unison and with efficiency. 
Desultory work, such as keeping the roads and walks cleared of all rubbish, leaves, 

392 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 393 

etc., is always open to view, and as in all parts of the world such labor is lazily and 
inefficiently performed by the least capable and least ambitious. On the whole, I 
believe the common labor here at Cavite is fair and that it is improving from month 
to month. 

5. Clerks, writers, and copyists. — There is a tendency more marked here than in the 
United States to seek employment in these grades, but the tendency has very notice- 
ably diminished within the last year, as it has been vigorously discouraged._ They 
make excellent copyists and typewriters, neat and rapid, but are much handicapped 
as to usefulness by their lack of English and the consequent necessity of making an 
original smooth copy. The younger boys are rapidly picking up English, and this will 
much increase their value in these occupations. 

6. We build here many ship's boats and do it at a constantly decreasing cost; in 
this department we have an excellent American foreman, who has now a competent 
and faithful set of employees. They are very industrious; an idle man is never 
seen ; they do good work and exhibit a desire to do the best possible. 

7. Boiler makers are doing good work, and they show a marked improvement in the 
last year; ship fitters and riveters are good and improving. 

8. The older sailmakers who learned their trade under other systems are faithful 
workers, but can not work from a plan or sketch on a reduced scale, while the 
younger men who are now learning the trade exhibit great interest and quickness in 
picking up our methods, and will, our chief sailmaker believes, make most excellent 
workmen, capable of planning and executing work as foremen. The flag makers, all 
Filipinos, make the neatest and handsomest work I have ever seen and are entirely 
satisfactory. This work has all been learned at this yard. 

9. Machinists are employed in large numbers and have improved very noticeably; 
some of the younger men who have received all their training here are very quick 
to learn and are found the most satisfactory when new machines from the United 
States are introduced. Men who are really little more than boys are running such 
machines very satisfactorily. 

10. Apprentices. — Within the last six months we have commenced entering appren- 
tices in the various trades. The number of these was fixed by the Navy Department 
in accordance with the practice at home. The system promises such excellent results 
that a large increase in the number allowed has been asked for and will probably be 
granted. A very few years under this method will make this a school for the educa- 
tion of mechanics, not only for our own needs but for the general good of the islands. 
There will grow such a demand for efficient handicraftsmen in the mechanical arts 
in the various ports of these islands that a succession of apprentices, becoming jour- 
neymen, will commence their journey ings and spread the gospel of steady industry 
and its rewards. 

11. Holders. — Molding is the only trade in which we have no Filipino men 
employed, It appears that no foundry was ever established here (Cavite) in which 
Filipinos were employed ; all of our molders are Chinamen, receiving abnormal 
wages. We have, however, commenced tho apprentice system in this branch and 
hope to make progress in their training, though the circumstances are very adverse. 

12. Leather workers. — The making of magazine buckets and similar articles of heavy 
leather for use in connection with the handling of ammunition is successfully carried 
on, the men receiving their instructions here recently. 

13. There is a marked improvement in the carpenter's gangs observable within 
the last year. 

14. While comparisons between Filipino labor and that of Chinamen and others 
is futile because of the many variable quantities that have different values according 
to one's point of view, there is no doubt in my own mind that Filipino labor will 
prove more satisfactory at this station than any foreign labor, and that in the trades 
it will be satisfactory; that its employment will be of great value to all the people of 
the province, and indirectly to other parts of the islands, in educating them to see 
the advantages of stability and quiet and the opportunities for permanent betterment 
of their own and their children's lives. An improvement in the physical condition 
of the workmen, and more especially of the younger generation, is visible within the 
last year, due to the gradual improvement in food because of the greater capacity to 
purchase, and greater demands of the system because of greater industry. 

15. Inclosed herewith are recent reports from the various heads of departments of 
the station on this subject. 

Very respectfully, A. JR. Couden, 

Captain, U. S. Navy, Commandant. 
The Commander in Chief, 

U. S. Asiatic Fleet. 



394 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

U. S., Naval Station, 
Cavite, P. I., December 7, 1903. 
Sir: Referring to the commandant's No. 2483, dated November 16, 1903, for a 
report in detail of the progress made by Filipino labor, skilled and unskilled, during 
the past year, I have the honor to submit the following: 

SKILLED LABOR. 

(a) Machinists. — Machinists have progressed to a very considerable extent in the 
ordinary routine work of their trade; they are, however, noticeably handicapped by 
their inability to read a drawing or blue print, and in this respect they do not seem 
to make any marked improvement. 

(b) Electrical machinists. — Electrical machinists have progressed very little in their 
line of work. They are able to run wires and make ordinary connections, and have 
also learned to make repairs on small motors and to rewind armatures, but if the 
connection is in any way intricate, as in a cross-connected armature, they do not 
seem to be able to grasp the method. However, there is very little of this class of 
work and no great advancement in proficiency could be looked for. One of the worst 
faults they have is that if on completion of a job the work shows there is an error 
somewhere, they are totally unable to retrace their work and find wherein is the 
fault. 

(c) Carpenters. — Carpenters have shown the greatest improvement in the class of 
work that is done in this department, which, however, is not of a high order. They 
have done some very clever work in the way of desks, file cases, etc., but the bulk 
of their work has consisted in the making of chart boards, tool handles, and rigging 
appliances, which they have done well and satisfactorily. 

(d) Riggers. — There is very little fault to find with the manner in which the 
employees of this subdepartment carry out their work. Most of them are old and 
experienced hands and as there is very little, if any, technical knowledge required in 
their line, they are apparently steadily improving. 

(e) Sailmakers. — The quality of work that is being turned out by the sailmakers 
is, on the whole, very good, but as the ability to read a print or follow a plan is 
essentially a quality of an expert sailmaker, and one which none of these men 
possesses, constant supervision on the part of the foreman is imperative. The chief 
sailmaker tells me he accounts for this by the fact that most of his men are old 
hands and learned their trade under the Spanish rule, a method much more crude 
than the one in present use. 

(f) Flag makers. — These women have learned to work from a sketch or plan and 
have attained such a degree of proficiency that very little, if any, supervision on the 
part of the foreman is necessary. Neatness and dispatch characterize their work and 
its quality is good. Their progress has been really marked. 

(g) Clerks. — The clerks are as a rule improving. With hardly an exception every 
man is proficient in the individual task assigned him, one in particular having 
acquired remarkable speed on the typewriter. All of them are, however, at a great 
disadvantage in not being able to construe English to any extent, and but one or two 
appear to go to any pains to overcome this. 

UNSKILLED LABOR. 

This class adapt themselves very readily as a rule to the work given them, and are, 
the younger men particularly, apparently anxious to learn. In this respect it is 
thought worthy of mention what the chief sailmaker tells me of the apprentices in 
his department. They are naturally apt, and as they have nothing to unlearn (as 
have most of the older hands), what they are once taught they readily grasp, and he 
is, he says, sanguine of their developing in time into really first-class workmen. 

In summarizing the progress made by all subdepartments, both skilled and 
unskilled, it would appear that the underlying principle which will tend to ultimately 
retard Filipino labor from becoming really Al workmen is their low degree of intel- 
ligence and consequent lack of a knowledge of the fundamental theories of their 
respective trades until they acquire which there is always the possibility that, if left 
to their own devices, some new phase of their work will present itself and which 
they will be unable to solve unaided. 

Very respectfully, J. F. Parker, 

Commander, U. S. Navy, Equipment Officer. 

The Commandant, 

U. S. Naval Station, Cavite, P. I. 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 395 

U. S. Naval Station, 
Cavite, P. I., December 3, 1903. 
Sir: Referring to the commandant's letter dated November 16, 1903, which requests 
a full and complete report on the progress of Filipino labor during the last year, 1 
have the honor to report as follows: 

2. As the efficiency of the Filipino mechanic is so closely interwoven with the 
efficiency of the department of which I have charge, I dwelt somewhat on the sub- 
ject in question in my annual report dated July 6, 1903. 

3. Being head of the department, my recommendations were based necessarily on 
grounds to promote the efficiency of the department, the simultaneous improvement 
of the Filipino being alluded to more as incidental. 

4. I quote below verbatim from my annual report and will comment later in this 
communication, giving my views at the present time, and showing where I have 
modified my views, if 1 have done so. 

5. Administration of department. — "1. The principal difficulty in the administration 
of this department is the want of the proper supervision in the individual shops. 
This is a loss to the Government financially. In addition to the business side, there 
seems another phase worthy of consideration in connection with this. 

"2. The Government has been spending stupendous sums of money for the educa- 
tion of the Filipino, and is continually striving to improve his condition. That the 
average Filipino likes to work is a much-mooted question. The experience here has 
established that where there is intelligence and some little school learning the native 
at once shrinks from mechanical trades, each desiring to be an " escribiente ' ' ( writer) . 

1 ' 3. Recently the advisability of enlisting Filipinos in the service has been con- 
sidered. For this reason, as well as the other above outlined, there would seem no 
better method to improve the condition of the Filipino and further the interests of 
the service, the Government, and country at the same time, than by a development 
of the natives as far as possible in mechanical trades at this navy-yard. Under the 
present system in this department the Government suffers, and there is no chance 
of developing any new material. I allude to the fact that there has been only one 
white American mechanic in the shops where 488 men are employed. 

"4. His supervision was of necessity most general and the Government was contin- 
ually losing money because of this condition. This one white foreman has been so 
occupied with his general superintendence and necessary office work that the devel- 
opment of any individuals because of contact with him is out of the question." 

6. Skilled labor. — "1. For the Government's present interests financially and for 
the Government's future interests financially and otherwise, I recommend strongly 
that each shop of this department have at its head a good American mechanic. He 
would at once more than save his salary to the Government. 

1 ' 2. I believe that the consequent possible development and education of the 
Filipinos in the mechanic trades should have fully as much weight as the imme- 
diate financial advantage to the Government. If the education of these people is 
determined upon, should it be restricted to school learning, which in many cases 
where there is not enough strength of character, produces men who do not care to 
do manual labor? The discipline to which they are subject in a navy-yard is also, I 
think, not a small factor in their education. 

"3. I am primarily speaking for the efficiency of the shop3 of which I have 
charge, and secondarily for the development of the natives into good, conscientious 
workmen, making good subjects. 

"4. Outside of the immediate interests of this department, and in a general way 
the interest of these islands, which must have labor if the inlands are to be devel- 
oped, and some skilled labor at that, the immediate interests of the service demand 
just such a school as properly organized shops at the navy-yard would give for the 
education of these people in mechanical trades, if they are ever intended to enter 
the service. 

"5. The dearth of skilled labor is bound to be felt more and more, and the Gov- 
ernment, especially with its fixed rules for wages, is bound to feel the effects of it. 
With the development of the islands, skilled labor will be in demand, and this 
department has already lost some of its best men because outside civil establishments 
paid these men better wages than are authorized at this navy-yard. In stating this 
I do not desire to give the impression that navy-yard help is not so well paid as in 
outside firms, but rather that an outside firm, when an able man is much desired, 
will obtain him at any cost, being not tied down by a fixed schedule of pay. We 
should, therefore, aim to develop as many. able men as possible so as not to feel the 
loss of a few. 

"6. The question of skilled labor is especially worthy of consideration, yes, even 
urgent, because of the exclusion of Chinese. Some of the most able workmen in 



396 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

this yard have been Chinamen, but, as is evident from the law, there can be no 
further supply when these are exhausted. 

"7. That white labor should be used here in any capacity other than that of 
supervision, is out of the question. Something should be done, therefore, to effect 
the development of the Filipino skilled laborer. As stated above, I consider the 
appointment of a good American mechanic for each shop the best method. The 
need of skilled labor is especially felt in the machine shops because of the continual 
demand for this class of work. 

"8. If their development is expected to be evolved out of themselves, I do not 
think the goal will ever be reached. 

"9. When American help is employed it should be borne in mind that the climate 
is a severe test, especially when a display of energy is expected, and on that account 
only young men should be appointed for this duty." 

7. Working hours. — "1. Whether it is to the advantage of the work and efficiency 
of the department that there should be two schedules of time, one for Americans and 
the other for Filipinos, is questionable; in my mind it is not. If the natives are to 
be taught American methods, and especially are to be taught to work with the energy 
approaching that characteristic of the average American workman, the hours for the 
natives are too long. 

" 2. As the hours are fixed for the Americans they are considered amply long, especi- 
ally in consideration of the climate. The idea that the natives are not subject to the 
climatic influences is, I think, a mistake, because from my observation I conclude 
that they do decidedly feel the effects of this extreme heat, and a large proportion 
are in poor health, the average Filipino being in physical strength and endurance far 
below the average American. 

"3. If the hours for the natives were the same as those for American help, with 
the proper number of American employees, they would continually be under super- 
vision, and would be receiving a thorough training, and would finally be deprived of 
the grievance arising from this discrimination in time schedule against them. 

"4. If there has not been any protest it will surely come, and I consider it to the 
advantage of the department that this discrimination should be eradicated before an 
open protest is made." 

8. Attendance of employees. — "1. The question of irregular attendance is one that 
has received much attention, but no satisfactory remedy has been found. 

"2. There are three general causes for the large percentage of the absences: 

' ' First. The disposition of the average native to take things easy. 

' ' Second. The great amount of sickness among them. 

"Third. The frequent occurrence of holidays other than our national, which they 
will observe notwithstanding the urgency of any work on hand. These are the con- 
ditions which, if it is possible to change any of them, can be changed only most 
gradually. ' ' 

9. Generally speaking, I can state that I have not changed my views from those 
expressed in my report as quoted above, excepting, perhaps, that with the longer 
experience I have had, I am willing to modify them in the direction of putting a 
greater value on the possible development of the Filipino. 

10. We are a people of an entirely different race which makes it possible that in 
many cases of unfavorable judgment of them we may be as much at fault as they, 
as each views conditions from an entirely different standpoint, and a position which 
one believes as correct as the other. 

11. These people, too, had been in subjugation for many years, while we have 
enjoyed all the advantages which freedom and generations of training and develop- 
ment have given us. 

12. This department has already had an illustration of what advantage will accrue 
to the Government, as well as the Filipino, if the Government will only make an 
effort to instruct the best qualified of those anxious to learn. 

13. I have reference to the fact that recently I have had two Americans in the 
shops of this department instead of only one. Although this has been a most meager 
increase, nevertheless, I see a decided improvement in the boys anxious to learn, 
because of the little individual attention they have had recently and which it was 
not at all possible to give them formerly. 

14. With the older men it is difficult to introduce new methods, but that is a con- 
dition which I think holds true for all races and conditions of life, it always being 
a difficult matter to " teach an old dog new tricks." 

15. Considering the primitiveness of the former methods under which these people 
have worked, and the not much more than primitive means which have been placed 
in the hands of this department, some of them have shown marked ability. 

16. There are two conditions insurmountable for sometime to come which will 
subject these people to unfavorable criticism. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 397 

The first is that our languages differ, and this makes the transmission of ideas and 
instruction, and the understanding of same difficult, and at times impossible. 

The second is, that be it because of their frugality in living and character of their 
food, or of the climate, or all of these, they are not equal physically to ourselves. 

17. There are few of us whose mental and physical alertness and endurance are as 
great at the end of a tour of duty here as they were at the beginning of the duty. 
This is especially so when we have been held to continuous work without any 
relaxation. 

18. With all these conditions against them we exact more of them in some ways 
than we do of ourselves, for we require of them more working hours each day than 
are required of any American employee. 

19. Much has been said about their mendacity and general unreliability. Such 
characteristics are generally the result of bringing up, association, and conditions 
under which they have been living. If some of them have not a high regard for 
truth or for other people's property, such infractions are likely to occur anywhere, 
when such a large body of men is employed as here. 

20. In view of such existence as these people have had for many generations past, 
it seems only natural that they should not have the characteristics which we expect 
to find in a people who during the same period of time have had all the advantages 
which come with independence and close association with all that is most progressive. 

21. In view of what was said in my annual report as to the general disposition to 
secure employment as " escribientes, " I now desire to modify this to this extent. 

22. There have been applications by boys, who have had good schooling and spoke 
some English, for appointments as apprentices. These could, however, not be made, 
as there were no vacancies, the number allowed being very limited. 

23. When speaking in the report of the dearth of skilled labor, the demand out- 
side for such labor was anticipated. This has been borne out by actual experience. 

24. This department has only been able to retain such of the best Filipino me- 
chanics as have ties here, these preferring to hold their position here in preference to 
one iu Manila with better pay. 

25. The ordinary laborers have had little chance in the past for development,- as it 
has been impossible on account of the few Americans available for supervision to give 
them much attention. 

The greatest difficulty with them is that few of them speak even Spanish, which 
makes them difficult to handle. 

26. Where in my report I speak of the reasons for many absences from work, I 
give as one reason: " The disposition of the average native to take things easy." 

27. At that time I was not familiar with the fact that so many employees live at 
great distances in outlying towns, and are frequently absent on account of rains and 
bad roads, which, in a measure, may ameliorate this shortcoming. 

28. If the progress desired in the development of the Filpino has fallen short of 
expectations, the experience in this department inclines me to ascribe it primarily to 
the lack of proper material in the way of tools and plant necessary to inaugurate 
modern methods, as well as to the altogether inadequate number of skilled Americans 
capable of teaching the natives new methods. 

29. The proper American equipment, both in material and personnel, has been so 
wanting, that it at once bars criticism of the Filipinos for not having made greater 
progress. 

Very respectfully, Gustave Kaemmerling, 

Lieut. Commander, U. 8. Navy, Head of Department /Steam Engineering. 
The Commandant. " 



U. S. Naval Station, 
Cavite, P. I., November 18, 1903. 
Sir: In answer to your letter dated November 16, 1903: 

1. I have the honor to make the following report on the progress of Filipino labor 
during the year: 

2. The skilled labor of this department is better than it was a year previous and 
we are now doing better work than was done a year ago. 

3. We have manufactured sights for several vessels for a reasonable price and 
which have proved satisfactory in every detail. Also spare parts and accessories for 
rapid-fire and automatic guns. We have also manufactured revolver holsters and 
revolver cartridge boxes, canteens, and leather ammunition-passing boxes for the 
TJ. S. S. Kentucky. This kind of work was never done in this department until this 
year and it turned out very satisfactory. 



398 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

4. Attention is called to the differences in prices of great-gun targets (prize firing) , 
that were made last year and those that were made this year. The cost of labor for 
making 4 great-gun targets (prize firing) last year amounted to $753.70 gold. This 
year we made 8 similar targets — cost of labor, $346.89 gold. This does not include 
price of material. The reasons for the great difference of prices are: That we installed 
a bolt-threading machine and sewing machine, the latter for making the screens. 
Also the men were more familiar with their work and went about it more intel- 
ligently. 

5. A model of 4-inch rapid-fire gun, one-fifth scale, was made in this department 
and sent to the St. Louis Exposition. The workmanship was very neat. 

6. The carpenters are much better than they were a year ago, doing their work 
quicker and go about it more workmanlike. 

7. The skilled laborers at the magazine are mostly men who have been promoted 
from common laborers, for being careful and intelligent in the performance of their 
duties. They have been engaged in such work as putting up 6-inch and 4.7-inch 
ammunition and breaking down, blending, and putting up minor caliber ammunition 
and handling and overhauling ammunition of all calibers, repairing and painting 
ammunition bosses and chests and re-forming cartridge cases. 

8. The unskilled laborers in this department are good workmen and are improving; 
they are engaged in general magazine work, making shipments, loading and unload- 
ing cascos and lighters, and care and preservation of ordnance. 

9. In my opinion the Filipino labor is much more satisfactory than it was a year 
ago and is improving. 

Very respectfully, J. T. Swift, 

Gunner, U. S. Navy, Acting Inspector of Ordnance. 
The Commandant. 



U. S. Naval Station, 
Cavite, P. I., November 28, 1908. 
Sir: 1. In compliance with instructions contained in your letter dated November 
16, 1903, directing report on the progress made by Filipino mechanics and laborers 
during the past year, I have to report as follows: 

2. It must be stated that, as a rule, the Filipino workman is indolent and indiffer- 
ent to his own advancement beyond a very limited degree. This must largely be 
accounted for by the environment of the Filipino race for many generations past; the 
enervating effect of the climate, together with the few wants of the native, and the 
ease with which the necessities of life are obtained, cause him, as a rule, to be easily 
contented and careless as to improvement. 

3. In the case of the older men little progress can be detected even where there 
has been constant supervision of American foremen, the older men reverting to their 
former methods when immediate supervision is removed. 

4. The case of the younger men is somewhat more encouraging and a fair amount 
of improvement is to be noted, as they are quicker to see the advantages of improved 
methods of work, and it is believed that they are also more anxious for their own 
improvement. 

5. I am strongly of the opinion that, if the Filipino is to be depended on for skilled 
labor in Government work at this yard, it will be necessary to maintain a well-organ- 
ized force of competent American foremen for many years to come. The younger 
men will slowly but surely improve as they come in contact with improved methods 
and are compelled to use them daily. In this connection it is believed that the 
apprentice system, if largely extended so as to take in a much greater percentage of 
apprentices than now employed, will result in marked improvement in the force of 
mechanics. 

6. The same remarks apply to unskilled as to skilled labor, as many of the younger 
men employed as helpers gradually learn the trades and make fairly good mechanics. 

Very respectfully, 

W. P. Robert, 
Assistant Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy, Head of Department. 
The Commandant. 



EXHIBIT P. 



PROPOSED RAILWAY LINES IN THE ISLAND OF LUZON. 

[Report of J. T. Norton, C. E., published by the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, July, 

1903, as Doc. No. 206.] 

Washington, D. C, June 30, 1903. 
Hon. W. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor Philippine Archipelago. 
Dear Sir: In accordance with your verbal instructions, have made a reconnois- 
sance of the proposed railway lines in northern Luzon, and have the honor to sub- 
mit the following report and* estimate of cost: 

Manila to Apaeei. 

Manila terminal. — Will be governed almost entirely by the cost of right of way and 
whether passage can be had through government lands. Access should be had to 
the new harbor south of the mouth of Pasig River, or to the same river, on . south 
side, below the Bridge of Spain. If neither of these projects is possible, then to the 
Pasig Eiver above the Bridge of Spain. Terminal switching yards,, shops, store- 
houses, etc., should be located as near Manila as an advantageous site can be had at 
a reasonable cost. 

Route. — As shown on accompanying map is recommended, passing through or near 
the following points: Caloocan, Meycauayan, Bocave, Baliuag, San Ildefonso, San 
Miguel de Mayumo, San Isidro, Cabanatuan, Bongabon, Pantabangan, Carranglan, 
Caraballo Pass, Aritao, Bayombong, Bagabag, Ilagan, Tumauini, Tuguegarao, Nagsi- 
ping, Lal-lo, and Aparri. This follows the valley of the river Pampanga on the left 
bank to its head, thence over the Caraballo Pass* and down the Magat and Cagayan 
Eiver valleys, on the left bank of both. It is unfortunate that all the principal 
towns of the Cagayan Valley are on the right bank. In spite of this, however, the 
left bank is recommended for the location of the line, as crossing the Cagayan would 
require a large sum for bridge. There seems little prospect for branches from main 
line to east and a very good one for branches to west. If main line w T ere on right 
bank of river, such branches would have to cross the Cagayan. The majority of build- 
ings in all the towns in this valley are of bamboo and grass construction, which are 
neither costly nor durable. There are alternative locations at three different points, 
all shown on map by dotted lines. The first crosses the Pampanga at Cabanatuan, 
going via Talavera, San Jose, and Pun can, to join the other line at Carranglan. The 
second is a detour to the east between Pantabangan and Carranglan to avoid 3 miles 
of canyon work. The third leaves the line recommended at Bagabag, going via 
Diadi, Estella, Carig, Echague, Canayan, and Eeina Mercedes, to a junction with the 
other line between last-named place and Ilagan. These changes of line are simply 
possibilities that should be brought to the notice of locating engineers. A horse- 
back reconnoissance over them will doubtless decide at once whether it is worth 
while to make actual surveys or not. Line recommended, as shown on map in red, 
is in canyon 9 miles between Bongabon and Pantabangan. Between Pantabangan 
and Carranglan there will also be about 3 miles of canyon work. Between Bagdbag 
and Oscarez there is 20 miles of canyon work. 

Grade. — A maximum of one-half of 1 per cent compensated can be used on entire 
line except on the mountain work between Carranglan and Aritao in getting over 
the Caraballo Pass. This has an elevation of 3,750 feet above sea level, and a grade 
of 3^ per cent compensated will be needed. The mountain slopes are very steep 
and liable to slide, especially on the south side; thus it is important to lighten the 
work as much as possible. Development will begin on south side at an elevation of 
about 1,150, and end on north side at about 1,550 feet above sea level. 

399 



400 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Curvature. — Need not exceed 4 degrees, or 1,433 feet radius, except on canyon work 
and development on both sides of Caraballo, where 16 degrees, or 359.3 feet radius, 
will be necessary. 

Transportation. — From Manila to Cabanatuan there is a jair road, much of it metaled. 
It lacks many bridges, however, and some of the existing ones need repairs. From 
Cabanatuan to 3 miles north of Bong&bon the road is little better than a trail, but 
could be made into a good wagon road at slight cost excepting bridges. From last 
point to Pantabangan the trail is very rough, and a wagon road would be costly. 
From Pantabangan to foot of Caraballo wagon road could be made at reasonable cost. 
There are four large rivers to ford between Manila and Carrauglan — the Angat, Rio 
Gapan, Santor, and Rio Pantabangan. In the rainy season some sort of ferry would 
have to be arranged at these points. From Aparri river transportation is available 
in the rainy season to Reina Mercedes, and in the dry season for lightly loaded boats 
as far as Ilagad, with three or four portages, and possible trouble with sand bars at 
many other points. This refers only to small ' ' barangays ' ' carrying a few tons. 
Steamers drawing 12 feet can ascend as far as Lal-lo. Wagon road on left or west 
bank of Mag£t River can be easily made from Reina Mercedes to foot of Bennett 
Canyon, 4 miles south of Oscarez. From here to Bagabag, 20 miles, a wagon road 
would be very costly. From Bagabag to Bayombong there is a good wagon road, 
except that bridges need repairing. From Bayombong to foot of Caraballo there is 
a good trail, which could be made into a wagon road, at reasonable cost, but crosses 
Magat River, which can not be forded for days at a time in the rainy reason. 

Tunnel. — Report of April 2 last estimated length of tunnel necessary at Caraballo 
Pass at 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Upon closer examination have changed this to 4,000 feet, 
and estimate will be made for latter length. Native timber can be used for timber- 
ing, if same is necessary. 

Traffic. — Is almost an unknown quantity. The whole country is in bad condition 
from war and pestilence among men and beasts. From Manila to Bongabon is a fine 
agricultural country, and thickly settled as far as Cabanatuan. This portion should 
pay within a year or two. From Bongabon through to Cagayan Valley much of the 
country is mountainous, and the valleys, while apparently good land, are not thickly 
settled. Traffic here will be a question of development and settlement of the country 
by reason of the building of the railway, and will take time. In regard to the Caga- 
yan Valley, the tobacco grown there all goes to Manila, and there is no reason why 
it should not go by railway, if there were one, as navigation on the Cagayan River, 
except from Alcala to Aparri, is difficult all through the dry season by reason of shoal 
water, and in the rainy season because of swift current. Taken as a whole, the line 
would hardly pay operating expenses for the first two years, and no interest on capi- 
tal invested until four or five years. Eventually, if the country develops as it should, 
there will be a heavy traffic, both passenger and freight. A few miles south of 
Aritao and near the proposed line is a vast deposit of fine granite. It is in the 
shape of large bowlders, covers several hundred acres of ground, and can be easily 
and cheaply quarried when means of transport are to be had. In the Manila Har- 
bor sea wall there are blocks of granite of no better quality that were imported from 
Hongkong. 

Estimate: Manila to Aparri. 

[336 miles.] United States 

currency. 
General officers and heads of departments, except engineering, 336 miles, 

at $465 $156, 240 

Location, 336 miles, at $111 37, 296 

Right of way, including damage to houses, 336 miles, at $60 20, 160 

Clearing and grubbing, 336 miles, at $30 10, 080 

Engineering expense during construction, 336 miles, at $126 42, 336 

GRADING. 

Manila to lower end Pantabangan Canyon, 1,092,000 cubic yards earth, at 

25 cents 273,000 

Thence to mouth Pantabangan River, 675, 000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents . 168, 750 
Thence to mouth Pantabangan River, 225,000 cubic yards solid rock, at 

85 cents -- 191,250 

Add for slides 5 per cent total yardage, two items above, 45,000 cubic 

yards earth, at 25 cents 11, 250 

Mouth Pantabangan River to canyon, 120,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 

cents 30,000 

Through canyon, 225,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 56, 250 



ggg H»nJ ^_l| 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 401 

United States 
currency. 

Through canyon, 75,000 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents $63, 750 

Add for slides 5 per cent total yardage, two items above, 15,000 cubic 

yards earth, at 25 cents 3, 750 

Thence to river above Carranglan, 60,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents.. 15, 000 

Thence to where development begins, 51,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents. 13, 500 
Beginning to end of mountain grade, 1,453,500 cubic yards earth, at 25 

cents 363,375 

Bediming; to end of mountain grade, 161,500 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 

cents 137,275 

Add for slides 5 per cent total yardage, two items above, 80,750 cubic 

vards earth, at 25 cents 20,187 

Caraballo tunnel (not included above) , 4, 000 linear feet, at $52 208, 000 

Foot of mountain to Bayombong, 232,800 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents.. 58, 200 
Bavombons to head Bennett Canyon, 120,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 

cents. ..7 30,000 

Head to foot Bennett Canyon, 720,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 180, 000 

Head to foot Bennett Canyon, 180,000 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents. 153, 000 
Add for slides 5 per cent total yardage, two items above, 45,000 cubic yards 

earth, at 25 cents 11, 250 

Foot Bennett Canvon to opposite Oscarez, 48,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 

cents 12,000 

Thence to opposite Tuguegarao, 552,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 138, 000 

Thence to opposite AlcaM, 240,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 60, 000 

Thence to opposite Aparri, 720,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 180, 000 

Ditching 336 miles, at 300 cubic yards, 100,800 cubic yards earth, at 25 

cents 25,200 

BRIDGING. 

Creosoted timber trestle, 643 spans, 15 feet each, at $157. 15 101, 047 

Masonry, 50,720 cubic yards, at $7 405, 760 

Excavation for masonrv, 25,360 cubic yards earth, at 50 cents 12, 680 

Steel bridges in place, 5,377 tons, at $126.90 682, 341 

Creosoted timber deck for steel bridges, 9,365 linear feet, at $167.74 per 

100 feet 15,709 

TRACK. 

Rail, 31,685 tons, at $35.75 1,132,739 

Angle bars, 1,898 tons, at $56.25 106, 762 

Track bolts, 171 tons, at $73.15 12,509 

Track spikes, 897 tons, at $61.90 55, 524 

Track ties, creosoted, 2,640 per mile, 887,040 pieces, at $1 887, 040 

Track laving, 336 miles, at $250 84, 000 

Surfacing, 336 miles, at $50 16, 800 

Ballasting, 336 miles, at S800 268, 800 

Sidings, complete, 4 per cent length of main line, 13.4 miles, at $9,480 127, 032 

Telegraph line, 336 miles, at S160 53, 760 

Water service, 22 stations, complete, at $2,000 44, 000 

Total . 6,675,602 

Dagupan to Laoag. 

Ron. te.— Starting from Dagupan, line should pass through or near Mangaldan, San 
Fabian, Santo Tomas, Aringay, San Fernando, Bagnotan, and Balaoang. Between 
the last-named and Tagudin the river Anitaragan comes down from the mountains, 
and on reaching the flat country divides into a number of shallow channels, which, 
during each rainy season, are constantly filling up and changing. Line should swing 
to the east and cross the stream mentioned where it comes out of the mountains and 
has a stable channel. Line will pass near Tagudin and thence through or near Santa 
Cruz, Santa Lucia, Candon, Santiago, San Esteban, Narvacan, and Vigan. Just south 
of Yigan line will cross the Abra River, which also has a changing channel. Cross- 
ing should be made where river emerges from mountains, for reason mentioned 
before, thence swinging back to near Vigan. From last point line should pass 
through or near Santo Domingo, Magsingal, Cabugao, Badoc, Batac, San Nicolas, and 

wae 1903— vol 5 26 



402 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Laoag, the terminus. At Currimao, between Badoc and Batac, hills will force line 
down almost to sea. Line as recommended is shown on map by broken lines. An 
alternative location is shown by dotted lines opposite Balaoang. This alternative 
location is longer, but may prove cheaper if the line via Balaoang turns out to be 
heavy work, as the coast would be light grading. 

Grades. — A maximum of one-half of 1 per cent, compensated, can be used over 
whole line, with possible exception of the two places where line approaches foot of 
mountains to obtain better stream crossings, where it may be necessary to use 1 per 
cent, compensated. 

Curvature. — Need not exceed 4 degrees, or 1,433 feet radius. 

Transportation. — There is an excellent road from Dagupan to Laoag, except for a 
few miles near the seashore, where it is rather sandy. Bridges are mostly in good 
condition, but are lacking at the large streams, which must be forded. The one that 
will give the most trouble is the Abra, near Vigan. The road is metaled with gravel 
or broken stone the greater part of the distance. Material and supplies can come 
by sea to San Esteban, Pandan, and Currimao, except during the southwest monsoon, 
and to San Fernando and Salomague all the year. Line will be near the sea at all 
the places mentioned except Pandan and Salomague, where the distance will be 
about 4 and 2 miles, respectively. 

Traffic. — Line will be through a rich agricultural and well-populated country except 
a few spots here and there where mountains come down almost to the sea. As a rule, 
the flat coast country is from 5 to 20 miles broad. The line will be expensive on 
account of the amount of bridging needed, but if the country has no new misfortunes 
or return of the old ones, it should pay a fair interest on the investment after the 
first year at least. 

Estimate, Dagupan to Laoag. 

[168 miles.] United States 

currency. 
General officers and heads departments, except engineering, 168 miles, at 

$465. $78,120 

Location, 168 miles, at $89 14,952 

Right of way, including damage to houses, 168 miles, at $80 13, 440 

Clearing and grubbing, 168 miles, at $25 4, 200 

Engineering expense during construction, 168 miles, at $126 21, 168 

GRADING. 

Dagupan. to San Fernando, 522,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 130, 500 

San Fernando to Balaoang, 224,400 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 56, 100 

San Fernando to Balaoang, 56,100 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents 47, 685 

Balaoang to 4 miles north, 32,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 8, 000 

Thence to Tagudin, 60,375 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 15, 094 

Thence to Tagudin, 20, 125 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents 17, 106 

Tagudin to Candon, 205,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 51, 250 

Candon to Solbec, 259,350 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 64, 837 

Candon to Solbec, 13,650 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents 11, 603 

Solbec to 3 miles north, 75,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 18, 750 

Solbec to 3 miles north, 75,000 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents 63, 750 

Thence to Laoag, 655,500 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 163, 875 

Thence to Laoag, 34,500 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents 29, 325 

Ditching, 168 miles, at 300 cubic yards, 50,400 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents. 12, 600 

BRIDGING. 

Masonry, 41,608 cubic yards, at $7.50 312,060 

Excavation for masonry, 20, 804 cubic yards, at 50 cents 10, 402 

Creosoted timber trestle, 616 spans, 15 feet each, at $162. 15 99, 884 

Steel bridge in place, 5,097 tons, at $128.90 657,003 

Creosoted timber deck for steel bridges, 8,700 linear feet, at $177 per 100 

feet 15,399 

TRACK. 

Rail, 15,842 tons, at $37.45 593, 283 

Angle bars, 949 tons, at $58 55, 042 

Track bolts, 86 tons, at $74.85 6, 437 

Track spikes, 449 tons, at $63.60 28, 556 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 403 

United States 
currency. 

Track ties, creosoted, 2,640 per mile, 443,520 pieces, at $1.05 $465, 696 

Track laving, 168 miles, at $250 42, 000 

Surfacing 168 miles, at $50 8, 400 

Ballasting 168 miles, at $800 134, 400 

Sidings complete, 4 per cent length main line, 6.7 miles, at $9,785 65, 559 

Telegraph line, 168 miles, at $170 28,560 

Water service, 11 stations complete, at $2,000 22, 000 

Total 3,367,036 

Manila to Batangas. 

Route. — From Manila the line should pass through or near Pineda, Muntinlupa, 
Binang, Santa Rosa, and Calamba, skirting the west shore of Laguna de Bay between 
Muntinlupa and Calamba. Leaving the lake shore at Calamba, line should cross 
Rio San Juan and then follow up the right bank through or near Santo Tomas, 
Tanauan, Lipa, and San Jose to Batangas^ crossing the San Juan River the second 
time at Tanauan. Line as recommended is shown on map by broken lines. An 
alternative location, shown by dotted line on map, leaves line at Calamba and follows 
left bank of San Juan River, passing to the west of Santo Tomas and Tanauan to a 
junction a few miles south of Tanauan, thus avoiding two crossings of the San Juan 
River. 

Grade. — Maximum will be 1J per cent, compensated. 

Curvature. — Maximum will be 6° or 955.4 feet radius. 

Transportation. — From Manila to Muntinlupa there is at present only a trail, but a 
wagon road could easily be built. From Muntinlupa to Batangas there is a splendid 
metaled road, which in no place is more than 2 miles from the proposed railway 
location. Material and supplies can also come in by sea at Batangas. 

Traffic. — The section of country tributary to proposed line has suffered heavily 
from war, pestilence, etc., but is well settled, and should soon be in a prosperous con- 
dition. The flat lands along Laguna de Bay are rich, and both rice-and sugar cane 
produce well. Sugar mills are nearly all in ruins, and lands formerly devoted to 
sugar are covered with weeds and brush. Some land here is under irrigation, and will 
produce a dry-season crop of rice. From Calamba to Batangas the soil is a brown 
loam with some sand, and is 4 or 5 feet thick. Between Calamba and Santo Tomas 
is a good sugar country, but at present mills are in ruins and fields uncultivated. 
Between Santo Tomas and Batangas much coffee was formerly grown, between 
$2,000,000 and $3,000,000 worth in silver being sent out from the town of Lipa alone 
each year. An insect is said to have destroyed the trees several years ago. Plant- 
ers are now talking of replanting. Some sugar is grown in the Lipa district. Taken 
as a business proposition this line is considered as having the best prospects of the 
three proposed, and should be a paying property from the day it is put in operation. 
There is little to fear from water transportation via river and lake in competition 
between Manila and Calamba, as the shores of the lake are so shallow that cargoes 
have to be lightered a mile in small boats. 

Estimate: Manila to Batangas. 

[ 69 miles.] United States 

> currency. 
General officers and heads of departments, except engineering, 69 miles, 

at $465 $32,085 

Location, 69 miles, at $84 5,796 

Right of way, including damage to houses, 69 miles, at $70 4,830 

Clearing and grubbing, 69 miles, at $25 1,725 

Engineering expense during construction, 69 miles, at $126 8,694 

GBADING. 

Manila to 2 miles north of Muntinlupa, 140,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 35,000 

Thence to Muntinlupa, 35,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 8,750 

Thence to Muntinlupa, 21,000 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents 17,850 

Muntinlupa to Calamba, 155,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 38,750 

Calamba to 1 mile north of Santo Tomas, 136,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 

cents 34,000 

Thence to Santo Tomas, 36,900 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 9,225 



404 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

United States 
currency. 

Thence to Santo Tomas, 4,100 cubic yards solid rock, at 85 cents $3, 485 

Santo Tomas to Lipa Summit, 126,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 31, 500 

Lipa Summit to Batangas, 414,000 cubic yards earth, at 25 cents 103, 500 

Ditching, 69 miles, at 300 cubic yards per mile, 20,700 cubic yards earth, 

at 25 cents 5, 175 

BRIDGING. 

Masonry, 16,223 cubic yards, at $7 113, 561 

Excavation for masonry, 8, 110 cubic yards, at 50 cents 4, 055 

Creosoted timber trestle, 96 spans, 15 feet each, at $157. 15 15, 086 

Steel bridges in place, 387 tons, at $126.90 49,110 

Creosoted timber deck for steel bridges, 670 linear feet, at $167.74 per 100 

feet 1,124 

TRACK. 

Rail, 6,507 tons, at$35.75 232,625 

Angle bars, 390 tons, at $56.25 21,937 

Track bolts, 35 tons, at $73.15 2,560 

Track spikes, 184 tons, at $61.90. 11, 390 

Track ties, 182,160 pieces, at $1 182, 160 

Tracklaying, 69 miles, at $250 17,250 

Surfacing, 69 miles, at $50 3, 450 

Ballasting, 69 miles, at $800 55, 200 

Sidings, complete, 4 per cent of length of main line, 2.8 miles, at $9,480.. 26, 544 

Telegraph line, 69 miles, at $160 11, 040 

Water service, 5 stations complete, at $2,000 10, 000 

Total 1,097,457 

North Coast Line. 

Reconnaissance was made via this route from Aparri to Laoag. Line from Aparri 
west could be built very cheaply as far as Claveria, probably not more than $12,000. 
per mile. A line beyond Claveria, however, would be almost impracticable on 
account of the huge cost of the first 20 miles. The mountains rise from the sea for 
almost the entire distance, and many points are so narrow and precipitous that tun- 
nels would be needed. This line is considered entirely out of the question, as its 
cost for grading alone would be $150,000 per mile, or more. If at any time in the 
future a line is desired across the island from east to west, the most feasible route 
would be up the Rio Chico de Cagayan to its head, thence across to the headwaters of 
the Abra River, and so down to Vigan on the west coast. 

San Nicolas Pass. 

It was hoped this pass would prove to be enough easier than the Caraballo to war- 
rant diverting the Manila- Aparri line thereto, but the reverse is the case, as it would 
require a longer tunnel than the Caraballo. The approaching southern valley is nar- 
row and badly cut up with ravines. Did not go to the summit of the pass, but far 
enough up to make sure of the foregoing facts. Estimated height of pass, 4,000 feet 
above sea level. 

Following Applies to All Lines. 

Labor. — This is by far the most important question in connection with the con- 
struction of railways. The average native laborer of Luzon does not take kindly to 
any sort of work except planting, and harvesting rice and fishing. An increase in 
rate of wages does not stimulate him to earn more money, but to put in less time. 
He is averse to hard manual labor, and to working regular hours under direction of 
a foreman. The labor supply has been reduced by war and pestilence, and what 
exists is composed of men that are undersized, and weak as compared with the 
laborer of other countries. There is no possibility of building the proposed lines of 
railway or any of them within a reasonable length of time except by the importation 
of Chinese or other foreign labor. A measure that would aid to some extent would 
be the passage of a law requiring all able-bodied men residing within a given distance 
of proposed lines to work a certain number of days per month or year on their con- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 405 

struction, receiving a fair wage for so doing. Some of the government railways of 
Central America were largely built by laborers of this class, and there was a con- 
stantly increasing number of them who remained voluntarily on the works after 
having served their allotted time. Estimates have been based upon the completion 
of the three lines within three years after commencement of actual construction, 
which will undoubtedly require foreign labor. Without such labor the prices given 
will not apply, as dragging the construction over five or ten years of time would so 
largely increase the administrative expense and interest charges. 

Masonry. — Estimates have been made for masonry culverts and bridge foundations 
laid with cement mortar. Where stone is not to be had within reasonable distance, 
concrete can usually be made of river gravel. In some places, where neither can be 
obtained within reasonable distance, it might pay to burn brick. 

Bridges. — Timber trestles should be used wherever circumstances will permit and 
steel bridges only where absolutely necessary. Trestles should be of creosoted timber 
throughout, piles impregnated with 14 and other timber with 10 pounds to the cubic 
foot. Estimate has been made on this basis. Native timber is not to be had near 
any of the lines except at the Caraballo Pass, on the Manila- Aparri line. Creosoted 
timber from American Pacific coast ports will probably be found cheaper than native 
hard woods, and native soft woods are out of the question, except for temporary 
false work, where they might be used to advantage when procurable. 

Track and roadbed. — Estimate has been made for standard gauge of 4 feet 8^ inches, 
60-pound steel rail with 2-foot angle-bar joints, and roadbed of 16 feet on fills and 20 
feet on cutting. 

Ties. — Track ties should be 8 feet 6 inches long and 7 by 9 inches in section. 
Bridge ties should be 10 feet long and 8 by 8 inches in section. Both should be 
creosoted with 10 pounds to the cubic foot to withstand climate and insects. Ties 
from American Pacific coast ports are recommended. Estimate has been made on 
foregoing basis. Native hard-wood ties might be better, but would cost more, even 
if the labor to cut and get them out in time were to be had, which is hardly possible. 
There is a possibility that it might be better to import Australian hardwood ties, 
but can not give price on them. 

In computing cost of construction material it is assumed that all will enter free 
of customs charges. 

All prices in this report and estimate refer to United States currency. 

Mr. C. D. Drew, assistant chief engineer, has been a valuable assistant through- 
out, not only in collecting data in the field, but in preparing report and estimates. 
If any credit is due for the manner in which work has been done he is entitled to a 
full share in same. 

Respectfully submitted. 

J. T. Norton, 
Chief Civil Engineer. 



EXHIBIT Q. 



ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXPOSITION BOARD. 

President Roosevelt, Secretary of War Root, and Governor William H. Taft, while 
in the United States, decided, after a conference in the spring of 1902, that the Phil- 
ippine insular government should devote at least the sum of $250,000 to the prepar- 
ation of a thoroughly creditable exhibit for the world's fair in St. Louis. Before 
Governor Taft returned to the Philippine Islands, he, anxious to secure a decided 
success, endeavored to increase the mentioned amount by soliciting assistance from 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, which was just at much interested as 
the insular government in making the Philippine exhibit the feature of the world's 
fair. He succeeded in having promised to him an allotment of $100,000. The Phil- 
ippine Commission soon after passed the following resolution: 

"The question of the amount to be appropriated by the Philippine government 
for exposition purposes at the world's fair in St. Louis in 1904 having been raised by 
the president and the matter having been discussed at some length by the Commis- 
sion, it was agreed that at least $250,000 in money of the United States should be 
appropriated, and the president was directed to cable this fact to the United States, 
together with the request for a competent man to come to the islands to prepare such 
an exhibit, with a promise on the part of the Commission of a further appropri- 
ation should the conditions upon investigation seem to demand an increase." 

At about that time Hon. John Barrett, commissioner-general to Asia and Australia 
for the St. Louis world's fair, came to these islands to interest Filipinos and Ameri- 
cans in a comprehensive participation of the Philippine Archipelego. In one of his 
speeches he illustrated characteristically the responsibility of a world's fair expert 
called to assist the insular government in making a creditable showing, by saying: 

' ' There is soon coming out from America in the person of Doctor Niederlein, con- 
nected with the Philadelphia Museums, a competent expert, who will take general 
charge of the Philippine participation, who was selected only after careful considera- 
tion of the available men, and I believe he will meet your expectations. With him 
will be associated one or more representative Filipinos; but to make sure that the 
exhibits from the Archipelago represent all interests, I would urge upon you busi- 
ness men to select from your number a committee to cooperate with the government 
commission. Let these men be those who will be unselfish and work for the gen- 
eral good of the business community and not for their individual interests. A great 
deal will depend upon that characteristic." 

In a similar way Professor Lyon expressed himself in the following sentences: 

" The Commission has engaged the services of Mr. Niederlein, an expert in world 
expositions, who will shortly arrive in Manila to assist in perfecting arrangements in 
connection with this very important undertaking. We say assist, advisedly, for the 
reason that should he possess an experience of a thousand years of expositions he 
could do nothing creditable without the intelligent and earnest cooperation of the 
citizens of these islands." 

Mr. Niederlein, chief of the scientific department of the Philadelphia Museums, 
former commissioner of the Argentine Government for the Paris, Chicago, and 
Atlanta expositions, vice-president of the French colonial exhibition at the Pan- 
American Exposition at Buffalo, etc., who shortly before had reestablished the 
French Colonial Museum in Paris, now called "Musee" Commercial de Y Office Colo- 
nial du Ministere des Colonies " in the Palais Royal, was called by cable on August 29 
as special commissioner for the Philippine exhibits at the world's fair in St. Louis. 
He presented on his arrival in Manila a plan of work to the Philippine Civil Com- 
mission, a copy of which is hereto attached, proposing in the same at the same time 
the establishment of a museum and the holding of a preliminary exposition, besides 
the founding of a Philippine academy or institute of science, art, commerce, and 
industry, which would unite prominent professional men, government officials, offi- 

406 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 407 

cers, teachers, priests, economists, and men of science and art, as well as men promi- 
nent in business and trade, agriculture and mining, to cooperate in making a full 
exploration of the Philippine Islands, and in that way collaborate for a brilliant 
Philippine display of the resources and economic and social conditions of this Archi- 
pelago. 

He also had prepared the necessary instructions and information for collecting suc- 
cessfully and preparing and shipping properly the expected exhibits. Governor 
Taft issued on November 8 a circular letter to all the bureaus and the chiefs of bureaus 
of the insular government; to all provincial governors and other provincial officers, 
and to all municipal officers of municipalities in the Philippine Islands, requesting 
them to assist Mr. Niederlein in every possible way as commissioner of the insular 
government, having chief charge of the exhibits in the Philippine Islands. 

The enactment, number 514. creating "a commission to secure, organize, and make 
an exhibit of Philippine products, manufacture, art, ethnology, and education at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition," was made November 11, 1902, which set aside 
$250,000 L T nited States currency for that purpose. Two days later Gustavo Nieder- 
lein and Pedro A. Paterno were appointed members of the exposition board, with 
Mr. Leon M. Guerrero as secretary. The first session of the exposition board was held 
November 17, when the first employees, Mr. George P. Linden, Mr. A. E. Escamilla, 
and Miss Emma R. Ross, were appointed as curator, interpreter, and assistant secre- 
tary and stenographer, respectively. The first resolutions referred to the publish- 
ing of instructions, information, and classification, and their translation into Spanish, 
Tagalog, Visayan, Ilocano, Vicol, Pampanga, and Pangasinan dialects. It might 
here be stated that up to date 51,500 of such pamphlets were printed and gradually 
distributed all over the islands. The exposition board then, also, started a number 
of circular letters, which now in all number over 116,000 copies, of which about 
13,000 copies were in English, 98,500 in Spanish, and 5,000 in Tagalog. In one of 
the first meetings it was decided to issue posters also in English, Spanish, Tagalog, 
Visayan, Vicol, Ilocano, Pampanga, and Pangasinan, in all, 20,000, setting forth the 
purposes of the exposition and the desires and instructions of the exposition board. 
Afterwards these were equally distributed among the numerous committees gradu- 
ally appointed throughout the Archipelago, and of which a list is here attached. 
These posters were made in imitation of world's fair posters, having the pictures of 
President McKinley and President Roosevelt, Jefferson, and Napoleon, Rizal, and 
Governor Taft. The same design was applied to 3,000 diplomas of grateful recogni- 
tion, on which were the following words: 

"The Philippine exposition board for the St. Louis Universal Exhibition of 1904, 

has the honor to award this diploma of grateful recognition to for the 

receipt of his valuable contribution to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, 
the preliminary exposition to be held in Manila in 1903, the permanent museum of 
Philippine products in the capital of these islands, and to tender its thanks to him 
for the aid thus rendered in promoting the object of the Philippine government for 
the welfare and progress of these islands. 

"Manila, , ." 

The work of the exposition board began in the Santa Potenciana building, but 
after about two weeks in those offices the board removed to the ayuntamiento, and 
at about that time, also, the chairman of the board, Dr. William P. Wilson, director 
of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and the disbursing officer, Mr. Carson 
Taylor, were appointed. In the ayuntamiento the basis of success was laid. The 
members of the board here came into closer contact, first, with the members of the 
Civil Commission and heads of bureaus interested in the exposition work; and, 
second, with all the provincial governors, who had been purposely called to Manila 
to be instructed for the census work under the direction of Gen. J. P. Sanger. 

When the board began its real work it found itself nearly deprived of the liberty 
of action necessary for a rapid success in a limited time. In order not to disorganize 
the established government organizations, the board had to comply with the rules 
with respect to the insular purchasing agent, as well as with the rules of the auditor. 
But, besides, much to the detriment of a decided success, the provincial and munic- 
ipal boards were not empowered to vote money for collections of exhibits in their 
territories, so the most effective way of obtaining exhibits was closed. Nor was the 
amount of $100,000 appropriated, which the provincial governors had unanimously 
requested from the Philippine Civil Commission, in order to overcome the immense 
difficulties against successful work in their provinces, produced by rinderpest, surra, 
cholera, and locusts, ladronism, and the consequences of former revolutions. 

The exposition board states with pleasure that, with all these adverse circumstances 
which obliged it to depend for a long time upon voluntary contributions, it had 
success; and, that it owes much of its results to the exceptionally disinterested col- 



408 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

laboration of many of the provincial governors and municipal committees. The 
Filipino people have given by this exposition work a good proof of their high-spirited 
patriotic pride which has induced them, in the midst of extreme misery, to make a 
supreme sacrifice in order that the resources and conditions of their country might 
appear in a dignified manner before the civilized world. 

While in the ayuntamiento the propaganda work started and all necessary prep- 
arations for success were made, the positive work began when the board moved at 
the beginning of the new year from the ayuntamiento to its present premises, Calle 
General Solano, No. 384, San Miguel, which the government first intended to pur- 
chase, but finally rented. Here the permanent museum of the exposition board 
commenced and the previously mentioned pamphlets and circular letters were 
largely distributed. 

In order to give an idea of the board's correspondence and general propaganda 
work, we might mention that outside of the enumerated pamphlets and circulars, 
50,000 letter heads and 15,000 second sheets, 111,600 envelopes, over 102,000 cards, 
and 18,000 printed labels were used. The employees of the exposition board 
worked hard and are entitled to high praise for the faithful work done throughout 
the year without interruption. The principal propaganda had to be done, and was 
done, during the first three months, the necessary and abundant transportation and 
representation charges running at Doctor Niederlien's expense. 

Besides the mentioned circular letters and pamphlets sent to persons and organi- 
zations and to every respectable concern in the directory, a number of committees 
were called into life, some dying soon after, while others developed. Soon the 
system of contracts and of sending out of special collectors had to be adopted. 
With special permission of the civil governor, the first contracts and agreements 
were made with government departments, particularly with bureaus of the depart- 
ment of the interior, and large credits were opened to the same for important 
collections to be handed over to the exposition board in a given time. Of these we 
might mention those with Capt. George P. Ahern, chief of the forestry bureau; Doc- 
tor Lamson-Scribner, chief of the bureau of agriculture; Father Algue," director of the 
weather bureau; and the chief of the bureau of non-Christian tribes, who among 
other things promised for the exposition an album of all the types of the existing 
tribes. Also collectors, such as Mr. Albert P. Wright, Mr. John S. Gillies, and Mr. 
Valentine Wilson, were engaged to go into the provinces to obtain proper exhibits, 
while, at the same time, instructing the people and the committees how to aid 
intelligently the exposition board in its earnest endeavors toward a rich, worthy, 
and complete exhibit of the resources and conditions of the Philippine Islands. 

The insular government had made the collecting of exhibits as easy as possible by 
exempting exhibitors from taxes on exhibits and by even allowing free postage for 
packages up to 4 pounds; by granting free telegraph privileges and free transporta- 
tion on United States Army transports and coast-guard vessels. The efforts of the 
board to induce the foreign shipping firms and the Manila-Dagupan Railway to 
give free transportation to exposition material were crowned with the most gratifying 
results. 

The expectations for the Philippine Academy of Sciences were, however, not ful- 
filled ; scarcely half a dozen of the invited professional men, among them Bishop 
Brent and Doctor Ottofy, helped to collaborate or offered their services. Similar fail- 
ures attended the first committee of art and of Philippine literature under the presi- 
dency of Professor Zulueta, as well as, with few exceptions, the women's committees 
and the press committees. El Mercantil criticised the failure of a Philippine press 
committee in a rather unfair and drastic way, stating that — 

"There is not yet a true press in the Philippine Islands because there are no 
journalists in a true and intimate professional sense, for lack of moral force, recogni- 
tion of mutual duty, spirit of solidarity, and courage of sacrifice." 

In the same category fell at first our endeavors with the American, Manila, Spanish, 
and Chinese chambers of commerce. At the beginning even the most hearty sup- 
port given by the American, Filipino, and Spanish press was of no practicable result. 
Editorials like this, "In order to achieve results everyone who can aid and render 
and furnish services must give with no stinting hand, of his time and labor, and do 
what in him lies, encouraging the board and facilitating its work. Only in this way 
can the Philippine exhibit at the world's fair be truly representative and most 
thoroughly and widely successful," were of no avail. 

As stated above, the best results were obtained in the provinces, due principally to 
the governors who had assembled in Manila and were first made acquainted with the 
exposition work at the official reception in the ayuntamiento, December 15, through 
the speech of Mr. Niederlein, hereto attached, and afterwards, on December 19, in 
the office of the exposition board, where special instructions and a mass of litera- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 409 

ture were given to thein. The exposition board directed circular letters to nearly 
every educated man in Manila and the provinces, including prominent government 
employees in the different bureaus, teachers, postmasters, telegraph operators, con- 
stabulary officers, and officers of the Army. 

The exposition board at the beginning of December had already sent to Colonel 
Edwards, Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs at Washington, a request to obtain 
from the Secretary of War a permit for the commanding general to order all military 
men of the islands to cooperate with the exposition board. The intended war 
exhibit should demonstrate in every detail the historical events and the achieve- 
ments of the American Army in both military and administrative capacities. 

After the provincial committees had been formed nearly 50,000 circulars, together 
with other printed matter, were distributed to them, as well as to the justices of the 
peace and to other municipal officers. 

The board, however, soon found out that its best reliance for the success of a Phil- 
ippine Islands exhibit would be unlimited funds, to be used at the last moment in 
obedience to the law when no more gratuitous contributions could be expected. 

On December 4 the board asked President Francis, of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company, to transfer to the Philippine exposition board all the royalties 
for privileges to be let in the form of concessions on the site of the Philippine 
exhibit in St. Louis, which meant an estimated increase of our funds of about 
11,000,000. 

In order to save much trouble and annoyance, and to be sure of having the ground 
properly prepared and its exposition palaces adequately built up, it even suggested 
to have invested by the exposition company the sum of $100,000 allotted by the 
same to the exposition board on account of the efforts of Governor Taft, Colonel 
Edwards, and Doctor Wilson in the erection of the buildings and in the preparation 
of the grounds, superintended by the latter as chairman of the exposition board. 

The exposition board, with very good reasons, further relied upon the beneficial 
results of a public museum, and with the hope of making such a museum more 
attractive, useful, and suggestive, it invited, by means of the Philadelphia Commer- 
cial Museum, the American manufacturers to participate in the establishment of 
such a museum by sending to the board agricultural implements and other goods 
suitable for these islands, which it was expected would be transported free of charge 
by the United States Army transports. It also believed in preliminary provincial 
expositions in the capital of each province and suggested the same to the provincial 
governors. 

After all moral influence had been obtained by receiving or soliciting aid, not only 
from all mentioned organizations and individuals, but also of Emilio Aguinaldo, of 
the archbishop, and of the apostolic delegate, Archbishop Guidi , and after the per- 
sonal interests of all the manufacturers had been set forth in demonstrating to them 
the benefits that could be derived from town or city expositions, and inviting them 
to exhibit their cigars, cigarettes, artistic furniture, gold and silver ware, products of 
art, or of domestic industries, etc., in the permanent museum, the board then pro- 
posed to give the provincial governors pecuniary aid, asking them for the amount 
required to collect creditable exhibits in their provinces for the museum and the 
world's fair. This method, on a business basis, the exposition board had largely to 
follow in order to secure success. All other systems and ways for obtaining the 
necessary collections were tried, one after another and then together, and are still in 
operation, yet in this country and under the existing conditions not with the usual 
results. 

Nothing was left undone. All kinds of tactics were employed to secure the sym- 
pathy and support of as many collaborators as could possibly be obtained. Even 
the enumerators of the ceusus were induced to enter our staff of collaborators, and 
Governor Taft himself urged all government authorities throughout the islands by 
a telegram and a circular letter to contribute effectively to the coveted success. A 
paper, in the true spirit of our endeavors, wrote the following in an editorial: 

"The Philippines must not neglect its opportunities at the St. Louis Exposition. 
A good appropriation has been made for our exhibit. A capable board is in charge, 
and the work progresses favorably, but what is most needed is the holding up of the 
hands of the committee by the business men of these islands." 

The exposition board, in order to be able to devote all its energies to the soliciting 
or collecting of exhibits, in accordance with a preliminary arrangement made between 
Mr. M. E. Beall, Colonel Edwards, and Mr. Niederlein, asked the Bureau of Insular 
Affairs in Washington to prepare the necessary preface to its catalogue in the form 
of a precise description, or handbook, of the Philippine Islands. It was requested 
that this preface be made principally from the exhaustive data on hand sent to it by 
all the departments of the insular bureaus and by the military authorities of the 



410 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Philipine Islands, for fear that new data would not be available in time, a supposi- 
tion which proved only too true. 

Notwithstanding innumerable failures in its many earnest endeavors for immediate 
success, the exposition board when it presented its first report to Governor Taft on 
January 12 was able to make a satisfactory showing of its activity and energy. On 
January 15, when all the municipal presidentes had gathered together in the capital 
of each province, the exposition board asked the different governors by telegraph 
for lists of exhibits reasonably to be expected, announcing at the same time that the 
preliminary exposition or the permanent museum of the exposition board would be 
opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22. At about that time the exposition 
board also started in granting concessions in the Philippine grounds at the world's 
fair, and advertised its willingness to grant more privileges. 

Not contented with the promises made by the provincial governors and commit- 
tees, by merchants, manufacturers, and producers of all sorts, many of whom had 
been visited by members and employees of the board, nor with promises made by 
the heads of bureaus and by political parties whose leaders had been approached by 
the board in special public appeals, the exposition board sent out, as before men- 
tioned, a number of collectors and men willing to gather exhibits in their spare time 
throughout the islands in order to assure success. It even advanced money to such 
private parties as school teachers, scientific collectors, and college principals, so as 
to aid the board in increasing its collections. It also subsidized exploring expedi- 
tions like that of Doctor Freer to Paragua, with Doctor Sherman, Messrs. Applegate, 
McCaskey, and Merrill as companions, in order to secure large quantities of gutta- 
percha, almaciga, wood products of all sorts, and photographs. 

During all this time printed matter and circulars were freely distributed and the 
exposition board received many visits from exposition committees. The board also 
started a bureau of information with the purpose of showing the identity of its inti- 
mate interests with the desires and expectations of the business men in their future 
commercial relations with the United States and the world at large. More circulars 
and more letters, together with 5,000 special cards asking for loan collections, were 
issued, and the newspaper propaganda was made more intensive. The members and 
employees of the board visited, under the guidance of Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, a large 
number of prominent people and families in order to secure superior exhibits. 

The premises of the board were beautified, electric lights installed, show cases and 
glassware acquired, and two orchid houses erected by Mr. Manuel de Iriarte, and, 
finally, 2,000 invitations issued in the name of the civil governor, the Philippine 
Commission, and the exposition board to the opening ceremonies of the museum. 
The exposition board was able to open the museum on the day of the official cele- 
bration of Washington's Birthday, its rooms well filled with thousands of selected 
exhibits obtained from over 100 exhibitors, among whom were many of the families 
of the Archipelago, to whom Mr. Niederlein in his opening speech expressed the 
board's deepest gratitude. 

The opening ceremonies of the museum were attended by Governor Taft and the 
members of the Commission, Major-Gen eral Davis, apostolic delegate and arch- 
bishop of Stauropolis Guidi, the consular body, the chiefs of departments of the 
civil government, the military authorities, and over 2,000 other invited guests. 

A committee of 25 most prominent Filipinos took charge of the reception of the 
invited guests. Doctor Niederlein supplied the decorations and refreshments, while 
the San Miguel Brewery, the Germinal and Helios cigar factories, La Perla confec- 
tionery, and Baxter & Co.'s perfumery offered their products with the greatest lib- 
erality. This first step of the exposition board toward the final result was considered 
a great success, and the favorable comments enthusiastically given have greatly influ- 
enced the Filipinos at large to make future contributions. 

After the opening of its museum, numerous though relatively small collections 
arrived from Tarlac, Zambales, Sorsogon, Abra, and other provinces, or were sent by 
the collectors, whose numbers had been increased. A number of exceptional collec- 
tions had to be purchased. An insurance policy against loss by fire had been taken 
out early in February. 

Mr. Niederlein, a few days after the opening, made a trip to the southern islands, 
viz, Paragua, Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao, visiting in the latter island Zamboanga, 
Malabang, Palang-Palang, and Cotabato, augmenting collections and arranging a 
concession for a great Moro village in the Philippine grounds in St. Louis. After his 
return, the mentioned important contract was made with Father Algue for the repro- 
duction of a first-class meteorological observatory at St. Louis and also for a series 
of important relief maps, which, together with a large relief map 110 feet in length 
by 70 feet in width, will show, besides the geographical and topographical conditions, 
also the distribution of the resources of the archipelago and the general economic 
conditions of the country. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 411 

About the same time Captain Macomb, in charge of the military bureau of infor- 
mation of the general staff of the commanding general, was put in charge of the 
intended military exhibit, but the board's expectations were only in small part ful- 
filled, as no orders were given to assist the exposition board. 

By a cablegram dated March 7 the exposition board was notified that by a new 
agreement with the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company a further amount of 
$100,000 was secured for our exposition work in St. Louis, under the condition, how- 
ever, that this sum would be refunded by the insular government in case the expo- 
sition company, aided by the War Department, should fail to get itself reimbursed 
by Congress after the close of the exposition. 

The system of exposition work adopted was energetically continued; more com- 
mittees were appointed, more collectors were sent out, more letters were circulated, 
more telegrams for specific exhibits were issued at short intervals to the provincial 
governors, and better arrangements were made with government bureaus for com- 
plete series of valuable economic exhibits, yet not always with the expected success. 

The board's next great step of its work was a great preliminary exposition in 
Manila, and it ordered therefor 500 show cases, 12,000 glass jars, and other material 
to hold the collections expected for that occasion. 

The educational work of the islands has been taken particularly into consideration 
since the incumbency of Doctor Atkinson and Commissioner Moses, and a new 
appeal was made by a speech of Mr. Niederlein when the division superintendents 
of schools, under the direction of Doctor Bryan, assembled in Manila during the 
last week in March. 

At this time a long and hot discussion in the Filipino, Spanish, and English press 
about the feasibility of sending non-Christian tribes to the world's fair brought the 
exposition board more prominently before the public. 

At the end of March the exposition board counted over 4,900 exhibits, of which 
384 belonged to the educational department, 282 to the department of art, 1,298 to 
the liberal arts, 492 to the department of manufactures, 602 to the department of 
agriculture, 279 to the department of forestry, 472 to the department of mining, 231 
to the department of fish and game, 972 to the department of ethnology, etc. 

In the month of April the museum was opened on Sundays and holidays, because 
of the great number of people interested in the collections on hand. During that 
month all the details for the architectural contest for buildings to be erected in the 
Philippine grounds in St. Louis were outlined and awards fixed. In April also, in 
order to properly receive and display the incoming collections, the adjoining build- 
ing, known by the name of "La Giralda," was rented. Soon afterwards the agricul- 
tural, horticultural and forestry, mining, and industrial products were installed therein, 
filling the building at once. The government laboratories were now extensively 
used for assays and other investigations. The offer of the agricultural bureau to loan 
its fiber expert for the purpose of collecting an exhaustive fiber exhibit was grate- 
fully accepted. 

With the books loaned and partly given by Mr. Pedro A. Paterno and books 
brought by Mr. Niederlein for consultation a library was formed and opened for the 
use of the public. After the arrival of an expert anthropologist, Dr. Daniel Folk- 
mar, long-intended plaster casts were made of characteristic types representing the 
races of the islands. This collection has gradually become of high scientific value in 
connection with measurements and photographs made for a compartive study of races 
and their mixtures. 

A series of articles published in the newspapers held the interest of the people and 
press in the exposition alive. On April 15 our collections had increased to 6,000 
exhibits. Up to this date only $18,000 had been expended. During the month of 
April Col. H. O. S. Heistand, adjutant-general, division of the Philippines, directed 
all military commanders to have officers and men lend assistance to the exposition 
board. In the same month the jury of awards for the architectural contest was 
appointed, and a pedagogical expert, Mr. A. R. Hager, put in charge of the educa- 
tional exhibit. 

At the end of the month Doctor Wilson, our chairman, arrived in company of the 
vice-governor, General Wright. The board had previously voted to each provincial 
governor 500 pesos, and in May, when an executive order recalled the Mexican cur- 
rency to the treasury, each governor was authorized to spend without further delay 
the rest of the amount in exhibits of exceptional merit. As a consequence of this, 
large amounts of new exhibits arrived, and on the 20th of May, when Doctor Wilson 
left for the United States, over 10,000 exhibits were in our hands. 

Doctor Wilson came to these islands to have a glance at the exposition work and 
its progress, to have an interview with the members of the exposition board, and to 
receive his instructions for his work in St. Louis. Soon after his arrival he went to 



412 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Benguet, where Governor Taft and the Commission had assembled. He suggested 
to the Commission that the permanent museum and the preliminary exposition be 
abolished and that some other changes be made in the exposition law with respect 
to the representation of the board in St. Louis. The Philippine Commission acted 
accordingly on May 25. He also pressed the Philippine Civil Commission for more 
funds. 

In the meantime, the architectural contest was held under the presidency of Mr. 
Edgar K. Bourne, chief of the bureau of architecture, and the following prizes were 
awarded: 

First prize of 1,000 pesos to A. E. Anderson and Guy H. Mahurin; second prize of 
750 pesos to R. de la Rosa; third prize of 500 pesos to Guillermo Gardiner, and 
fourth prize of 250 pesos to lsabelo Tampinco. 

On the return of Doctor Wilson from Benguet the board took up with him in detail 
the discussion of the site, kind, size, and cost of buildings, arrangement of grounds 
at the exposition, and authorized him to make contracts for their proper and rapid 
execution. The latest date on which the buildings are to be ready was fixed at 
January 31. Doctor Wilson was also authorized to let concessions for a number of 
restaurants, cafes, fruit, candy, and soft-drink stalls, etc. , on the Philippine grounds. 
At the same time the privileges applied for in the islands by a number of men were 
thoroughly discussed and disposed of. Doctor Wilson was authorized to appoint the 
necessary staff for the supervision of his work in St. Louis, and to take along with 
him Mr. J. L. Irwin, formerly private secretary to Commissioner Worcester, as clerk. 
Mr. E. Lacayo was appointed to take a number of Filipino builders to St. Louis to 
erect typical Filipino houses on the exposition grounds. Doctor Wilson also received 
full authority to collect the promised sum of $100,000 from the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company, depositing it and using it in accordance with the rules of the 
Bureau of Insular Affairs in Washington, or, if necessary, according to the rules laid 
down by the exposition company. Among other matters, also, the convenience of 
substantial exhibits of art were discussed and agreed upon. 

Furthermore, a rapid shipment of the exhibits on hand was recommended, and the 
sending of non-Christian tribes to the fair with the necessary houses, utensils, imple- 
ments, etc., was considered necessary in order to make the Philippine display com- 
plete and particularly interesting. Preliminary steps were also taken to have the 
Civil Commission agree to send the constabulary band in an increased number over 
to the exposition, with, if possible, two companies of constabulary, composed of men 
selected from the foremost native tribes of the islands. A similar move took place 
in Washington at or about that time, Colonel Edwards, chief of the Bureau of Insular 
Affairs, arranging for the transfer to the world's fair of four companies of Philippine 
scouts equally composed of men from all the principal tribes. During that time the 
propaganda work went on as usual, a series of articles were written for the press, 
more requests by urgent telegrams and letters were sent to the provinces, and our 
collectors were urged to increase their collections as rapidly as possible. 

The propositions made by the board of health for a most elaborate exhibit were 
properly considered and the necessary amount of money voted. Another excellent 
proposition made by the government laboratories found the same support, and also 
Doctor Barrows' elaborate plans for a great ethnographic exhibit were approved. The 
packing of our material on hand began vigorously under the direction of Mr. G. P. 
Linden, whose extraordinary activity is worthy of the highest praise. At the end of 
May the exhibits had increased to 12,000. 

In the month of June our first shipment of about 570 tons went on the Kilpatrick 
to New York for St. Louis. During the same month the most successful prize winner 
in the architectural contest, Mr. Anderson, was engaged as architect for the exposi- 
tion board to prepare the plans of the grounds and buildings. After the approval of 
the same by Governor Taft and the Civil Commission, Mr. Anderson left on June 25 
for the United States. In June $1,000 was voted for a custom-house display. The 
exposition board also agreed to aid the constabulary band by the purchase of stringed 
instruments in order to enable them to attract a greater attention in the Philippine 
exhibition. During that month and the next large purchases of building material 
for buildings of Filipino style were made and prepared for shipment on the U. S. army 
transport Dix. On the same steamer were shipped a large number of tree ferns and 
palms prepared by Professor Lyon for exhibition, alive, at the exposition. Further- 
more, 30 builders were engaged to leave on the U. S. army transport Sherman. At 
the end of June the collections had increased to over 15,000 exhibits, many of which 
had arrived from Samar, Romblon, Masbate, Pampanga, and other provinces. 

In July a new committee of art was appointed. The governors of the provinces 
were also asked for a precise description of their respective territories to be used in 
St. Louis for a well-organized propaganda. The chiefs of bureaus were again requested 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 413 

to prepare and remit before the end of August the desired exhibit, and to give besides 
a concise account of the work accomplished by their various departments. 

The bureau of coastguard and transportation asked and received $1,250 for the 
preparation of its exhibit. Letters were again directed to the American chamber of 
commerce asking for a brilliant participation at the world's fair as a body. This 
time our appeal found consideration, the chamber's president, Mr. Heacock, taking 
immediate action in the matter. A spontaneous offer of assistance was also made to 
the exposition board by the Philippine chamber of commerce through its president, 
Mr. Francisco Reyes. In July also Maj. Frank de L. Carrington took charge of the 
four companies of scouts which will form a part of the official guard of the Philippine 
exposition in St. Louis. 

"With the approval of Governor Taft a contract was executed with the celebrated 
artist Isabelo Tampinco for a Rizal monument to be erected in the Philippine section 
of the world's fair in St. Louis, according him §3,500 gold for the same. Another 
contract was made with the well-known painter Resurreccion Hidalgo, in Paris, for 
a great painting representing the Philippines being led by the United States to prog- 
ress and liberty, allotting him 25,000 francs for this work. Our collectors, Mr. Gil- 
lies, Doctor Miller, Mr. Valentine Wilson, Messrs. J. Luna, Charles L. Hall, Ger- 
brich, Radtke, d'Erf Browne, Juan de Juan, and others, were furnished with more 
means for increasing rapidly their collections. One of them, Mr. Juan de Juan, 
brought from Cagayan a petrified head, apparently of an elephas indicus, demon- 
strating that the elephant has at some time been a part of the mammiferous fauna of 
Luzon. More funds were also voted to a large number of the governors with which 
to purchase more valuable exhibits. 

Former Lieutenant-Governor Hunt was engaged as manager of the Igorrote exhibit, 
and immediately sent with the necessary funds into the field. A collector in Jolo 
was authorized to spend 4,000 pesos in the purchase of pearl shells and other marine 
products, in order to represent fully the most important industry of the southern 
islands. Doctor Barrows and Doctor Sherman also received considerable sums to 
procure large collections for the fair on their trip through the southern islands. It 
was also provisionally agreed with Brigadier-General Allen, chief of constabulary, 
that two buildings of nipa would be erected in the Philippine grounds for the con- 
stabulary men and a small house for the officers accompanying the same. It was 
furthermore agreed to have a Filipino history written by a prominent Filipino, 
Sefior F. Calderon, from the standpoint of Filipinos, in contrast to other historical 
works which were written from the Spaniards' standpoint, being unjust in giving no 
credit to Filipinos in the past. To encourage the proposed work of the American 
chamber of commerce, Mr. Niederlein delivered a speech in that chamber outlining 
the scope of the work for the members and their committees in order to engender 
more successful endeavors to represent fully the conditions and particularities of the 
commercial life in the Philippines. 

In the month of July, with the approval of Governor Taft, May 1 was decided on 
as Philippine day at the world's fair. It was also declared the opening day of the 
Philippine exposition, and the committee of ceremonies in St. Louis was requested 
to issue the necessary invitations to the President and Cabinet, Members of Congress, 
diplomats, governors of States, military and naval authorities, for the opening cere- 
monies. In July also arrived the descriptive work on the Philippines, prepared, as 
stated before, in the Bureau of Insular Affairs, by Mr. M. E. Beall, as a preface to the 
catalogue of exhibits of the exposition board. 

The freight rates also came again under discussion, and after considerable cabling 
the rate of $24 a ton from Seattle, San Francisco, or New York to St. Louis was 
reduced to $12 per ton from Manila to St. Louis. The first concession contract also 
was ratified, Messrs. Deputy and Moody depositing $500 ki the insular treasury and 
$10,000 United States currency in the Lnited States as bond for the faithful fulfillment 
of their concession referring to the sale of photographs, erection of a cinematograph, 
a stereopticon, etc., on the Philippine grounds. The exposition board also resolved 
to send to St. Louis at once for classification, by _ a competent man of the Geo- 
logical Survey in Washington, the mineral collections, the mining bureau having 
officially declared its incapacity to do the work for want of experts. 

As stated already the exposition board loaded the U. S. army transport Dix with 
3,940 tons of exhibits and building material, besides requesting its quartermaster to 
take over from Japan the rest of 500 show cases ordered some time ago for the pre- 
liminary exposition. The Dix also took along the first 10 builders. During the 
month of July also the usual newspaper propaganda was carried on, and telegrams, 
circulars, and" letters issued in order to assure more exhibits. At the end of the 
month the collections had increased to 24,000 exhibits. 

In August the carefully revised description of the Philippine Islands went to 



414 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

the printer. More appeals were made to the public, to the manufacturers and pro- 
ducers, and the provincial governors and committees were specially urged to pay 
particular attention to the exposition work after the census work was completed. 
A number of contracts were made for artistic furniture, paintings, and other works 
of art. 

In August the Philippine Commission, by act No. 824, increased the insular 
appropriation for the exposition board to $500,000 gold, and by another enactment, 
No. 827, it ordered a number of exhibits to be shipped back after the closing of the 
World's fair for a permanent Philippine museum in Manila. The board engaged 
new collectors to replace others who had resigned. With the increase of work a 
raise of salary was agreed upon for Mr. D. J. Ryan, stenographer, Mr. H. F. Kendall, 
property clerk, and a number of the most faithful Philippine employees. The expo- 
sition board also considered it necessary to appoint Mr. Fenner, member of the 
American chamber of commerce, to take charge of its department of commercial 
information and the foreign imports, about 3,000 samples of which had gradually 
been gathered with full information about the same. 

The number of the exhibits at the end of the month had reached 30,000, of which 
29,000 were catalogued. At the beginning of that month the board issued an alpha- 
betical list of exhibitors, comprising at that time about 1,500 names. This number 
was increased to 2,000 at the end of the month. 

As the second part of the Official Catalogue, the catalogue proper had now to be 
prepared for the printer. Mr. G. d' Erf Browne was put in charge of this department, 
with Mr. Applegateand Mr. Arnold as his assistants. During August the incoming min- 
eral exhibits had increased considerably, and Mr. Thanish, from the government labo- 
ratories, a competent mineralogist, was put in charge of them. A chemist, Mr. Walker, 
of the same bureau, was intrusted with the analysis of dyestuffs and tan barks, 
while Doctor Sherman continued the chemical analyses of all kinds of minor forest 
products; Mr. Fox continued his labors as assay er of ores, Mr. Merrill with the 
preparation of the herbarium of useful plants, Mr. Charles S. Banks with the prepa- 
ration of a great exhibit of insects of these islands, and Mr. L. M. Guerrero, the 
learned secretary of the exposition board, with the classification and description of 
the economic plants accumulated in our buildings from all parts of the islands. 

Considerable activity was displayed in urging haste upon the different members of 
committees throughout the islands, in view of the approaching date of the final 
shipment, which was set November 15. The packing of exhibits went vigorously on, 
and on August 8 about 550 tons were shipped on the S. S. Pleiades. In order to 
save the valuable exhibits from the influences of the rainy season, all products of art 
were cased and made ready for shipment on the Coptic in the following month. In 
August the exposition board also sent 30 Filipino builders in charge of our curator 
and taxidermist, Mr. Barbaza, on the Sherman to the United States. On a former 
transport, Logan, the exposition board shipped to the United States a considerable 
number of specimens of the fishes of the islands, collected by Messrs. Pierson, Bar- 
baza, Hall, and others, in order that they might be identified by the U. S. Fish 
Commission in Washington. 

The month of September has in large part been spent in determining those kinds 
of exhibits of which the board is still lacking, and earnest endeavors through letters 
and telegrams to committees and collectors have been made to make the Philippine 
exhibit complete and respectable. In the middle of September about 270 tons of 
the most select exhibits were shipped on the Coptic. At the beginning of the month 
the German consul, Doctor Grunewald, the British consul-general, Hon. W. J. 
Kenny,, the French consul, Hon. G. de Berard, and the Spanish consul-general, 
Mr. N. Rivero, offered their gracious assistance to the board for collective exhibits 
of their countrymen, which the exposition board gratefully accepted. 

During the month of September Father Algue turned over to the board 7 relief 
maps, the same being of most excellent workmanship. The bureau of non-Christian 
tribes (now called the ethnological survey of the Philippines) sent in a number of 
collections from the Moro and Jolo group, in compliance with a former contract. 
Further exhibits were also received from the forestry bureau, the bureau of agricul- 
ture, and Chief Bonner of the fire department. 

Vice-Go vernor Luke^E. Wright, secretary of finance and justice and in charge of 
the department of the interior, and Commissioner-General J. F. Smith, secretary of 
public instruction and in charge of the department of finance and justice, directed 
circular letters to the respective heads of bureaus, requesting that they hasten the 
remittance of exhibits, and requesting at the same time complete lists of the same. 

In September the provincial governor, provincial committees, and the division 
superintendents of schools reported great activity throughout the Archipelago. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



415 



Former Lieutenant-Governor Hunt, now the manager of the Igorrote exhibit, sent 
a large collection from Lepanto-Bontoc, which it required over 200 Igorrote cargadores 
to transport. 

Doctor Jenks, chief of the ethnological survey of the Philippine Islands, sorted 
the ethnological exhibits by tribes for a great and instructive ethnological display. 
The board has planned to take to the United States, not only a large number of 
Igorrotes, Tinguianes, and Moros, but also Negritos and several tribes of the 
so-called Indonesians who live in the eastern part of Mindanao, who, together with 
the type-casts mentioned above, will furnish the student of comparative anthropology 
with'invaluable material for study. 

By the end of September 43,162 exhibits had been gathered, as follows: 



Number 


Number 


of 


of ex- 


exhibits. 


hibitors. 


10, 954 


2,430 


7,954 


2,091 


7,674 


1,064 


5,749 


558 


3,530 


120 


2,504 


214 


2,102 


207 


1,016 


66 


729 


503 


498 


139 


252 


130 


186 


1 


14 


10 


5 


1 


1 


1 



Department of — 

Manufactures 

Agriculture 

Forestry 

Fish and game 

Horticulture 

Anthropology 

Liberal arts 

Education 

Mines and metallurgy 

Fine arts 

Transportation 

Military supplies 

Machinery 

Social economy 

Physical culture 

Total 



43,162 



7,537 



The exposition board issued also the attached alphabetical list of exhibitors with 
the corresponding number of entry cards of exhibits for the catalogue. The total 
number of entry cards at the beginning of September was 29,537, and the total 
number of distinct individual exhibitors 2,398. The following table shows the dis- 
tribution of both by provinces or islands: 



Manila 

Abra 

Albay 

Ambos Camarines 

Antique 

Eataan 

Batangas 

Benguet 

Bulacan 

Bohol 

Cagayan 

Capiz 

Cavite 

Cebu 

Iloilo 

Ilocos Norte 

IlocosSur 

Isabela 

Lepanto-Bontoc . . 
Leyte 



Number 

of entry 

cards. 



5,601 

813 

7 

286 

450 

76 

347 

129 

667 

410 

827 

394 

251 

175 

711 

1,434 

1,283 

363 

337 

59 



Number 

of ex- 
hibitors. 



192 
94 
2 
36 
24 
7 
25 
21 
88 

119 
94 
33 
35 
11 

114 

139 
96 
28 



Masbate 

Mindanao 

Mindoro 

Misamis 

Negros Occidental 
Negros Oriental . . 

Nueva Ecija 

Nueva Vizcaya . . . 

Pampanga 

Pangasinan 

Paragua 

Rizal 

Romblon 

Samar 

Sorsogon 

Surigao 

Tarlac 

Tayabas 

Union 

Zambales 



Number 

of entry 

cards. 



323 

1,203 
778 
156 
618 
458 
477 
105 
968 

1,316 
218 
272 
241 

2,879 
844 
158 

1,720 
919 
293 

1,199 



Number 

of ex- 
hibitors. 



33 
50 
23 
15 

134 

57 

15 

7 

120 
45 
27 
26 
22 

251 
69 
16 

124 

109 
13 
50 



The provinces which have distinguished themselves with a large nr ber of 
exhibits are, in the order of the total amount, Samar, Tarlac, Ilooos Norte, Pangasinan, 
Ilocos Sur, Mindanao, Zambales, Pampanga, Tayabas, Sorsogon, Cagayan, Abra, 
Mindoro, Iloilo, Bulacan, Negros Occidental, and Nueva Ecija. 

The attached list of exhibits and exhibitors, by departments, groups, and classes, 
reveals in detail the work the exposition board has accomplished up to September. 

With the exception of the department of electricity, all departments mentioned in 
the official classification of the World's Fair are represented in the Philippine 
collection. 



416 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The Philippine exhibit also is represented in 103 groups out of 144 and in 308 
classes out of 807. In order to show a few items, we give the following classes: 

Department of education: 

Class 2, 489 exhibits referring to elementary grades. 

Class 7, 143 exhibits referring to university work. 
Department of fine arts: 

Class 27, 190 exhibits referring to paintings. 

Class 30, 122 exhibits referring to sculpture. 

Class 33, 145 exhibits referring to carvings. 
Department of liberal arts: 

Class 55, 700 exhibits referring to photographic views. 

Class 57, 197 exhibits referring to books. 
Department of manufactures: 

Class 200, 1,786 exhibits referring to basket ware. 

Class 253, 341 exhibits referring to matting. 

Class 309, 140 exhibits referring to looms, weaving. 

Class 342, 522 exhibits referring to fabric, Manila hemp. 

Class 343, 191 exhibits referring to fabric, jussi, pina. 

Class 344, 190 exhibits referring to cordage. 

Class 368, 281 exhibits referring to embroidery. 

Class 383, 934 exhibits referring to hats, caps. 

Class 389, 517 exhibits referring to canes, whips. 
Department of agriculture: 

Class 488, 452 exhibits referring to implements. 

Class 491, 116 exhibits referring to implements, harvest. 

Class 492, 144 exhibits referring to miscellaneous implements. 

Class 496, 392 exhibits referring to tobacco. 

Class 512, 954 exhibits referring to rice, cereals. 

Class 513, 481 exhibits referring to legumes. 

Class 514, 173 exhibits referring to tubers. 

Class 517, 114 exhibits referring to coffee, cocoa. 

Class 518, 351 exhibits referring to oil-producing plants. 

Class 555, 128 exhibits referring to sugar. 

Class 573, 739 exhibits referring to textile plants. 
Department of horticulture: 

Class 635, 137 exhibits referring to tropical fruit. 

Class 646, 3,245 exhibits referring to orchids, ornamental plants. 
Department of forestry: 

Class 653, 279 exhibits referring to seeds. 

Class 659, 528 exhibits referring to logs. 

Class 660, 4,064 exhibits referring to wood samples. 

Class 661, 434 exhibits referring to textile barks. 

Class 662, 805 exhibits referring to wooden ware, baskets. 

Class 665, 980 exhibits referring to wild fruits. 

Class 666, 955 exhibits referring to barks, dyes, tannins, gutta-percha, gums, 
resins. 
Department of mines, Class 700, 181 exhibits referring to metallic ores. 
Department of fish and game: 

Class 720, 170 exhibits referring to arms. 

Class 722, 170 exhibits referring to hunting equipment. 

Class 725, 276 exhibits referring to hides, skins. 

Class 729, 849 exhibits referring to nets, baskets, etc. 

Class 730, 147 exhibits referring to anglers' apparatus. 

Class 732, 3,253 exhibits referring to shells, corals, etc. 

Class 734, 616 exhibits referring to fishes. 
Department of anthropology, class 743, 2,402 exhibits referring to ethnological 
objects." 

The packing of exhibits continued with vigor. A shipment of 26 large and long 
logs for the Philippine forestry building left September 26 for the United States. 
Another shipment of over 300 or more tons of delicate exhibits will leave early in 
October. 

Among the shipments there will be also a collection of over 3,000 samples of 
imported foreign goods intended to show at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition to the 
world at large the taste, needs, and even purchasing power of the 7,000,000 Philippine 
people, and to obtain offers for the merchants established in the Philippines for goods 
of equal or better qualities on equal or better terms and for the same or lower prices. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 417 

They were obtained by a special agent of the exposition board in the custom-house 
with the consent and aid of the customs' agents of the importing houses and supplied 
with the necessary data, which later were completed by experts provided, at our 
request, by the most important English, Swiss, and German importers. 

The foreign consuls, instigated by the British chamber of commerce in Manila, 
protested against the shipment of those samples to the world's fair, requesting the 
government to have the same returned to the custom-house, believing to stop with 
that the natural process of international competition and to prevent especially 
American competition in the Philippine Islands. The exposition board is of the 
opinion not only that 7,000,000 Filipino customers have a perfect right to be in every 
way considered in a complete display of the Philippine Islands at the word's fair, 
but that also the people of the United States have a right to know the needs and 
taste of the Filipinos. 

The board has shipped up to date 669 cases, 427 crates, 10 bales, 500 show cases, 50 
bales bamboo mats, 43 bundles of bamboo, 32,000 long bamboo, 18,550 6-foot bamboo, 
164 logs, and 105 palma brava for the forestry building; 382,095 nipa roofing, 145 bales 
of cabonegro, 47 bales of anahao roofing, a number of boats, and other objects, such 
as photographs, plans, etc. 

The disbursing officer, Mr. Carson Taylor, whose accuracy and activity are worthy 
of praise, gives the following account of money expended up to September 25: 

U. S. Currency. 

Salaries and wages $37, 770. 62 

Exhibits and contingent expense 37, 363. 79 

Office supplies, glass jars, showcases, traveling expenses, freight 13, 662. 33 

Advertisements in newspapers 631. 76 

Total 88,828.50 

Everything seems to indicate that the exposition now under way will not only 
answer'the purpose, but will be the unqualified success that is wished, and the Phil- 
ippine Exposition Board is confident that its earnest endeavors will ultimately be 
crowned with results whose farreaching influence will bring to the Philippine Islands 
that intense and universal interest that they so much need and deserve. It remains 
for the statesmen of the United States to build in the Philippines the basis of Amer- 
ica's higher mission in the countries of the Orient. 
Manila, October 2, 1903. 

Gustavo Nederlein, 

Member of the Exposition Board. 

Leon M. Guerrero, 

Secretary of the Exposition Board. 

Pedro A. Paterno, 

Member of the Exposition Board. 



Memorandum on the proposed work of the Philippine Commission for the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition of St. Louis, Mo., in 1904. 

[Presented in October, 1902, to the honorable Civil Commission.] 

A very effective way of obtaining exhibits is often the official way. In our case 
Governor Taft will be asked to issue a decree which will authorize the exposition 
commission to apply directly to the different government organizations for aid, 
requesting at the same time the several branches of government to assist in every 
possible way the exposition commission for the collection of exhibits and data. In 
this decree also mention might be made of a preliminary exposition to be held in 
August, September, or October, 1903, in Manila. 

The Philippine Commissioners will be also asked to make a decree giving to the 
exposition commission free use of the mails and of the military cable and telegraph 
fines and of the United States army transports, declaring it preferred service. 

In this decree it will be further said that products and posted information will pay 
no postage when sent to the exposition commission with the remark: " For the St. 
Louis Exposition." Similar privileges if possible will be procured for railroad trans- 
portation and from the cable company. 

The Philippine civil government will be furthermore requested to issue a decree 
relieving not only exhibitors from paying taxes or duty on exhibits for the St. Louis 

war 1903— vol 5 27 



•418 EEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Exposition, such as, for instance, wood, but also the exposition commission from 
paying duty on glassware and other manufactured articles to be imported for the 
preparation, etc., of the exhibits. 

Governor Taft will also be asked to give special instructions to the different chiefs 
of the departments and bureaus from which specific exhibits and information will 
be demanded to make them to the best advantage with the employees of the depart- 
ments or bureaus, and at the expense of their corresponding offices. 

In this way also the contributions for an exact description of the Philippine Islands, 
its conditions and resources, will be requested, with a time limit for remitting the 
same to the exposition commission in Manila. 

Governor Taft will finally be asked to extend a general invitation to the public, 
ecclesiastical and other organizations, scientific institutions, etc. , to aid the exposi- 
tion commission in making separately creditable exhibits. 

It will also be very essential to interest from the start the military authorities in 
the exposition of St. Louis. First of all there should be made a special military 
exposition of the Philippine war with appropriate charts, maps, photographs, 
trophies, etc. 

Then a general order of the military authorities should be requested for every one 
of the 300 or more military posts or stations in the various provinces or islands, to 
aid the exposition commission in every possible way, detaching special officers and 
men in each post for this service. 

In order to bring the instructions and requests into the proper channels an officer 
on the staff of the commanding general might be attached to the Commission. Also 
special arrangements might be made with respect to necessary expenses incurred. 

The exposition commission needs at once from the military authorities the use of 
their maps, showing not only the military posts and districts covered by each, but 
also in form of blue prints, certain geographic information regarding every part of 
the Philippine Islands, including roads, navigable rivers, producing centers, mines, 
distribution of tribes, etc. 

The exposition commission futher hopes that the officers available will be instructed 
to send to the Commission not only products of all kinds, including ethnological and 
anthropological material but also full information about the same, so that thegeological 
conditions, the flora and fauna and distribution of races and tribes can be better 
determined and an exact economic map of the Philippines on a large scale constructed. 

The exposition commission hopes also for special aid from the military medical 
department in reports on tropical diseases and in anthropological work respecting 
the different native tribes. Science would greatly appreciate accurate studies and 
observations and even cadavers of natives should be sent in sealed coffins to the 
United States, say in care of the Philadelphia Museums. With respect to the native 
tribes which shall be exhibited or represented at the St. Louis Exposition, masks 
will have to be taken of individuals of many tribes and it seems advisable to send 
representatives of the many tribes, from time to time, in the United States army 
transports to Manila, in order that their masks may be taken by noted artists. 

It is confidently expected that the commanding general will not fail to give urgent 
orders that every possible facility and aid be given to the exposition work. Every 
officer and soldier, we trust, will be proud to contribute to show to the people of the 
United States and to the world at large the immense natural resources, great fertility 
of soil, and enormous economical chances, which the Philippine Islands offer to the 
American capitalist, agriculturist, miner, engineer, merchant, etc. 

Returning to the civil government, there will be special aid requested from the 
bureau of public instruction with respect to school exhibits of all grades as stated in 
Department A of the St. Louis exposition classification. In accordance with this 
plan the superintendent of city schools will receive a similar request. Special aid is 
also expected from the 1,000 American teachers distributed all over the Philippine 
Islands. 

From the bureau of coast and geodetic survey general and special maps and charts, 
maps of ports and lights, etc. , will be solicited. 

The bureau of mining, we hope, will take charge of the expected exhibits of the 
classes 702 and 703 and will give adequate orders to competent engineers and em- 
ployees. 

The bureau of forestry will probably not fail to aid the exposition commission 
most efficiently in the important forestry exhibits and works embraced in class 656. 

The bureau of government laboratories will be requested to instruct their employees 
in aiding the commission in certain analyses, charts, lists, and other information. 

In expecting that the bureau of agriculture will take charge of the exhibits 
demanded in the classes 485, 486, 487, 500, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 582, 583, 
584, 585, 586, 596, 602, 609, 626, 628, 647, 648, and 685, proper orders will have to be 
given in time to competent employees and organizations, 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 419 

The bureau of public lands is expected to furnish an extract of the register of land 
with statistics of the distribution of cultivated lands in comparison with pasturage, 
forest land, swamps, mountains, and water, demonstrated in form of maps and charts. 
From this bureau also a history of fluctuations of prices of land, rents, labor, live 
stock, crops, animal products, etc., might be expected. 

From the bureau of non-Christian tribes a large ethnographical map and corespond- 
ing description on the existing tribes will be asked, together with collections of every- 
thing included in classes 739, 740, 741, 742, and 743. 

A highly interesting contribution will be expected from the weather bureau, cov- 
ering classes 63 and 64, including rain charts and all kinds of meteorological infor- 
mation. 

We expect further, considerable aid from the board of health of the Philippine 
Islands, covering classes 773, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, and 
796. The commission also naturally hopes to get from this body a work on Philip- 
pine or tropical diseases. 

The customs and immigration authorities can be of extreme usefulness, not only 
in furnishing statistical information, but in collecting products with the desired data, 
also the use of their buildings as a place for packing, receiving, and forwarding 
exhibits, as well as other facilities which these bureaus can give to the exhibitors and 
to the exposition commission. 

The aid of the department of justice will consist in a general report and in induc- 
ing the justices of the peace to join their efforts with ours for a complete exhibit of 
the Philippine resources. 

Very efficient aid can be rendered by the Philippine Constabulary in ordering the 
constabulary bodies distributed all over the islands to collect products, and to help 
the exposition commission in obtaining by contract representatives of various tribes 
for the St. Louis Exposition. 

Even the bureau of prisons can aid us with exhibits of penitentiary products and 
information respecting the management of the institutions. 

From the bureau of post-offices we shall request outside of free postage and free 
telegraph, a history of the postal and telegraphical development in the Philippine 
Islands; further, a post-office map, a postage stamp collection and certain help in pro- 
paganda and collecting work. 

The bureau of architecture and construction could easily take charge of the classes 
158 to 161 of group 128 and of the classes 34 to 36 in group 136 of the St. Louis 
Exposition classification. It could also make the plans and estimates of the Philip- 
pine exposition buildings in St. Louis in accordance with the desire of the exposi- 
tion commission. 

The office of superintendent of buildings and illuminations could make us an 
interesting exhibit of Manila. 

Interesting displays can also be made by the department of engineering and public 
works in Manila, with all kinds of plans, descriptions, and statistics; further, by the 
department of engineering and public construction showing plans of the water works, 
sewerage, etc., besides by the office of superintendent of streets, parks, bridges, 
docks, etc. 

The captain of the port of Manila will be asked to obtain for us plans for the new 
harbor improvements, as well as to call the attention of the boatmen of different 
provinces and islands to the exposition and to the desire of the exposition commis- 
sion to acquire all kinds of interesting products and articles for the St. Louis 
exposition. 

Similar instructions we would like to have given to the superintendents of public 
markets and custom-house officials, as well as railroad officials, godown agents, etc. 

The bureau of cold storage and ice plant will be asked to give us the privilege to 
store certain products up to the time of shipping, as, for instance, abaca stems, ananas 
leaves, certain vegetables, fruits, etc. , to be sent in a fresh state to the United States. 

There are still other ways of obtaining exhibits, namely, in the way of public 
propaganda, which often brings success. 

For every exposition, as a preliminary step, committees are formed, the first being 
usually the committee on publicity, composed of editors of newspapers and other 
publications, heads of chambers of commerce and similar organizations, literary men, 
artists, high government officials, officers, etc. These committees will be under cer- 
tain control of the exposition commission, which alone can take full responsibility in 
this matter. 

A special method will facilitate accumulation of facts in the commission for the 
daily press. Notice will be given about the progress of the exposition work as to 
exhibits received, sent, or promised, purchases made, orders given, the work accom- 
plished by the various committees all over the country, as well as the progress of the 
exposition preparations in St. Louis and in other countries which will be represented 



420 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

in the world's fair. Special care will be taken to keep the people constantly inter- 
ested in the exposition work. 

Besides this committee on publicity we expect to have a committee on exports 
and a committee on imports, composed of the leading firms of the islands, capable 
and willing to make an impressive show of Philippine exports and foreign imports, 
which will greatly stimulate future trade. 

Another important committee, we expect, will bethe committee on education and 
acquisition of a complete library of books on the Philippines in all languages as well 
as literature published there. The committee to be composed of leading education- 
ists, the principal directors of schools, presidents of leading scientific or literary 
societies, booksellers, librarians, high government officials, officers, priests, etc. 

There will have to be further formed an art committee, composed of artists, teach- 
ers of the Escuela Superior de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado, and leading connoisseurs 
of art. 

A committee of ethnology and anthropology and archaeology will be best com- 
posed of the heads of the bureau of non- Christian tribes, the directors of museums, 
prominent priests and missionaries, military officers, and other prominent men. 

A committee of great importance will be that of woman's work in art, science, 
and industries, such as weaving, basket and matting making, etc., as well as samples 
of books, paintings, and sculptures, and reports of their charity and hospital work, 
etc. This committee might be composed of the most prominent women of the 
islands, headed by the wives of Philippine commissioners and of highest military 
officers. 

There must also be a committee for the collection of photographs, showing the 
Philippine Islands in every way from all points of view, composed of photographers, 
amateur photographers, artists, military officers, members of the government, etc. 

Another and perhaps the most important committee will be the committee on 
general propaganda. The most advisable formation of this body seems to be the 
creation of a scientific society or a Philippine academy, with a permanent publica- 
tion on the geographic, natural, and economic conditions of the Philippine Islands. 
It can be composed of the most prominent men in every branch of knowledge, men 
of science and art, commerce, industry, officers, priests, engineers, statesmen, etc. 

The publication of the scientific society or Philippine Academy might be sustained 
by the Philippine exposition commission during the time of the exposition work in 
the Philippines and in St. Louis, and be up to that time under certain control of that 
commission, for the purpose of publishing in it the most important facts on the 
geographic and economic conditions, resources, ethnology, etc., of the Philippine 
Islands. 

It is understood that the governor and Philippine Commissioners, the command- 
ing general and heads of departments, as well as the exposition commissioners, are 
ex officio members of each committee. The sessions of committees shall be held in 
the offices of the exposition commission. These committees will be of an advisory 
character, yet without the power to dispose of the funds of the exposition commission. 

This propaganda work will be assisted by circulars and circular telegrams or 
cablegrams and further by a series of posters which will be prominently brought 
before the public in post and telegraph offices, public buildings and public offices, 
mercantile offices, show windows, banks, custom-houses, markets, steamers, railroad 
stations, hotels, restaurants, cafes, street cars, bill boards, etc. These posters will 
be made in different dialects in order to be understood all over the country. 

A method certain of success for obtaining necessary collections for exhibiting at 
the St. Louis exposition is to proceed on a business basis, devoting from the start 
money to the purchase of photographic views, certain agricultural, forest, and minor 
forest products, drugs, medicinal plants, ethnographical articles, certain products of 
industry, certain fishing and hunting products and apparatus, certain books, charts, 
and maps, certain means of transportation, etc., which can be sold at St. Louis. This 
will have to be done largely to show imported articles. For this purpose it seems to 
be advisable to enter as soon as possible into an arrangement with the custom-houses 
to make collections under our supervision; further to employ, for instance, fishermen, 
in order to make a complete fish collection under the supervision of the expert in 
the Manila Museum, or to buy, if possible, already made and classified collections of 
hides, skins, reptiles, insects, etc., or to order certain collections, as, for instance, 
drugs and minor forest products, medicinal plants, etc., from pharmacists and so- 
called curanderos. 

Different woods can be obtained in that way from Chinese wood dealers and from 
the lumber guilds, certain industrial goods produced by wood carvers, bamboo-ware 
makers, cloth manufacturers, etc., sugar from the sugar refinery in Malabon, tobacco 
from cigarette and cigar factories, etc. It might also be wise to advertise our desire 
for purchasing certain goods, as, for instance, ethnographical articles. 



&EPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 42 1 

Again, it will be convenient to frequent the markets and ports, as well as certain 
Curio shops. Another method would be to solicit loan collections, or to engage young 
Philippine students to make specified collections in the various provinces and islands. 
Special invitations will also have to be sent out. The manufacturers in the various 
islands, for instance, will have to be invited to prepare collective exhibits for the St. 
Louis exposition, such as gold and silversmiths, chocolate, alcohol, liquor, cigar and 
cigarette manufacturers, makers of confectionery, furniture, harness, and hats, tin- 
smiths, engravers, sculptors, lithographers, photographers, gardeners, etc. 

Circulars will have to advertise also the multiple desires of the exposition com- 
mission, and lists of products and localities of production will contribute to the suc- 
cess. Such lists, of which I have prepared a number, might also be first completed 
by civil and military authorities. 

For certain products I think even home manufacturers could be asked to contribute, 
with money to purchase the same. 

There exists still another method of securing exhibits, namely, collecting expedi- 
tions. They will have the purpose not only of collecting exhibits of all kinds, as 
well as information, but also of installing committees and subcommittees and in 
giving them proper instructions on the spot, in order to obtain the results of a more 
or less complete exploration, especially in all physical features, ethnographical and 
economical conditions of the Philippine Islands. It seems to me advisable to make 
first such a trip on the railroad from Manila to Dagupan, then a trip along the Pasig 
Eiver and along the shores of the Laguna de Bay, to be followed by a trip around 
Luzon and up the great river of Cagayan as far as navigable; besides, a trip to the 
Visayan Islands and to the island of Mindanao, ascending in the latter the rivers 
Grande de Mindanao and Agusan as far as navigable; and finally, to the Sulu Islands 
and Paragua. Success can be assured by advising the authorities of the various 
places in time to prepare everything for a profitable work of the commission. 

With respect to the methods of exhibiting from which to a very large extent the 
final success depends, a few ideas might be expressed. 

It seems to be advisable that the St. Louis Exposition Company shall invest the 
promised contribution for the Philippine exhibit in special buildings and installations 
for which plans and details will be given by the Philippine exposition commission. 

It is of great importance that modest exhibits are well housed and exhibited to the 
best possible advantage in superior installations; also artificial bamboos, palms, and 
ferns will have to be made in order to give to the Philippine exhibits the proper 
tropical appearance. 

_ For the show cases special precious woods from the Philippine Islands will be fur- 
nished to the exposition company in usual marketable timber; also samples for 
duplication and all materials demonstrating Philippine types of architecture and life 
of native tribes might be sent without delay. 

The St. Louis Exposition Company should also take charge of the cost of installa- 
tion of the Philippine exhibits in the different general exhibition buildings, in which 
they shall be shown, arranged by groups and classes in comparison with exhibits of 
similar kind from other countries. 

In the Philippine exposition proper there should be a special building for agricul- 
ture, including tobacco, sugar, etc., and another for forestry products, minor forestry 
products, and abaca and other fibers; further, a large building for industrial and ethno- 
graphical exhibits which shall have under the veranda a full exhibit of foreign goods, 
imported to the Philippine Islands, arranged in show windows, by classes of goods, 
showing prices and all sorts of information, as well as the manner of packing, label- 
ing, etc. 

The next group of buildings should be a large Philippine .market place, with build- 
ings illustrating the different styles of architecture, including a Catholic church and 
a Mohammedan mosque, and in which shall be shown the different Philippine indus- 
tries in process, as well as many native marketable goods. 

The market place shall be used every day for certain hours as a public market, in 
which the several tribes shall sell and buy. 

In the background, in a high natural forest, the majority of the different tribes 
shall be exhibited in their peculiar villages in their daily lives, with their imple- 
ments, house and kitchen utensils, arms, trophies, etc. 

Some tribes will only be represented by figures with masks, made by noted artists. 

At the lake front the fishing, including pearl fishing, will be shown, together with 
all kinds of fishing apparatus; also water transportation, all kinds of boats, rafts, etc.; 
further, ferries and bridges in native style, surrounded by bamboo groves, palm 
forests and fishermen's villages, or villages of native tribes having their homes on 
lake and river shores, and sometimes away from the shore on huts above water. 

In another part of the lake front there should be a rice field in terraces as well as 
plantations of other interesting plants of the Philippines, showing in every detail 



422 REPORT OE THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

agriculture and country life. There might be further made an artificial abaca plan- 
tation. Fresh abaca stems, as well as fresh pina leaves, might be sent to the expo- 
sitioD, to be continually worked by the natives before the visitors. 

In a creek also the primitive gold washing might be demonstrated. 

Efforts even might be made to illustrate the interesting copper roasting of the 
Igorrotes. 

The market building group, as stated before, is proposed to house all sorts of 
native manufacturers. Some will make cloth out of hemp alone, called " sinamay," 
used for shirts for men and waists and skirts for women. Another will make the 
tinampipi cloth, a third the pina or pineapple cloth, and a fourth jusi, a mixture of 
silk and cotton or pineapple fiber. 

There shall be further exhibited the manufacturing of mats and hats, besides the 
manufacturing of cordage, essential oils, cigars and cigarettes, pottery, woodcarving, 
gold and silver smith work, etc. 

Another part of the Philippine exposition should set forth the different means of 
transportation, presenting also the manner of packing and loading. 

A great feature of the Philippine exposition should be everyday' s processions 
through the exposition in groups of tribes, showing the costumes and religious cere- 
monies, and illustrating Philippine agriculture, fishing, hunting, etc. 

A native theater might interpret Philippine music, and give characteristic songs 
and dances and all kinds of entertainments. 

A Philippine music band would undoubtedly be a success in St. Louis, and should 
be engaged by the St. Louis Exposition directors. 

In the Philippine exposition special concessions will be granted for the manufac- 
turing and sale of cigars, cigarettes, silver and gold ware, and jewelry, Philippine 
confectionery and chocolate, Philippine albums and photographs, Philippine basket 
and leather ware, and articles made by the Moros. Other concessions will be given 
for a restaurant, a cafe, a theater, a music hall, also for transportation on boats and 
other vehicles, such as water-buffalo carts, sleds, etc. 

For Philippine exposition guards, the Philippine Scouts, or the Philippine Con- 
stabulary, might contribute to a body composed of Filipinos from all over the islands. 

In connection with this exposition there is a highly important matter to be con- 
sidered, namely, that of a preliminary exposition in Manila. 

It seems desirable to hold a preliminary exposition in Manila in August and Sep- 
tember or later in 1903, in order to create a greater interest among the Filipinos for 
the St. Louis Exposition. Such a preliminary exposition would also bring us more 
products and more exhibitors and ultimately greater benefits for the development of 
the Philippine Islands. 

No rewards will be given, yet a diploma of honor should be bestowed to those who 
in the opinion of the jury have shown superiority in their exhibits or will otherwise 
merit a grateful recognition. The expense incurred by this preliminary exposition 
will have to be borne in part by the treasuries of Manila, of the provinces, and of the 
communities or pueblos; being only partly defrayed from admission fees and conces- 
sions, sale of catalogues, etc., which latter will not be large enough to cover all 
expenses. 

This exposition will principally consist of Philippine industrial products, agricul- 
ture and forest products, including coffee, cocoa, and tobacco, abaca, pina and other 
fiber plants, woods, oilseeds, starches, sugar, cereals, legumes and vegetables, medici- 
nal plants, tanning products, dyes, gums and resins, rubber, gutta-percha, fruits, 
fishing and hunting products, ethnographical objects, a collection of Philippine books, 
a complete school exhibit, an exhibit of paintings, photographs, sculptures, etc., as 
well as all kinds of publications showing work accomplished by the American admin- 
istration of the Philippine Islands since 1898. 

As indicated above, each province shall be invited to make an exhibit at its cost, 
the general government giving free transportation in the United States army trans- 
ports. 

In order to facilitate the work, each community or pueblo shall receive at once an 
official order to prepare at its cost a creditable exhibit with the request to communi- 
cate direct with the exposition commission in Manila. The commission will give 
the proper instructions, will prepare the installations, and finely label and exhibit 
the products. 

With this preliminary exhibition it might be desirable to hold an Oriental exposi- 
tion with exhibits which might be at our disposal after the termination of the Hanoi 
exposition in the spring of 1903. 

Such an exposition will undoubtedly contribute to closer commercial relations with 
the Orient and might be a preliminary step toward the preparation of reciprocity 
treaties with our neighbors in Asia. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 423 

Such an exposition will also prove to be extremely useful to the new created 
museum of commerce, industry, ethnology, etc. , in Manila. 

A special inducement for getting collections over from Hanoi might be the free 
transport on a United States army transport from Hanoi or Haiphong to Manila. 
The Philippine civil government would probably not fail to allow those exhibits to 
come in duty free to Manila. 

In connection with this exposition, also a permanent American warehouse for the 
Orient could be started, exhibiting American goods at the expense of the American 
manufacturers, manufacturers' associations, exporters, etc. 

With respect to the Hanoi exposition I would like to make the following remarks: 

Hanoi is now the capital of Indo-China composed of the French possessions 
Tonkin, Annam, Laos, Cochin China, and Cambodge. 

Indo-China seems to have beeome a great field for Philippine exports, especially 
for tobacco, cigars, cigarette, sugar, hemp, woods, fishes, cordage, cocoa, oilseeds, 
chocolate, dyestuffs, alcohol, hides, etc., and it is undoubtedly advisable to look for 
future closer commercial relations with the French possessions in the Orient, as it 
also is capable of furnishing us in exchange rice, silk, tea, all kinds of Chinese prod- 
ucts, etc. 

On that account and for many other reasons it would be politic to take part in the 
Hanoi exposition in making a creditable exhibit of the Philippine resources and 
marketable products. 

Special arrangements could be probably made with the governor-general of Indo- 
China w T ith respect to buildings and the proper care of products, especially if based 
upon a reciprocal service later on in Manila. 

Otherwise a few pavilions could be constructed for tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, 
hemp and textile plants, sugar, coffee, cacao, and other agricultural products, woods, 
dyestuffs, oilseeds, gums, resins, etc., charts, publications of all kinds, photographs, 
as well as for a number of industrial products. 

There would be little expense for transportation, as a United States army transport 
would probably take charge of the exhibits, except in Hanoi itself. 

The necessary vessels, glassware, show cases, etc. , can be bought cheaply in Japan 
and tables, etc., made in Hanoi. The total expense should not reach the sum of 
$7,500 gold. 

Most of the glassware, show cases, and products would serve again for the prelimi- 
nary exposition in Manila and for the exposition in St. Louis, if not for the Manila 
museum. 

Being myself personally acquainted with the director-general of the exposition and 
other authorities, I hope to obtain special concessions, especially as I have served to 
the ministry of colonies of France in Paris in reestablishing and reorganizing the 
ancient colonial museum of the French Government. 

Returning to the work of the St. Louis Exposition, I propose to keep the following 
books: 

The journal for exhibits, in which will be mentioned number, department, group, 
and class, exhibitor, locality or origin, object and description, original number and 
remarks, and final disposition. 

The catalogue book, with the number of journal, original number, exhibitor, 
locality, article, description, price, remarks, and final disposition. 

The'cash blotter, with date and amount. 

The cash ledger, with date, name, residence, nature of account, number of voucher, 
of bill and amount, divided in different parts, as, for instance, for office expense, 
warehouse expense, etc. 

Purchase book, with date, name of seller, article, number of bill, and amount. 

Receipt book, in duplicate, with consecutive numbers. " 

Labor book, with date, kind of service, number of voucher, or amount. 

Stock account book, with two columns — on the received side, with date, article, 
and quantity bought; on the expense side, with date, article, and quantity. 

The store and warehouse book, in two columns — on the received side, with date, 
nature of product, and quantity; on the shipping side, with date, nature of product, 
quantity, and destination. 

Transportation record, with date, name, kind of transportation, and freight paid. 

Postage record, with date of mailing, number of letters, circulars, packages, etc. 

Telegram and cable record, with date, address, purpose, number of voucher, and 
cost. 

The receipt book, for the exhibitors in a diploma form, with date and character 
of goods received for the St. Louis Exposition and large stamp of the exposition 
commission. 



424 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The labels, with department, group, class, number, exhibitor, locality, article, 
description, having on the reverse side the original number and remarks. 

The shipping manifest, with date, number and marks, weight and measures, class 
of goods, name of ship, destination, value at which insured. 

The news clipping book. 

The card file case for the description of the Philippine Islands. 

The card file brief of correspondence, with date, number of letters, department, 
group, class, and date of answer and brief. 

The diary of work accomplished, with date, correspondence received, correspond- 
ence answered, circulars mailed, exhibits received, exhibits promised, contracts 
made, exhibits bought, supplies bought, extract of account, and remarks. 

This system of work can be easily modified and completed as soon as the full 
responsibilities of the commission and the disposition of the funds shall have been 
clearly established by decree, when proper instructions, etc., will be promptly given. 

It is highly desirable that a full, free hand be given to the exposition commission, 
under control solely of Governor Taft and his associates, in order to be able to 
accomplish rapidly and successfully the work. 

Gustavo Niederlein, 
Special Philippine Commissioner for the St. Louis Exposition. 
• 

Manila, October 18, 1902. 



EXHIBIT R. 



THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL-SERVICE 
BOARD TO THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 
AND THE UNITED STATES PHILIPPINE COMMISSION FOR THE 
YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1903. 

Manila, P. L, October 1, 1903. 
Gentlemen: In accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the civil-service act, 
the board has the honor to submit its third annual report, covering the period from 
October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903. 

EXAMINATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. 

The first table in the appendix, giving the results of all educational examinations 
held during the year covered by this report, shows a remarkable increase in the 
number of persons examined, the total being 5,216, only 533 less than the total num- 
ber previously examined since the organization of the board. This large increase is 
due principally to the great number of Filipinos entering examinations, 3,526 being 
examined in Spanish, 102 more than during the preceding two years and 1,205 more 
than during the year ended September 30, 1902. The number of persons examined 
in English is 1,690, or 82 more than during the preceding year, many of those exam- 
ined in English being Filipinos. 

The number of persons obtaining eligible grades in examinations is noticeable. In 
Spanish 1,875 passed, compared with 1,531 during the preceding two years and 1,051 
during the year ended September 30, 1902; in English 1,061 passed, 68 more than 
during the preceding year and 334 less than the preceding two years. 

The total number of competitors taking educational examinations since the organi- 
zation of the board is 10,965, of whom 5,862 passed; 4,015 of these were examined in 
English, 2,456 passing, and 6,950 in Spanish, 3,406 passing. Noneducational exam- 
inations are not included in the above summary. 

As a result of examinations for original appointment held in the Philippine Islands, 
837 English-speaking eligibles were appointed, 111 more than during the preceding 
year, and 885 Spanish-speaking eligibles, an increase of 217. Including those appoint- 
ments made by promotion, reduction, transfer, or reinstatement, and as a result of 
examinations held in the United States, 3,841 appointments have been attested by 
the board during the year, as compared with 2,481 appointments during the preceding 
twelve months. 

It is gratifying to note that the ratio of the number of Filipinos appointed to the 
number of Americans is gradually increasing. It has been difficult to induce many 
heads of bureaus to employ Filipinos freely, as persons selected from Spanish regis- 
ters naturally require more instruction in American office methods than those selected 
from English registers. However, the success of the forestry bureau, the board of 
health, the weather bureau, and other bureaus, in employing Filipinos principally, 
and the difficulty in securing a satisfactory class of appointees from the United 
States, have aided in inducing many bureau chiefs to appoint Filipinos on trial. 
Some officials who were firmly of the opinion that Filipinos could not be used success- 
fully in their bureaus are now strong advocates of their employment. Many of 
them appointed to minor positions a year or two ago have since been promoted to 
important clerkships and their original positions filled by other Filipinos selected 
from the registers of the board. There is thus a steady increase in the proportion 
of Filipinos employed in the classified service. The increased educational advan- 
tages now offered Filipinos will undoubtedly fit them for the performance of many 
of the duties required of Americans. 

425 



426 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The amount of work involved in preparing the questions and rating the papers of 
the 5,216 persons examined during the year is greater than the figures indicate, as it 
was necessary to hold all of the principal examinations at least once a month and 
many of them, such as patrolman, prison guard, hospital attendant, and apprentice, 
twice a month in order to secure a sufficient number of eligibles to meet the needs of 
the service. This involved the preparation of an unusually large number of series 
of questions; moreover, nearly all examinations were given in both the English and 
the Spanish languages, necessitating an immense amount of translating. During the 
year 93 distinct kinds of examinations were held. This number does not include 
noneducational examinations. 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CIVIL-SERVICE ACT. 

On January 9, 1903, the commission passed Act 589, amending Act 5, the civil- 
service act. Many important changes were made by this amendment, the principal 
of which are as follows: 

(a) The civil-service act is made applicable to all appointments of civilians in the 
bureaus and offices of the government of the Philippine Islands, subject to the 
limitations of the acts organizing such bureaus and offices, and with the provision 
that persons appointed by the civil governor, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Philippine Commission, and persons employed merely as laborers, shall not be 
included in the classified service unless otherwise specifically provided by law. Origi- 
nally it was necessary to classify each new bureau created by an amendment to the 
civil-service act, and this classification was usually made some time after the creation 
of the bureau, the original force of officers and employees being selected without 
regard to the civil-service act and rules. Unclassified positions are now clearly 
defined. 

(b) It is provided that the board shall determine whether promotion examinations 
shall be competitive or noncompetitive. 

(c) Examinations are required to be held in all the provinces. 

(d) The age limits for entrance into the classified service are required to be fixed 
by rule. 

(e) Section 13, relating to frauds, is made more comprehensive. 

(/) Punishment in the matter of political contributions is limited to the receiving 
officer or employee. 

(g) On and after September 1, 1903, all appointments of teachers in Manila and 
of teachers of English in the Philippine Islands are required to be made in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the civil-service act and rules. . 

REVISION OP THE CIVIL-SERVICE RULES. 

Immediately after the enactment of Act 589, the civil-service rules were revised by 
the board and certified to the civil governor, who approved them January 13, 1903. 

Some of the changes introduced in the revision are as follows: 

(a) It is declared to be the purpose of the appointing power to fill vacancies in the 
unclassified service by promotion whenever competent persons may be found in the 
service. 

(6) The general age limits for entrance to civil-service examinations are fixed at 
18 and 40 years, but provision is made that these limits may be extended for any 
examination whenever, in the discretion of the board, the needs of the service 
require it. 

(c) It is provided that a person who originally entered the classified service with- 
out examination may not be reinstated after separation therefrom until he has passed 
the examination required for original entrance to the position to which reinstatement 
is proposed. 

(d) All heads of bureaus and offices are required to keep a continuous and com- 
parative efficiency record of their employees, open to the board's inspection, and to 
render efficiency reports to the board quarterly. 

(e) Pending the adoption of competitive promotion regulations for any bureau, 
office, or branch of the service, no person is allowed to be promoted from one class 
to another until he shall have passed noncompetitively the examination prescribed 
for original appointment to the position to which promotion is proposed, and the 
increase in salary shall not take effect prior to the date of passing the examination. 

(/) All appoinments to classified positions, whether original, by promotion, reduc- 
tion, transfer, or reinstatement, must be made upon a form prescribed by the board 
and forwarded to it for attestation and transmission to the civil governor or proper 
secretary of department for approval. This regulation acts as a check upon illegal 
appointments to classified positions. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 427 

(g) It is provided that no unclassified employee shall perform the duties of a clas- 
sified position, and no classified employee shall, -without the consent of the boards 
perform the duties of a position not contemplated by his entrance examination. 

(h) Heads of bureaus or offices are required to report monthly to the board all 
absences of their employees from any cause whatever, 

(i) The board is allowed, in its discretion, to restore to the register of eligibles 
for the remainder of the period of eligibility the name of an appointee who has been 
separated from the service during his term of probation without delinquency or 
misconduct. 

THE MERIT SYSTEM APPLIED IN MAKING PROMOTIONS. 

On the day following the approval of the revised rules by the civil governor the 
general regulations governing promotions by competitive examination and the regu- 
lations governing promotions in the uniformed police force of the city of Manila 
were prescribed by the board. 

Since the submission of the last annual report a systematic method of keeping an 
efficiency record of employees has been devised, and a report of such record is 
required to be transmitted quarterly to the civil-service board. The data thus 
obtained, together with the service record kept by the board for each employee in 
the service, furnishes a basis upon which promotions may be made according to 
merit. The keeping of these records greatly stimulates employees to do the very 
best work of which they are capable. 

In the appendix may be found the promotion regulations mentioned above, and 
an outline of the several forms used in keeping the efficiency record of employees. 

AMENDMENT TO ACT 25 GOVERNING APPOINTMENTS AND REMOVALS. 

The large increase in the number of original appointments, promotions, reduc- 
tions, and removals requiring the approval of the civil governor under Act 25, as 
amended by Acts 301 and 329, led to a further amendment of this act on January 9, 
1903 (Act 588), providing that appointments to and removals from positions in 
bureaus or offices under the executive control of the secretaries of departments shall 
be subject to the approval of the secretary of department exercising executive con- 
trol over the bureau or office in which the appointment or removal is made, leaving 
appointments and removals in the other bureaus and offices in the Philippine civil 
service subject to the approval of the civil governor. By this amendment the civil 
governor is relieved of the burden of approving a large number of appointments and 
of reviewing the proceedings in a large number of cases of removals and reductions. 

CONDITIONS OF THE APPOINTMENT OF PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES TO THE PHILIP- 
PINE SERVICE. 

Prior to June 1, 1903, a person in the United States appointed to this service under 
the provisions of Act 80, as amended by Act 338, was furnished free ocean transporta- 
tion to Manila, and immediately upon arrival in the Philippines was reimbursed for 
the amount expended by him for subsistence en route from place of embarkation, 
and paid half salary for the period consumed in making the ocean voyage to the 
Philippines. After the expiration of six months of satisfactory service the appointee 
was reimbursed for the expenses incurred by him in traveling from his residence in 
the United States to the place from which he embarked for Manila. 

It was not an uncommon practice for persons appointed to this service under the 
provisions of Acts 80 and 224, to leave the service before the completion of the two 
years' service required of them. Some deserted immediately on arrival, after collect- 
ing the amount paid for half salary and subsistence on transport, and others left 
after having also received from the Government the payment for all expenses in 
connection with transportation and subsistence from place of residence in the United 
States to San Francisco, made at the expiration of six months' service. 

With a view to discourage appointees from leaving before the expiration of the 
two years which they are required to serve under the conditions of their appoint- 
ment, Act 643 was enacted, amending Acts 80 and 338 and repealing Act 224. By 
the provisions of Act 643 a person appointed in the United States to the Philippine 
civil service is required to sign a contract that he will remain in the service for at 
least two years. He may pay his own traveling expenses from place of residence to 
Manila, provided, that if any part of his traveling expenses is borne by the govern- 
ment of the Philippine Islands 10 per cent of his monthly salary shall be retained 
until the amount retained is equal to the amount borne by the government; it is 
further provided that the necessary traveling expenses from his residence in the 



428 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

United States to Manila, paid by him, either originally or through deduction from 
his salary, shall be refunded at the expiration of two years' satisfactory service, and 
that the half salary allowed en route from place of embarkation to Manila shall be 
paid at the expiration of the same period of satisfactory service. 

It is believed that this amendment will tend to prevent the violation of the agree- 
ment of two -years' service under which appointments are made, and thereby aid in 
promoting stability in the service. However, should an appointee leave before the 
expiration of his contract, the Government will lose only a small amount, as half 
salary while en route to the islands will not have been paid to him and the part of 
his salary retained will be forfeited to the Government. 

For reasons similar to those for which Act 643 was enacted, executive order 67 was 
promulgated by the civil governor on August 5, 1903, prohibiting disbursing officers 
from paying any salary to or upon the order of any employee appointed in the United 
States to a position in the Philippine civil service under the provisions of Acts 224 or 643 
while such employee is enjoying accrued leave of absence which may have been 
granted to him priorto his having completed two years of service, until five days after 
return to duty. 

Until recently it was customary to provide free transportation on United States 
Army transports to all appointees coming to the Philippine Islands, and to most 
employees returning therefrom, either permanently or on leave. As it became im- 
possible to secure such transportation, Act 697 was enacted on March 23, 1903, pro- 
viding for the transportation on commercial liners of employees and their families. 

Executive order 75 provides a method of qualifying for reentrance into the service 
for persons who have left it in violation of law or contract. Any person desiring to 
qualify for reentrance to the Philippine civil service under the provisions of this 
order must first take the matter up with the civil service board. 

SICK LEAVE. 

In its last annual report the board stated that it was convinced that the sick-leave 
privilege was being abused, and that it had recommended the adoption of an execu- 
tive order governing the granting of leaves of absence. 

On November, 11, 1902, section 3 of Act 80, allowing leave of absence on account 
of illness, was amended by Act 515 so as to provide that after the return to duty of 
an applicant for sick leave he shall establish by evidence to be prescribed in regu- 
lations adopted by order of the civil governor the fact that he was ill and unable to 
be on duty on account of illness, and that his claim is meritorious. The amendment 
also provides that each application for sick or accrued leave must first be submitted 
to the civil service board for its recommendation, and then be forwarded for final 
action to the civil governor or the secretary of the department in which the appli- 
cant is employed. Prior to this amendment both sick and accrued leave were granted 
by the head of the bureau or office in which the applicant was employed, and the 
law made no provision for a review of the decision by the civil governor or proper 
secretary of department. On December 1, 1902, executive order 112 was promul- 
gated by the civil governor. A few months' experience clearly demonstrated that 
the conviction of the board was fully justified. As it was found difficult to induce 
physicians to submit fully the evidence contemplated by the provisions of executive 
order 112, a modification of the order was recommended. This recommendation 
met with the approval of the civil governor, and on March 1, 1903, executive order 4 
was issued as a substitute for executive order 112. A full record of the name, nature, 
etiology, history, and description of the disease or disability from which the appli- 
cant for sick leave suffered is now obtained in each case. The results of the amend- 
ment to section 3 of Act 80 and executive orders 112 and 4 have amply justified their 
adoption. From December 1, 1902, the date on which executive order 112 was pro- 
mulgated, to September 1, 1903, sick leave to the value of $7,358.82, which otherwise 
would have been approved, was disallowed. 

ACCRUED LEAVE. 

Act 80 in its application to judges of the supreme court and courts of first instance 
was amended by Act 867, enacted September 5, 1903, by providing for two months' 
vacation every year (May and June) and three months' additional vacation every 
third year, all leave being on full salary. It is further provided, however, that dur- 
ing each vacation period 1 judge of the supreme court and 7 judges of the courts of 
first instance shall remain in the islands. The vacation of two months annually is 
not cumulative. 

Act 448, amendatory of section 2 of Act 80, provides that in case an officer or 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 429 

employee shall die while in the service having to his credit earned leave of absence 
the salary that would have accrued to the deceased by reason of such leave of absence 
and during the period thereof shall be paid to his estate. 

HOURS OF LABOR AND OVERTIME WO,RK. 

By the enactment of Act 724, amendatory of section 1 of Act 80, provision is made 
that during the heated term, from the 1st of April to the 15th of June in each year, 
the heads of departments, bureaus, or offices in the Philippine civil service shall 
have discretion to reduce to rive hours the number of hours of labor required each 
day. 

On March 9, 1903, the board was directed by the executive bureau to make an 
investigation into the observance by the various bureaus and offices in Manila of the 
provisions of Acts 80 and 338, relating to daily hours of labor and overtime work. 
It was found that no uniformity exists, either in the number of hours of daily labor 
required or the hours during which offices are open for the transaction of public 
business. The average number of required hours of daily labor in the several bureaus 
and offices for the period from January 1 to May 31, 1903, was found to vary from 
five and one-fourth hours to six and three-fifths hours, and there was a greater vari- 
ation in the overtime, the offices with the shortest required hours generally having 
the smallest amount of overtime. At present some offices have only one session for 
the day, from 7 or 8 a. m. to 1, 2, or 3 p. m., but the majority have two sessions 
daily, from 8 a. m. to 12 m., and from 2 or 3 to 5 p. m. The board has recommended 
to the special committee of the Philippine Commission on the matter of leaves of 
absence, which is considering the advisability of revising Act 80, that the hours of 
all bureaus and offices in Manila be made uniform wherever practicable. 

EXTENSIONS OP THE CLASSIFIED CIVIL SERVICE. 

Act 589 provided that on and after September 1, 1903, all appointments to the 
position of teacher in the city of Manila and to the position of teacher of English in 
the Philippine Islands shall be made from registers of eligibles obtained as a result 
of competitive civil-service examinations. 

Large numbers of special emergency positions were provided for the board of 
health at the time of the cholera epidemic, and numerous emergency positions have 
also been provided at various times for the bureau of the insular purchasing agent 
and the office of the city assessor and collector of Manila. All of these emergency 
positions have now been abolished by the Philippine Commission, and the necessary 
permanent increase of force in the offices mentioned has been provided. Every 
effort was made to have the emergency employees classified without examination or 
on noncompetitive examination, and, failing in this, to have waived the age limits 
barring many of them from competitive examinations, but these efforts were unsuc- 
cessful, and the permanent positions authorized have been filled by certification 
according to the civil-service rules from appropriate registers of the board. This is 
in marked contrast to the practice in the United States, where temporary employees 
appointed for an emergency are usually retained after the emergency for which they 
were appointed has passed and incorporated into the classified civil service without 
examination. 

With the requirement that teachers shall be appointed as a result of examination, 
the provision of regular instead of unclassified emergency positions, and the applica- 
tion of the civil-service law and rules to all of the provincial governments, nearly the 
entire Philippine civil service is classified. It is believed that it will be advanta- 
geous to the service to reduce the number of official positions excepted by section 20 
of Act 5. The board recommends that during the coming year as many as possible 
of these positions be transferred to section 21. This will add to the attractiveness of 
the classified service by increasing the opportunities therein for promotion to 
responsible positions. 

UNITED STATES CIVIL-SERVICE POSITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

On April 9, 1903, the War Department requested the civil governor to direct the 
civil-service board to hold examinations and make certifications to the command- 
ing general of the Division of the Philippines for filling vacancies in civilian positions 
under the War Department above the grade of mere laborer. Since that date appoint- 
ments have been made by certification from the registers of the board. Owing to 
the dearth of stenographers and typewriters it has been necessary to authorize many 
emergency appointments to these positions. The commanding general of the Division 



430 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

of the Philippines and this board recommended that skilled workmen be excepted 
from examination for the present, as on account of their scarcity in the Philippines 
it is impossible to apply the United States civil-service rule requiring United States 
citizenship and satisfactory and prescribed periods of apprenticeship for eligibility 
to appointment to such positions. Under date of August 14, 1903, the United States 
Civil Service Commission advised the Secretary of War that it would "frame its 
recommendation to the President so as not to include skilled workmen within the 
classified competitive service." 

The classification of civilian clerical positions in the Philippine Islands under the 
War Department has added considerably to the duties devolving upon the board, but 
it is believed that this classification will be of great benefit to the Federal civil service 
and indirectly to this service. 

TRANSFERS TO THE UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE. 

The advisability of an amendment to the United States civil-service rules allowing 
transfers from this service to the Federal service was suggested by this board as early 
as December 24, 1901, on which date a communication bearing upon this subject was 
addressed to the United States Civil Service Commission. It was stated therein that 
one of the objects of such an amendment would be to secure greater stability in the 
Philippine civil service by inducing appointees to remain in the islands one or two 
years longer than they otherwise would, in order to attain eligibility for transfer to 
the United States. On March 20, 1903, the President approved an amendment to the 
United States civil-service rules allowing the transfer to the Federal civil service of 
an officer or employee who has served in a competitive position in the Philippine 
civil service for a period of three years or more. For the purpose of securing the 
fullest benefit to this service from the transfer privilege the civil governor provided 
in an amendment to Eule VIII of the Philippine civil-service rules, dated May 24, 
1903, that the three years' service required shall not include leave allowed for the 
purpose of visiting the United States prior to transfer. This requirement is modified 
by providing that if an employee does visit the United States during his first three 
years' service, only one additional year of service shall be required. These provi- 
sions secure to the Philippine civil service the benefits contemplated by the general 
rule of the President. 

TRANSFERS WITHIN THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE. 

Owing to the abuse of the transfer privilege, executive order 50 was promulgated 
by the civil governor July 7, 1903, providing that no chief of a bureau or office shall, 
directly or indirectly, invite, solicit, or even discuss with an employee of another 
bureau or office his transfer to the bureau or office of such chief until the consent 
in writing of the head of the bureau or office in which the person whose transfer is 
desired is employed or of the civil governor is first obtained. 

APPOINTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

During the year ended September 30, 1903, 179 persons were appointed to the 
Philippine classified civil service as a result of examinations held in the United 
States or by transfer from the Federal civil service. 

In requesting the appointment of eligibles in the United States, the board has 
continued its practice of anticipating the needs of the Philippine civil service as much 
as possible in order to avoid the embarrassment that would result by not sending for 
eligibles until vacancies have actually occurred to which they could be assigned upon 
arrival. The special code prepared by the board for use in cabling for eligibles was 
revised in February and made more comprehensive. 

PROVINCIAL CIVIL SERVICE. 

From its organization the board has been allowed a liberal appropriation for 
traveling expenses, but its limited office force has not permitted sending out exam- 
iners into the provinces during *the period covered by this report. In more than 
one instance the detection of collusion in provincial examinations has been followed 
by the indictment and conviction of members of provincial examining committees 
for misappropriation of funds or other violation of law. 

Satisfactory registers of eligibles have been obtained in most of the provinces. 
The statistics in the appendix show an increase of 454 over the previous year in the 
number of persons entering provincial examinations, and of 321 in the number 
passing them. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 431 

During the year the board appointed as an additional member of the examining 
committee in each province a teacher of English, located at the capital. Teachers as 
members of examining committees are able to render valuable assistance not only in 
conducting examinations but also in encouraging Filipinos to enter them. 

OBSERVANCE OP THE CIVIL-SERVICE ACT AND RULES. 

The board notes with pleasure' the continued growth in the willing observance by 
the heads of bureaus and offices of the provisions of the civil-service act and rules. 
Only by the full support of all concerned can the merit system be faithfully carried 
out, and the board is glad to state that whatever tendency there was among heads 
of bureaus and offices to evade the application of the civil-service act and rules, 
especially in the matter of promotion examinations, has now almost entirely passed 
away, and throughout the service it has the cooperation of practically all of the 
officers of the Government in its effort to maintain an efficient and honest civil service. 
In this connection the board desires to state that while it has been taxed to its utmost 
limit in the performance of the duties devolving upon it, its labors have been light- 
ened by the uniform encouragement given by the Philippine Commission and the 
civil governor through practical and effective legislation and executive orders adopted 
from time to time for the betterment of the service. The legislation and executive 
action affecting the civil service reviewed in this report show the amount of attention 
devoted to them during the year to this feature of their administration. 

PROSECUTIONS FOR FALSIFICATION OF APPLICATIONS. 

Several cases of falsification of civil-service applications have been discovered dur- 
ing the year. The American applicants whose prosecution has been requested have 
usually given assumed names, knowing that they would be barred from the service 
if their true names were given, or have concealed former convictions of crime for 
the same reason. The Filipino offenders have usually forged the signatures of promi- 
nent persons to the vouchers on their applications. All cases of falsification of a nature 
serious enough for prosecution and in which the board was in possession of positive 
evidence of guilt have been referred to the prosecuting attorney of Manila. Thus far 
six have been tried, all being convicted, the sentences ranging from six months' to 
six years' imprisonment, in addition to fines in some cases. Sentence was suspended 
in one case on account of the youth of the offender. 

REMOVALS OF OFFICIALS FOR CAUSE. 

Of the entire number of persons occupying official positions since the establishment 
of civil government in the islands, the records of the board show that 39 have been 
removed for cause. Of this number only 5 entered the service through examination 
and certification by the civil-service board; the remainder entered without examina- 
tion and certification by the board, some prior to the passage of the civil-service act, 
others by detail from the military service as provided by law, and others by appoint- 
ment to unclassified positions. 

DISTINCTIVE DUTIES OF THE BOARD. 

Act 25 as amended, executive order 84, and civil service rule X; executive order 
21 and civil service rule XI, and Act 80 and executive order 4, confer certain powers 
and duties upon the Philippine civil-service board which are not conferred upon the 
United States Civil Service Commission. 

All appointments to classified positions are required to be made on a form pre- 
scribed by the board, and the board's attestation is required in each case before the 
civil governor or secretary of department will approve the appointment, and before 
the disbursing officer will pay any salary. The papers in all cases of reduction, 
removal, and enforced resignation are required to be submitted to the board for 
recommendation before transmission to the civil governor or secretary of department 
for final action. The board is required to keep a record of all unclassified as well as 
classified employees in the Philippine civil service, showing, among other things, date 
of appointment, original position and salary, place of employment, all changes in 
status and grade, and all accrued and sick leave granted. From its service records 
the board is required to compile annually, for publication on January 1, a roster of 
the officers and employees under the Philippine government. Applications from 
employees, classified and unclassified, for accrued and sick leave for more than two 
days, must be made on forms prescribed by the board and forwarded to it for verifi- 
cation of service record and previous leave granted and for recommendation before 



432 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

final action is taken by the civil governor or secretary of department. This method 
tends to secure uniformity in the granting of leaves for the entire service and to pre- 
vent the granting of excessive accrued leave or of sick leave without proper evidence 
of illness. 

It is seen that in many respects the board is required to perform the duties of an 
appointment and record bureau for the entire service in addition to those pertaining 
to the examining feature of its work. 

INCEEASED WOEK OP THE BOAED. 

The increase in the number of persons examined and the kinds of examinations 
held, the necessity for frequent examinations to obtain sufficient eligibles for certain 
classes of positions, the classification of civilian positions in the Philippines under 
the War Department, and the additional duties imposed upon the board by executive 
orders, have greatly increased the work of the board. An addition to its office force 
was allowed by the Commission in the appropriation bill covering the first half of 
the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1903. A. liberal appropriation was also made for 
the purchase of office furniture and equipment, and the board is now able to seat in 
its examination rooms at one time, 200 competitors. This is very convenient as well 
as economical as heretofore it has been necessary to secure additional quarters for all 
large examinations. 

COEEESPONDENCE. 

During the year covered by this report the board has prepared 12,200 typewritten 
communications in the form of letters or indorsements, and, in addition, a mass of 
information has been sent out through circular letters and forms requiring consider- 
able work in preparation. Many of the board's communications were prepared only 
after personal interviews and conferences with heads of bureaus or offices. 

PUBLICATIONS. 

The manual of information relative to the Philippine civil service was revised 
and enlarged during the year, 10,000 copies being published in English and the same 
number in Spanish. In addition to full information relative to applications, exam- 
inations, certifications, appointments, etc., it also contains the text of the revised civil- 
service rules, together with the principal acts of the Commission (exclusive of the 
civil-service act) and executive orders of the civil governor relating to the Philippine 
civil service, the object being to make the manual comprehensive in its information 
to applicants for examination with a view to appointment under the Philippine 
government. For the benefit of applicants in the United States information is given 
relative to climate, cost of living, etc. , in the Philippine Islands. 

Three thousand copies of the second annual report of the board, covering the year 
ended September 30, 1902, were also published. The appendix to the report con- 
tains the civil-service act as amended, all other acts and all executive orders relating 
to the Philippine civil service, the revised civil service-rules, the promotion regula- 
tions adopted by the board, and a brief description of the forms prescribed by the 
board for the use of officers, employees, and applicants. It also contains a review, 
The Philippine Civil Service and Merit System, and a table showing the distribution 
of Americans and Filipinos among the various bureaus and offices of the Government, 
and the compensation paid. 

The Official Register of Officers and Employees in the Philippine Civil Service was 
revised to January 1, 1903, and published in accordance with the provisions of 
Executive Order 21, series of 1901. 

Two thousand five hundred copies of the manual, 1,100 copies of the second annual 
report, and 100 copies of the official register were forwarded to Washington for dis- 
tribution; in addition, a copy of the manual and of the second annual report was 
sent to each of the leading educational institutions and libraries in the United States. 

PEESONNEL OP THE BOAED. 

Under the provisions of section 1 of Act 5, the chairman of the board was, on Jan- 
uary 2, 1903, designated by the civil governor as chief examiner also. On April 13, 
1903, he was granted leave of absence for the purpose of visiting the United States; 
upon his departure Examiners Bolivar L. Falconer and John E. Enright were desig- 
nated by the civil governor as acting chairman, and acting secretary, respectively, 
and on July 1, the acting chairman was appointed a member of the board. On 
August 31 Senor Don Felipe Buencamino resigned his position as member of the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



433 



board to reenter the practice of law, having been a member since July 1, 1901. Sefior 
Buencamino was of great service in convincing the Filipinos of the impartiality and 
fairness of the operation of the civil-service law and inducing large numbers of them 
to enter examinations. On September 1 Dr. Jose E. Alemany, member of the advis- 
ory board of the city of Manila, was appointed to succeed Sefior Buencamino. 
Very respectfully, 

Wm. S. Washburn, 
B. L. Falconee, 
J. E. Alemany, 

Members of the Board. 
The Civil Goveenor of the Philippine Islands. 
The United States Philippine Commission. 



Appendix. 
Statement of expenses of the Philippine civil-service board. 





Sept. 20, 1900, 

to 
June 30, 1901. 


July 1, 1901, 

to 
June 30, 1902. 


July 1, 1902, 

to 
June 30, 1903. 


Salaries 


$9, 431. 54 

960. 50 

a 211. 91 


$25, 886. 65 

2S7.86 

&4.608.75 


$28, 008. 64 
45.22 


Transportation 


Contingent expenses 


c 1,791. 51 






Total 


10, 603. 95 


30, 783. 26 


29,845.37 





a Not including contingent expenses paid from the general insular contingent fund. 

b Including printing. 

cNot including printing, which is now done by the bureau of public printing. 

[Act No. 5.] 

AN ACT for the establishment and maintenance of an efficient and honest civil service in the 

Philippine Islands. 

By authority of the President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States Philip- 
pine Commission, that: 

Section 1. The Commission shall appoint three persons to be members of a board 
to be called the Philippine Civil Service Board. The Commission shall designate 
one of such persons as chairman, and another as secretary, and may in its discretion 
designate from among the members of the board a chief examiner. 

Sec 2. No person shall be eligible for appointment as a member of the board 
unless he shall be a native of the Philippine Islands owing and acknowledging allegi- 
ance to the United States, or a citizen of the United States. 

Sec 3. Each member of the board shall during his incumbency reside in Manila, 
and shall receive an annual salary of three thousand five hundred dollars and his 
necessary traveling expenses while in the discharge of his official duties. In case 
the Commission shall designate a member of the board to act as chief examiner he 
shall receive in addition to his salary as a member of the board a further annual 
compensation of five hundred dollars. 

Sec 4. The board shall prepare rules adapted to carry out the purpose of this act, 
which is hereby declared to be the establishment and maintenance of an efficient 
and honest civil service in all the executive branches of the government of the Phil- 
ippine Islands, central, departmental, and provincial, and of the city of Manila, by 
appointments and promotions according to merit and by competitive examinations 
where the same are practicable, and it shall be the duty of all officers in the Philip- 
pine civil service, in the departments and offices to which any such rules may relate, 
to aid, in all proper ways, in carrying said rules, and any modifications thereof, into 
effect. 

Sec 5. This act shall apply, except as hereinafter expressly provided, to all appoint- 
ments of civilians in the bureaus and offices of the Government of the Philippine 
Islands, subject, however, to the provisions and limitations of the acts organizing 
such bureaus: Provided, That persons appointed by the civil governor, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Philippine Commission, and persons employed merely 
as laborers, shall not be included in the classified service unless otherwise specifically 
provided by law. 



war 1903— vol 5- 



■28 



434 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Sec. 6. The rules to be prepared and certified by the board shall provide: . 

(a) For the classification of all offices and employments included in section 5. 

(b) For the appointment to those offices requiring technical, professional, or scien- 
tific knowledge, by competitive or noncompetitive examinations, as the board shall 
determine. 

' (c) For the selection of members of the police force and of the fire department in 
the city of Manila, and of guards at prisons and penitentiaries by competitive or non- 
competitive examination, or otherwise, as the board, after consultation with the 
military governor and his approval, shall determine. 

(d) For the selection of skilled workmen by such examinations, competitive or 
noncompetitive, as may be practicable, and which need not, if the board shall so 
limit them, relate to more than the capacity of the applicants to labor, their habits 
of industry and sobriety, and their honesty. . 

(e) For competitive or noncompetitive promotion examinations, as the board shall 
determine. In the competition the board may provide, in its discretion for the 
allowance of credit to the previous experience and efficiency of the applicant in the 
civil service of the islands, to be estimated by the officer or officers under whose 
direction the service has been rendered, under such limitations as the board may 
prescribe: Provided, That such credit shall not be allowed to any applicant who shall 
not obtain a minimum average per centum to be fixed by the board. 

(/) For a period of probation before the appointment or employment is made 
permanent. 

(g) For the preparation and holding in Manila arid in the provinces of open com- 
petitive examinations of a practical character for testing the fitness of applicants for 
appointment to the classified service, and for the preparation and the holding of 
examinations in the United States under the auspices of the United States Civil 
Service Commission. 

(h) For selection, according to average percentage, from among those certified by 
the board as rated highest in such competition. 

(i) For transfers under limitations to be fixed by the rules from one branch of the 
classified service to another, or from the Federal classified civil service of the United 
States to the classified service of the Philippine Islands. 

(j) For reinstatements in the service under limitations to be fixed by the rules. 

(k) For the examination in the Spanish language of all applicants who are citizens 
of the United States and in the English language of all applicants who are natives of 
the Philippine Islands, whenever, in the opinion of the board, knowledge of both 
languages is essential to an efficient discharge of the duties of the positions sought. 

(!) For the holding of noncompetitive examinations when applicants fail to com- 
pete after due notice has been given of an open competitive examination to fill an 
existing vacancy. 

(m) For a thorough physical examination by a competent physician of every appli- 
cant for examination in the United States, and in the discretion of the board in the 
Philippine Islands, and for rejection of every such applicant found to be physically 
disqualified for efficient service in the Philippine Islands. 

(n) For fixing age limits of applicants for entrance into the classified service. 

^o) For eliciting from all applicants for examination full information as to their 
citizenship, nativity, age, education, physical qualifications, and such other informa- 
tion as may reasonably be required affecting their fitness for the service which they 
seek to enter. 

(p) For the employment of clerks and other employees for temporary service 
where it is impracticable to make appointments as provided in this act, for terms not 
exceeding ninety days, but no person shall be employed under this exception for 
more than ninety days in a year. 

(q) The enumeration herein of the subjects to be covered by the rules of the board 
shall not be regarded as exclusive, but the board shall have power to prepare and 
submit to the civil governor for his approval any rules not in violation of the limita- 
tions of the act, which will more efficiently secure the enforcement of the act. 

Sec. 7. The board shall keep minutes of its own proceedings, and on or before the 
first day of January of each year shall make an annual report to the civil governor 
and to the commission showing its proceedings, the rules which it has adopted, the 
practical effect thereof, and suggestions for carrying out more effectually the purpose 
of this act. 

Sec. 8. The board shall supervise the preparation and rating and have control of 
all examinations in the Philippine Islands under this act. The board may designate 
a suitable number of persons in the Philippine civil service to conduct its examina- 
tions and to serve as members of examining committees, and when examiners with 
special, technical, or professional qualifications are required for the preparation or 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 435 

rating of examination papers it may designate competent persons in the service for 
such special duty, after consultation with the proper officer, or officers, under whom 
they are serving. The duties required of such persons as members of examining 
committees, or as special examiners, shall be considered as part of their official 
duties and shall be performed without extra compensation. When persons can not 
be found in the Philippine service with the necessary qualifications for special exam- 
ining work that may be required, the board is authorized to employ at a reasonable 
compensation persons not in public employment for such work, which compensation 
shall be paid out of the general funds appropriated for the purposes of the board, on 
its order. 

Sec. 9. The board may make investigations and report upon all matters relating 
to the enforcement of this act and the rules adopted hereunder, and in* making such 
investigations the board and its duly authorized examiners are empowered to admin- 
ister oaths, to summon witnesses, and to require the production of official books and 
records which may be relevant to such investigation. 

Sec. 10. The board shall have a permanent office in the city of Manila. When 
examinations are to be held by the board, either in Manila or in the provinces, offi- 
cers having the custody of public buildings shall allow their reasonable use for the 
purpose of holding such examinations. 

Sec 11. The head of each office to which this act applies shall notify the board in 
writing without delay of all appointments, permanent, temporary, or probational, 
made in the classified service in his office, of all rejections after the period of proba- 
tion, and of all transfers, promotions, reductions, resignations, or vacancies from any 
cause in said service and of the date thereof; and a record of the same shall be kept 
by the board. 

Sec 12. When the board shall find that any person is holding a position in the 
civil service in violation of the provisions of this act or the rules of the board, it shall 
certify information of the fact to the disbursing and auditing officers through whom 
the payment of the salary or wages of such position is by law required to be made, 
and if thereafter the disbursing or auditing officer shall pay, or permit to be paid, to 
the person such salary or wages, the payment shall be illegal, the disbursing officer shall 
not receive credit for the same, and the auditing officer who authorizes the payment 
shall be liable on his official bond for the loss resulting to the proper government. 

Sec 13. Any person in the Philippine civil service who shall willfully or corruptly, 
by himself or in cooperation with one or more persons, defeat, deceive, or obstruct 
any person in the matter of his right of examination by said board; or who shall will- 
fully, corruptly, and falsely rate, grade, estimate, or report upon the examination or 
standing of any person examined hereunder, or aid in so doing; or who shall will- 
fully and corruptly make any false representations relative thereto or concerning the 
person examined; or who shall willfully and corruptly furnish any special or secret 
information for the purpose of improving or injuring the prospects or chances of any 
person so examined, or to be examined, of being employed, appointed, or promoted, 
shall for each such offense be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dol- 
lars, or by imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year, or by both such fine 
and imprisonment. 

Sec 1.4. Any person who shall willfully and corruptly become the beneficiary of 
an act in violation of the last preceding section shall be punished as provided in that 
section. 

Sec 15. No inquiry shall be made, and no consideration whatever shall be given 
to any information, relative to the political or religious opinions or affiliations of 
persons examined, or to be examined, for entrance into the service, or of officers or 
employees in the matter of promotion: Provided, however, That disloyalty to the 
United States of America as the supreme authority in these islands shall be a com- 
plete disqualification for holding office in the Philippine civil service: And provided 
further, That no person shall be eligible for axamination or appointment under the 
provisons of this act, who shall be, on or after the first day of May, nineteen hundred 
and one, in arms against the authority of the United States in the Philippine Islands, 
or who shall thereafter give aid or comfort to the enemies of the United States so in 
arms; this provision shall not apply to those persons who are in arms against the 
authority and sovereignty of the United States in the Philippine Islands, or their 
aiders or abettors, prior to July fourth, nineteen hundred and two, who came within 
the provisions of the proclamation of amnesty of the President of the United States 
issued upon said date, and who have complied with the terms of said proclamation. 

Sec 16. Every applicant for admission to the Philippine civil service shall, before 
being admitted to examination in the islands, take and subscribe the following oath 
before a justice of the peace in and for the province in which he is, or before a mem- 
ber of the civil-service board, the members of which are authorized to administer 
the same: 



436 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

' ' OATH OP APPLICANT. 

"I, , having applied for admission to the civil service of the Philip- 
pine It-lands, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I recognize and accept the supreme 
authority of the United States of America in these islands and will maintain true 
faith and allegiance thereto; that I will obey the laws, legal orders, and decrees pro- 
mulgated by its duly constituted authorities; that I impose upon myself this obliga- 
tionvoluntarily, without mental reservation or purpose of evasion. So help me God. 
(The last four words to be stricken out in case of affirmation. ) 

"( Signature) . 

" Subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me this — day of , 19 — . 



The oath of the applicant shall be filed with the secretary of the board. 

Sec. 17. No officer or employee in the Philippine civil service shall, directly or 
indirectly, give or hand over to any other officer or employee in said service any 
money or other valuable thing to be applied to the promotion of any political object 
whatever, and a violation of this section by the receiving officer or employee shall 
subject the violator to a penalty of not exceeding five hundred dollars or to impris- 
onment not exceeding six months, or both, and upon conviction he shall be removed 
from office. 

Sec 18. No person in the Philippine civil service shall be under obligation to con- 
tribute to a political fund or to render a political service, or be removed or otherwise 
prejudiced for refusing to do so. Any person soliciting political contributions from 
public officers or employees shall be subject to the same penalties as those provided 
in the preceding section. 

Sec 19. In the appointment of officers and employees under the provisions of this 
act the appointing officer in his selection from the list of eligibles to be furnished 
him by the board shall, where other qualifications are equal, prefer : 

First. Natives of the Philippine Islands. 

Second. All honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines of the United 
States. 

Sec 20. The requirements of this act for entrance into the civil service, or for 
promotion by examination, shall not apply to the selection of the following officers 
and employees : 

ALL DEPARTMENTS AND OFFICES. 

1. One private secretary to each member of the Philippine Commission, except 
the president. 

2. Persons appointed by the civil governor, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Philippine Commission, unless otherwise specifically provided by law. 

3. Any person in the military or naval service of the United States who may be 
detailed for the performance of civil duties. 

4. Persons employed merely as laborers. 

EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 

5. One private secretary to the civil governor. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

6. The members of the board of health for the Philippine Islands. 

7. The presidents of provincial boards of health. 

8. The director of the agricultural college and experiment station. 

9. The director, the three assistants, and the secretary of the weather bureau. 

10. The chief of the ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands. 

11. The superintendent and directors of government laboratories. 

12. The attending physician and surgeon of the Philippine Civil Hospital. 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND POLICE. 

13. Postmasters compensated on a percentage basis as provided by law. 

14. Postmasters receiving not more than three hundred dollars per annum com- 
pensation ior their personal salaries, who may lawfully perform the duties of post- 
master in connection with the official duties with which they are charged if they be 
government employees, or if not government employees, in connection with their 
private business, such duties requiring only a portion of their time. 

15. The consulting engineer to the commission, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 437 

16. The officer in charge of the improvement of the port of Manila. 

17. Detectives. 

18. Any position in the department of commerce and police the duties of which 
are of a quasi-military or quasi-naval character, and for the performance of which 
duties a person is commissioned or enlisted for a term of years. 

DEPARTMENT OP FINANCE AND JUSTICE. 

19. Judges and justices of the peace. 

20. The attorney-general and his assistant lawyers. 

21. The solicitor-general. 

22. The assistant attorney-general. 

23. The supervisor and deputy supervisor of provincial fiscals. 

24. Provincial fiscals. 

25. The auditor for the Philippine Islands. 

26. The deputy auditor for the Philippine Islands. 

27. The treasurer of the Philippine Islands. 

28. The cashier of the treasurer of the Philippine Islands. 

29. The superintendent of the insular cold-storage and ice plant. 

30. Secret agents. 

31. Customs inspectors in the provinces whose rates of compensation do not exceed 
one hundred and eighty dollars per annum, who may lawfully perform the duties of 
customs inspectors in connection with the official duties with which they are charged, 
if they be government employees, or if not government employees, in connection 
with their private business, such duties requiring only a portion of their time. 

THE CITY OF MANILA. 

32. The members of the municipal board. 

33. The city engineer. 

34. The city attorney and his assistant attorney. 

35. The prosecuting attorney and his assistant attorneys. 

36. The sheriff and his deputies. 

Sec 21. The requirements of this act for entrance into the civil service, or for pro- 
motion by examination, shall not apply to the selection of the following officers: 

THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 

1. The executive secretary. 

2. The members of the civil-service board. 

3. The insular purchasing agent. 

THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

4. The secretary of the Philippine Commission. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

5. The chief of the forestry bureau. 

6. The chief of the mining bureau. 

7. The chief of the bureau of agriculture. 

8. The chief of the bureau of public lands. 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND POLICE. 

9. The chief of coast guard and transportation. 

10. The captain of the port of Manila. 

11. The director of posts. 

12. The assistant director of posts. 

13. The postmaster at Manila. 

14. The chief of Philippines Constabulary. 

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND JUSTICE. 

15. The collector of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

16. The deputy collector of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

17. The surveyor of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

18. The cashier of the collector of customs for the Philippine Islands. 



438 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

19. The collector of customs at Iloilo. 

20. The collector of customs at Cebu. 

21. The collector of internal revenue for the islands. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

22. The general superintendent of education. 

23. The chief of the bureau of public printing. 

24. The chief statistician. 

25. The chief of the bureau of archives. 

26. The chief of the bureau of architecture. 

CITY OP MANILA. 

27. The chief of the fire department. 

28. The city assessor and collector. 

29. The chief of police. 

30. The chief or head of any bureau hereafter organized, unless otherwise expressly 
provided by law. 

But vacancies occurring in all the foregoing positions shall be filled from a class to 
be composed of the first, second, and third assistants in all the foregoing offices or 
bureaus: Provided, That competent persons may be found in the service who are 
available and possess the qualifications required, the intention of this provision being 
that the appointing power may, by virtue hereof, transfer from one office to another 
a person deemed competent to fill the vacancy. In case there are not two or more 
assistants, designated as such by law, in the office in which a vacancy occurs, the 
civil-service board may, in its discretion, include in such eligible list one or more of 
the subordinates in such office ranking next to the head thereof. 

Sec 22. The persons now employed in the civil service of the Philippine Islands 
whose positions may be classified by the operation of this act and the rules herein 
provided for shall, unless dismissed by proper authority, continue in the service and 
discharge the duties assigned them: Provided, That the board may, in its discretion, 
require by rule that all such employees shall pass examinations practically adapted 
to show their fitness to fill the positions now held by them and that in case of failure 
to pass such examinations to the satisfaction of the board they shall be dismissed 
from the service. 

Sec 23. This act shall not apply to the selection of school teachers of the depart- 
ment of public instruction until September first, nineteen hundred and three, on and 
after which date all appointments in the city of Manila to the position of teacher and 
in the Philippine Islands to the position of teacher of English shall be made in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the civil-service act and rules. 

Sec 24. The rules to be prepared and certified by the board shall not take effect 
until approved by the civil governor, when they shall be promulgated by his executive 
order. 

Sec 25. After the passage of this act no civilian shall be employed in the officers 
specified in section five of this act except in accordance with its terms: Provided, That 
between the time of its passage and the date when the board herein created shall offi- 
cially inform the military governor and the commission that it is ready to certify a 
list of persons eligible to appointment under the provisions of this act for any vacancy 
occurring, appointments for temporary service may be made to fill vacancies or newly 
created offices to continue until such certification is made and such vacancies can be 
regularly filled, under the requirements of this act and the rules of the board adopted 
in accordance herewith. Persons so temporarily appointed may compete in the 
examinations held for regular entrance to the classified service. 

Sec 26. In this act whenever a sum of money is mentioned it shall be understood 
to refer to the money of the United States. 

Sec 27. Upon the passage of this act and the appointment and organization of the 
board, it shall be the duty of the head of each office to which this act applies upon 
application by the board to certify to the board a complete list of all the officers and 
employees engaged therein, together with a full statement of the duties performed by 
them and the compensation received by them. 

Sec 28. No applicants shall be admitted to the competitive examinations to be 
held under this act who are not either: 

(a) Citizens of the United States, or 

(b\ Natives of the Philippine Islands, or 

(c) Persons who have, under and by virtue of the treaty of Paris, acquired the 
political rights of natives of the islands, or 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 439 

(d) Persons who have taken the oath of allegiance to the United States and served 
as members of the Army or Navy of the United States, and been honorably dis- 
charged therefrom. 

Sec. 29. This act shall take effect on its passage, and shall be referred to as the 
"civil-service act." 

Enacted, September 19, 1900. 



[No. 25.] 



AN ACT providing for the appointment and removal of subordinate officers and employees in certain 
departments and bureaus of the government of the Philippine Islands. 

By authority of the President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States Philip- 
pine Commission, that: 

Section 1. All appointments to and removals from subordinate positions in the 
Philippine civil service in offices or bureaus under the executive control of the secre- 
taries of departments shall be made by the heads of offices or bureaus subject to the 
approval of the secretary of the department who exercises executive control over the 
office or bureau in which the appointment or removal is made; appointments to and 
removals from subordinate positions in all other offices or bureaus in the civil service 
of the insular government shall be made subject to the approval of the civil governor: 
Provided, That heads of offices and bureaus may employ and discharge unskilled 
laborers whose employment is authorized by law without the approval of the secre- 
taries of departments or of the civil governor. In case there is no head or acting 
head of any such office or bureau, or other office or bureau established by law, at 
the time when appointments to or removals from subordinate positions therein 
become necessary, such appointments and removals may be made by the secretary 
of the department under which the office or bureau is established, who shall have 
direct charge and supervision of such office or bureau, and who, or a person assigned 
by him for the purpose, shall have authority to make estimates for appropriation, 
requisitions on the treasurer for money appropriated, and to approve all vouchers 
for payment. 

Sec 2. [Section two of act numbered twenty-five is repealed by act numbered five 
hundred and eighty-eight. ] 

Sec 3. Nothing herein shall be construed to take any of the appointments to be 
made to positions described in section one out of the provisions of the civil-service 
act, or to prevent the Commission from revoking action taken under section one, or 
making appointments to such positions, or from making removals therefrom of its 
own motion under the general powers conferred upon it by the instructions of the 
President of the United States. 

Sec 4. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted October 17, 1900. 



[No. 80.] 



AN ACT regulating the hours of labor, leaves of absence, and transportation of appointees under the 

Philippine civil service. 

By authority of the President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States Philip- 
pine Commission, that: 

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the heads of departments, bureaus, or offices in 
the Philippine civil service to require of all employees, of whatever grade or class, 
not less than six hours of labor each day, not including time for lunch and exclusive 
of Sundays, and of Saturdays after the hours of half past twelve postmeridian, and of 
days declared public holidays by law or executive order, but the head of any depart- 
ment, bureau, or office may, in the interest of the public service, extend the daily 
hours of labor herein specified for any or all of the employees in his office, and in 
case of such extension it shall be without additional compensation: Provided, however, 
That during the heated term from the first day of April to the fifteenth day of June 
in each year the heads of departments, bureaus, or offices in the Philippine civil 
service shall have discretion to reduce the required number of hours of labor each 
day, not including Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, to five hours. This provision 
shall not oblige the head of a department, bureau, or office in the Philippine civil 
service to reduce the hours of labor to five hours, but it shall be within his discre- 
tion to reduce the number of hours if consistent with the needs of the public service; 
nor shall this provision be regarded as conferring a right upon officers or employees. 
This reduction of the required hours of labor shall not apply to the officers or 



440 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

employees of any department, bureau, or office to whom an overtime wage is allowed 
and paid. The head of any department, bureau, or office, the work of which is of 
such a nature as to require the constant presence of one or more employees, may 
detail the necessary number of employees to perform labor on Sundays, Saturday 
afternoons, or public holidays, but shall exempt employees so detailed from labor 
on other days so that the total labor which is required of each employee so detailed 
during each quarter shall not be in excess of that required of other employees in 
such department, bureau, or office not so detailed. In cases of special emergency 
the head of any department, bureau, or office may also detail the necessary number 
of employees to perform labor on Sundays, Saturday afternoons, or public holidays 
under the restrictions above provided. 

Sec. 2. The head of any department or office may grant leave of absence with pay 
during a calendar year to each employee, exclusive of Sundays and days declared 
public holidays by law or executive order, in accordance with the following schedule: 
An employee receiving an annual salary of less than six hundred dollars shall be 

granted fifteen days' leave; an employee receiving an annual salary of six hundred 
ollars or more, but less than one thousand dollars, shall be granted twenty days' 
leave; an employee receiving an annual salary of one thousand dollars or more, but 
less than eighteen hundred dollars, shall be granted thirty days' leave; an employee 
receiving an annual salary of eighteen hundred dollars or more shall be granted 
thirty-five days' leave. If an employee elects in any one year to postpone any or all 
of the leave to which he is entitled under this section, such leave shall accumulate, 
and in case he is granted leave for the purpose of visiting the United States he shall 
be allowed, with half pay, in addition to his leave, the actual and necessary time 
occupied by him in going to and returning from San Francisco: Provided, That such 
leave to visit the United States under these conditions shall not be granted to any 
employee more than once in three years, or to any employee who has not accumu- 
lated to his credit leave allowed for two full years. The provisions of this section 
shall, be retroactive in effect so as to entitle employees of the civil service in the 
Philippine Islands, whether serving as such by regular appointment or by detail 
from the Army or Navy of the United States, previous to this act, to any accumu- 
lated leave to which they would have been entitled had this act been in effect at the 
date of their employment or detail. 

The provisions of this section shall also be applicable to all heads of bureaus and 
provincial officers not embraced therein in computing their leaves of absence. 
Leaves of absence of provincial officers and of heads of bureaus reporting directly to 
the civil governor shall be granted by him and of heads of other bureaus by the sec- 
retary of the department embracing the bureau in accordance with the provisions of 
act numbered two hundred and twenty-two. In case the head of a bureau, provin- 
cial officer, or employee of any bureau shall die while in the service, having to his 
credit earned leave of absence, the salary that would have accrued to the deceased 
by reason of such earned leave of absence, and during the period thereof, shall be 
paid to the treasurer of the Philippine Archipelago, and be by him administered in 
the manner provided in act numbered two hundred and ninety, entitled "An act pro- 
viding an inexpensive method of administration upon the estates of civil employees 
of the Philippine government who are citizens of the United States, and who die in 
the service of the insular government, leaving small estates upon which no regular 
administration is deemed advisable." But, in addition to the purposes for which 
such estate may be applied by the treasurer, as provided by section one of the last- 
named act, the treasurer is also authorized to pay the expenses of the transportation 
of the remains of the deceased to the United States, if such transportation is desired 
by the surviving relatives, so far as the funds in his hands will enable him to pay 
such expenses: Provided, nevertheless, That if there should be a regular administra- 
tion upon the estate of the deceased, then the sum due to the deceased, by reason of 
earned leave of absence standing to his credit, after the payment of unpaid funeral 
expenses and transportation of the remains, if desired, to the United States, if any, 
shall be turned over to the regular executor or administrator of the estate of the 
deceased: 

And provided further, That in crse the deceased head of a bureau, provincial offi- 
cer, or employee of any bureau was a native or citizen of the Philippine Islands, the 
amount due him for salary for the period of accrued leave shall be paid, not to the 
treasurer of the Philippine Islands, but to the legal representative of the deceased 
according to law. 

Sec. 3. Where an employee in the civil service is himself ill, or in cases where any 
member of the immediate family of an employee is afflicted with a contagious dis- 
ease, making the presence of such employee in the department or office in which he 
is employed unsafe for the health of his fellow-employees, he may be absent from 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 441 

duty not exceeding sixty days in any calendar year with pay: Provided, That he shall 
notify the head of the bureau immediately of the cause of his absence: And provided, 
That after his return he shall establish by evidence, to be prescribed in regulations 
adopted by order of the civil governor, the fact that he was ill and unable to be on 
duty on account of illness, and that his claim is meritorious, or that a member of his 
family had the contagious disease above described during the period of his absence 
for which he claims compensation. If the period of absence because of illness of the 
employee himself or in his family shall exceed sixty days, he shall receive no com- 
pensation for the time so in excess of sixty days, and if tne absence thus caused shall 
exceed six months, he shall be immediately separated from the service. The ques- 
tion of granting leaves of absence, both in section two and section three of act 
numbered eighty, shall be first submitted to the civil-service board for its recom- 
mendation, and then forwarded to the head of the executive department in which 
the applicant is employed for his final decision, except in respect to those bureaus 
not under any executive department, in which cases the recommendations of the 
civil-service board shall be forwarded to the civil governor for his final decision. 

Sec. 4. The appointment of all persons residing in the United States to the Philip- 
pine civil service, whether by transfer from the United States civil service or other- 
wise, shall be subject to the following conditions: 

(1) A person residing in the United States who is appointed to the Philippine civil 
service may pay his traveling expenses from the place of his residence in the United 
States to Manila: Provided, That if any part of his traveling expenses is borne by the 
government of the Philippine Islands, ten per cent of his monthly salary shall be 
retained until the amount retained is equal to the amount borne by the government: 
And provided further, That if he shall come by the route and steamer directed, his 
actual and necessary traveling expenses shall be refunded to him at the expiration of 
two years' satisfactory service in the Philippines. 

(2) He shall be allowed half salary from the date of embarkation and full salary 
from the date of his arrival in the islands: Provided, That he proceed directly to the 
islands; otherwise, he shall be allowed half salary for such time only as is ordinarily 
required to perform the journey by the route directed: And provided further, That 
such half salary shall not be paid until after the expiration of two years of satisfactory 
service in the Philippines. 

(3) A person residing in the United States accepting an appointment to a position 
in the civil service of the government of the Philippine Islands, under the conditions 
named in this act, shall, before receiving such appointment, execute a contract and 
deliver it to the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, wherein 
the appointee shall stipulate that he will remain in the service of the government of 
the Philippine Islands for at least two years, unless released by the civil governor or 
proper head of an executive department. A breach of the conditions provided in 
the contract or a removal for cause shall require the proper officer to withhold pay- 
ment of all salary and traveling expenses due to the person employed and violating 
the conditions of the contract, and shall debar such person from ever entering again 
the public service of the Philippine government in any of its branches. No return 
transportation shall be furnished to such employee. In such case, an action shall 
he on the petition of the attorney-general for the recovery of the amount expended 
by the government in bringing the employee to the Philippine Islands. 

(4) A person who has been employed continuously in the Philippine civil service 
for three years or more after the passage of the civil-service act shall, if he so requests, 
upon his retirement from the service, be furnished with transportation from Manila 
to San Francisco, and shall be allowed half salary for thirty days in addition to full 
salary for the period which he may be granted as leave of absence under the pro- 
visions of this act. 

Sec. 5. This shall act shall take effect on its passage. 
Enacted, January 26, 1901. 



[No. 148.] 



AN ACT regulating expenditure of money under appropriations, forbidding the allowances to offi- 
cers or clerks for extra compensation, except in case of clerks or employees acting as night teachers 
in the public schools, and regulating the payment of traveling expenses. 

By authority of the President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States Phil- 
ippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. All sums appropriated for the various branches of expenditure in the 
public service shall be applied solely to the objects for which they are respectively 



442 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

made, and for no others, and no moneys appropriated for contingent, incidental, or 
miscellaneous purposes shall be expended or paid for official or clerical compensation. 

Sec. 2. No allowance or compensation shall be made to any officer or clerk by 
reason of the discharge of duties which belong to any other officer or clerk in the 
same or any other department, and no allowance or compensation shall be made for 
any extra service whatever which any officer or clerk may be required to perform 
unless expressly authorized by law. 

Sec. 3. No officer in any branch of the public service, or any other person whose 
salary, pay, or emoluments are fixed by law or regulations, shall receive any addi- 
tional pay, extra allowance, or compensation in any form whatever for the disburse- 
ment of public money, or for any other service or duty whatever, unless the same is 
authorized by law, and the appropriation therefor explicitly states that it is for such 
additional pay, extra allowance, or compensation: Provided, however, That the employ- 
ment of clerks and employees in the various civil departments as evening or night 
teachers in the public schools is hereby authorized, such salaries being hereby made 
a proper charge against the appropriations available for the payment of salaries of 
teachers. 

Sec 4. Hereafter actual and necessary traveling expenses only shall be allowed to 
any person holding employment or appointment under the government of the Philip- 
pine Archipelago, and all allowances in excess of the amount actually paid, except as 
herein provided, are declared illegal, and no credit shall be allowed to any of the dis- 
bursing officers of the government of the Philippine Archipelago for payments or 
allowances in violation of this provision: Provided, That nothing herein contained 
shall be construed to prohibit the payment of a per diem in lieu of actual expenses. 

Sec 5. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 
the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of ' 'An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Sep- 
tember twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 6. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, June 21, 1901. 



[No. 392.] 



AN ACT authorizing the employment of persons at salaries lower than those for which appropria- 
tion is made, and designating persons authorized to administer oaths for the civil service board. 

By authority of the President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States Phil- 
ippine Commission, that: 

Section 1. The head of any department or bureau may, with the approval of the 
Philippine civil service board, appoint employees at salaries lower than those author- 
ized and appropriated for: Provided, That the aggregate number of employees so 
authorized and appropriated for shall not be increased. 

Sec 2. The members of the civil service board, or any examiner duly authorized 
by it, may administer such oaths as may be necessary in the transaction of the official 
business of the board. 

Sec 3. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of "An act prescrib- 
ing the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed 
September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 4. The provisions of this act shall be effective as of April first, nineteen 
hundred and two. 

Enacted, April 18, 1902. 



[No. 697.] 



AN ACT to furnish transportation to the United States to officers and employees of the insular gov- 
ernment when it is impracticable to secure the same on United States army transports. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 
Section 1. In every case wherein it is impracticable to secure for an officer or 
employee of the insular government transportation from Manila to San Francisco on 
a United States army transport, and such officer or employee is entitled by law or 
under his contract, after two or more years of satisfactory service, to return trans- 
portation, exclusive of subsistence, from Manila to San Francisco, the executive 
secretary is hereby authorized to issue an official request for such transportation 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 443 

upon any transportation company with which the insular government may have a 
contract, upon the payment to the disbursing officer of the executive bureau of a sum 
which such officer or employee would have been required to pay for subsistence if 
he had made the journey upon a United States army transport, allowing thirty days 
for the trip. The sum so received by the disbursing officer of the executive bureau 
shall be deposited in the insular treasury to the credit of the appropriation, ' ' Insular 
salary and expense fund." The account of the transportation company shall be paid 
by settlement warrant upon certification of the amount by the auditor, and said 
payment is hereby made a proper charge against the appropriation designated 
"Insular salary and expense fund." 

Sec. 2. In every case where an officer or employee is by law entitled to full travel- 
ing expenses, which include transportation and subsistence from Manila to San 
Francisco or to his home or place of appointment in the United States, the executive 
secretary is hereby authorized to issue an official request for such transportation, as 
in the first section provided, upon any transportation company with which the 
insular government may have a contract, and the cost thereof shall be a proper 
charge against the "Insular salary and expense fund," and settlement shall be made 
as provided in the preceding section. 

Sec 3. Every transportation company upon which requests are issued shall submit 
to the auditor bills for transportation furnished under this act, accompanying the 
same with the official requests upon which the said transportation was furnished, 
the same to be duly receipted, showing that the transportation was actually furnished. 

Sec 4. The executive secretary shall certify the name of the officer or employee 
to whom such transportation was furnished, the bureau or office to which he 
belonged, the amount received from him and deposited in the insular treasury to 
the credit of the "Insular salary and expense fund," and shall also cite the law or 
authority under which the said transportation was furnished, with a true copy of the 
contract providing for such return transportation, if any. 

Sec 5. Xo transportation shall be furnished at the cost of the insular government 
when an officer or employee is going to or coming from the United States on leave of 
absence, except in cases specially provided by law or resolution of the Commission: 
Provided, hoicever, That any officer or employee of the Philippine government, insular, 
provincial or municipal, going to or coming from the United States on leave of 
absence or for any other lawful reason, may secure the benefit of the contract of the 
insular government made with the commercial lines for transportation between 
Manila and any town or city in the United States, either for himself or for any mem- 
ber of his family, including his fiancee, by applying in case he is going from Manila 
to the United States to the executive secretary for a proper order of transportation 
and by depositing upon the order of the executive secretary the proper amount due 
for the same with the disbursing officer of the executive bureau, who shall deposit 
such sum in the insular treasury to the credit of the appropriation, "Insular salary 
and expense fund," and in case the officer or employee or any member of his family 
is going from the United States to Manila by applying to the chief of the Bureau of 
Insular Affairs in Washington and by depositing upon the order of the chief of the 
Bureau of Insular Affairs with the disbursing agent of the Philippine government in 
Washington the proper amount due for the transportation applied for; and said dis- 
bursing agent shall deposit the same with the depository of the insular government 
in the city of New York to the credit of the appropriation, "Insular salary and 
expense fund, ' ' and the disbursing agent of the Philippine government in Washing- 
ton shall be and he is hereby authorized to draw upon funds thus deposited in pay- 
ment of the corresponding claims of the commercial lines for the transportation thus 
furnished. 

Sec 6. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 
the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of "An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Septem- 
ber twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 7. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, March 23, 1903. 



Civil-Service Rules. 

In the exercise of power vested in him by " an act for the establishment and main- 
tenance of an efficient and honest civil service in the Philippine Islands," enacted 
September 19, 1900, as amended January 9, 1903, the civil governor hereby approves 
and promulgates the following rules, prepared and certified by the Philippine civil- 
service board, and revokes all others. 



444 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

RULE I. — GENERAL PROVISIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. 

1. The board shall have authority to prescribe such regulations in pursuance of 
and in execution of these rules and of the civil-service act as may not be inconsist- 
ent therewith, and may prescribe blank forms for all applications, examinations, cer- 
tifications, reports, records, and returns received under these rules and the regula- 
tions made in pursuance thereof. 

2. The several terms hereinafter mentioned, wherever used in these rules, shall be 
construed as follows: 

(a) The term "board" refers to the Philippine civil-service board. 

(b) The term "civil-service act" refers to "an act for the establishment and main- 
tenance of an efficient and honest civil service in the Philippine Islands," enacted 
September 19, 1900. 

(c) The term "grade" refers to a number of positions or employees arranged in a 
group upon the basis of the duties performed, without regard to the salaries received. 

(d) The term "class" refers to a number of positions or employees arranged in a 
group upon the basis of the salaries received, without regard to the duties performed. 

(e) The term "classified service" refers to that portion of the Philippine civil 
service which is subject to the provisions of the civil-service act and these rules. 

(/) The term "unclassified service" refers to that portion of the Philippine civil- 
service positions in which may be filled without reference to the provisions of the 
civil-service act and these rules. 

(g) Whenever a sum of money is mentioned it shall be understood to refer to the 
money of the United States. 

(h) Whenever the term "officers" is used, it shall be understood to refer to civil 
officers employed in, or military officers detailed to, the Philippine civil service. 

3. A person occupying a position classified by the operation of the civil-service act 
and these rules, whose appointment was made in conformity with law, shall be 
entitled to all the rights and benefits possessed by persons of the same class or grade 
appointed upon examination under the provisions of said act and these rules, except 
that the board may, in its discretion, require by rule that all such employees shall 
pass examinations practically adapted to show their fitness to fill the positions now 
held by them, and that in case of failure to pass such examinations to the satisfac- 
tion of the board they shall be dismissed from the service. 

RULE II. — EXTENT OF THE CIVIL SERVICE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

1. The civil service of the Philippine Islands shall include all appointive offices and 
positions of trust or employment which are now or may hereafter be occupied by 
civilians in the central, departmental, and provincial branches of the Philippine gov- 
ernment, and also in the municipal service of Manila. 

2. The following-named employees or positions are not classified and vacancies 
therein may be filled without reference to the provisions of the civil-service act: 

ALL DEPARTMENTS AND OFFICES. 

1. One private secretary to each member of the Philippine Commission, except the 
president. 

2. Persons appointed by the civil governor, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Philippine Commission, unless otherwise specifically provided by law. 

3. Any person in the military or naval service of the United States who may be 
detailed for the performance of civil duties. 

4. All persons employed merely as laborers [and all employees whose rate of com- 
pensation is $120 or less per annum] . 

EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 

5. One private secretary to the civil governor. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

6. The members of the board of health for the Philippine Islands. 

7. The presidents of provincial boards of health. 

8. The director of the agricultural college and experiment station. 

9. The director, the three assistants, and the secretary of the weather bureau. 

10. The chief of the ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands. 

11. The superintendent and directors of government laboratories. 

12. The attending physician and surgeon of the Philippine civil hospital. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 445 

DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE AND POLICE, 

13. Postmasters compensated on a percentage basis as provided by law. 

14. Postmasters receiving not more than $300 per annum compensation for their 
personal salaries, who may lawfully perform the duties of postmaster in connection 
with the official duties with which they are charged, if they be govern ment employees, 
or if not government employees, in connection with their private business, such 
duties requiring only a portion of their time. 

15. The consulting engineer to the Commission. 

16. The officer in charge of the improvement of the port of Manila. 

17. Detectives. 

18. Any position in the department of commerce and police the duties of which 
are of a quasi-military or quasi-naval character, and for the performance of which 
duties a person is commissioned or enlisted for a term of years. 

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND JUSTICE. 

19. Judges and justices of the peace. 

20. The attorney-general and his assistant lawyers. 

21. The solicitor-general. 

22. The assistant attorney-general. 

23. The supervisor of provincial flscals. 

24. Provincial flscals. 

25. The auditor of the Philippine Islands. 

26. The deputy auditor of the Philippine Islands. 

27. The treasurer of the Philippine Islands. 

28. The cashier of the treasurer of the Philippine Islands. 

29. The superintendent of the insular cold storage and ice plant. 

30. Secret agents. 

31. Customs inspectors in the provinces whose rates of compensation do not 
exceed $180 per annum, who may lawfully perform the duties of customs inspectors 
in connection with the official duties with which they are charged, if they be gov- 
ernment employees, or if not government employees, in connection with their 
private business, such duties requiring only a portion of their time. 

CITY OF MANILA. 

32. The members of of the municipal board. 

33. The city engineer. 

34. The city attorney and his assistant attorney. 

35. The prosecuting attorney and his assistant attorneys. 

36. The sheriff and his deputies. 

It is the purpose of the appointing power to observe the principle of promotion in 
filling vacancies in the unclassified service: Provided, That competent persons may 
be found in the service who are available and possess the qualifications required. 

3. The following-named, employees or positions shall be excepted from the require- 
ment of examination, and vacancies therein shall be filled by promotion from a class 
to be composed of the first, second, and third assistants in all the bureaus or offices 
of the Philippine government, provided that competent persons may be found in 
the service who are available and possess the qualifications required, the intention 
of this provision being that the appointing power may, by virtue hereof, transfer 
from one office to another a person deemed competent to fill the vacancy. In case 
there are not two or more assistants, designated as such by law, in the office in 
which a vacancy occurs, the board may, in its discretion, include in such eligible 
list one or more of the subordinates in such office ranking next to the head thereof: 

THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 

1. The executive secretary. 

2. The members of the civil-service board. 

3. The insular purchasing agent. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

4. The chief of the forestry bureau. 

5. The chief of the mining bureau. 

6. The chief of the bureau of agriculture. 

7. The chief of the bureau of public lands. 



446 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE AND POLICE. 

8. The chief of coast guard and transportation. 

9. The director of posts. 

10. The assistant director of posts. 

11. The postmaster at Manila. 

12. The chief of Philippines Constabulary. 

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND JUSTICE. 

13. The collector of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

14. The deputy collector of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

15. The surveyor of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

16. The cashier of the collector of customs for the Philippine Islands. 

17. The collector of customs at lloilo. 

18. The collector of customs at Cebu. 

19. The collector of internal revenue for the islands. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

20. The general superintendent of education. 

21. The chief of the bureau of public printing. 

22. The chief statistician. 

23. The chief of the bureau of archives. 

24. The chief of the bureau of architecture. 

CITY OF MANILA. 



25. The chief of the fire department. 

26. The city assessor and collector. 

27. The chief of police. 

ALL DEPARTMENTS. 

28. The chief or head of any bureau hereafter organized, unless otherwise expressly 
provided by law. 

RULE III. — APPLICATIONS FOR EXAMINATIONS. 

1. No applicant shall be admitted to competitive examination who has not taken 
the oath of allegiance to the United States and who is not a citizen of the United 
States, a native of the Philippine Islands, an honorably discharged soldier, sailor, or 
marine of the United States, or a person who has under and by virtue of the Treaty 
of Paris acquired the political rights of natives of the islands. 

2. Every applicant for examination must furnish information as to his citizenship, 
nativity, age, education, and physical capacity, and such other information tending 
to show his qualifications or disqualifications for the service, as may be required by 
the board. 

3. No applicant shall be admitted to examination or be appointed in the United 
States for this service until he has been thoroughly examined by a competent physi- 
cian and found to be physically qualified for efficient service in the Philippine 
Islands. A physical and medical examination may, in the discretion of the board, 
be required of applicants for examination in the Philippine Islands. 

4. No applicant shall be admitted to examination in the Philippine Islands until 
he has furnished evidence satisfactory to the board of his loyalty to the supreme 
authority of the United States of America in these islands. 

5. No application for examination shall be accepted from any person serving or 
enlisted in the Army, the Navy, or the Marine Corps of the United States unless the 
written consent of the proper military, naval, or marine authority under whom such 
person is serving or enlisted is filed with his application. 

6. No application for examination for entrance into the classified service shall be 
accepted from any applicant who is under eighteen or over forty years of age: Pro- 
vided, That in the interest of good administration, the board, with the concurrence 
of the head of the proper department, office, or branch of the service, may by regu- 
lation determine the age limitations within the maximum and minimum limits herein 
specified, and confine competition for such positions to persons who meet the require- 
ments as to age: And provided, further, That whenever in the discretion of the board 
the needs of the service require it, the age limitations named herein may be extended. 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 447 

7. The board may, in its discretion, refuse to examine an applicant, or to certify 
or attest an appointment of an eligible, who is physically unfitted for the perform- 
ance of the duties of the position to which he seeks appointment, or who has been 
guilty of a crime or of infamous or notoriously disgraceful or immoral conduct, 
including drunkenness and dishonesty, or who has been dismissed from the service 
for delinquency or misconduct within one year next preceding the date of his appli- 
cation, or who has intentionally made a false statement in any material fact, or prac- 
ticed or attempted to practice any deception or fraud in securing his examination, 
registration, or appointment. Any of the foregoing disqualifications shall be good 
cause for the removal of the person from the service after his appointment. 

8. No application shall be accepted for examination for a position which belongs 
to one of the recognized mechanical trades unless it shall be shown that the appli- 
cant has served as apprentice or as journeyman, or as apprentice and journeyman, at 
said trade for such periods as the board may prescribe. 

EULE IV. — EXAMINATIONS. 

1. Examinations of a suitable and practical character, absolutely impartial and 
involving such subjects and tests as the board may determine, shall be held to ascer- 
tain the relative capacity and fitness of applicants for the positions to which they 
seek to be appointed. 

2. Whenever the board shall find, after consultation with the head of the proper 
department or office, that a knowledge of both the Spanish and the English lan- 
guages is essential to an efficient discharge of the duties of a position to be filled, the 
board shall test English-speaking applicants as to their knowledge of the Spanish lan- 
guage, and Spanish-speaking applicants as to their knowledge of the English language. 

3. No person shall be appointed to, or employed in, any classified position unless he 
shall have passed the examination provided therefor, or unless he is specially exempt 
from such examination by the provisions of the civil-service act and these rules. 

4. No noncompetitive examination shall be held except under the following 
conditions: 

(a) When applicants fail to compete after due notice has been given of an open 
competitive examination to fill an existing vacancy. 

(b) To test fitness for promotion. 

( c) To test fitness for reinstatement or transfer to a position in the service. 

(d) To test fitness for positions requiring professional, technical, or scientific quali- 
fications when, in the judgment of the board, it is not practicable to hold a compet- 
itive examination for such positions. 

(e) To test fitness for positions of skilled workmen, mechanics, or artisans. 

5. Examinations in the Philippine Islands shall be held at Manila and in the 
provinces upon such dates as the board may deem best for the interest of the service 
and the convenience of applicants, and examinations in the United States will be 
held under the auspices of the United States Civil Service Commission at the request 
of this board. Previous notice of such examinations, with such general information 
relative thereto as the board shall prescribe, shall be mailed to each person who has 
made application in due form. 

6. The board shall appoint such examining committees or special examiners as it 
may deem necessary from officers and employees in the Philippine civil service. 
The members of examining committees and special examiners shall perform such 
duties as the board may direct in connection with examinations, appointments, and 
promotions in any part of the service which has been or may hereafter be classified; 
and in the performance of such duties they shall be under the direct and sole con- 
trol and authority of the board. The duties performed by members of examining 
committees and special examiners shall be considered part of the duties of the office 
in which they are serving, and time shall be allowed for the performance of such 
duties during the office hours of said office. 

7. All officers of the Philippine civil service shall facilitate the examinations of 
the board, and officers having the custody of public buildings at places where such 
examinations are to be held shall for this purpose permit and arrange for the use of 
suitable rooms under their charge and for furnishing and lighting the same when 
required. 

RULE V. — RATING OF PAPERS AND ELIGIBILITY. 

1. Examination papers shall be rated according to their excellence on a scale of 
100, and the subjects therein shall be given such relative weights as the board shall 
prescribe. After a competitor's papers shall have been rated he shall be duly noti- 
fied of the result thereof. 



448 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

2. Every competitor who attains a rating of 70 or over shall be eligible to appoint- 
ment, subject to the provisions of these rules, to the position for which he was exam- 
ined; and the names of eligibles shall be entered in the order of their ratings, 
without regard to the date of examination, on the proper register of eligibles. 

3. The period of eligibility shall be one year from the date on which the name of 
the eligible is entered on the register, but this period may be extended, if, in the 
discretion of the board, the needs of the service warrant it: Provided, That in case a 
person whose name is on any register shall be mustered into the military or naval 
service of the United States at a time when the United States may be engaged in war 
or in suppressing an insurrection, the period of eligibility of such person shall, under 
such conditions as the board may prescribe, be considered as suspended during the 
time he may be serving in the Army or Navy of the United States: And provided, 
further, That when the needs of the service require it, the eligibility of any person 
resulting from examinations held in the Philippine Islands shall be revoked during 
the absence of such person from the Philippine Islands. 

RULE VI. CERTIFICATIONS. 

A vacancy in a classified position, if not filled by appointment, by promotion, 
reduction, transfer, or reinstatement, or through noncompetitive examination, shall 
be filled under the following provisions: 

1. The nominating or appointing officer shall make requisition, upon a form 
prescribed by the board, for the names of eligibles for the position vacant, specifying 
the duties of the position, and the board shall certify to said officer from the proper 
register the three names at the head thereof which have not been three times certi- 
fied to the office or branch of the service in which the vacancy exists: Provided, That 
certification for temporary employment shall not be counted as one of the three 
certifications to which an eligible is entitled: And provided, further, That whenever 
the request for certification, or any law, rule, or regulation, shall call for persons of 
one sex, those of that sex shall be certified; otherwise, sex shall be disregarded in 
certification. 

2. The nominating or appointing officer shall select one of the three names certi- 
fied, and, if at the time of selection there are more vacancies than one, he may select 
more than one name, unless otherwise directed by the board: Provided, That if an 
appointing officer shall object to an eligible certified, stating that because of disloy- 
alty, physical defect, mental unsoundness or moral or other disqualification as pro- 
vided in Rule III, paragraph 7, particularly specified, such eligible would be 
unsuitable for the position to be filled, and if said officer shall support such objec- 
tions with evidence satisfactory to the board, certification may be made of the 
eligible on the register whose rating is next below those already certified in place of 
the one to whom objection is made and sustained. 

3. In making selections from certifications of eligibles by the board, appointing 
officers shall, when other qualifications are equal, prefer, first, natives of the Philip- 
pine Islands, and second, all honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines of 
the United States. 

4. The board, whenever practicable, shall forward to the head of the bureau or 
office in connection with each certification the applications and examination papers 
of the persons certified, and said officer may summon personally before him the 
persons certified and make such verbal inquiries of them as he may think proper. 
The papers forwarded by the board to the head of the bureau or office for his infor- 
mation shall be returned to the board with the notice of selection. 

5. When a person is selected for appointment, the appointing officer shall notify 
the board, and the board shall notify the appointee. Upon his reporting for duty, 
he shall receive from the appointing officer a certificate of appointment for a proba- 
tionary period of six months, at the end of which period, if his conduct and capacity 
are satisfactory to the appointing officer, his retention in the service shall be equiva- 
lent to his absolute appointment; but if his conduct and capacity be not satisfactory, 
he may at any time during, or at the expiration of, his probationary period be noti- 
fied by the appointing officer that he will not receive absolute appointment, because 
of such unsatisfactory conduct or want of capacity, and such notification shall dis- 
charge him from the service. The name of a probationer who has been separated 
from the service without delinquency or misconduct may be restored to the register 
of eligibles, in the discretion of the board, for the remainder of his period of eligibility. 

6. An eligible may waive certification or decline appointment without losing his 
position on the register upon furnishing reasons satisfactory to the board, but with- 
out such action his name shall be dropped from the register upon his declination of 
an appointment. No eligible shall have the right to decline an appointment from 
the same register more than twice. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 449 

7. Certification for original appointment shall, whenever practicable, be made to 
the lowest class in a grade, but a vacancy in a position in any class requiring the 
exercise of special, technical, or professional knowledge may be filled by original 
appointment. 

8. When two or more eligibles have the same rating, precedence in certification 
shall be determined by the order in which their applications were filed. 

9. Whenever a vacancy exists and an emergency shall arise requiring that such 
vacancy shall be filled before the board can make a certification of eligibles, the 
vacancy may, subject to the approval of the board, previously obtained wherever 
possible, be filled by temporary employment without examination for such part of 
ninety days as will enable the board to make a certification of eligibles: Provided, 
That a vacancy shall not be filled by temporary employment pending a certification 
of eligibles by the board unless the public interest requires that it shall be filled to 
meet an emergency, and such temporary employment, if allowed, shall expire by 
limitation as soon as an eligible shall be provided, and the necessary details of an 
appoint! ent thereto have been executed in accordance with these rules. No person 
shall serve longer than ninety days in any one year under such temporary employ- 
ment, said year limitation commencing from the date of such temporary employment. 

RULE VII. REINSTATEMENTS. 

Any person who has, through no delinquency or misconduct, been separated from 
a position classified under the civil service act and these rules, may, upon requisition 
of the proper officer and the certificate of the board, be reinstated without examina- 
tion in a vacant position of the same class in the department, office, or branch of the 
service from which he was separated, under the following conditions: 

1. No person shall be reinstated who has served less than six months in the 
Philippine civil service. 

2. A person who has been regularly and formally appointed to a classified posi- 
tion and has served less than two years, but who has received absolute appointment, 
may be reinstated within one year; a person who has served two years, but less than 
three years, may be reinstated within two years; a person who has served three years, 
but less than four years, may be reinstated within three years; a person who has 
served four years, but less than five years, may be reinstated within four years; and 
a person who has served five or more years may be reinstated within five years from 
the date of his separation from the service: Provided, That for original entrance to 
the position proposed to be filled by reinstatement there is not required by these 
rules, in the opinion of the board, an examination essentially higher than, or dif- 
ferent from, the examination for original entrance to the position previously held by 
the person whose reinstatment is proposed: And provided further, That if the person 
originally entered the classified service through examination under these rules, rein- 
statement may be made without examination; otherwise the person may not be rein- 
stated until he has passed the examination required for original entrance to the 
position to which his reinstatement is proposed: And provided further, That subject 
to the other conditions of these rules, any person whose separation from the service 
was caused by his enlistment in or acceptance of a position in the active military or 
naval service of the United States, and who was honorably discharged therefrom, 
may be reinstated without regard to the length of time he has been separated from 
the service. 

RULE VIII. — TRANSFERS. 

1. A person in any bureau or office, or branch of the service, may be transferred 
within the same bureau, office, or branch of the service, upon any test of fitness, not 
disapproved by the board, which may be determined upon by the appointing officer, 
subject to the limitations of the proviso of paragraph 2 of this rule. 

2. A person who has received absolute appointment may, upon the certificate of the 
board, be transferred from a position in one office or branch of the service to a posi- 
tion in another office or branch of the service: Provided, That such transfer shall not 
be made without examination to a position if for original entrance to such position 
there is required by these rules an examination essentially higher than, or different 
from, the examination required for original entrance to the position from which trans- 
fer is proposed. 

3. No transfer shall be made of a person from any position in the unclassified serv- 
ice to a position in the classified service : Provided, That a person who has* by promotion 
or transfer from the classified service, entered the unclassified service, and has served 
continuously therein from the date of said promotion or transfer, may be retransferred, 

^ war 1903— vol 5 29 



450 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

to the classified position from which he was transferred or to any position to which 
transfer could be made therefrom. 

4. Any person who has been transferred from one classified position to another 
classified position may be retransferred to the position in which he was formerly 
employed, or to any position to which transfer could be made therefrom, without 
regard to the limitations of these rules. 

5. A person in the classified service of the Federal Government of the United States 
may be transferred to any position in the Philippine classified service, subject to the 
conditions of these rules with respect to age limitations and examinations, and when 
an examination is required previous to such transfer the board may accept such tests 
of fitness as may be made upon its request by the United States Civil Service Com- 
mission. 

6. A person employed in any grade shall not, because of such employment, be 
barred from open competitive examination provided for original entrance to any 
other grade. 

7. An officer or employee occupying a competitive position in the Philippine clas- 
sified civil service who has served three years or more therein, may be transferred to 
the Federal classified civil service, subject to the provisions of the United States Civil 
Service Eules and to the following requirements: 

(a) Three years' continuous service subsequent to the passage of the civil-service 
act, without visiting the United States. 

(b) Four years' continuous service, subsequent to the passage of the civil-service 
act, visiting the United States only once during this period. 

EULE IX. — PROMOTIONS. 

1. No vacancy in any position shall be filled by original appointment or by transfer 
whenever there is in the office or branch of the service where the vacancy exists any 
person in a position in a lower class or grade who is qualified and willing to be pro- 
moted to the existing vacancy. 

2. In providing regulations and competitive examinations for promotion the 
board shall give due weight to the previous experience and efficiency of officers and 
employees and shall introduce such tests of fitness as it may deem proper after con- 
sultation with the heads of the different offices or branches of the service in which 
promotion examinations may be held, with a view to determine the relative efficiency 
of officers and employees, and their general intelligence as well as their knowledge 
of the business of the branch of the service in which they seek to be promoted. 

3. In each department, office, or branch of the service the board may, when 
deemed advisable, appoint a promotion examining committee of not less than three 
persons, after consulting the head of the department, office, or branch of the service 
in which such committee is to be appointed. The members of the committee shall 
perform such duties with respect to promotions and promotion examinations as the 
board may direct, in the performance of which duties they shall be under the sole 
control and authority of the board. 

4. There shall be kept in each office, on a form prescribed for that purpose, a con- 
tinuous and comparative record from which the relative efficiency of employees may 
be determined. Among the elements of efficiency to be considered are quantity of 
work or the amount performed, quality of work or the degree of its excellence, 
physical condition, habits, character, conduct, aptitude and adaptiveness, punctuality, 
and attendance. This record shall be at all times open to the inspection of the 
board. A report shall be made to the board quarterly, on the first days of January, 
April, July, and October, giving the comparative term and efficiency rating applica- 
ble to each person according to the following scheme: 

Perfect 100 

Very superior 95 

Excellent 90 

Very good 85 

Good 80 

Fairly good 75 

Fair or ordinary 70 

Poor 50 to 65 

Very poor below 50 

5. No recommendation of any person for promotion, whether verbal or in writing, 
shall be received or considered, unless it be made by the officer or officers under 
whose supervision he is employed, and the presentation of any other recommenda- 
tion shall be considered an unwarrantable interference with the public service, and 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 451 

shall be sufficient cause for debarring such person from promotion, and a repetition 
of the offense shall be sufficient cause for removing him from the service. 

6. Until the promotion regulations herein authorized have been promulgated by 
the board for any department, office, or branch of the service, and the board has 
notified such department, office, or branch of the service that it is prepared to con- 
duct the promotion examinations authorized under the civil-service act and these 
rules, promotions therein may be made upon any tests of fitness not disapproved by 
the board which may be determined upon by the appointing officers: Provided, That 
pending the adoption of such regulations, in case of proposed promotion from one 
class to another class of an employee who has not entered the service through the 
examination prescribed for the class to which promotion is proposed, such employee 
shall be required to obtain an eligible grade in such prescribed examination taken 
noncompetitively, and the appointment by promotion thus made shall not become 
effective prior to the date of taking the examination in which an eligible grade is 
obtained. 

EULE X. EELATING TO APPOINTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT. 

1. All appointments not temporary or emergency, whether original, by promotion, 
reduction, transfer, or reinstatement, must be made in accordance with the provi- 
sions of Act No. 25 on Form No. 33 prescribed by the board and forwarded through 
the board for its attestation to the civil governor, or proper head of executive depart- 
ment, for approval: Provided, That appointments to subordinate positions in the 
municipal service of Manila and in the provincial service shall be forwarded to the 
board for attestation, but shall not require the approval of the civil governor: And 
provided further, That appointments made by the civil governor, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Philippine Commission, and appointments made to posi- 
tions enumerated in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Rule II, shall not be required to be made 
on the form referred to herein and shall not require the attestation of the board. 

2. No person appointed to any unclassified position shall be assigned to or employed 
in a position the duties of which are clerical, nor shall he be assigned to or employed 
in any other position in the classified service. 

3. No person appointed to a position in the classified sendee shall, without the 
approval of the civil-service board, be assigned to or employed in a position of a grade 
or character not contemplated by the examination from the results of which appoint- 
ment was made. 

EULE XI. — OFFICIAL EOSTEE OF EMPLOYEES. 

The board shall keep an official roster of all officers and employees in the civil 
service of the Philippine Islands, and for the purpose of this roster each head of a 
bureau or office shall furnish to the board the following information in such form and 
manner as it may prescribe: 

1. A statement of all the positions and employments under his control and author- 
ity, setting forth, among other things, the names, designations, compensations, duties, 
dates of appointment or employment of all persons serving in such positions. 

2. A statement, to be made on the first day of each month, of all changes, and the 
dates thereof, in the service under his control and authority, setting forth, among 
other things, the following: The name of every person appointed, reinstated, pro- 
moted, reduced, transferred, or separated from the service, the position to which an 
appointment or reinstatement is made, the position from which and the position to 
which a promotion or transfer is made, the position from which a separation is made, 
whether by removal, resignation, or death, the compensation of every position from 
which or to which a change is made, and all absences from any cause whatever. 

EULE XII. — PEOHIBITIONS AND PENALTIES. 

1. The willful violation by any person in the Philippine civil service of any of the 
provisions of the civil-service act or of these rules shall be considered good cause for 
the removal of such person from the service. 

2. No person in the Philippine civil service shall use his official authority or official 
influence to coerce the political action of any other person or body. 

3. No officer or employee in the Philippine civil service shall discharge, or pro- 
mote, or degrade, or in any manner change the official grade or compensation of any 
other officer or employee, or promise or threaten so to do, for giving or withhold- 
ing, or neglecting to make, any contribution of money or other valuable thing for 
any political purpose whatever. 

4. No inquiry shall be made and no consideration whatever shall be given to any 
information relative to the political or religious opinions or affiliations of persons 



452 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

examined, or to be examined, or of officers or employees in the matter of promotion, 
and no discrimination shall be exercised, threatened, or promised against, or in favor 
of, any person employed, examined, or to be examined, because of his political or 
religious opinions or affiliations. 

5. In making removals or reductions, or in imposing punishment for delinquency 
or misconduct, penalties like in character shall be imposed for like offenses, and action 
thereon shall be taken irrespective of the political or religious opinions or affiliations 
of the offenders. 

6. No recommendation of an applicant, competitor, or eligible involving any dis- 
closure of his political or religious opinions or affiliations shall be received, filed, or 
considered by the bi ard, by any examining committee or special examiner, or by 
any nominating or appointing officer. 

7. No officer or employee shall undertake any private agency or engage in any 
private occupation in any manner connected with the exercise of his official duties. 

8. No officer or employee, shall engage in trade or be connected with any commer- 
cial undertaking without leave from the head of the department or office in which 
he may be serving. As a general rule, this prohibition will be absolute in the case 
of officers and employees whose remuneration is fixed on the assumption that their 
entire time is at the disposal of the government. 

EULB XIII. — SALARY CLASSIFICATION. 

The officers and employees in the Philippine civil service, for the purpose of these 
rules, shall be arranged in the following classes, and, unless otherwise provided by 
law, it shall be understood that the minimum amount specified for each class indi- 
cates the annual salary of each employee in that class: 

Class 1. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $3,000 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $3,000 or more per annum. 

Class 2. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $2,750 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $2,750 or more, but less than $3,000 per annum. 

Class 3. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $2,500 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $2,500 or more, but less than $2,750 per annum. 

Class 4- — All persons receiving an annual salary of $2,250 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $2,250 or more, but less than $2,500 per annum. 

Class 5. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $2,000 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $2,000 or more, but less than $2,250 per annum. 

Class 6. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,800 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $1,800 or more, but less than $2,000 per annum. 

Class 7. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,600 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $1,600 or more, but less than $1,800 per annum. 

Class 8. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,400 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $1,400 or more, but less than $1,600 per annum. 

Class 9. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,200 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $1,200 or more, but less than $1,400 per annum. 

Class 10. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $1,000 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $1,000 or more, but less than $1,200 per annum. 

Class A. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $900 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $900 or more, but less than $1,000 per annum. 

Class B. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $840 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $840 or more, but less than $900 per annum. 

Class C. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $720 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $720 or more, but less than $840 per annum. 

Class D. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $600 or more, or a compensation 
at the rate of $600 or more, but less than $720 per annum. 

Class E. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $540 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $540 or more, but less than $600 per annum. 

Class F. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $480 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $480 or more, but less than $540 per annum. 

Class G. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $420 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $420 or more, but less than $480 per annum. 

Class H. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $360 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $360 or more, but less than $420 per annum. 

Class I. — All persons receiving an annual salary of $300 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $300 or more, but less than $360 per annum. 

Class J. — All person receiving an annual salary of $240 or more, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of $240 or more, but less than $300 per annum. 

Class K. — All persons receiving an annual salary of less than $240, or a compensa- 
tion at the rate of less than $240 per annum. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 453 

SPECIAL RULE GOVERNING EMPLOYMENT OF LABORERS. 

The employment of laborers by the heads of bureaus or offices shall be subject to 
the following conditions: 

1. They shall be employed according to priority in the filing of their applications 
for employment, after proper inquiry as to their capacity to labor, their habits of 
industry and sobriety, and their honesty. 

2. No consideration whatever shall be given to the political or religious opinions 
or affiliations of applicants for such employment, and selection shall, as far as prac- 
ticable, be confined to natives of the islands. 

3. Every applicant employed shall be required to take the oath of allegiance pre- 
scribed in "section 16 of the civil-service act, and any laborer who is found to be dis- 
loyal to the United States of America as the supreme authority in these islands shall 
be" immediately discharged from the service. 

4. Laborers who may hereafter be removed from the service by reason of a reduc- 
tion in force, or otherwise, and whose work and conduct are satisfactory, shall be 
furnished discharge cards certifying to such fact, and upon presenting such cards 
shall be preferred in subsequent employment as vacancies occur. 

5. On the first day of each month the head of each bureau or office shall notify 
the civil service board of the number of laborers employed, giving the rates of com- 
pensation. 

6. No person appointed or employed as a laborer shall be assigned to or perform 
the duties of any position in the classified service. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
Manila, P. I., January 13, 1903. 



General Regulations Governing Promotions by Competitive Examinations. 

1. In pursuance of the requirements of section 6 of the civil-service act and in con- 
formity with civil-service Rule IX, approved and promulgated by the civil governor 
January 13, 1903, the following regulations governing promotions through competi- 
tive examination in the Philippine civil service are hereby prescribed by the civil 
service board : 

2. No person shall be promoted as a result of competitive promotion examination 
until after the expiration of his probational appointment. 

3. In examinations for promotions a suitable weight shall be given to a knowledge 
of both the English and the Spanish languages or to a knowledge of the English 
language and one or more of the native languages whenever in the opinion of the 
board a knowledge of such languages is useful in the position to which promotion is 
sought. The object of this rule is to give preferment in examinations for promotions, 
other things being equal, to employees who speak the Spanish language or any of 
the native languages and who have increased their efficiency and usefulness by 
acquiring a knowledge of the English language; and also to give preferment in 
examinations for promotion, other things being equal, to employees who speak the 
English language and who have increased their efficiency and usefulness by acquir- 
ing a knowledge of the Spanish language or any of the native languages. 

4. Examinations for promotions shall be held at such times as in the opinion of the 
board the needs of the service shall require. Due notice of such examinations shall 
be posted in the office of the board and in the bureaus and offices in which promo- 
tion examinations are to be held, specifying the date and character of the examina- 
tions and stating who are eligible therefor. 

5. Each competitor in an examination for promotion shall be rated on a scale of 
100, and a competitor who fails to attain an average percentage of 70 in the entire 
examination or who is rated below 70 in efficiency, shall not be eligible for promo- 
tion. A competitor who makes less than an average percentage of 60 on the subjects 
of the examination other than efficiency shall not be given the benefit of his effi- 
ciency rating in determining his average percentage in the whole examination. 

6. There shall be kept in the office of the civil sendee board registers of persons 
eligible for promotion in each bureau, office, or branch of the service for which 
examinations are held, showing the rating or standing of each person examined. 

7. All vacancies above those in the lowest class of any grade, if not filled by rein- 
statement, transfer, or reduction, shall be filled by promotion from the next lower 
class, subject to the provisions of Rules II, IX, and X of the civil-service rules. When 
a vacancy occurs in any class in a bureau, office, or branch of the service, the board 
shall certify for promotion the highest three eligibles, or two if there be not so many 
as three eligibles, in the next lower class in said bureau, office, or branch of the 



454 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

service, and from this certification selection shall be made by the appointing or 
nominating officer: Provided, That if it be found that there are not two persons 
eligible for promotion in the class next below that in which the vacancy exists, or if 
a vacancy occurs in a position requiring exceptional or technical qualifications not 
possessed by any eligible in the next lower class, then the board, after such tests of 
fitness as it may prescribe, shall certify to the appointing officer, from the highest 
class or classes in which such persons are serving, the names of three persons, if there 
are so many, having the required qualifications who are rated highest, or but one 
person if there are no more in the bureau, office, or branch of the service. 

8. In certifying for promotion, when two or more eligibles have the same percent- 
age precedence in certification shall be determined by length of service. 

W. S. Washburn, Chairman. 
January 14. 1903. 



Regulations Governing Promotions in the Uniformed Police Force of the 

City of Manila. 

1. All promotions in the uniformed police force of the city of Manila shall be made 
in accordance with the provisions of Rule IX of the civil-service rules, the general 
regulations covering promotions adopted by the civil service board, and these regula- 
tions. 

II. 1. Eligibility for promotion shall be determined by promotion examinations, 
which shall consist of the following subjects and weights: 

Subjects. Weights. 

1. Practical questions 40 

2. Efficiency or ascertained merit 40 

3. Length of service 20 

Total 100 

2. In determining the rating of efficiency or ascertained merit, the following ele- 
ments shall be taken into consideration, namely: Sobriety, deportment, conduct, 
fidelity, bravery, general character, punctuality, absences with sick leave or without 
leave and causes thereof, physical condition — including energy, activity, and endur- 
ance — judgment, ability, fitness and adaptability, fines and penalties, neatness of 
appearance, knowledge of English, Spanish, and Tagalog languages; executive and 
administrative ability to be considered in promotion to the higher grades only. 

3. Practical questions will cover peace officers' duties, knowledge of duties of 
grade occupied and to which promotion is sought, city ordinances, police regulations, 
general knowledge of circulars and general orders, location of streets and build- 
ings, etc. 

III. The board of promotion, hereinafter provided for, shall keep a record of the 
efficiency of all members of the uniformed police force, below the grade of captain, 
on a form agreed upon by the civil service board in consultation with the chief of 
police. The civil service board, after consultation with the chief of police, shall 
designate three members of the police force, consisting of three officers above the 
grade of lieutenant, who shall constitute a board of promotion for the purpose of car- 
rying out the promotion regulations: Provided, That the civil service board shall con- 
stitute the board of promotion for promotions above the grade of captain. If an 
employee questions his efficiency rating, he may appeal in writing to the board of 
promotion. Such appeal, together with a full report and recommendation in the 
case, shall be forwarded to the civil service board for final decision. 

W. S. Washburn, Chairman. 
January 14, 1903. 



Executive Orders. 

Executive Order") Office of the Civil Governor of the 

\ Philippine Islands, 

No. 84. J Manila, P. L, May 9, 1902. 

I. In order to prevent confusion and establish uniformity of action upon the part 
of the heads of the various bureaus and offices of the civil government in the matter 
of reducing or discharging subordinate officials or employees, it is deemed advisable 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 455 

to call attention to the fact that under act numbered twenty-five of the Commission 
the approval of the civil governor [or secretary of department] is a prerequisite to 
the discharge of any person in the classified service, and to prescribe the following 
regulations, which shall govern cases of this character: 

(1) When the head of a bureau or office deems it necessary to recommend a sub- 
ordinate official or employee for reduction in class or grade, he will in writing notify 
the person affected of the proposed action and the grounds upon which such action 
is premised, and will prescribe a reasonable period, which shall not be less than 
twenty-four hours, within which a written reply may be submitted if desired. Upon 
receipt of the reply of the person recommended for reduction, or the expiration of 
the period within wmich such reply should have been submitted, the head of the 
bureau or office will forward to the civil service board a certified copy of the letter 
of notification and the reply, if any shall have been received, together with an 
appointment in accordance with the reduction recommended. These papers will be 
promptly forwarded to the governor [or secretary of department] by the board 
together with its recommendation in the case for final action. 

(2) In case of proceedings to remove an official or employee for cause, the head of 
the office may suspend such person at once, if he deem that course necessary, and, 
in any event, shall in writing notify the person in interest that he is to be recom- 
mended for removal for cause, and the ground upon which such recommendation is 
based, at the same time prescribing a reasonable period within which a written 
answer and any desired evidence shall be submitted, such period to be not less than 
twenty-four hours after the actual receipt of the notification by the person recom- 
mended for removal. In the event of no response being received within the period 
prescribed, evidence of the receipt of the written notification, together with a certified 
copy of same, will be forwarded to the civil service board. If reply has been received, 
it will be similarly forwarded, with a certified copy of the notification mentioned, 
together with any other papers in the case. The board will promptly forward, with 
comment and recommendation, all the papers in the case for final action. If such 
action be approval of the recommendation to remove for cause, the person affected 
will be dropped from the rolls of his office as discharged on the day he was suspended, 
if such action shall have been taken by the head of the office to which he pertains; 
otherwise his discharge will be on the date of receipt by the head of the office in 
interest of the notification of approval by the civil governor [or secretary of 
department] . 

(3) Under no circumstances shall a civil government official or employee so con- 
strue the provisions of any law now in force as to authorize or require the official 
publication of the cause of removal of any person from the Philippine civil service in 
more specific terms than, ' ' For the good of the service. ' ' 

II. In every instance of a tender of resignation by an official or employee occupy- 
ing a position in the classified Phillippine civil service, it shall be the duty of the 
officer authorized to act thereon to accept or decline to accept the same in writing, 
and, if resignation be accepted, to clearly state the character of the services rendered 
by the person resigning and whether or not, in the light of present information, a 
possible future application for reinstatement would be favorably considered. In the 
event of a statement to the effect that such application would not be favorably con- 
sidered, reasons therefore shall be stated and the person in interest informed that 
he may, should he so desire, submit a reply and such other evidence as he may elect 
in writing. When completed all the papers in the case will be forwarded to the 
Philippine civil-service board for file, except in case of objections to reinstatement, 
in which event the papers will be forwarded by the board with its recommendation 
for review and final action. For obvious reasons no official or employee should be 
continued in service who can not be recommended for reinstatement were he to 
resign. 

III. Discourtesy to the public, to private individuals, or to government officials or 
employees, drunkenness, dishonesty, chronic or flagrant neglect of duty, notoriously 
disgraceful or immoral conduct, pursuit of private business enterprise to the detri- 
ment of official duties, or incompetency, shall be considered reasons demanding pro- 
ceedings to remove for cause. Any official who knowingly continues in the public 
service a person guilty of any of the above-named derelictions shall thereby render 
himself liable to removal from office for cause. 

Luke E. Wright, 

Acting Civil Governor, 



456 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Oedek \ The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

I Executive Bueeau, 

No. 4. J Manila^ March 1, 1903. 

Executive Order Numbered One hundred and twelve, dated December first, nine- 
teen hundred and two, is amended to read as follows: 

The following regulations shall govern the matter of leaves of absence granted 
under the provisions of Act Numbered Eighty to all officials, including heads of 
offices or bureaus, and to all employees, filling appointive offices and positions of 
trust and employment under the government of the Philippine Islands, and are 
hereby published for the information and guidance of all concerned in order that a 
uniform practice may obtain throughout the service. All orders heretofore issued 
from the office of the military governor and from this office relating thereto are 
hereby revoked. 

I. Heads of offices or bureaus are directed to keep a systematic record, on a form 
provided for that purpose, of leaves of absence of all officers and employees connected 
with their offices or bureaus respectively, and to enter daily upon this record all 
absences from duty, showing whether with leave, without leave, or on sick leave, 
and to forward to the civil-service board at the beginning of each month, on Form 
Three furnished by said board, a statement of the absences of all officers and 
employees from any cause whatever during the preceding month. 

II. In submitting statements of leaves of absence, preliminary to granting leave to 
officers and employees under the provisions of sections two and three of Act Num- 
bered Eighty, all heads of offices or bureaus will forward a prompt and clear report 
through the civil service board, on a form prescribed by said board, showing all 
absences from duty, including therein the period or periods of leave, if any, previ- 
ously enjoyed, and whether with leave, without leave, or on sick leave. 

III. (a) Applications for accrued leave for a period of more than two days must 
be made in writing one week in advance, wherever possible, of the date on which 
the leave is desired to become effective, upon Form Numbered Thirty-nine, Philip- 
pine civil-service board, to the head of the office or bureau for recommendation and 
transmission through said board to the proper executive officer authorized to exer- 
cise executive control as contemplated in Act Numbered Two hundred and twenty- 
two. 

(b) Accrued leave of absence of an employee in the insular civil service shall 
be computed pro rata in accordance with the schedule contained in section two 
of Act Numbered Eighty. The leave of an employee accruing while he was 
connected with the Army "or Navy shall be computed from the date of detail to civil 
duty; in the case of an officer, on the basis of the pay and allowance received by 
him during his detail; and in the case of an enlisted man, on the basis of the annual 
salary first received by him after discharge from the Army or Navy: Provided, That 
no time intervened between the time of such discharge and his appointment in the 
civil service, in which event no leave will be allowed during the period of his detail 
while connected with the Army or Navy. 

(c) An employee who is separated from the civil service without prejudice (namely, 
without cause) may be given leave with pay, and his name shall remain on the pay 
roll at the rate he is then receiving for a period equaling in money value the period 
of accrued leave, estimated in accordance with the schedule provided in section two 
of Act Numbered Eighty. 

(d) An employee who is granted leave for vacation purposes shall be given leave 
with pay at the rate he is then receiving for a period equaling in money value the 
period of accrued leave, estimated in accordance with the schedule provided in section 
two of Act Numbered Eighty; and he may be granted, if he so desires, such additional 
leave, without pay, as will give him the aggregate length of time on leave, with and 
without pay, as provided in the aforesaid schedule. 

IV. (a) All applications for leave of absence on account of illness for a period of 
more than two days must be made on Form Numbered Forty, Philippine civil-service 
board, and transmitted as in the case of applications for accrued leave: Provided, That 
sick leave shall not be granted in advance. 

(6) When it becomes necessary for an officer or an employee to avail himself of 
the provisions of section three of Act Numbered Eighty, notice must be sent imme- 
diately to the head of the office or bureau in which he is employed. Where an 
officer or an employee contemplates leaving the islands on account of illness he must 
submit an application on Form Numbered Forty and a medical certificate on Form 
Numbered Forty-one described in paragraph (c) of this section. Permission to be 
absent may thus be obtained and the office record will show " absent with leave" 
each day until return to duty, which shall not be construed as sick leave unless 
satisfactory evidence of illness is furnished as required in paragraph (c) of this section. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 457 

(c) Within five days after return to duty from said leave of absence, the officer or 
employee shall file with the head of the office or bureau a statement in regard to his 
absence on account of illness (on Form Numbered Forty, if not previously filed ) , 
which must be made under oath before an officer in the Philippine Islands duly 
authorized to administer oaths, accompanied by a certificate made on Form Num- 
bered Forty-one by the attending physician or physicians during the period of his 
illness. Said certificate or certificates shall give fully and specifically the name, nature, 
etiology, history, and description of each disease or disability from which the employee 
was suffering, the exact period or periods, giving dates, during which the physician 
writing the certificate treated him, the period or periods, if any, during which he was 
a patient in a hospital, and if not in a hospital the exact length of time the employee 
was actually confined to his house, and the length of time such disease wholly 
incapacitated him from performing the duties of his position. A duplicate copy of 
report of laboratory test or examination made in each case must accompany the 
medical certificate. In all cases the certificate of illness must be made by a reputable 
practicing physician or surgeon. A medical reexamination may be made and a 
report rendered thereon by a duly authorized medical examiner when so directed by 
the civil governor or by a secretary of one of the departments. If it shall be shown 
that the disease named was due to immoral or vicious habits, no allowance for leave 
on account of illness shall be made, but such leave shall be chargeable against 
unused accrued leave, and if in excess of accrued leave it shall be without pay, as 
no such cases will be regarded as meritorious. The physician must state whether or 
not there are any indications whatever that the disease named was due to immoral 
or vicious habits: Provided, That the physician before making a report or expressing 
an opinion, as required herein, shall state to the applicant that he will not make any 
report whatever or submit a medical certificate if he formally withdraws his applica- 
tion for sick leave for the period of such illness, and substitutes therefor an applica- 
tion for accrued leave. If the evidence of illness submitted is satisfactory, sick leave 
will be granted with pay for the time during which such employee was incapacitated 
on account of such illness, provided that such period shall not exceed sixty days in 
any one calendar year. 

V . Leaves of absence not exceeding two days may be granted in the discretion of 
the head of an office or bureau, and in case of illness without the certificate of an 
attending physician, but the applicant must certify that he was ill and unable to 
perform his official duties. 

VI. Temporary and emergency employees are not entitled to the benefits of leaves 
of absence provided by any existing law or order. 

VII. Leave of absence for any reason other than serious illness must be contingent 
upon the necessities of the service, and although definitely provided by law it is not 
an inherent right which may be recognized without due regard for the interests of 
the public service. 

VIII. In computing periods of absence from duty, there is no authority of law for 
considering such absence on Saturday as less than one entire day, Saturday being a 
short day and not a half holiday. 

IX. Officials and employees on leave of absence are required to report to the 
heads of their respective offices or bureaus at the end of each month by registered 
mail their post-office addresses for the ensuing month and shall promptly report in 
a similar manner and in sufficient detail every unexpected and unavoidable delay 
which may have occurred during the period contemplated by their leaves of absence. 

X. No official or employee holding a classified position in the Philippine civil 
service shall be dropped from the rolls of his office for unexplained absence in the 
L nited States until at least forty days after the expiration of the period of absence 
contemplated by the leave granted. 

XL All officers and employees who are granted leave of absence for the purpose 
of visiting the L^nited States and who contemplate returning to duty upon the expira- 
tion of such leave of absence shall, before leaving the archipelago, make application 
to this office for transportation from San Francisco returning to Manila. In each 
such application the date of the expiration of leave of absence and the post-office 
address of the applicant while in the United States will be stated. Subsequent com- 
munication regarding return transportation and prompt report of any change occur- 
ring in the applicant's post-office address will be directed by him to the Chief of the 
Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, District of Columbia, and 
a duplicate copy of each such communication mailed at the same time to the execu- 
tive secretary, Manila. 

Wm. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor. 



458 "REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order ^ The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

L Executive Bureau, 

No. 50. J Manila, July 7, 1903. 

No chief of bureau or office shall, directly or indirectly, invite, solicit, or even dis- 
cuss with an employee, subordinate, or officer of another bureau or office his transfer 
to the bureau or office of such chief until the consent in writing of the head of the 
bureau or office in which the desired employee or officer is a subordinate, or of the 
civil governor, is first had. 

Wm. H. Tapt, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^| The Government op the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 67. J Manila, August 5, 1903. 

Disbursing officers are hereby expressly prohibited from paying any salary to, or 
upon the order of, any employee appointed in the United States to a position in the 
Philippine civil service under the provisions of act numbered two hundred and 
twenty-four or act numbered six hundred and forty-three while such employee is 
enjoying accrued leave of absence which may have been granted him prior to his 
having completed two years of service under the insular government, until five days 
after the return to duty of such employee, and during which five days he shall have 
demonstrated his good faith and shown to the satisfaction of the head of the bureau 
or office in which he is employed that it is his intention to continue in the perform- 
ance of his duties. In the event that it shall appear during such five days of employ- 
ment that it is not the intention of the employee to continue in the performance of 
his duties any longer than to enable him to withdraw all back salary which may at 
that time be due him, such payment shall be withheld, and full report thereof for- 
warded for proper action by the head of the bureau or office, through the Philippine 
civil-service board, to the civil governor or head of the executive department, 
respectively, to which such bureau or office may pertain. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ~\ The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 75. J Manila, September 2, 1903. 

In order that there may be uniformity of action by heads of departments in the 
matter of the return to the service of persons separated therefrom before having 
served the full period prescribed by law or the contracts under which they were 
appointed, it shall be the rule that no person separated from the public service of the 
Philippine government before having served the full period prescribed by law or 
contract shall again be allowed to enter the same in any of its branches until he shall 
have made good all loss caused by such separation and shall have refunded to the 
government that proportion of the total expense incurred by it by reason of his 
appointment, including salary and traveling expenses prior to the date he actually 
took up the duties of his position, as the time he failed to serve is to the time required 
by said law or contract, and then only on the recommendation of the head of the 
department from which he was separated. 

All amounts so refunded to the insular government shall be paid to the disbursing 
officer of the executive bureau, and by him deposited in the insular treasury to the 
credit of the insular salary and expense fund, and proper accounting therefor shall 
be rendered to the insular auditor. 

Any person desiring to qualify for reen trance to the service under the provisions 
of this executive order shall first take the matter up with the civil-service board. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Forms Prescribed by the Philippine Civil-Service Board for the Use of 
Heads of Bureaus and Offices, Officers and Employees, and Applicants 
for Examination. 

Form No. 2. Application for examination (English and Spanish). — To be filed by 
applicants for examination with a view to appointment to clerical, professional, or 
technical positions. 



KEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 459 

Form No. 3. Monthly report of changes and absences of officers and employees ( English 
only). — To be forwarded to the civil-service board on the first of every month by 
the head of each bureau or office, giving all changes and absences for the preceding 
month. The provincial board will render this report for the province, the officers 
and employees under all the provincial officers (governor, treasurer, etc.) being 
included in one report. 

Form No. 7. Bequest for transfer (English only). — To be used by heads of bureaus 
and offices in requesting the transfer of an employee from one classified position to 
another. 

Form No. 8. Request for certification for reinstatement (English only). — To be used 
by heads of bureaus and offices in requesting the reinstatement of a person who has 
served more than six months in a position classified under the civil-service act and 
rules. 

Form No. 9. Request for certification for original appointment (English only). — To be 
used by the heads of bureaus and offices in requesting a certification from the board's 
registers of names of persons eligible to appointment to a classified position. 

Form No. 18. Report of selection for appointment (English only). — To be used by 
heads of bureaus and offices in reporting the selection or selections for appointment 
made from certification of names furnished by the board in response to request on 
Form No. 9. 

Form No. 32. Oath of office (English only). — To be executed by the appointee on 
the date of entry into the position to which promoted, reduced, transferred, rein- 
stated, or originally appointed. 

Form No. 33. Appointment (English only). — To be forwarded to the board by the 
heads of bureaus and offices for every appointment in the classified service, whether 
by promotion, reduction, transfer, reinstatement, or original appointment. This 
form is not to be forwarded until the appointee has entered upon the performance 
of his duties; the date of such entry will be the date the appointment is to take 
effect. The character of the appointment is to be stated in the last blank line, e. g., 
"Transfer from the bureau at $900;" " Reinstatement;" " Probational appoint- 
ment;" "Promotion from $720." Form No. 33 is not to be used in appointing a 
person to any unclassified position or in cases of temporary or emergency employ- 
ment. (See'Civil Service Rule X. ) 

Form No. 35. Application for the trades and skilled occupations (English and Span- 
ish). — To be used by applicants for the trades and skilled occupations. In most 
cases the examination consists wholly of the evidence of experience, training, char- 
acter as workman, age, and physical condition contained in this form. In other 
cases, additional elements, consisting of practical questions, or the second or third 
grade examination, are added to the above. 

Form No. 39. Application for accrued leave of absence (English only). — To be filed 
by the officer or employee one week in advance, wherever possible, of the date on 
which the accrued leave requested is desired to become effective. The first indorse- 
ment on this form, containing the service record and report of previous absences on 
accrued and sick leave, should be completely filled by the head of the bureau or 
office, and the application promptly forwarded to the board. This form is not to be 
used where the accrued leave requested is for two days or less. 

Form No. 40. Application for leave of absence on account of illness (English only). — 
To be filed by the officer or employee one week in advance, wherever possible, of 
the date on which he intends to leave the islands, and within five days after return 
to duty from absence on account of illness in every case, whether or not the appli- 
cant has been absent from the islands and has previously filed Forms Nos. 40 and 41. 
The first indorsement on Form No. 40 should be completely filled by the head of the 
office or bureau, and the application promptly forwarded to the board. This form 
is not to be used where the sick leave requested is for two days or less. 

Form No. 41- Medical certificate (English only). — Form No. 40 filed within five days 
after return to duty from absence on account of illness must always be accompanied 
by Form No. 41, completely executed by the physician or physicians who were in 
actual attendance upon the applicant for the whole of the period or periods for which 
sick leave is requested. Form No. 41 must also accompany every application on Form 
No. 40 for permission to leave the islands on account of illness. 

Form No. 47. Application for examination — supplementary certificate for professional, 
scientific, or technical positions (English only). — To be filed by all applicants for exam- 
ination with a view to appointment to professional, scientific, or technical positions, 
as a supplement to Form No. 2, which must also be filed by them. 
_ Form No. 48. Daily time record. — For employees in the classified and unclassified 
civil services entitled to leaves of absence. The employee in charge will verify the 
correctness of these records, and forward them to the chief of the bureau, who will 



460 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



use them as a basis for rating punctuality and attendance in the quarterly efficiency 
report on Form No. 54 to the civil-service board. The daily time record on Form 
No. 48 will be retained in the bureau or office. 

Form No. 52. Efficiency record of employees. — To be compiled by the chief of bureau, 
chief of division, or other designated employee, in accordance with the provisions of 
section 4, Civil Service Rule IX. This form will be retained in the bureau or office 
as a permanent office record. 

Form No. 53. Service record of employee. — To be retained in the bureau or office, in 
book form. 

Form No. 54- Quarterly efficiency report. — To be compiled from data obtained from 
Forms 48 and 52, and forwarded to the civil-service board promptly at the end 
of each quarter, in accordance with the provisions of section 4 of Civil Service Rule 
IX. The provincial board will render this report for the province, employees in all 
provincial offices being included in one report. The judge of each judicial district 
outside of Manila will render this report for each court of first instance in his district, 
one report being rendered for the entire district. 

Note. — The above forms are furnished by the civil-service board on request, and 
should always be ordered by form number. Provincial officers should telegraph 
their orders when necessary. 

The following table shows the results of all examinations (noneducational excepted) 
held by the Philippine civil service board from October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903: 



Examinations. 



For original 
appointment. 



01 






For promotion or 
transfer. 






si 



P4 



Total. 



si 



©P. 



HELD IN MANILA. 



(1) 
(2 
(21 
(3 
(1 
(5 
(6 
(6 

& 

(9) 

(9) 
(10) 
(10) 
(ID 
(11) 
(12) 
(13) 
(14) 
(15) 
(16) 
(17) 
(17) 

18) 
(19) 
(20) 

21) 
(22) 
(23) 

24$ 

25) 
(26) 
(27) 
(28) 
(29) 
(30) 
(31) 

32 
(32) 
(33) 
(34) 

34) 
(35) 
(36) 
(37) 
(37) 



Appraiser 

Apprentice 

Aprendiz 

Assistant 

Attorney, assistant 

Bookbinder 

Bookkeeper 

Tenedor de libros 

Cashier, assistant 

Civil engineer, junior 

Clerk of court 

Escribano 

Clerk, first grade 

Primer grado 

Clerk, second grade 

Segundo grado 

Compositor 

Disinfector 

Dispensing clerk 

Draftsman, topographical . . 

Driver, fire department 

Electrician 

Electricista 

Electrotype helper 

Engineer 

Engineer, assistant 

Engineer, steam 

Entomologist 

Extra observer 

Farm foreman 

Fiber expert 

Gardener 

Hardware clerk 

Hospital attendant 

Inoculator 

Inspector, municipal boiler 
Inspector, customs boiler. . . 

Inspector, building 

Inspector de edificios 

Inspector, chief sanitary . . . 

Inspector, medical 

Inspector medico 

Inspector, street 

Instrument maker 

Interpreter 

Interprete 



10 

231 

6 

2 

1 

16 
2 



13 

1 

8 

229 

69 
281 
556 

10 
4 
4 
1 

54 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 

15 
1 
4 



6 



3 

120 

8 

194 

211 

5 

4 

2 

1 

46 

1 

1 

1 



1 



50 
100 
100 

25 




50 
100 

50 
100 

85 

50 

100 

100 



100 

53 
100 

75 

67 



100 



76 

100 

100 
33 
38 
40 
76 
80 

100 
75 

100 
38 
38 



1 

225 
45 
22 

145 




100 

9 
11 
59 



100 







100 

75 



100 

ioo 



100 
100 



100 



1 

10 

231 

6 

2 

1 

21 

4 

1 

21 

1 

9 

454 

114 

303 

701 

10 

4 

4 

1 

58 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

16 

1 

4 

6 

1 

1 

2 

34 

2 

2 

3 



1 

4 

90 

3 

2 

1 

4 



1 

12 



3 

220 

17 

205 

270 

5 

4 

2 

1 

50 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 



26 

2 

2 

1 

4 

3 

16 

4 



100 



50 

100 

100 

19 



100 

57 



33 

48 

15 



50 

100 

50 

100 

86 

50 

100 

100 

50 

100 

56 

100 

75 

67 

100 

100 



76 

100 

100 

33 

44 

50 

76 

80 

100 

75 

100 

41 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



461 



Examinations. 



For original 
appointment. 



si 



SI 



ft 



For promotion or 
transfer. 



SI 



d DD 



M 03 
« ft 
ft 



Total. 



& d 

01 

d os 



da 



held in Manila— continued. 



(93) 



Interpreter, junior 

Interprete auxiliar 

Interpreter, junior Chinese 

Interprete chino auxiliar 

Laboratory assistant 

Librarian 

Linotype operator 

Manager of stock farm 

Master builder 

Overseer of construction 

Capataz de construcci6n 

Photographer 

Patrolman, first class 

Policia de segunda clase 

Policia de tercera clase 

Eoundsman 

Cabo de segunda clase 

Cabo de tercera clase 

Sergeant 

Sargento de segunda clase 

Sargento de tercera clase 

Lieutenant 

Teniente 

Captain 

Capitan 

Post-office clerk 

Preparator of vaccine 

Prison guard 

Guardia de prision 

Property clerk 

Provincial treasurer 

Stenographer 

Taquigrafo 

Storekeeper 

Superintendent of experiment 
station 

Superintendent of hardware de- 
partment 

Superintendent of matadero 

Surveyor 

Surveyor, deputy customs 

Translator , 

Traductor 

Translator, junior 

Traductor auxiliar 

Typewriter 

Escribiente a maquina 

Veterinarian 

Watch officer 

Apuntador auxiliar 

Arqueador auxiliar 

Cajista auxiliar 

Cartero 

Cortador auxiliar 

Deiineante arquitectonico aux- 
iliar 

Deiineante mecanico auxiliar 

Deiineante topografico auxiliar.. 

Encuadernador auxiliar 

Escribiente a maquina auxiliar.. 

Faginante 

Fogonero 

Fotograbador auxiliar 

Inspector de contadores de agua . 

Inspector sanitario 

Mexico municipal 

Medico de leprosos 

Montero 

Observador de primera clase 

Prensista auxiliar 

Preparador de cultura media 

Rayador auxiliar 

Registrador delegado 

Sargento de segunda clase de 
Bilibid 

Tercer grado 



3 
1 

1 
1 
4 
1 
5 
1 
1 
187 



271 



1 
61 

112 



2 
10 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
163 



230 



40 

42 
100 

67 
100 
100 
100 

75 
100 

40 
100 
100 

87 



100 
80 
74 



100 



14 
100 



20 
100 



100 



22 

31 

63 

11 

31 



100 

100 

73 

100 

67 

21 

67 

67 
83 
62 
91 
28 
50 

100 



30 
75 
100 
100 
100 
100 



61 



50 



100 



61 
58 
39 
85 
80 
79 

100 
81 

100 



50 



75 



100 

50 




100 

100 
20 
100 



100 
"2b 



100 



100 
100 



100 




1 
1 
1 

4 

1 

5 

1 

1 

187 

1 

271 

74 

12 

71 

20 

5 

19 

7 

16 

5 

1 

2 

1 

61 

116 

1 

2 

37 

8 

1 

5 

1 
1 
2 
1 
14 
15 



6 

28 

43 

54 

2 

2 

1 

2 

86 

5 

1 

79 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

512 



2 

12 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

163 

1 

230 

45 

7 

28 

17 

4 

15 

7 

13 

5 



1 

1 



5 
18 
39 
15 
1 

1 
2 
64 
3 
1 
24 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 

312 



462 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 





For original 
appointment. 


For promotion or 
transfer. 


Total. 


Examinations. 


£0 




h 

02 

ft 


0^ 

& fl 

£0 


ft 

2 ft 


O 02 
02 

H oj 
ft 
ft 


5 "8 

pi o3 
. £0 


S ft 


ft 
ft 


held in Manila— continued. 

In Manila: 

English 


1,123 

2,257 


746 
1,185 


66 
53 


404 
368 


214 
164 


53 
45 


1,527 
2,625 


960 
1,349 


63 
51 






Total 


3,380 


1,931 


57 


772 


378 


49 


4,152 


2,309 


56 




HELD IN PROVINCES. 








1 








1 

3 

3 

1 

3 

5 

65 

23 

62 

398 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7 

3 

5 

1 

12 

2 

1 
1 

1 

11 

8 

441 



1 
2 


3 

42 
3 

42 
201 
1 
1 
1 
1 
5 
2 
3 
1 
5 
1 

1 

1 

1 

4 



302 



33 


(2) Aprendiz 


3 
3 

1 

3 

5 

38 

18 

61 

297 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

11 

2 

1 
1 
3 
1 
10 
8 
406 


1 
2 


3 

28 
2 

42 
148 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
5 
1 

1 
1 
3 

1 

4 



278 


33 

67 





60 

74 

11 

69 

50 

100 

100 

100 

100 

75 

100 

100 

100 

45 

50 

100 
100 
100 
100 

40 


68 


(3) Assistant 








67 


(6) Tenedor de libros 











( 8) Civil engineer, junior 











(9) Escribano 








60 


(10) Clerk, first grade 


27 

5 

1 

101 


14 
1 


53 


52 

20 



52 


65 
13 

68 
51 
100 








(28) Hospital attendant 


(33) Inspector, chief sanitary 








100 










100 


(43) Manager of stock farm 








100 


(56) Provincial treasurer 


3 
2 
4 


2 
1 
2 


67 
50 
50 


71 


(62) Surveyor 


67 


(64) Translator 


60 


(64) Traductor 


100 




1 








42 


(67) Veterinarian 


50 


(74) Delineante arquitectonico aux- 








100 


( 75) Delineante mecanico auxiliar 

(76) Delineante topografico auxiliar.. 
(78) Escribiente a maquina auxiliar. . 
(86) Montero 








100 
















100 


1 








36 


(93) Clerk, third grade 





(93) Tercer grado 


35 


24 


69 


68 






In provinces: 

English 


125 

758 


82 
448 


66 
59 


38 
143 


19 

78 


50 
55 


163 
901 


101 
526 


62 


Spanish 


58 






Total 


883 


530 


60 


181 


97 


54 


1,064 


627 


59 







RECAPITULATION. 



During the year: 


1,248 
3,015 


828 
1,633 


66 
54 


442 
511 


233 
242 


53 
47 


1,690 
3,526 


1,061 

1,875 


63 




53 






Total 


4,263 


2,461 


58 


953 


475 


50 


5,216 


2,936 


58 






Previously examined: 


1,951 
3,150 


1,176 
1,375 


60 
44 


374 
274 


219 
156 


59 
57 


2,325 
3,424 


1,395 
1,531 


60 




45 






Total English 


3,199 
6,165 


2,004 
3,008 


63 
49 


816 

785 


452 
398 


55 
51 


4,015 
6,950 


2,456 
3,406 


61 




49 








9,364 


5,012 


54 


1,601 


850 


53 


10, 965 


5,862 


53 







BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



463 



Original appointments made in the Philippine civil service upon certification by the civil 
service board during the year ended September SO, 1903. 



Position. 



English- 
speaking 
eligibles. 



Spanish 
speaking 
eligibles 



COMPETITIVE. 

Agricultural explorer 

Agricultural assistant 

Apprentice 

Assistant 

Attorney, assistant 

Bookbinder 

Bookkeeper 

Chemist 

Clerk of court 

Clerk, first grade 

Clerk, second grade 

Clerk, third grade 

Compositor 

Compositor, junior 

Cutter, junior 

Dispensing clerk 

Disinfector, chief 

Draftsman, topographical 

Draftsman, junior architectural 

Draftsman, j unior mechanical 

Draftsman, junior topographical 

Driver, fire department 

Electrotype finisher 

Electrotype helper 

Engineer, mechanical 

Engineer, steam 

Entomologist 

Extra observer 

Expert in farm machinery and management . 

Gardener 

Hospital attendant 

Inoculator 

Inspector, customs boiler 

inspector, building 

Inspector, sanitary 

Inspector, chief sanitary 

Inspector, medical 

Inspector, street 

Interpreter 

Interpreter, junior 

Law clerk 

Librarian 

Laboratory assistant 

Mail carrier 

Manager of stock farm 

Master builder 

Nurse 

Observer, assistant 

Officer, first 

Officer, second 

Overseer of construction 

Patrolman, first class 

Patrolman, third class 

Pharmacist 

Photo-engraver, junior 

Physician, municipal 

Preparator of vaccine 

Press feeder 

Prison guard 

Provincial treasurer 

Ranger 

Register of deeds, deputy 

Ruler 

Stenographer 

Superintendent of experiment station 

Superintendent of pail system 

Supervisor (junior civil engineer) 

Translator 

Translator, j unior 

Typewriter 

Typewriter, junior 

Veterinary surgeon 



Total competitive . 



14 



1 
1 
5 
1 
1 
4 
1 
140 



579 



2 

10 

162 

210 



1 
170 



820 



464 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Original appointments made in the Philippine civil service upon certification by the civil 
service board during the year ended September 30, 1903 — Continued. 



Position. 



English- 
speaking 
eligibles. 



Spanish- 
speaking 
eligibles. 



NONCOMPETITIVE. 



Armorer 

Blacksmith 

Blacksmith helper 

Cabinetmaker 

Carpenter 

Chainman 

Chief engineer 

Cook 

Cranesman 

Engineer, assistant steam 

Engineer of cutter, steam 

Engineer and machinist 

Engineer of road roller 

Fireman 

Foreman of laborers 

Foreman of laundry 

Foreman of pail system 

Hospital steward 

Inspector of masonry 

Jailer 

Janitor 

Laboratory helper 

Launch engineer 

Launch master 

Light-house keeper 

Lineman 

Machinist 

Machinist, assistant 

Mason 

Master of cutter 

Mate of cutter 

Oiler 

Overseer 

Observer, assistant 

Packer 

Painter , 

Pipefitter 

Pipeman , 

Plumber 

Quarryman 

Rodman 

Subinspector 

Superintendent of hardware 

Superintendent of transportation . 

Teamster 

Watchman 

Water tender 

Wheelwright 

Wireman 



Total noncompetitive 
Total competitive 



Grand total. 



2 

1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
115 
30 
1 
2 
1 



25s 



S3 7 



Appointments made through changes in the service. 



Nature of change. 


English- 
speaking 
eligibles. 


Spanish- 
speaking 
eligibles. 


Total. 


Promotion 


854 

35 

238 

128 


576 
16 
56 
37 


1,430 




51 




294 


Reinstatement 


165 






Total 


1,255 


685 


1,940 





REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



465 



Appointments made in the United States. 



Position. 



ORIGINAL. 

Analyst 

Anthropologist, assistant 

Assistant 

Auditing clerk 

Auditing and disbursing clerk 

Bacteriologist 

Bookbinder 

Bookkeeper 

Cabinetmaker 

Chemist 

Civil engineer 

Collector of forest botany 

Compositor 

Draftsman 

Disbursing clerk 

Electrotyper 

Engineer, steam and mechanical 

Entomologist 

Expert in animal industry 

House surgeon 

Inspector of hulls 

Inspector, medical 

Nurse 

Photo-engraver 

Pressman 

Scientific aid 

Special agent 

Stenographer and typewriter 

Translator 

Typewriter 

Veterinarian 

Total 

BY TBANSFEB 

Auditing clerk 

Bookbinder 

Clerk 

Copy editor 

Printer-proof reader 

Proof reader 

Stenographer and typewriter 

Veterinarian 

Total by transfer 

Total original 

Grand total 



English- 
speaking 
eligibles. 



165 



14 
165 



Spanish- 
speaking 
eligibles. 



Total. 



165 



14 

165 



179 



RECAPITULATION. 



During the year: 

Competitive 

Noncompetitive 

Through changes 

As a result of examination in the United States 

By transfer from United States classified civil service 

Total 

Previously appointed 

Grand total 



579 

258 

1,255 

165 

14 



2,271 
1,677 



3,948 



820 

65 

685 



1,570 
1,251 



2,821 



1,399 
323 

1,940 

165 

14 



3,841 
2,928 



6,769 



WAR 1903— VOL 5- 



-30 



466 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



[From the second annual report of the board.] 

5 Tables giving list of employees in the Philippine civil service, showing distribution 
of same among the various departments, the number of Americans and Filipinos, 
respectively, employed in each department, and the compensation paid, on Janu- 
ary 1, 1903. 

[Note.— The tables do not include the following: Enlisted strength of the Philippines Constabulary; 
officers of the U. S. Army detailed to perform civil duties; funds allotted from the insular treasury to 
the municipal police in addition to the amount allotted them by the municipalities.] 

PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 




$15, 000 
10, 500 
5,000 
2,500 
2,400 
1,800 
1,200 


1 

4 

1 
2 
2 




815, 000 
42, 000 
25, 000 
2,500 
4,800 
3,600 












3 


$15,000 




Do 






Do 






Do 


3 


3,600 








Total 




10 


6 


92, 900 


18, 600 







INSULAR BUREAUS. 



Executive: 


$7,500 

4,000 

3,500 

2,500 

2,400 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

900 

780 

720 

600 

480 

360 

240 

180 

150 


1 

1 
1 
1 
3 

2 
4 

7 
8 




$7,500 
4,000 
3,500 
2,500 
7,200 
4,500 
8,000 
12,600 
12, 800 
















Class 3 






Class 4 


















Class 6 


1 


$1, 800 


Class 7 


Class 8 


1 


1,500 




13 
2 
1 
2 
1 


18, 200 

2,400 

•900 

1,560 

720 


Class 9 


7 
5 


8,400 
4,500 




, Class C 








Class D 


4 
1 
2 
4 
5 
3 


2,400 
480 


Class F 






Class H 






720 








960 


Class K 






900 








450 










Total 




47 


33 


86, 380 


22, 110 







Civil service board: 

Class 1 


4,000 

3,500 

2,500 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

420 

240 

180 


1 




4,000 






1 


3,500 


Class 3 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 


2,500 
2,250 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 
1,400 
3,600 














Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 






Class 9 


1 
2 
1 

1 


1,200 
840 


Class G 


Class J 






240 


Class K 






180 










Total 




10 


6 


19, 150 


5,960 






Insular purchasing agent: 

Class 1 


1,500 
3,000 
2, 250 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 
1,500 
1,400 
1,200 


1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
6 
1 
4 
10 




4,500 
3,000 
2,250 
2,000 
5,400 
9,600 
1,500 
5,600 
12, 000 










Class 4 






Class 5 












Class 7 






Class 8 












Class 9 







a Civil governor acts as president of the Commission; secretaries of departments act as Commis- 
sioners. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



467 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Insular purchasing agent— Continued. 
Class 10 


81,080 

1,000 

900 

840 

720 


8 
1 
8 
1 
25 




$8,640 

1,000 

7,200 

840 

18, 000 










Class A 






Class B 


1 
1 


$840 


Class C 


720 






Total 




71 


2 


81,530 


1,560 








Improvement of the port: 

Class 1 


3,000 

1,800 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

1,080 

1,020 

1,000 

900 

720 

600 

540 

420 

360 

300 

180 


3 
5 
1 
2 
2 
4 
1 
1 
5 
2 




9,000 
9,000 
1,500 
2,800 
2,400 
4,320 
1,020 
1,000 
4,500 
1,440 




Class 6 






Class 8 . 












Class 9 






Class 10 
























Class C 






Class D 


3 
3 
3 

1 
3 
1 


1,800 

1,620 

1,260 

360 


Class E 












Class H 












900 


Class K 






180 










Total 




26 
2 


14 


36,980 


6,120 






Public health: 

Class 1 


3,500 

2,500 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

900 

840 

750 

720 

600 

360 

300 

180 

120 




7,000 




Class 3 


1 
1 


2,500 
2,000 




2 
3 
1 
2 
11 
12 
4 
4 


4,000 
5,400 
1,600 
2,800 
13, 200 
12, 000 
3,600 
3,360 


Class 6 








Class 8 












Class 10 


2 
3 


2,000 




2,700 


Class B 




Class C 


7 
1 
4 
3 
51 
14 
8 


5,250 
720 








Class D 






2,400 

1,080 

15, 300 

2,520 

960 


Class H 












Class K 




















Total 




41 

1 
4 
3 
1 
4 
6 
4 


95 


52, 960 


37,430 







Forestry: 

Class 1 


3,000 

2,400 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

900 

600 

420 

360 

300 

240 

150 




3,000 
9,600 
5,400 
1,600 
5,600 
7,200 
3,600 




Class 4 






Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 






Class 9 


3 
3 

14 

24 

2 

44 

1 

2 


3,600 


Class A 


2,700 


Class D 


8,400 

10, 080 

720 


Class G- 






Class H 






Class I 






13, 200 
240 


Class J 






Class K 






300 










Total 




23 


93 


36, 000 


39, 240 






Mining: 

Class 1 


3,000 
1,800 
1,200 
720 
600 
480 
300 


1 

1 
1 




3,000 
1,800 
1,200 




Class 6 












Class C 


1 
1 
1 
2 


720 


Class D 






600 


Class F 






480 


Class I 






600 














3 


5 


6,000 


2,400 






Weather: 

Class 3 


2,500 

1,800 

1,400 

900 




1 
2 
1 
3 




2,500 
3,600 
1 400 


Class 6 


1 


1,800 


Class 8 


Class A 






2,700 



468 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Weather — Continued. 

Class C 


$720 
600 
' 420 
300 
180 
150 
100 
90 




5 

12 

1 

14 

21 

4 

7 

7 




$3, 600 

7,200 

420 


Class D 






Class G 






Class I 






4,200 


Class K 






3,780 
600 














700 








630 










Total 




1 


78 


$1,800 


31,330 






Public lands: 

Class 1 


3,200 

1,800 

1,600 

1,000 

720 

300 

120 


1 
1 
1 
1 




3,200 
1,800 
1,600 
1,000 




Class 6 






Class 7 


1 


1,600 


Class 10 




Class C 


1 
2 
1 


720 








600 


Class K 






120 










Total 




4 


5 


7,600 


3,040 








Agriculture: 


4,000 

2,000 

1,800 

1,400 

1,200 

900 

720 

540 

480 

180 

150 


1 
4 
2 
5 
3 
1 
1 




4,000 
8,000 
3,600 
7,000 
3,600 
900 
720 
















Class 8 






Class 9 


1 


1,200 






Class C 


1 
1 

1 
1 
1 


720 


Class E 


540 


Class F 






480 


Class K 






180 








150 










Total 




17 


6 


27, 820 


3,270 








Non-Christian tribes: 

Class 1 


3,500 
2,400 
1,600 
l,40u 
600 
420 


1 
1 
1 
1 


1 


3,500 
2,400 
1,600 
1,400 


3,500 


Class 4 










Class 8 






Class D 


1 
2 


600 


Class G 






840 










Total 




4 


4 


8,900 


4,940 








Government laboratories: 


4,000 

3,000 

2,400 

2,250 

1,800 

1,600 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

1,020 

900 

450 

300 

240 

90 


1 
1 
1 
1 

5 




4,000 
3,000 
2,400 
2,250 
9,000 






















Class 6 








1 


1,600 


Class 8 


3 
1 
3 

2 


4,500 
1,400 
3,600 
2,040 








Class 9 














1 
1 

1 
1 
1 


900 


Class G 






450 


Class I 






300 








240 


Class K 






90 










Total 




18 


6 


32, 190 


3,580 








Patents, copyrights, and trade-marks: 
Class A 


900 




1 




900 










Philippine civil hospital: 

Class 1 


3,000 

2,000 

1,400 

1,200 

1,020 

1,000 

720 

600 

300 


8 
10 




3,000 
2 '000 
1,400 
1,200 
1,020 
1,000 
5,760 
6,000 










Class 8 






Class 9 






Class 10 












Class C 






Class D 






Class I 


2 


600 










Total 




24 


2 


21,380 


600 









REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



469 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Civil sanitarium, Benguet: 


82,400 
720 
600 


1 
1 
1 




$2,400 
720 
600 




Class C 






Class D 












Total 




3 




3,720 












Posts: 

Class 1 


6,000 

3,500 

3,250 

2.250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

900 

840 

720 

600 

540 

480 

420 

360 

350 

300 

200 

180 

150 

120 

100 

96 

72 

60 


1 
1 
1 

1 
5 
4 
12 
14 
19 
16 
9 




6,000 

3,500 

3,250 

2,250 

10,000 

7, 200 

19, 200 

19, 600 

22, 800 

16, 000 

8,100 
















Class 4 












Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 . . 






Class 9 


1 


$1, 200 


Class 10 . . . ... 










Class B . . 


1 


840 




1 


720 




Class D 


4 
1 
6 
9 
6 
1 
5 
1 
1 

19 
4 
1 
1 
2 
5 


2,400 


Class E 


1 


540 


540 


Class F . . 


2,880 


Class G 






3,780 


Class H 






2,160 








350 








1,500 


Class K 






200 








180 








2,850 








480 








100 








96 








144 








300 










Total 




85 


68 


119, 160 


20, 000 








Philippines constabulary: 

Class 2 


2,750 

1,800 

1,600 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

1,100 

1,050 

1,000 

950 

900 

850 

800 

720 

480 

365 

360 


3 
3 

8 
9 

24 
9 
7 

34 
9 

40 

10 
1 

57 




8,250 

5,400 
12, 800 
13, 500 
33, 600 
10, 800 

7,700 
35, 700 

9,000 
38,000 

9,000 

850 

45,600 




Class 6 












Class 8 












Class 9 






Class 10. . 


















Class A 


6 
5 


5,700 


Class B 


4,500 


Class C 


17 
2 

38 
2 
2 


13, 600 




1,440 


Class F 






18,240 
730 


Class H 












720 










Total 




214 


72 


230, 200 


44, 930 








Bilibid prison: 

Class 1 


3,000 

2,000 

1,800 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

900 

600 

300 

240 


1 
1 

2 
1 
1 

7 
18 




3,000 

2,000 
3,600 
1,500 
1,400 
8,400 
16, 200 




Class 5 


o 




Class 6 






Class 8 












Class 9 






Class A 






Class D . . 


4 
13 
33 


2,400 


@lassl... 






3,900 


Class J 






7,920 














31 


50 


36, 100 


14, 220 








Captain of port: 

Class 3 . . . 


2,500 
2,250 
2,000 
1,200 
300 


1 
1 
1 
1 




2,500 
2,250 
2, 000 
1,200 




Class 4 












Class 9 






Class I 


3 


900 










Total 




4 


3 


7,950 


900 









470 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Coast guard and transportation: 


$2, 000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,080 

900 

720 

600 

480 

420 

360 

300 

240 

180 

150 

120 

96 

90 

72 

60 

48 

30 

26 


1 

14 
14 

2 
10 

2 
22 
14 

6 




$2,000 
25, 200 
22, 400 

2,800 
12, 000 

2,160 
19, 800 
10, 080 

3,600 




Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 






Class 9 


1 
1 
3 

1 


$1,200 

1,080 

2,700 

720 


Class 10 




Class C 


Class D 




Class F 


8 

10 

15 

18 

18 

6 

6 

26 

4 

1 

25 

6 

1 

2 

1 


3,840 
4,200 
5,400 
5,400 
4,320 
1,080 
900 


Class G 






Class H 






Class I 






Class J 






Class K 


















3,120 

384 














90 








1,800 
360 














48 








60 








26 










Total 




85 


153 


100,040 


36, 728 






Coast and Geodetic Survey: 

Class 8 


1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

1,080 

600 

540 

480 

420 

360 

180 


2 
1 
1 
1 




3,000 
1,400 
1,200 
1,080 










Class 9 






Class 10 






Class D 


1 
1 
3 
5 
1 
2 


600 


Class E 






540 


Class F 






1,440 

2,100 

360 


Class G 






Class H 






Class K 






360 










Total 




5 


13 


6,680 


5,400 






Engineering: 


4,500 

1,600 

900 


1 
1 
1 




4,500 

1,600 

900 




Class 7 . 


















Total 




3 




7,000 












Treasury: 

Class 1 


6,000 

3,000 

2,500 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

720 

600 

300 

240 

180 

120 


1 
1 
3 

2 
3 

5 
2 
4 




6,000 
3,000 
7,500 
4,500 
6,000 
9,000 
3,200 
5,600 










Class 3 






Class 4 






Class 5 






Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 






Class C 


1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 


720 


Class D 






1,200 
600 


Class I 






Class J 






240 


Class K 






180 








120 










Total 




21 


8 


44,800 


3,060 








Auditor: 

Class 1 


6,000 

4,000 

2,500 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

900 

840 

720 

600 

540 


1 

1 
3 
4 
2 
11 
5 
9 
9 
4 
4 




6,000 

4,000 

7,500 

9,000 

4,000 

19, 800 

8,000 

12, 600 

10, 800 

4,000 

3,600 










Class 3 






Class 4 






Class 5 






Class 6 












Class 8 






Class 9 






Class 10 






Class A 


1 
2 
2 
2 
1 


900 


Class B 


1,680 








1,440 

1,200 

540 


Class D 













KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



471 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans 


Filipinos. 


Auditor— Continued. 

Class F 


8480 
300 
150 




2 
3 

4 




8960 


Class I 






900 


Class K 






600 










Total 




53 


17 


$89,300 


8,220 






Customs and immigration: 

Class 1 


6,000 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

900 

720 

600 

480 

420 

360 

300 

240 

210 

200 

180 

150 

135 

132 

120 

114 

108 

90 


1 
3 

1 

3 

6 

2 

9 

8 

17 

44 

80 

36 

73 

2 




6,000 
12, 000 

3,500 

9,000 
15, 000 

4,500 
18, 000 
14, 400 
27,200 
61, 600 
36, 000 
36,000 
65, 700 

1,440 






















Class 3 






Class 4 






Class 5 


1 


2,000 


Class 6 








Class 8 


2 
1 
4 
8 
3 

14 

23 
3 
6 

37 

129 

2 

9 

29 

11 
1 
3 

77 
1 
2 

17 


2,800 
1, 200 
4,000 
7,200 
2,160 


Class 9 


Class 10 




Class C 


Class D . . . 


8,400 

11,040 

1,260 

2,160 

11,100 


Class F... 






Class G 






Class H 






Class I 






Class J 






30, 960 
420 


Class K 












1,800 

5,220 

1,650 

135 


























396 








9,240 
114 














216 








1,530 










Total 




235 


383 


310, 340 


105, 001 






Cold-storage and ice plant: 
Class 4 . . . 


2,400 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,050 

1,000 

900 

840 

780 

720 

660 

600 

540 

480 

360 

300 

288 

240 

216 


1 
4 
4 
4 
6 
1 
3 
6 
4 
8 
15 




2,400 
7,200 
6,400 
5,600 
7,200 
1,050 
3,000 
5,400 
3,360 
6,240 
10, 800 




Class 6 












Class 8 






Class 9 






Class 10 






Class A 


1 


1,000 


Class B 






Class C 












Class D 


2 
3 
1 
3 
4 
11 
1 
4 
4 


1,320 

1,800 

540 








Class E 






Class F 






1,440 
1,440 
3,300 

288 


Class H 






Class I 






Class J 












960 








864 










Total . 




56 


34 


58, 650 


12, 952 






Education: 
Class 1 


6,000 
2,500 
2,400 
2,250 
2,000 
1,800 
1,700 
1,600 
1,500 
1,400 
1,380 
1,350 
1,320 
1,300 
1,280 
1, 250 
1,200 


1 
3 
2 
6 

11 
6 
1 
6 

48 
7 
7 
7 
8 
4 
1 
2 
403 




6,000 

7,500 

4,800 

13, 500 

22,000 

10,800 

1,700 

9,600 

72,000 

9,800 

9,660 

9,450 

10, 560 

5,200 

1,280 

2,500 

483,600 




Class 3... 






Class 4 . . . 


















Class 6 


















Class 8 












Class 9 






































i 


1,200 



472 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Ed ucation — Continued. 


81,140 

1,100 

1,080 

1,020 

1,000 

900 

780 

750 

650 

600 


3 

24 

17 

17 

149 

99 

1 

5 




$3,420 
26, 400 
18,360 
17, 340 
149,000 
89, 100 
780 
3,750 






























2 


$1, 800 


Class C 








Class D 


1 
1 


650 




1 


600 


600 


Total 




839 


5 


998,700 


4,250 






Public printing: 


3,500 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

900 

720 

600 

420 

300 

150 


1 
1 
4 
5 
10 
25 
3 
1 
1 
1 
5 




3,500 

2, 250 

8,000 

9,000 

16,000 

35, 000 

3,600 

1,000 

900 

720 

3,000 




Class 4 












Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 






Class 9 






Class 10. 












Class C 


1 
1 

1 
2 
2 


720 


Class D 


600 


Class G . . . 


420 








600 


Class K 






300 










Total 




57 


a7 


82, 970 


2,640 








Architecture: 


4,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,020 

900 

720 

420 

360 

210 

150 


1 
1 
2 
4 
5 
1 
1 
2 




4,000 
1,800 
3,200 
5,600 
6,000 
1,020 
900 
1,440 




Class 6 












Class 8 






Class 9 






Class 10 












Class C 






Class G 


2 
2 
2 
1 


840 


Class H 






720 


Class K 






420 








150 










Total 




17 


7 


23,960 


2,130 








Archives: 


2,500 
1,200 
600 
480 
360 
300 
240 
150 




1 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
3 
2 




2,500 

2,400 

600 


Class 9 






Class D 






Class F 






960 








360 








300 








720 


Class K 






300 










Total 






13 




8,140 










Statistics: 

Class 8 


1,400 




1 




1,400 










Official Gazette: 

Class 6 


1,800 
420 
300 


1 




1,800 




Class G 


1 
1 


420 


Class I 






300 










Total 




1 


2 


1,800 


720 








Total (by classes): 


7,500 
6,000 
4,500 
4,000 
3,500 
3,250 
3,200 
3,000 


1 
5 
2 
9 
7 
1 
1 
13 




7,500 
30, 000 

9,000 
36, 000 
24,500 

3,250 

3,200 
39, 000 
























2 


7,000 















a Native craftsmen are paid a per diem wage and are not included herein. On January 1, 1903, 
there were 51 craftsmen and junior craftsmen, 5 apprentices, 23 helpers, and 30 laborers employed. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



473 



INSULAR BUREAUS— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Total (bv classes)— Continued. 

Class 2 


$2,750 

2,500 

2,400 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,700 

1,600 

1,500 

1,400 

1,380 

1,350 

1,320 

1,300 

1,280 

1,250 

1,200 

1,140 

1,100 

1,080 

1,050 

1,020 

1,000 

950 

900 

850 

840 

800 

780 

750 

720 

660 

650 

600 

540 

480 

450 

420 

365 

360 

350 

300 

288 

240 

216 

210 

200 

180 

150 

135 

132 

120 

114 

108 

100 

96 

90 

72 

60 

48 

30 

26 


3 

18 

13 

22 

50 

96 

1 

100 

65 

173 

7 

7 

8 

4 

1 

2 

545 

3 

31 

32 

35 

22 

234 

40 

267 

1 

9 

£7 

11 

5 

73 




$8,250 

45, 000 

31, 200 

49, 500 

100, 000 

172, 800 

1,700 

160, 000 

97, 500 

242, 200 

9,660 

9,450 

10, 560 

5,200 

1,280 

2,500 

654, 000 

3,420 

34, 100 

34, 560 

36, 750 

22,440 

234, 000 

38, 000 

240, 300 

850 

7,560 

45, 600 

8,580 

3,750 

52, 560 




Class 3 


3 


$7, 500 


Class 4 










Class 5 


2 
3 


4,000 
5,400 


Class 6 


Class 7 


Class 8 


2 
1 
4 


3,200 
1,500 
5,600 


Class 9 




























"is" 




Class 10 


21, 600 










1 


1,080 








Class A 


7 
6 
35 


7,000 
5,700 


Class B 


31,500 


Class C 


4 

17 


3,360 
13,600 




Class D 


7 

20 

2 

1 

72 

8 

88 

1 

63 

2 

45 

1 

215 

1 

195 

4 

4 

10 

82 

55 

1 

3 

117 

1 

2 

8 

5 

26 

27 

11 

1 

2 

1 


5,250 

14, 400 

1,320 

650 








Class E 


23 

1 


13,800 
540 


43, 200 

4,320 

42,240 

450 


Class F 


Class G 












26,460 
730 


Class H 












16,200 
350 


Class I 












64,500 
288 


Class J 












46, 800 


Class K 






864 








840 








2 000 








14, 760 








8,250 
135 














396 








14,040 
114 














216 








800 








480 








2,340 

1,944 

660 




















48 








60 








26 










Total 




1,998 


1,186 


2, 530, 060 


433 171 









MUNICIPAL SERVICE OF MANILA. 



Municipal board 
Class 1 

Class 3 

Class 6 

Class7 

Class8 

Class 9 



$4, 500 
3,000 
2,500 
1,950 
1,800 
1,720 
1,600 
1,400 
1,300 
1,200 




$9, 000 
3,000 
2,500 
3,900 
1,800 
1,720 
3,200 
1,400 
1,300 
1,200 



474 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



MUNICIPAL SERVICE OF MANILA— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Municipal board— Continued. 


$900 
180 
120 


2 




$1,800 




Class K 


2 
1 


$360 








120 










Total 




15 


4 


30,820 


4,980 






Engineering and public works: 

Class 1 


4,500 

2,500 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,080 

1,000 

900 

840 

720 

660 

600 

540 

480 

420 

300 
240 
210 
180 
150 
120 


1 
2 
1 

6 
4 
3 
12 
1 




4,500 
5,000 
2,000 
9,000 
6,400 
4,200 
14,400 
1,080 




Class 3 












Class 6 






Class 7 






Class 8 


1 

4 


1,400 
4,800 


Class 9 


Class 10 




1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

18 

1 

3 

6 

10 

17 

73 

1 

6 

1 

3 


1,000 




12 

43 

9 


10,800 

36, 120 

6,480 


900 


Class B 


840 




720 


Class D 


660 


Class E 


4 


2,400 


10,800 
540 


Class F 






1,440 
2,520 


Class G 












3,600 
5,100 














17,520 
210 


Class K 












1,080 








150 








360 














97 


149 


102, 380 


53, 640 








Assessments and collections: 


4,000 

3,000 

2,250 

1,800 

1,700 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

900 

720 

600 

420 

360 

300 

240 

180 

150 

120 


1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
3 
3 
12 




4,000 
6,000 
2,250 
1,800 
3,400 
4,800 
4,200 
14,400 










Class 4 












Class 7 












Class 8 














1 
2 
1 
4 
1 
9 
23 
1 
36 
15 


900 


Class C 






1,440 


Class D 






600 


Class G 






1,680 


Class H 






360 


Class I 






2,700 








5,520 
180 














5,400 








1,800 














25 


93 


40, 850 


20, 580 






Fire: 


3,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

900 

600 

240 

180 


1 

2 
1 
1 
2 

8 

2 

17 




3,000 
3,600 
1,600 
1,500 
2,800 
9,600 
2,000 
15, 300 




Class 6 






Class 7 


















Class 9 






Class 10 












Class D 


8 
5 
37 


4,800 








1,200 


Class K 






6,660 










Total 




34 


50 


39, 400 


12,660 






Courts: 

Class 1 


3,000 

1,500 

1,000 

600 

300 

120 


2 




6,000 




Class 8 


i 

5 
3 
1 
8 


1,500 

5,000 

1,800 

300 


Class 10 


2 


2,000 


Class D 


Class I 






Class K 






360 










Total 




4 


13 


8,000 


8,960 









EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



475 



MUNICIPAL SERVICE OF MANILA— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Law: 

Class 1 


84,500 
3,500 
2,500 
2,250 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 
1,400 
1,200 
720 
120 


1 
2 




$4,500 
7,000 










Class 3 


2 


$5, 000 


Class 4 . . 


1 

1 
1 
1 
3 
4 


2,250 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 
4,200 
4,800 




Class 5 






Class 6 


1 


1,800 






Class 8 






Class 9 






Class C 


1 
2 


720 


Class K 






240 










Total 




14 


b 


28,150 


7,760 






City schools: 

Class 1 


3,000 

1,600 

1,200 

420 

120 


1 
1 

2 




3,000 
1,600 
2,400 










Class 9 






Class G 


1 
1 


420 


Class K 






120 










Total 




4 


2 


7,000 


540 








Sheriff: 


3,000 
1,400 
1,200 
900 
720 
600 
240 
180 


1 
1 
1 
2 




3,000 
1,400 
1,200 
1,800 




Class 8 






Class 9 






Class A 






Class C 


2 
1 
3 
2 


1,440 


Class D 






600 


Class J 






720 


Class K 






360 










Total 




5 


8 


7,400 


3,120 






Police: 

Class 1 


3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,800 

1,500 

1,400 

1,200 

1,020 

900 

600 

450 

375 

360 

300 

240 

120 


1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

3 

5 

26 

23 

321 




3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

10, 000 

1,800 

4,500 

7,000 

31,200 

23,460 

288, 900 










Class 3 






Class 5 


2 


4,000 




Class 8 












Class 9 


4 


4,800 


Class 10 


Class A 


3 

6 
12 

6 

13 

41 

324 

2 


2,700 
3,600 
5,400 
2,250 
4,680 
12, 300 
77, 760 
240 




Class G 
























Class J 






Class K 














Total 




387 


413 


375, 860 


117, 730 






Total (by classes): 

Class 1 


4,500 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,250 

2,000 

1,950 

1,800 

1,720 

1,700 

1,600 

1,500 

1,400 

1,300 

1,200 

1,080 

1,020 

1,000 

900 

840 

720 

660 

600 


4 
1 
3 
9 
4 
2 
7 
2 

11 
1 
2 

12 
4 

18 
1 

66 
1 

23 

4 

354 

43 
9 


1 


18,000 

4,000 
10, 500 
27, 000 
10,000 

4,500 
14,000 

3,900 
19, 800 

1,720 

3,400 
19,200 

6,000 
25,200 

1,300 
79, 200 

1,080 
23, 460 

4,000 

318,600 

36, 120 

6,480 


4,500 
















Class 3 


2 


5,000 


Class 4 


Class 5 


2 


4,000 


Class 6 


Class 7 


1 


1,800 














Class 8 


1 
1 


1,500 
1,400 


Class 9 


Class 10 


8 


9,600 








Class A 


6 

5 
1 

6 

1 
37 


6,000 

4,500 

840 


Class B 


Class C 


4,320 
660 


Class D 




4 


2,'400" 


22,200 



476 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



MUNICIPAL SERVICE OF MANILA— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Total (by classes)— Continued. 

Class E 


$540 
480 
450 
420 
375 
360 
300 
240 
210 
180 
150 
120 




1 
8 

12 
11 

6 

24 

68 

428 

1 
48 
37 
27 




$540 


Class P 






1,440 

5,400 
4,620 
2,250 
8,640 


Class G 












Class H . 












Class I 






20, 400 

102, 720 

210 








Class K 












8,640 
5,550 
3,240 




















Total 




585 


738 


$639, 860 


229, 970 







JUDICIAL SERVICE. 



The supreme court: 

Class 1 


$7, 500 

7,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,600 

720 

360 

240 

150 




1 
2 




$7 500 




3 
1 
2 
1 


$21, 000 
3,000 
4,000 
1,600 


14, 000 


Class 5 












Class C 


1 
6 
6 
5 


720 


Class H 






2,160 

1,440 

750 








Class K 














Total 




7 


21 


29, 600 


26, 570 






Courts of first instance: 

Class 1 


5,500 

5,000 

4,500 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,100 

1,000 

900 

800 

720 

700 

600 

500 

450 

420 

400 

360 

300 

240 

200 

180 

150 

144 

120 

96 

90 

60 


3 
3 
3 
3 
1 
2 




16, 500 
15, 000 
13, 500 
12, 000 
3,500 
6,000 






1 
2 
2 


5,000 
9,000 
8,000 




1 
1 
1 

5 


3,000 
2,000 
1,800 


Class 6 








2 
2 

1 


3,200 
2,800 
1,200 


8,000 


Class 8 


Class 9 


9 
3 
4 

14 

7 

2 

3 

7 

2 

1 

1 

2 

10 

1 

30 

10 

13 

12 

2 

35 

1 

3 

2 


10, 800 


Class 10 . . 


3,300 
4,000 
12, 600 
5,600 
1,440 
2,100 
4,200 
1,000 
450 




1 


1,000 


Class C 












Class D . 












Class F 






Class G 












420 


Class H 






800 








3,600 
300 


Class I 












7,200 


Class K 






2,000 
2,340 














1,800 








288 








4,200 








96 








270 








120 










Total 




21 


187 


74, 700 


105, 724 






Office of the attorney-general: 


7,000 
5,500 
4,500 
4,000 
2,500 
2,400 
2,250 
2,000 
1,800 
1,600 


1 




7,000 






1 


5,500 




1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 


4,500 
4,000 
2,500 
2,400 
2,250 
2,000 
1,800 
4,800 










Class 3 






Class 4 












Class 5 






Class 6 


1 
1 


1,800 


Class 7 


1,600 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



477 



JUDICIAL SERVICE— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Office of the attorney-general — Cont'd. 
Class 8 . 


$1,400 
600 
420 
120 


4 




$5,600 




Class D . 


1 
2 
1 


$600 


Class G . . 






840 


Class K 






120 










Total 




15 


7 


36,850 


10, 460 








Total (by classes): 

Class 1 


7,500 

7,000 

5,500 

5,000 

4,500 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,400 

2,250 

2,000 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,100 

1,000 

900 

800 

720 

700 

600 

500 

450 

420 

400 

360 

300 

240 

200 

180 

150 

144 

120 

96 

90 

60 




1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 




7,500 




4 
3 
3 
4 
4 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
6 
6 
1 


28, 000 

16,500 

15, 000 

18,000 

16, 000 

3,500 

9,000 

2,500 

2,400 

2,250 

6,000 

1,800 

9,600 

8,400 

1,200 


14, 000 
5,500 
5,000 
9,000 
8,000 


Class 3 


1 


3,000 


Class 4 














1 
2 
6 


2,000 


Class 6 


3,600 
9,600 


Class 7 


Class 8 




Class 9 


9 

3 

4 

14 

7 

3 

3 

8 

2 

1 

3 

2 

16 

1 

36 

10 

13 

17 

2 

36 

1 

3 

2 


10, 800 


Class 10 


3,300 




1 


1,000 


4,000 
12, 600 
5,600 
2,160 
2,100 
4,800 
1,000 
450 


Class C 












Class D 












Class F 






Class G 












1,260 


Class H 






800 








5,760 
300 


Class I 












8,640 
2,000 
2,340 

2,550 

288 


Class K 






























4,320 








96 








270 








120 










Total 




43 


215 


141, 150 


142, 754 









PROVINCIAL SERVICE. 



Class 1 


$3,000 
2,500 
2,400 
2,300 
2,250 
2,200 
2,100 
2,000 
1,800 
1,700 
1,600 
1,500 
1,400 
1,350 
1,300 
1,250 
1,200 
1,150 
1,100 
1,080 
1,000 
900 
840 
780 
720 
600 


2 
8 
2 
2 
1 
7 
4 
13 
13 
5 
3 
9 
1 
1 




$6,000 

20,000 

4,800 

4,600 

2,250 

15,400 

8,400 

26,000 

23,400 

8,500 

4,800 

13,500 

1,400 

1,350 




Class 3 


1 


$2, 500 


Class 4 




Class 5 


1 
1 


2,300 
2,250 








Class 6 


3 

10 
3 
5 

23 
1 

10 
8 
1 

32 
1 
6 
4 
7 

12 
1 


6,000 
18, 000 


Class 7 


5 100 


Class 8 


8,000 
34 500 


Class 9 


1,400 
13, 500 




10, 400 








1,250 


Class 10 


42 


50, 400 


38, 400 
1 150 








6 600 


Class A 


1 
3 
15 


1,080 

3,000 

13,500 


4,320 

7,000 

10 800 


Class B 


840 


Class C 


2 
3 
3 


1, 560 
2,160 
1,800 




Class D 


3 

26 


2,160 
15, 600 



478 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



PROVINCIAL SERVICE— Continued. 





Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 


Salaries. 


Positions and salaries. 


Americans. 


Filipinos. 




$500 

480 

450 

420 

400 

360 

330 

300 

288 

270 

240 

210 

200 

192 

180 

150 

144 

140 

120 

108 

100 

96 

90 

84 

75 

72 

60 

48 

36 




3 
5 
5 
1 
1 

20 
3 

53 
1 
3 

59 
9 
2 
1 

64 

50 
1 
3 

33 
1 
1 
9 

22 
1 
1 

14 

24 
1 
2 




$1,500 

2,400 

2,250 

420 


Class G 


1 


$480 








Class H 






400 








7,200 
990 


Class I 












15,900 
288 














810 








14,160 

1,890 

400 


Class K 


















192 








11,520 

7,500 

144 




















420 








3,960 
108 














100 








864 








1,980 
84 














75 








1,008 
1,440 

48 




















72 










Total 




141 


552 


214, 380 


270, 193 









GENERAL RECAPITULATION OF THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE. 



Class 1. 



Class 2. 
Class 3. 
Class 4. 



Class 5. 

Class 6. 
Class 7. 



Class 



Class 10. 



M.5, 000 


1 


10,500 


4 


7,500 


1 


7,000 


4 


6,000 


5 


5,500 


3 


5,000 


aS 


4,500 


10 


4,000 


14 


3,500 


11 


3,250 


1 


3,200 


1 


3,000 


27 


2,750 


3 


2,500 


32 


2,400 


18 


2,300 


2 


2,250 


26 


2,200 


7 


2,100 


4 


2,000 


73 


1,950 


2 


1,800 


123 


1,720 


1 


1,700 


8 


1,600 


121 


1,500 


78 


1,400 


198 


1,380 


7 


1,350 


8 


1,320 


8 


1,300 


5 


1,280 


1 


1,250 


2 


1,200 


654 


1,150 




1,140 


3 


1,100 


31 


1,080 


34 


1,050 


35 


1,020 


45 


1,000 


242 



16 



10 



24 



$15, 000 

42,000 

7,500 

28,000 

30, 000 

16,500 

40, 000 

45,000 

56, 000 

38,500 

3,250 

3,200 

81,000 

8,250 

80, 000 

43,200 

4,600 

58, 500 

15,400 

8,400 

146, 000 

3,900 

221,400 

1,720 

13, 600 

193,600 

117, 000 

277,200 

9,660 

10,800 

10, 560 

6,500 

1,280 

2,500 

784, 800 



3,420 
34,100 
36, 720 
36, 750 
45, 900 
242,000 



a The civil governor and the four secretaries of departments act as commissioners. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



479 



GENERAL RECAPITULATION OF THE PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE— Continued. 



Positions and salaries. 


Salary of 
class. 


Americans. 


Filipinos'. 


Salaries. 


Americans. 

$38, 000 

572,400 

850 

43, 680 

45, 600 

10,140 

3,750 

61,200 


Filipinos. 




$950 
900 
850 
840 
800 
780 
750 
720 
700 
660 
650 
600 
540 
500 
480 
450 
420 
400 
375 
365 
360 
350 
330 
300 
288 
270 
240 
216 
210 
200 
192 
180 
150 
144 
140 
135 
132 
120 
114 
108 
100 
96 
90 
84 
75 
72 
60 
48 
36 
30 
26 


40 

636 

1 

52 

57 

13 

5 

85 


6 

66 


$5,700 


Class B 


59,400 


Class C 


6 

24 


5,040 
19, 200 






Class D 


7 

32 

3 

3 

1 

143 

9 

5 

96 

19 

78 

3 

6 

2 

105 

1 

3 

337 

2 

3 

718 

. 4 

14 

22 

1 

207 

159 

3 

3 

1 

3 

213 

1 

3 

9 

15 

51 

1 

1 

41 

37 

2 

2 

2 

1 


5,250 
23, 040 
2,100 








1,980 
650 








Class E 


30 

1 


18,000 
540 


85,800 
4,860 


Class F . 


2,500 
46,080 

8,550 
32, 760 

1,200 

2,250 
730 




1 


480 








Class H 
























37,800 
350 


Class I 












990 








101,100 
676 














810 








172,320 
864 


Class K 












2,940 

4,400 

192 




















37, 260 

23,850 

432 




















420 








135 








396 








25,560 
114 














324 








900 








1,440 

4,690 

84 




















75 








2,952 

2,220 

96 




















72 








60 








26 










Total 




2,777 


2,697 


3,618,350 


1,094,688 







EXHIBIT S. 



ACTS PASSED BY THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF THE MORO 
PROVINCE, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

Act No. 1. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the office of the 
treasurer of the Moro Province. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council for the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the treas- 
urer of the Moro Province the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One examiner at an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500.00), cur- 
rency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(6) One clerk at an annual salary of one hundred and eighty dollars ($180.00), cur- 
rency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec 2. The examiner shall give to the treasurer of the Moro Province a sufficient 
bond, to be approved by him, in the amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000.00), 
currency of the United States, conditioned to secure the faithful performance of his 
duties and the accounting for all public funds coming into his hands as such employee. 

Sec 3. Subject to amendment or annulment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 4, 1903. 



Act No. 2. 



AN ACT authorizing the treasurer of the Moro Province to make requisition upon certain officials of 
the insular government for moneys of which he is the lawful custodian. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. The treasurer of the Moro Province is authorized and directed to make 
requisition upon the insular treasurer, collectors of customs, and collectors of internal 
revenue or other employees of the insular government within the territorial limits 
of the Moro Province, for all moneys properly belonging to the Moro Province or of 
which he is the lawful custodian, in accordance with the provisions of Act No. 787 
of the Philippine Commission, which may have come into the possession of such 
officials from and including the 15th day of July, 1903, or which may come into 
their possession at any future time. 

Sec 2. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 4, 1903. 



Act No. 3. 



AN ACT to provide for the organization of the office of district treasurer of the district of Zamboanga, 
and fixing the salaries of the employees thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission, 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the district 
treasurer of the district of Zamboanga the following employees: 

(a) A treasurer of the district at an annual salary of nineteen hundred dollars 
($1,900.00), currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

480 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 481 

(6) One clerk at an annual salary of three hundred and sixty dollars ($360.00), cur- 
rency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(c) One clerk at an annual salary of one hundred and fifty dollars ($150.00), cur- 
rency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(d) One clerk at an annual salary of one hundred and twenty dollars ($120.00), 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec. 2. The district treasurer and clerks as above provided for, in addition to their 
duties as such employees, shall perform such additional services as deputies or clerks 
in the office of the treasurer of the Moro Province as the insular treasurer or the 
treasurer of the Moro Province may from time to time direct, without thereby being 
entitled to receive other compensation than as provided in section 1 of this act. 

Sec. 3. The district treasurer shall give a sufficient bond to the treasurer of the 
Moro Province, to be approved by him, in the amount of ten thousand dollars 
($10,000.00), currency of the United States, conditioned to secure the faithful per- 
formance of his duties, and the accounting for all public funds coming into his hands 
a£ such district treasurer and as a deputy in the office of the treasurer of the Moro 
Province, as provided in section 2 of this act. 

Sec. 4. The clerks provided for in section 1 of this act may, in the discretion of the 
the treasurer of the Moro Province, be required to give such bond to the treasurer of 
the Moro Province as he may direct, conditioned to secure the faithful performance 
of their duties and the accounting for all public funds coming into their hands as 
clerks or deputies in the office of the district treasurer or as clerks or deputies in the 
office of the treasurer of the Moro Province, as provided in section 2 of this act. 

Sec 5. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 4, 1903. 



Act No. 4. 
AN ACT to provide a seal for the Moro Province and to provide a seal for temporary use. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province that: 

Section 1. The provincial engineer of the Moro Province is authorized and directed 
to provide for the use of the Moro Province an official seal. The official seal shall 
have a diameter of two and one-fourth inches, and shall bear, running from left to 
right, on the upper outside edge, the words, "U. S. Moro Province. P. I.," and 
on the lower outside edge the words, " Official Seal." There shall be in the center 
of the seal a design showing a Moro vinta in a foreground of sea, a crescent in a back- 
ground of sky, laid over this a map of the Moro Province, and over the whole a kris 
and a barong crossed. 

Sec. 2. Until such time as the official seal of the Moro Province shall have been 
provided, the official seal shall consist of a scroll with the word "Seal" and the 
initials of the secretary of the Moro Province inscribed therein, 

Sec 3. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 7, 1903. 



Act No. 5. 
AN ACT to provide for the imposition and collection of a cedula tax. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, thai: 

Section 1. There shall be collected in each disrtrict of the Moro Province by the 
district treasurer, and in the subdistrict of Dapitan by the official who shall be des- 
ignated to perform the duties of subdistrict treasurer, an annual tax of one peso, 
Philippine currency, to be called the cedula or registration tax, from every male per- 
son of eighteen years and not more than fifty-five years of age residing in such dis- 
trict or subdistrict, whether a native of the Philippine Islands, a citizen of the United 
States, or a foreigner, except a soldier, sailor, or officer of the United States Army or 
Navy, a member of a non-Christian tribe other than a member of Moro tribe, or a 
foreign consular officer exempted by treaty or international law. The gross amount 
of the receipts from the collection of the cedula tax shall constitute a part of the gen- 

war 1903— vol 5 31 



482 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

eral funds of the Moro Province, to be expended in the discretion of the legislative 
council for provincial, district, or municipal purposes. 

Sec. 2. A cedula or certificate shall be issued to each person paying the tax, which 
shall contain an acknowledgment by the district or subdistrict treasurer of the 
receipt of the peso, the name of the person paying, his age, residence, place of nativ- 
ity, his status, whether married or single, and his business or occupation. Upon the 
delivery to him of his cedula or certificate he shall sign the same with his usual sig- 
nature in the presence of the collecting officer, who shall witness the signature. In 
case the taxpayer is unable to sign his name, he shall identify himself by his usual 
mark similarly witnessed. 

Sec. 3. The cedula or certificate of registration herein provided for may be used 
for the purposes of identification, admitted in evidence, and must be presented by 
anyone liable to pay such tax whenever (1) he appears in any court of the Moro 
Province, either as a suitor or as a witness in his own behalf in any civil proceeding; 
(2) he transacts any business with any public office or officer; (3) he pays any taxes 
or receives money from any public funds; (4) he acknowledges any document before 
a notary public; (5) he assumes any public office, whether by appointment or by 
election, and (6) he receives any license, certificate, or permit from any public 
authority. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not to exceed ten pesos, Philip- 
pine currency. 

Sec 4. A person liable to pay the cedula tax who has not paid it shall not be 
allowed to register as an elector or voter. A registration official who permits a per- 
son to register as an elector in violation of this section, or a person who so registers, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not to 
exceed ten pesos, Philippine currency. 

Sec 5. The district treasurer shall keep in his office, open to the inspection of any 
person, a register of all certificates of registration issued in his district. The munici- 
pal secretary of each organized municipality shall cause to be prepared in duplicate 
an alphabetical list of all persons liable to the payment of the cedula tax. He shall 
retain one list in his office, and forward the other duly certified to the district treas- 
urer, who shall keep the same in his office open to the inspection of the public. 

Sec 6. Any person failing to pay the cedula tax at the time fixed in accordance 
with law, shall be liable to the payment of a penalty of one hundred per cent in 
addition thereto. The district treasurer or subdistrict treasurer may, in his discre- 
tion, enforce the payment of the cedula tax and penalty, after the same shall remain 
delinquent for fifteen days, by causing the delinquent to be prosecuted before the 
district governor, or such municipal presidente as the district governor may designate 
for that purpose, for such delinquency; and upon conviction the person so deliquent 
shall be sentenced to imprisonment for five days, or to pay a fine of fifteen pesos 
Philippine currency, and such imprisonment, or the payment of such fine, shall be 
deemed a satisfaction of the tax and penalty and entitle the person so convicted, at 
the expiration of his imprisonment, or upon the payment of the fine, to the cedula 
or certificate as though the tax and penalty had been paid in money. 

Sec 7. By consent of a district treasurer of a district where a person is resident, 
approved by the treasurer of the Moro Province, a person otherwise liable to the 
payment of the cedula tax may be exempted on a proper showing that through 
infirmity or otherwise he is unable to earn a living and is a pauper. 

Sec 8. The cedula tax for the year 1903 shall be due and payable in each district 
on or before a date fixed by the treasurer of the Moro Province within three months 
prior to December 31, 1903, by notices posted in conspicuous places in each munici- 
pality of the province and at the door of all municipal, district, and provincial 
buildings. In succeeding years the cedula tax shall be due and payable within three 
months prior to May 31: Provided, That Moros residing in the districts of Cottabato 
and Zamboanga shall not be liable to the payment of the cedula tax for the year 
1903, and other Moros shall not be liable to the payment of the tax for the years 1903 
and 1904. By the word Moro is understood natives of the Mohammedan faith. 

Sec 9. The form of the cedula certificate shall be prescribed by the insular treas- 
urer, and blank books containing the same, with proper stubs or duplicate receipts, 
shall be purchased by the treasurer of the Moro Province from the insular treasurer 
at cost, and furnished by him to the district and subdistrict treasurers. 

Sec 10. All laws or parts of laws providing for the imposition and collection of 
cedula or registration taxes, and all provisions of law inconsistent with the provisions 
of this act, in so far as they may have been heretofore in force in the Moro Province, 
are hereby repealed. 

Sec 11. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 10, 1903. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 483 

Act No. 6. 
AS ACT tt> provide that the lloro Province shall be the beneficiary of the internal-revenue taxes. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. The gross amount of receipts from the collection of the industrial and 
stamp taxes, or internal-revenue taxes, shall constitute a part of the general funds 
of the Moro Province, to be expended in the discretion of the legislative council for 
provincial, district, or municipal purposes. 

Sec. 2. All provisions of law inconsistent with the provisions of this act, in so far 
as they may have been in force heretofore in the Moro Province, are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 3. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 12, 1903. 



Act No. 7. 



AN ACT to provide for the organization of the offices of the district treasurers of the districts of 
Cottabato, Sulu, Davao, and Lanao, and fixing the salaries of the employees thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. There shall be employed in the office of the district treasurer of the 
district of Cottabato the following employees: 

( a ) A treasurer of the district, at an annual salary of eighteen hundred dollars 
($1,800.00). 

(b) One deputy, at an annual salary of two hundred and forty dollars ($240.00). 

(c) One janitor, at an annual salary of one hundred dollars ($100.00). 

Sec. 2. There shall be employed in the office of the district treasurer of the district 
of Sulu the following employees: 

(a) A treasurer of the district, at an annual salary of sixteen hundred dollars 
($1,600.00). 

(6) One deputy, at an annual salary of two hundred and forty dollars ($240.00). 

(c) One janitor, at an annual salary of one hundred dollars ($100.00). 

Sec. 3. There shall be employed in the office of the district treasurer of the district 
of Davao the following employees: 

(a) A treasurer of the district, at an annual salary of sixteen hundred dollars 
($1,600.00). 

(6) One deputy, at an annual salary of two hundred and forty dollars ($240.00). 

(c) One janitor, at an andual salary of one hundred dollars ($100.00). 

Sec. 4. There shall be employed in the office of the district treasurer of the district 
of Lanao the following employees: 

(a) A treasurer of the district, at an annual salary of fifteen hundred dollars 
($1,500.00). 

(b) One deputy, at an annual salary of two hundred and forty dollars ($240.00). 

(c) One janitor, at an annual salary of one hundred dollars ($100.00). 

Sec. 5. The employees provided for in this act shall be appointed subject to the 
provisions of act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission, and its subsequent amend- 
ments. The salaries herein provided for are stated in currency of the United States, 
and shall be payable in such currency or in its equivalent in Philippine currency at 
the option of the treasurer of the Moro Province. 

Sec. 6. Each of the district treasurers of the districts of Cottabato, Sulu, Davao, 
and Lanao shall give a sufficient bond to the treasurer of the Moro Province, to be 
approved by him, in the amount of seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500.00), 
seven thousand dollars ($7,000.00), seven thousand dollars ($7,000.00), and six thou- 
sand dollars (§6,000.00), currency of the United States, respectively, which bond 
shall be conditioned to secure the faithful performance of his duties, and the account- 
ing for all public funds coming into his hands as such district treasurer: Provided, 
That the treasurer of the Moro Province may in his discretion at any time require 
any district treasurer in the Moro Province to furnish bond in a greater amount than 
provided by law. 

Sec. 7. The deputies employed in the offices of the district treasurers in accord- 
ance with the provisions of this act may, in the discretion of the treasurer of the 
Moro Province, be required to furnish such bond as he may direct, to be approved 
by him, and conditioned to secure the faithful performance of their duties, and the 
accounting for all public funds coming into their hands as such employees. 



484 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Sec. 8. None of the employees provided for in this act, other than the district 
treasurers, shall be appointed until such time as the treasurer of the Moro province 
shall recommend their appointment to the respective district governors. 

Sec 9. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 13, 1903. 



Act No. 8. 



AN ACT defining the crimes of slaveholding and slave hunting, and prescribingjthe punishment 

therefor. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Every person who buys, holds, sells, or otherwise disposes of any per- 
son as a slave, or who, directly or indirectly, causes any person to be held in invol- 
untary servitude, except as provided by law, is guilty of slaveholding, and upon 
conviction shall be imprisoned not more than twenty years and be fined not more 
than ten thousand pesos Philippine currency. 

Sec 2. Every person who buys, captures, abducts, or receives any person with 
intent to sell or otherwise dispose of such person as a slave, or to cause such person 
to enter into involuntary servitude, or who knowingly aids or abets the recapture or 
detention of any person escaped from slavery for the purpose of returning such per- 
son to a condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, or who knowingly owns or is 
employed upon or has any interest in any vessel used or employed in the tranporta- 
tion of any person for the purpose of causing such person to enter into slavery or 
involuntary servitude in the Moro Province or elsewhere, is guilty of slavehunting, 
and upon conviction shall be imprisoned for not more than twenty years and be 
fined not more than ten thousand pesos Philippine currency. 

Sec 3. Any vessel employed with the knowledge and consent of the owner in the 
transportation of any person from or into the Moro Province, or within the limits of 
the same, for the purpose of disposing of such person as a slave or of causing such 
person to enter into involuntary servitude in the Moro Province or elsewhere, and 
any property, shelter, subsistence, arms, animals, or equipments employed, with the 
knowledge and consent of the owner, in the trafficking in, hunting, capturing, or 
recapturing of slaves, shall be subject to confiscation, and upon due proof and after 
due sentence before the proper court shall be sold at public auction. The proceeds 
of such sale shall constitute a part of the funds of the Moro Province. 

Sec 4. Nothing in this act shall be construed as countenancing or recognizing the 
legality of slavery or involuntary servitude as heretofore existing in the Moro Prov- 
ince, or as exempting or excusing any person who may have heretofore committed 
any of the acts defined and punished in this act as slaveholding or slave hunting 
from prosecution and punishment under the laws of the Philippine Islands. 

Sec 5. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted September 24, 1903. 



Act No. 9. 



AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the office of the gov- 
ernor of the Moro Province, and fixing the salaries thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the gov- 
ernor of the Moro Province the following subordinate employees : 

(a) One stenographer, class 7. 

( b) One clerk, class H. 

Sec 2. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 
Enacted, September 28, 1903. 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 485 

Act No. 10. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the office of the secre- 
tary of the Moro Province, and fixing the salaries thereof : 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the secre- 
tary of the Moro Province the following subordinate employees : 

(a) One chief clerk, class 7. 

(b) Two stenographers, class 8. 

(c) One clerk, class 10. 

(d) One clerk, class H. 

(e) One messenger, at an annual salary of one hundred and twenty dollars ($120.00), 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec 2. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 
Enacted, September 28, 1903. 



Act No. 11. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of an assistant attorney for the Moro Province and other 
subordinate employees in the office of the attorney for the Moro Province, and fixing the salaries 
thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. There shall be employed in the office of the attorney for the Moro 
province an assistant attorney for the Moro Province, who shall be a lawyer admitted 
to practice in the supreme court of the Philippine Islands, or in the supreme court 
of a State or Territory of the United States. He shall receive an annual salary of not 
more than twenty-five hundred dollars ($2,500.00), currency of the United States, or 
its equivalent in Philippine currency, to be fixed by the governor of the Moro Prov- 
ince in the appointment. He shall, under the supervision of the provincial attorney, 
represent the public in the prosecution of crimes and misdemeanors in any of the 
courts within the Moro Province, when the public interest requires it, and shall ren- 
der such other services in the performance of the duties of the provincial attorney as 
may be assigned to him. Before assuming office he shall take the oath prescribed 
for provincial officers by Act No. 83 of the Philippine Commission. 

Sec 2. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission and 
its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the attorney for 
the Moro Province the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One clerk, class D. 

(6) One clerk, class K. 

Sec 3. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 28, 1903. - ' 



Act No. 12. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the office of the engineer 
of the Moro Province, and fixing the salaries thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the engineer 
of the Moro Province the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One chief clerk, class 8. 

(b) Two clerks, class J. 

Sec 2. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 
Enacted, September 28, 1903. 



486 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Act No. 13. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the office of the superin- 
tendent of schools of the Moro Province, and fixing the salaries thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the super- 
intendent of schools of the Moro Province the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One clerk, class 9. 

(b) Two translators, class A. 

(c) One messenger, at an annual salary of ninety dollars ($90.00), currency of the 
United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec 2. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 
Enacted, September 28, 1903. 



Act No. 14. 

AN ACT appropriating the sum of ten thousand five hundred and fifty-seven pesos and seventy-five 
centavos, in Philippine currency, or so much thereof as may be necessary, in part compensation 
for the fiscal year nineteen hundred and four, and for other purposes. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. The following sums, in Philippine currency, or so much thereof as may 
be respectively necessary, are hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the treasury 
of the Moro Province not otherwise appropriated, in part compensation for the serv- 
ice of the Moro Province, for the first quarter of the fiscal year nineteen hundred 
and four unless otherwise stated: 

PERSONNEL OP THE MOEO PROVINCE. 

Salaries and wages, nineteen hundred and four: Provincial treasurer, at eight thou- 
sand pesos per annum; provincial attorney, at eight thousand pesos per annum; super- 
intendent of schools, at eight thousand pesos per annum; two thousand two hundred 
and twenty-two pesos and sixteen centavos. 

Kegular supplies, nineteen hundred and four: Office furniture and fixtures, station- 
ery, blank forms, record books, etc., eight thousand pesos. 

Eents, nineteen hundred and four: For provincial offices, courts of first instance, 
jail houses, etc., thirty-three pesos and thirty-three centavos. 

DISTRICT OP ZAMBOANGA. 

Salaries and wages, nineteen hundred and four: District treasurer (class 6), at 
three thousand eight hundred pesos per annum; one clerk, class H, at seven hundred 
and twenty pesos per annum; one clerk, class K, at three hundred pesos per annum; 
three hundred and two pesos and twenty-six centavos. 

Total appropriations for all purposes ten thousand five hundred and fifty-seven 
pesos and seventy-five centavos in Philippine currency or so much thereof as may 
be necessary. 

Sec. 2. The appropriations herein made shall be withdrawn from the provincial 
treasury in Philippine currency or United States currency at the option of the pro- 
vincial treasurer. 

Sec 3. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 29, 1903. 



Act No. 15. 
AN ACT to provide for feeding and clothing civil prisoners confined in military guardhouses. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Whenever in accordance with the provisions of Circular No. 12, issued 
November 20, 1902, from headquarters department of Mindanao, the commanding 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 487 

officer of any post or station within the Moro Province shall, upon the written 
request of a judge of a court of first instance, a justice of the peace, or the presiding 
officer of a district court, confine any civil prisoner in a military guardhouse or prison, 
pending trial, or for the execution of sentence, or pending transfer to the proper 
prison after conviction, he shall be paid from provincial funds for supplying necessary 
food the amount of twenty centavos, Philippine currency, per day for each prisoner 
so confined. If, however, any prisoner so confined shall be furnished a military 
ration, either a regular ration or a scout ration, the United States shall be reimbursed 
the cost of such ration. The necessary clothing for such prisoners shall bepurchased 
by the provincial engineer and forwarded by him to the proper commanding officers 
for distribution. 

Sec. 2. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 29, 1903. 



Act No. 16. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the office of the district 
governor and the district secretary of the district of Sulu, and fixing the salaries thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the. 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the district 
governor of the district of Sulu, the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One stenographer, class 8. 

(b) One interpreter, class A. 

( c) One messenger at an annual salary of one hundred and twenty dollars ( $120. 00 ) , 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec 2. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission and 
its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the district secre- 
tary of the district of Sulu, the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One clerk, class 10. 

(6) One janitor at an annual salary of ninety-six dollars ($96.00), currency of the 
United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec 3. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 29, 1903. 



Act No. 17. 

AN ACT temporarily to provide for the establishment and maintenance of a public school system in 

the Moro Province. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Until such time as the legislative council shall enact a general school 
law for the organization and support of a public school system for the Moro Province, 
all public schools hereafter established in the province, and from and including the 
first day of October, 1903, all schools heretofore established or maintained within the 
present limits of the province by an organized municipality, or by the bureau of 
education of the Philippine Islands, shall be included in and contained under the 
public school system of the Moro Province under the direct control and super- 
vision of the provincial superintendent of schools, and shall be supported and main- 
tained by appropriation from provincial funds. Until the appointment and qualifi- 
cation of their successors under this section, native teachers at present employed in 
the schools of such organized municipalities shall continue to be paid from municipal 
funds. The provincial treasurer shall reimburse the insular treasurer for the salaries 
of all American teachers in the employ of the bureau of education of the Philippine 
Islands who may after said date be retained or employed in any of the schools of 
the Moro Province: Provided, however, That the provincial superintendent of schools 
may, at any time, in his discretion, and subject to the provisions of law, establish 
additional schools, or discontinue any of the schools heretofore established. 

Sec 2. The provincial superintendent of schools shall have authority to establish 
night schools, but no night school class shall be maintained at the expense of the prov- 



488 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ince in which the average nightly attendance in each school month under each teacher 
is not at least ten pupils over the age of fourteen years. If it is found at the end of any 
month that the average attendance of any class has been less than ten, such class 
shall be discontinued. The teacher of such class shall, however, be entitled to pay 
for each night actual teaching during the month even if the average attendance has 
been less than ten. Teachers of night school classes shall be paid for nights of actual 
teaching at the rate not to exceed three pesos, Philippine currency, per night, for 
each American teacher, or one peso, Philippine currency, per night, for each native 
teacher. 

Sec. 3. The actual expenses of teachers or employees of the provincial superin- 
tendent of schools while traveling or absent from their usual places of residence on 
official business authorized by the provincial superintendent of schools, shall be paid 
by appropriation from provincial funds. 

Sec 4. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission, and 
its subsequent amendments, there may be employed in the public,, school system of 
the Moro Province the following teachers: 

(a) Thirteen teachers of English, class 9. 

(6) Seven teachers of English, class 10. 

Sec. 5. There may also be employed, under such regulations and restrictions as to 
qualification as the provincial superintendent of schools shall prescribe, the following 
native teachers: 

(a) Two teachers at annual salaries not to exceed nine hundred dollars ($900.00), 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(b) One teacher at an annual salary not to exceed six hundred dollars ($600.00), 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(c) Two teachers at annual salaries not to exceed four hundred and twenty dollars 
($420.00), currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(d) Six teachers at annual salaries not to exceed three hundred dollars ($300.00), 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(e) Fifteen teachers at annual salaries not to exceed two hundred and forty dollars 
($240.00) , currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(/) Thirty teachers at annual salaries not to exceed one hundred and eighty dol- 
lars ($180.00), currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

(g) Twelve teachers at annual salaries not to exceed one hundred and fifty dollars 
($150.00), currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec. 6. All laws or parts of laws inconsistent with the provisions of this act, in 
so far as they may have been heretofore in force in the Moro Province, are hereby 
repealed. 

Sec 7. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, September 30, 1903. 



Act No. 18. 

AN ACT to provide for the employment of certain subordinate employees in the offices of the governor 
and secretary of the district of Zamboanga, and fixing the salaries thereof. 

By authority of the Philippine Commission, be it enacted by the legislative council of the 
Moro Province, that: 

Section 1. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission, 
and its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the governor 
of the district of Zamboanga, the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One interpreter, class C. 

lb) One interpreter, class D. 

(c) One messenger at an annual salary of one hundred and twenty dollars ($120.00), 
currency of the United States, or its equivalent in Philippine currency. 

Sec 2. Subject to the provisions of Act No. 5 of the Philippine Commission, and 
its subsequent amendments, there shall be employed in the office of the secretary of 
the district of Zamboanga, the following subordinate employees: 

(a) One chief clerk, class 9. 

lb) One typewriter, class C. 

Icy One interpreter, class D. 

(d) One clerk, class K. 

Sec 3. Subject to annulment or amendment by the Philippine Commission, this 
act shall take effect on its passage. 
Enacted, September 30, 1903. 



EXHIBIT T. 



REPORT OF GENERAL WOOD AS TO ABROGATION BATES TREATY. 

Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. L, December 16, 1903. 
His Excellency William H. Taft, 

Governor of the Philippines, Manila, P. L 

Sir: I have the honor to recommend that the so-called Bates agreement be abro- 
gated to date from October 30, 1903, and that all payments made to Moros under it 
be stopped. The reasons for recommending the abrogation of this agreement are as 
follows: 

First. The Moro signers of the agreement have neither the power nor the ability 
to make their part of it good, nor did they have such power at the time of signing, 
nor have they had it since. 

Second. The agreement stands in the way of the establishment of a good govern- 
ment, inasmuch as it recognizes the authority of a class of men whom we have 
found to be corrupt, licentious, and cruel; men whose authority, as a matter of fact, 
is exercised, not through just laws, but through the power of slavery and peonage; 
through the power of execution without trial, and through the exercise of arbitrary 
power resulting in the indulgence of unbridled lusts, robbery, forcible seizure of 
property, etc. In brief, a condition has existed, and will exist, under this agree- 
ment, which at times amounts to anarchy, and is always one of serious disorder. 

Third. Because of the oft-repeated offense of sending juramentados into Jolo. A 
juramentado is a man who has gone through a form of religious preparation and taken 
an oath to die killing Christians. He must necessarily have the consent of his dato, 
and his preparation is made under the direction of the priest, who practically preaches 
a holy war, so far as he is concerned, and encourages him with hope of future reward 
and happiness to commit murder and self-sacrifice. It is safe to say that every jura- 
mentado who has come into Jolo in recent years has come with the knowledge of 
the majority of the people of the section in which he lived, and the dato and princi- 
pal priests of his district, all of whom have directly or indirectly taken part in pre- 
paring him for his mission. Without the approval of the chiefs and had j is, it is doubtful 
if there could have been a single instance of juramentado in these islands. 

Fourth. The persistent refusal of the Moros to observe the general instructions 
given them concerning slavery at the time of signing of the Bates agreement and often 
afterwards; instructions which prohibited the further seizure and enslaving of people. 
Notwithstanding this, they have continued raiding among the savage tribes, capturing 
and enslaving whenever opportunity afforded. 

Fifth. They have frequently stolen property belonging to the United States and 
failed to give it up when it was demanded, the datos professing ignorance of its 
whereabouts, and even when told where it was said they could not recover and 
return it. 

Sixth. Failure to administer justly and equitably such laws as they have; seizure 
of property of defenseless people, rape, murder — in fact, an entire failure to give 
their people reasonable security of life, person, and property. The constant exist- 
ence of petty wars, raiding, and slavery, running off of stock, all combine to render 
life and property in the Sulu Archipelago insecure and to prevent the development 
of the country. 

Seventh. The character of the Sulu laws alone considered is sufficient reason why 
we should have no agreement with them. Murder of a freeman, for instance, being 
punishable by the imposition of a fine of 105 pesos, or $52.50 gold, while the maxi- 
mum penalty for the murder of a slave is but half that amount. This is an illustra- 
tion of the laws which have been in force during the agreement. Any man has 
been at liberty to murder his enemies and pay for them, in case he should happen 
to be tried, at the rate of $52.50 apiece. 

489 



490 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Eighth. The formation of a plot to surprise Jolo during the recent visit of Panglima 
Hassan with 1,000 armed Moros to that town, and to massacre the garrison and 
inhabitants, followed by the unprovoked attack upon United States troops on Octo- 
ber 30 last while they were engaged in making a topographical map of the central 
portion of the island, and the further attack on November 12 of between 2,000 and 
3,000 armed Moros upon United States troops at Siet Lake. These acts of treachery 
and rebellion were accompanied by the erection of forts and the construction of 
trenches and other works, indicating full preparation for a determined resistance 
against the authority of the United States. 

A condition of well-organized rebellion existed involving the principal datos of the 
island. Panglima Hassan was at the head of it. Hassan is and has been a promi- 
nent Sultan's man, as distinguished from Datos Joakanain and Kalbi, who have been 
opposed to the Sultan. 

Maharajah Indanan and other prominent representatives of the Sultan had con- 
tingents in this fight. Both Indanan and the Sultan claimed that they were unable 
to control their people; that they went against their will. Datos Joakanain and 
Kalbi confessed that a number of their followers took part in both attacks, but also 
claimed that they could not prevent it. 

All these things are simply illustrations of the fact that this so-called Sultan and 
his datos have not sufficient authority to carry out the agreement. It can also be 
charged without doing them any injustice, that they have not tried to carry it out. 
There is little doubt that if the Sultan and the principal datos who signed the agree- 
ment had combined to prevent hostilities and acts of bad faith toward the United 
States, that they could have done it, and if unable they could at least have given 
warning and asked our assistance in controlling the unruly element. 

The people of these islands are Mohammedans. Their faith teaches them that it 
is no sin to kill Christians, and they are taught by the priests to believe it is com- 
mendable. They are nothing more or less than an unimportant collection of pirates 
and highwaymen, living under laws which are intolerable, and there is no reason, in 
view of the numerous acts of bad faith on their part, why the so-called Bates agree- 
ment should be longer continued, involving as it does the payment of salaries to 
a number of people who have never been loyal to the United States, and who in 
their ignorance and conceit interpret this agreement as indicating that they are a 
people of great importance, and that we are willing to pay them to be good. 

1 inclose an extract from the report of Gen. George W." Davis for the year 1903; a 
report by Maj. H. L. Scott, governor of Sulu; also extracts from the minutes of vari- 
ous interviews between commanding officers of Jolo, the Sultan of various datos, 
together with extracts from various letters and reports on Moro matters. Nearly all of 
these show that a condition of serious disorder, often amounting to anarchy, has existed 
and that there has been neither law, order, or safety to life or property. They show 
also that the representatives of the United States have exercised the greatest patience 
and tolerance. The entire correspondence indicates plainly the undesirability of 
longer continuing the so-called Bates agreement. 
Very respectfully, 

Leonard Wood, 
Major General, U. S, Army, 
Commanding Department Mindanao, Governor Moro Province. 



Government of the Sulu District op the Moro Province, 

Office of the Governor, 
Jolo, Jolo Island, October 12, 1903. 
The Secretary of the Moro Province, 

Zamboanga, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to report that after an observation of the conditions existing 
in the Sulu Archipelago extending over a period of a month, and an examination of 
the records of Jolo, it is found that there is and has been no government of the Moros 
by the Sultan worthy of the name or such as is contemplated by the agreement 
made by Gen. J. C. Bates with the Sultan of Sulu August 20, 1899. 

The Sultan depends for the little power he possesses upon the fact that he is the 
head of the Mohammedan religion in this Archipelago and upon the wishes of the 
more powerful chiefs, who are sometimes with him, at other times against him, and 
never, even when friendly, comply with his directions unless they feel it will be to 
their interest to do so. He has no power of his own to enforce his mandates, and 
must rely solely upon persuasion (see copy of his remarks herewith, marked 68, 87, 
88, 90, 91, 96). The result of this is a state of anarchy throughout the Archipelago, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 491 

a condition set forth in the reports of the various commanding officers for some years 
past i extract copies of which are submitted herewith) , also extract copies of the 
letters of the Sultan and the military governor of Jolo, and reports of conferences 
taken from the records of Jolo. 

The Sultan, whatever may have been his attitude in the past, would now gladly 
inaugurate and maintain a stable government if he could, but he is entirely unable 
to accomplish this on account of a total inaptness, ignorance, and want of power. 

The island of Sulu is divided up into various districts, such as those of Look, Lati, 
Tando, Parang, etc. ; each district is occupied by a powerful chief, who is usually at 
enmity with all his neighbors. This results in a state of turmoil and insecurity of 
life and property which is appalling, and which is increased by the custom of pun- 
ishing both parties in a controversy, usually by fines and the confiscation of the prop- 
erty at issue and of all bail, for the benefit of the Sultan and the chiefs; the amount 
seldom has reference to the gravity of the offense but only to the ability of the victim 
to pay, and runs as high as 2,000 pesos for very trivial offenses, but the Moro code 
calls only for a fine of 105 pesos for murder, one of the lightest offeuses in the code. 
In case of failure or inability to pay, the man and his family are enslaved. 

Peace has heretofore been kept with these arrogant chiefs (No. 63 and No. 64, let- 
ters herewith ) by letting them alone under the Bates agreement, a policy of nonin- 
terference and of moral suasion. The result after four years of occupation is that 
Americans can not be permitted to go out of the gate of the walled city of Jolo with- 
out arms, or beyond the outposts without an armed escort, and within ten days past 
a Moro was permitted, probably encouraged by other Moros, to come in where he 
broke through the gate of the walled city, ran through the barracks yard, cutting a 
soldier across the back with his barong, and was killed on the main plaza of Jolo, 
where the ladies and children of the garrison usually congregate to listen to the 
music at guard mount, at the time the band had already formed for this purpose. 
Similar affairs have occurred many times in the past and are liable to occur again at 
any moment. A Moro has stated within ten days, in this office, that his carabao is 
his worst enemy, for as long as he has him he is liable to be killed by thieves in the 
endeavor to steal him, but he must keep him to make his crops. 

This state of affairs has existed since the occupation by Americans, as well as long 
before under the Spaniards, with no prospect of amelioration under the Bates agree- 
ment or until the more powerful chiefs are regulated by a strong hand. The accom- 
panying papers, as well as an immense number of complaints that come in daily and 
never recorded, plainly show that the Moro people are not getting any protection 
from the Sultan and but little from the United States; that the Bates agreement is a 
one-sided affair, lived up to only by the United States and violated daily by the 
Sultan through his inability to do otherwise; and it is my firm conviction that so 
long as this agreement is considered binding by the United States there is no possi- 
bility for the establishment of schools away from Jolo or the maintenance of peace, 
law and order, or progress in civilization in the Sulu Archipelago. 
Very respectfully, 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 

A true copv. 

Frank R McCoy, 
Captain, Third Cavalry, Aid-de-Camp. 



Extract from report of Major- General Davis for year of 1903. 

The Bates agreement with the Sultan of Sulu, which it appears was advised by 
the Schurman Commission, is an obstacle to the establishment of good government; 
but there have been many instances of failure on the Sultan's part to observe the 
requirements of the compact, and the bargain is voidable on the part of the United 
States, in its discretion. The Filipino legislation by Congress of March 2, 1902, 
makes no mention of this agreement, although it is expressly provided in the con- 
ditional approval of it by the President, notice of which was communicated to 
General Otis by the Secretary of War on October 27, 1899, that the agreement was 
made subject to the action of Congress under the Paris treaty; also that the Sultan 
and his datos be made to distinctly understand that this agreement was not to be 
understood as in an way to authorize or give the consent of the United States to the 
existence of slavery in the Sulu Archipelago. As slavery has been continually prac- 
ticed there, and is now common, and as the Sulu Moros are known to have continued 
to purchase slaves from outside the Sulu group, and themselves to have engaged in 



492 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

the slave trade continuously and persistently, the United States has further justifi- 
cation for declaring the agreement as null and void. 

It was apparently the understanding of those who favored the negotiation of this 
instrument that its making would probably prevent an uprising of the Moros, and 
so spare the United States from another war with a fanatical and savage people. 
The fact is that there never has been a time for three years when a force of 500 sol- 
diers in Jolo and two or three small gunboats could not preserve the peace or 
suppress any uprisings; but this was not known or not fully understood when this 
agreement was entered into. 

A true copy. 

Frank R. McCoy, 
Captain, Third Cavalry, U. S. Army, Aid-de-Camp. 



Zamboanga, Mindanao, April 8, 1903. 
His Excellency the Sultan of Jolo, and the Dato Raja Muda, the Dato Atticl; the Dato 

Kalbi, and the Dato Joakanain, Island of Jolo: 

I have the honor to state that I have been directed by the military governor of 
the Philippines to inform you that the President of the United States has confirmed 
and approved the agreement of August 20 last between the Sultan of Jolo and the 
Raja Muda, the Dato Attick, the Dato Kalbi, and the Dato Joakanain on the one part, 
and myself, as representing the United States, on the other, except as to the tenth 
article, which reads as follows: "Every slave in the archipelago of Jolo shall have 
the right to purchase freedom by paying to the master the usual market value. ' ' The 
subject of slavery or peonage will be reserved as a matter for future conference, deter- 
mination, and agreement. 

The Constitution of the United States forbids slavery in any part of the United 
States, and it remains to find an equitable mode of abolishing the institution. All 
other articles of the agreement are in force. 

Very respectfully, J. C. Bates, 

M ajor- General, U. S. Vols. 

A copy of this letter has been sent to (1) His Excellency the Sultan of Jolo; (2) to 
the Dato Calbi and the Dato Joakanian, (3) to the commanding general, district of 
Mindanao and Jolo Archipelago; and (4) to commanding officer, Jolo, P. I. 
Official: 

S. E. Smiley, 
Captain, Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, Aide-de-Camp. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Calvary, Governor. 



Headquarters Twenty-Third Infantry, 

Jolo, Jolo Island, April 13, 1900. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo, from his brother, the governor of Tiange, greetings: 

I send you a letter and translation received from General Bates. Do not let it 
worry you. The people of the United States are just, but are opposed to slavery, 
which at one time existed in America. The question will probably be considered 
in a conference between the Moros and some authorized American representative, in 
which your pecuniary interests in your slaves will be recognized and some method 
will be agreed on so that slavery shall cease without pecuniary loss to yourselves. 
This method has been adopted by England in her dealings with some of her slave- 
holding colonies with satisfaction to all parties. 

Very respectfully, 0. J. Sweet, 

Major, Twenty-third Infantry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

Jolo, Jolo, P. I., July 3, 1902. 
The Commanding Officer, Siassi, P. I. 

Sir: I am diiected by the post commander to communicate to you the following 
copies of records on file at these headquarters relative to the subject of slavery in the 
Jolo Archipelago for your information and guidance in dealing with this question. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 493 

Article 10 of the Bates agreement reads: "Any slave in the archipelago of Jolo 
shall have the right to purchase freedom by paying to the master the usual market 
value." 

April 4, 1900, General Bates notified the Sultan and Datos Calbi and Joakanian 
that he had been directed by the military governor of the Philippine Islands to 
advise them that the President of the United States had approved and confirmed the 
agreement of August 20, 1899, except as to the tenth article, and "The subject of 
slavery or peonage will be reserved as a matter for future conference, determination, 
and agreement. The Constitution of the United States forbids slavery in any part 
of the United States, and it remains to find an equitable way of abolishing the insti- 
tution. All other articles of the agreement are in force." 

General Orders, No. 12, paragraph 3, current series, Headquarters Seventh Separate 
Brigade, as far as referring to slavery, was modified by cablegrams received from 
same source, as follows: 

March 20. "* * * the last two lines of paragraph 3, General Orders, No. 12, are 
not to be interpreted in a manner that would be a violation of any provisions of 
the articles of the agreement, but if any slave escapes from any Moro in Jolo or 
elsewhere and appeals to you for protection against recapture, you must not fail to 
give him that protection. So far as application to the Jolo Archipelago, the last 
phrase in paragraph 3 should be read as follows: 'And that those who leave their 
masters will be protected against recapture and forcible bondage.' It is not intended 
to disturb the relations existing between Moros and their slaves who wish to remain 
so, nor is it intended to invite persons held as slaves to flee." 

May 29. * * * " General Orders, No. 12, Seventh Separate Brigade, as modi- 
fied by telegram of March 20, required that commanding officers should not return 
slaves to further bondage if they asked protection from recapture. This is not 
ordering an emancipation. If the Sultan or any Moro considers that this is in con- 
travention of the Bates agreement with him and other datos, invite him to state the 
grounds of his objection and forward same. The order in question was approved by 
the division commander." * * * 

Complaint referred to in last cablegram has been made by the Sultan direct to the 
division commander, June 13. 

Inclosed copy of a "letter of protection" may serve as a model in similar cases. 
Very respectfully, 

F. C. Maeshall, 
Captain and Adjutant, Fifteenth Cavalry, Adjutant. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., May 12, 1902. 
To my son, his highness the Sultan of Jolo, from his father, the governor of Jolo, Colonel 

Wallace, greetings: 

"With reference to your request to compel Datos Calbi and Joakanain to return to 
the Sultan certain runaway slaves, I hereby inform you that slavery is not recognized 
by the United States and I can not entertain any such proposition. 

April 4, 1900, Gen. J. C. Bates directed the commanding officer at Jolo to advise 
the Sultan and Datos Calbi and Joakanain that the military governor of the Philip- 
pines had directed him to inform them that the President of the United States had 
approved and affirmed the agreement, except as to the tenth article, and that the 
subject of slavery will be reserved as a matter for future conference, determination, 
and agreement. 

The militarv governor at Jolo conveyed this information to the Sultan and datos 
April 13, 1900. 

The above notice is to be construed as requiring slavery to rest and remain in its 
status as it existed April 13, 1900; any person newly made a slave since that date is 
held not subject for redemption, if redemption should be determined upon by the 
United States Government. 

Slaves coming to me for protection will be declared free. I will, however, in case 
the respective owner can prove that persons so liberated were slaves prior to April 
13, 1900, and have been such since, give the owner a letter stating this fact. If 
redemption should take place, this letter will then enable him to receive compensa- 
tion for the thus liberated person. 

The foregoing does not apply to people who have agreed to work for a certain per- 



494 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

son for a certain length of time to cancel a debt. They are not slaves. Such people, 
if they run away, might be compelled to return and complete their contract. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth V. S. Cavalry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



True Copies of Extracts from Records at Jolo, P. I. 

Attick, Dato Sultan's youngest brother 

Ambutong Panglima in Parang district (Bawisan) 

Amilhussin Dato on Lugus Island 

Barulla Maharaja in Loo k district ( Kambing) 

Butu, Hadji Sultan's prime minister 

Dakola Dato in Look district (Soak) 

Dammang Panglima in Parang district ( Loas) 

Habib Mura Minister of the Sultan 

Hadjerol Maharaja in Parang (Nunukan) 

Hassan Panglima in Look (Tutu) 

Indanan Maharaja of Parang (Likub) 

Joakanain, Dato (Paticol) 

Kalbi, Dato ( Tandu ) 

Mohamet, Hadji Sultan's minister 

Pangiran Dato on Laminusan Island 

Puyo, Dato (Siassi) 

Raja Muda Sultan's eldest brother and the heir apparent 

Sabudin Dato in Look district 

Salib Sakib (Bagoa) 

Sarapuddin Maharaja on Lugus Island 

Sultan Sultan Hadji Mohamad Jamalul Kiram (Maibun) 

Tahir, Hadji Panglima (Silankan) 

Tahang Maharaja (Tullei) 

Taib, Hadji Sultan's war minister 

Tahil, Hadji Moro judge (Tullei) 

Tantong Dato Tawi Tawi Islands 

Conference between Brig. Gen. J. C. Bates and the heir apparent, secretary, chief advisor, 
and other chiefs, held at Jolo, P. I. , July 24, 1899. 

[Extract.] 

General Bates. We hope that it is going to be so free that people can go about as 
they want to and be good friends. 

Secretary of the Sultan. We understand that and hope things will assume that 
shape so that everybody can go where they want to. 

General Bates. Where crimes and offenses are committed by Moros against Moros 
the government of the latter bring to trial and punish the criminals and offenders, 
which will be delivered to the government of the Sultan by the United States if in 
their possession. All other persons charged with crime will be delivered to the 
United States authorities for trial and punishment. 

Secretary of the Sultan. We understand that. 



A true copy. 



H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Conference between Brig. Gen. John C. Bates and Batto Kalbi, held at Jolo, P. I, July 

30, 1899. 

[Extract.] 

Dato Kalbi. He says he is put in a very unpleasant position. It may be known 
to you that he and his brother were not very good friends with the Sultan, but that 
they tried their best to be very good friends with him, and he hoped very much you 
would come to very good terms with the Sultan. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 495 

Report No. 7: Jolo, Sej^t ember 14, 1899, Maj. S. A. Goodale, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract,] 

The relation between the Sultan and his various datos seems somewhat strained. 
Recent reports have been received here to the effect that the Sultan is going to 
punish Dato Puyo, of Siassi, Dato Amir Hussin, of Lugas, and Dato Tantong, of 
Bongao. Reason not known. 



Report No. 9: Jolo, P. I, October SI, 1899, Maj. C. J. Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

Political situation. — As stated in the last report, his highness the Sultan of Jolo 
was a bit disgruntled when we visited him, claiming $500 per month in payment of 
his loss of Siassi. 

He now retaliates by placing an embargo on all trade with the Americans. He 
has issued an order to all his people prohibiting trade with Siassi and Jolo and order- 
ing all products to be delivered at Maibun. His object in doing this is to divert 
trade to his village, in order that he may collect revenues from exports and imports. 
His taste of revenues while in charge of Siassi has opened his eyes to the possibilities 
in this direction, and he will probably make every effort, unless interrupted, to 
divert trade from American ports. That he has been successful in his efforts has 
been manifested by complaints from Siassi, and an examination of the exports from 
this port for last month will show a decided decrease from the preceding month. 

Three chiefs or datos have reported that the Sultan has fined several of their fol- 
lowers $105 each for disobeying his order, and some not being able to pay this large 
fine have been placed in slavery. [There was no clause in the agreement that pre- 
vents the increase of slavery.] 

A new fort. —The Sultan has issued an order to all his people to come to Maibun to 
build a new fort and trench. The fort was seen by us during our last visit to Maibun. 
* * # * ■ * * # 

A true extract copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from Capt. Samuel Seay, Twenty-third- Infantry, to the adjutant-general, Department 
of Mindanao and Jolo, dated Camp Gregg, Siassi, P. I, December 22, 1899. 

[Extract,] 

1 have the honor to inclose a letter received to-day from Dato Amilhussin, of Lugas. 
Its purport is to the effect that the Sultan of Jolo has imposed a fine of $2,000 on one 
Salapudin, of Lugas, for bringing copra to Siassi to sell in violation of an order from 
the Sultan forbidding his subjects to trade with Siassi. He has sent one Hadji Tahib 
Sudgar to Lugas to collect said fine or, in default, kill said Sarapudin, This act of 
the Sultan being in direct violation of Article V of the treaty, I have notified Dato 
Amilhussin that pending instructions from you I w T ill support him in case he resists 
the collection of this fine, and that I would advise him to send the man Sarapudin 
to this place, where protection can be given him. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from the Sultan to Amilhussin and to Panglima Sasapan, dated October 1, 1899. 

I beg to inform my grandfather that I desire him to seriously take the case of the 
following people in hand and fine them each tw T o pieces of cloth (value per cloth, 
$1.50) for acting contrary to the treaty or order of Panglima [name rubbed out], 
that trade with Tiange "Jolo" was prohibited. Before this decree was proclaimed 



496 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

they did not care to trade with Tiange, and only did it out of spite, just as if they 
would find fault with an act agreed upon by everybody, especially by Maharaja Tain 
and Panglima [name rubbed out], therefore without fail fine them. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from his highness Datto Amilhussin to my brother the governor of Siassi. 

[Copy.] 

I am sending our son, Ansaluddin, with greetings of friendship and brotherhood, 
to inform you that there are two messengers from the Sultan, Hadji Taib and Maha- 
rajah Isin, to fine my people $2,000 for trading with cocoanuts to Siassi and to the 
big town (Jolo), and if they do not pay it to kill them. 
If you really love me now is the time to show it to me. 

* * * * * # * 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report No. 12: Jolo, P. I., July 19, 1900. Maj. 0. J. Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

Political situation. — Since last February 24, 1900, the situation has remained practi- 
cally unchanged; everything smooth and complaisant on the surface, but no desire 
or intention on the part of the authorities of working in harmony with the United 
States in improving the condition of the people, or of stopping robberies or piracies, 
unless there is some pecuniary benefit to be derived. The Sultan will put 200 or 300 
armed men in the field to collect a fine as at Lugus, but he will not bother himself, 
or plead inability when asked to arrest pirates or thieves wanted by the United 
States authorities, and who are in his territory. 

* * * * * * .* 
Piracy. — The natives of the islands are natural pirates, the multitude of small reefs 

and islands favoring them. These piracies are committed against each other or 
against Chinamen. When boats and their crews disappear, the natives take it as a 
matter of course; it is only another case of piracy. No reports of piracy against 
whites have been received, but from evidence found by Captain Cloman in the Selun- 
gan affair, it would appear that piracies against Sanclakan traders have been com- 
mitted recently. 

* ***** # 

I believe that the pirates left Parang the evening of the day of our arrival. That 
they were not captured by the Sultan's party was through collusion on the part of 
Kajah Muda; they had men enough to do it. No advance was made on the fort 
until they were vacated by the piratical supporter of Puding, the pirate chief. 

Complaints are being received from Moros as to unjust treatment from the Sultan, 
datos, and others in authority, and when they complain to the Sultan, they are fined 
or can get no redress. I have investigated some of these complaints for my own 
information and fine that justice, as we understand it, is unknown. The desire to 
get money overrides all other considerations. As an example of justice, a Moro lost 
a carabao by theft; he located the thief and complained to the Sultan, who fined the 
thief and confiscated the carabao. 

******* 

A true extract copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 497 

Letter from John J. Pershing, assistant adjutant-general, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, 
to the commanding officer third district Mindanao and Jolo, dated Zamboanga, P. I, 
September 7, 1900. 

[Extract.] 

Pending receipt of reply you will please retain in custody the Moro captured at 
Cownawai. You will also please renew your notification to the Sultan that he will 
be personally held responsible if the other culprits are permit* ,d to leave the island, 
and add that you have reported the matter to higher authority, together with your 
opinion, that with his, the Sultan's collusion, the natives of Cownawai harbored the 
culprits and allowed them to take refuge in the jungle. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report No. 13: Jolo, P. I., October 24, 1900. Maj. 0. J. Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

Political situation. — The political situation remains the same as at last report. The 
lower classes have more confidence in us, but the Sultan and chiefs are obstructive 
factors in all our efforts for the betterment of the condition of the Moro people. 
They have no honest desire for American methods of honest administration, when 
the people will be benefited, unless there is some consideration in it for them. 
They are as overbearing toward their people as ever, and do not seem inclined to 
change their arbitrary methods or aid the people to better themselves. They act as 
if they thought the people were created to be their slaves or for their own aggrandize- 
ment. The lower class seem to be peaceable and as law abiding as they can be under 
the circumstances. Stealing is very prevalent, and will continue so until the chiefs 
resort to different methods of punishment. Fining and selling into slavery are prac- 
tically the only punishment awarded for any offense, and as the fines are divided 
between the Sultan and datos and the judge, they are naturally large for small 
offenses and comparatively small for the w T orst offenders. The result is a person has 
to steal in order to pay his fine, or he will be sold as a slave. 

Piracy. — The pirate Puding and his followers have not been delivered as yet. 
Eeports of his whereabouts are so conflicting that it is impossible to say where 
they are. 

(These pirates were never delivered.) 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report No. 14: Jolo, P. I. , February 1, 1901. Maj. 0. J. Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

Political situation. — The political situation remains practically unchanged and will 
remain so until the government assumes control of affairs between Moro and Moro. 
The agreement simply perpetuates a condition of affairs which it is impossible to 
change under the agreement, and which does not admit progress either in civiliza- 
tion or the welfare of the mass of the people. This condition is good for the chiefs, 
as it gives them supreme and arbitrary powers, from which there is no appeal, and 
allows them to do what they like with the people. 

The relations between the United States authorities and the natives are excellent 
and continue to improve daily. The intercourse between the Sultan and different 
chiefs is strained and borders so nearly on war that it is justifiable under their laws 
and customs to steal horses, cattle, and people from each other. Considerable corre- 
spondence has passed on account of thefts committed in the vicinity of Jolo, the 
property being taken into the interior. 

The iron gates from the cemetery were stolen. * * * All chiefs were notified 
to be on the lookout, but with no result. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 

war 1903— vol 5 32 



498 .REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Report No. 15: Jolo, P. I., May 1, 1901. Maj. 0. J. Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

Political situation. — The political situation since last report remains the same ; our 
relations with the Sultan and the chiefs are friendly. They will promise anything 
in the shape of reforms, but these are never carried out. The best way to look out 
for No. 1 is their only object in life, and every other interest is secondary to it. Our 
relations with the poor, who are the great mass of the people, are cordial. Nine out 
of ten of the population of the islands would gladly renounce all allegiance to the 
Sultan and datos and swear allegiance to the United States. There can be no prog- 
ress until the United States takes complete control of the islands. Neither the Sul- 
tan nor any dato who is in the line of succession to the sultanate can make anything 
out of the country ; they are bound up in traditions and ancestor worship, and to do 
anything their grandfathers did not do, would be wrong. In many things they are 
inferior to the American Indians, and I know of no trait in which they are superior. 
I have tried to bring the Sultan and datos together, but so far without success. The 
Sultan stands on his dignity and quotes erroneously from the Koran as to the duties 
of a Sultan toward his people ; so far I can find no case in which he lives up to his 
model. 

The poor people are very anxious that the rival powers should come together, as 
in case of war they are the ones to suffer. 

* * * * * * * 

Difficulties exist between Indanan and nearly every one on the island, except the 
Sultan ; they will continue until Indanan is killed. He has had a prominent part in 
my reports, is a noted thief and a Sultan man, so the Sultan pays no attention to any 
charges against him. The complaints of the Sultan against Tahir are not well 
founded. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., June 24, 1902. 
The Adjutant-General, Seventh Separate Brigade, 

Zamboanga, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to inform you that while the Sultan was staying at Tullei, 
on the 12th inst., a family of 7 persons appeared at these headquarters and asked for 
protection, as the Sultan was claiming them as his slaves. Conformably to orders 
received from the brigade commander, they were given a letter of protection, trans- 
lated copy of which was furnished the Sultan. 

The latter considered this action unjustified in view of the Bates' agreement and 
General Bates' letter of April 4, 1900, to the Sultan and datos regarding the subject 
of slavery; he wished to know by what authority I acted thus. I furnished the Sul- 
tan translated extract copy of General Orders No. 12, current series, headquarters 
Seventh Separate Brigade, and telegrams of March 20 and May 29 from the same 
source, as far as referring to the subject. The Sultan then informed me that he was 
going to complain direct to the division commander, and requested me to permit the 
official interpreter, Mr. Schuck, to translate his letter, to which I consented. I 
herewith inclose a copy of the Sultan's letter of complaint, for the information of the 
brigade commander. 

Very respectfully, W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report No. 21. Jolo, P. I., July 2, 1902. Col. W. M. Wallace, Fifteenth Cavalry. 

[Extract.] 

But true to Moro custom the hostile factions continue to manifest their ill feeling 
toward each other by mutual stealing of horses and cattle, thus keeping the fire of 
strife smoldering. To remove this constant menace to peaceable development and 
secure the punishment of thieves and evil doers, I have made every effort to bring 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 499 

about a reconciliation between the Sultan, his principal opponents and Datos Kalbi 
and Joakanain. 

# * * * * * * 

A family of 7 persons, living in Buz Buz, having been sent for by the Sultan, who 
claims all of them as his slaves, appealed to me for protection, which was accorded 
them conformably to general orders and instructions received. 

******* 
June 1 1 received a letter from the Sultan's brother, the Dato Rajah Muda, in- 
forming me that he was going to Tapul Island, to settle cases, and that if evil reports 
should reach me concerning his doing there, not to believe them. Soon after I 
heard that the Rajah Muda was busy fining Tapul people under one pretence or 
another, but no official complaint was made to me. However, I had a hint con- 
veyed to the Rajah Muda that his actions had come to my knowledge and an inves- 
tigation was intended. He immediately decamped for Maibun, much to the relief 
of the Tapul people. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report No. 23. Jolo, P. I., January 18, 1903. Col. W. M. Wallace, Fifteenth Cavalry. 

[Extract.] 

Thefts are increasing on the island of Jolo. Among others, numerous complaints 
came to me from the Sultan and Maharajah Indanan, who accuse Datos Kalbi and 
Joakanain' s people of stealing horses and cattle, and from Dato Kalbi, who makes 
similar charges against the followers of the former. It is the old story of retaliative 
thefts, though Indanan' s people seem most to blame and enjoy an all-around bad 
reputation. 

* * * * * * * 

The Sultan arrived at . Siassi October 26, remaining until November 6, when he 
left for Lugus; gambling seemed the sole object of his visit to Siassi. Just before his 
departure, a Moro and his wife came to the commanding officer to ask protection 
against being taken as slaves by the Sultan, and a Moro woman requested protection 
for herself and her child from being taken into slavery by the Rajah Muda. Both 
parties were given protection. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., March 17, 1903. 
Brig. Gen. S. S. Sumner, 

Commanding Department of Mindanao, 
Zamboanga, P. I. 
Sir: When the Sultan learned from me this a. m. that the 7 sentenced Moro pris- 
oners were to go to Manila on the Liscum this afternoon, both he and his officers 
became very much excited. The Sultan declared that he could not be responsible 
for what might occur, and finally after a three hours talk he went away declaring 
that he could not answer for the acts of the Parang people. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
A true copy. Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

Jolo, P. I., March 17, 1903. 
Brig. Gen. S. S. Sumner, U. S. Army, 
Commanding Department of Mindanao, 

Zamboanga, P. I. 
Sir: The Moros are very restless throughout the island. The Look chiefs are 
unfriendly, not to say hostile. 



500 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The last three juramentados came from Look. A Moro from here, while back in 
the country buying chickens, was asked if they had been to Jolo. Panglima Hassan 
is reported to have threatened to attack Jolo. 

The Look chiefs work together; they muster about 10,000 men, women, and chil- 
dren. The Sultan informs me that Panglima Hassan will not obey his orders; that 
he has sent for him, but the Panglima refuses to visit Maibun, because the navy were 
allowed to put their flags on the land. The Sultan begs me to stop the naval survey, 
if only for some time. 

Many of the Parang people are angry because of the trial and sentence of seven of 
their men for burning and looting of the Chinese quarter. 

Many people believe that juramentadoing is countenanced by all of the chiefs. 
The immediate cause of discontent is the survey and the census; the Moros associate 
both together. They will not believe that we are not going to tax the people and 
take their land. The customs officials have continued to nag them from the begin- 
ning. Only yesterday the Sultan complained that the officer at Siassi was charging 
a license on boats over a certain tonnage. It was found to be so, but Mr. Cor wine 
said that it was a mistake by the local officer. 

The cholera is still bad in the interior and the Moros say that they had better die 
fighting than of cholera. They talk a great deal about Genenal Bates's promise that 
the Americans would treat them better than the Spaniards did, but say that they 
enjoyed free trade under the Spaniards while the Americans make them pay heavy 
duty even on the thread that their women use in weaving. They also find the duty 
on Chinese tobacco, which is a favorite, prohibitive, as it is ten times as much as it 
cost; so they claim that matters and things are going from bad to worse until they 
are utterly demoralized. 

Dato Kalbi asks permission to move to Mindanao. He wishes to take some of his 
people. He gives as a reason that there is no law in the country, that the Sultan is 
against the datos, and that he has set up one chief and another until they have grown 
powerful and are now beyond his control. Kalbi says also that a considerable num- 
ber of his following has deserted and gone to join the Look people. 

The Sultan and his prime minister, Hadji Butu, are to go to Singapore by next boat. 
It looks as if both the Sultan and Kalbi anticipate trouble and wished to stand from 
under. I shall advise the Sultan to remain here, as he will be held responsible even 
though he be absent. 

Taking all these things into consideration, I believe that not less than three troops 
should be sent out together. The Moros should not be allowed to think for a moment 
that they could attack the troops successfully; consequently the column in the field 
should be strong. Four troops or companies would not be too strong a garrison for 
this place should it be attacked. This is not probable, but it is a fact that all of the 
chiefs in the Look district are united, and others, like Maharajah Indanan, would per- 
haps join them. 

When I say that not less than three troops go out together, I consider the fact that 
when B Troop scouted alone its complement was more than 100 men, whereas our 
troops now would not get out more than 45 men, and ihe Moros are decidedly 
threatening in their attitude. In my opinion the presence of a regiment on the island, 
with its 50,000 Moros close at hand, would act as an excellent preventive. 

Under the present condition of affairs on the island, this garrison should consist of 
not less than eight troops, three of them mounted. I know that I make this state- 
ment at the risk of appearing too cautious, but on the principle that an ounce of pre- 
vention is worth several pounds of cure, and that it is my duty to state a candid 
opinion. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel, Fifteenh Cavalry, Commanding. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report No. 26.— Jolo, P. L, June, 30, 1903.— Col. W. M. Wallace, Fifteenth Cavalry. 

[Extract.] 

Residents of Jolo town and Tulei complained to me that a number of branded cat- 
tle and horses had lately been stolen from them, presumably by followers of Maha- 
rajah Indanan of Parang. I therefore sent, April 2, Capt. Le Roy Eltinge with 
Troops H, I, and M, Fifteenth Cavalry, to the Maharajah's territory to look about 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 501 

for the stolen property. The troops proceeded along the Maibun road and then fol- 
lowed a trail leading to Indanan's cotta. Bodies of troops have at different times vis- 
ited and camped in Parang; their appearance should therefore create neither surprise 
apprehension among the natives, yet the reception of the cavalry was extremely hos- 
tile. When Captain Eltinge arrived near Indanan's place, the troops halted and 
dismounted for a short rest, the captain intending to visit Indanan. Immediately 
gongs were heard sounding, summoning his people to arms, and in an incredibly 
short time about 500 armed Moros gathered at the place. All carried rifles or spears 
and barongs; even women and boys armed with barong or spear hurried to the 
scene. The men crowded around the soldiers in the most threatening manner. The 
maharajah appeared, surrounded by a number of his men, to meet Captain Eltinge. 
A short conversation took place, in the course of which Indanan professed total 
ignorance regarding the stolen cattle. His whole behavior was most insolent. 
When Captain Eltinge inquired why he had called his people together at the 
approach of the troops, and requested him to at least stop his men from provoking 
the soldiers, as this might lead to trouble, Indanan replied that if any one of his men 
was hurt there would be a fight, and if the troops remained at his place until after- 
noon some 1,500 of his (Indanan's) followers would gather there. When the troops 
resumed the march, after a stay of two hours and a half, they were followed part of 
the way by the yelling mob. It was reported to me that Indanan expected to returrn 
next day, and made preparations for a fight. Some armed bands even advanced that 
day along the Maibun road, and late in the evening firing was heard at the Asturias 
blockhouse. 

I informed the Sultan of this occurrence, and enjoined him to take Indanan 
severely to task, as a repetition of such demonstration would not be tolerated. A 
few days later Indanan came to me with profound apologies. However, no faith 
can be placed in his sincerity. He is an ignorant but cunning, unprincipled savage, 
and his henchmen are composed of the worst element. Though the cavalry did not 
see any of the stolen cattle in his territory, yet there exists but little doubt that the 
thieves are among his people, and that he is perfectly cognizant of the fact. 

* # * Ts- * -;:- *• 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

Post of Jolo, 
Mo Jolo, P. I., August 17, 1903. 
Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, U. S. Army, 

Civil Governor, Moro Province. 

Sir: Allow me to state a few facts concerning Jolo and the Moros: To give a general 
idea of what you may expect to find, 50,000 people before the cholera, now about 
45,000; many chiefs of various rank and following. The strongest men are the few 
who command the greatest number of followers. 

The Sultan is a power, but has nothing like the influence he might and should 
possess. 

The Datos Joakanain and Kalbi (brothers) rank next to the Sultan. They are 
strong, but have not the following they had a year and a half ago. They are not 
loyal to the Sultan. 

Panglima Hassan is probably the strongest chief on the island. His cotta is about 
4 miles south from Seit Lake. He can call 500 well-armed men in an hour, and many 
more hundreds in a day. Hassan claims to be friendly; if lie were Sultan he would 
rule. 

Barulla is also a strong chief. He lives southwest from Hassan. He is friendly, 
and considered by all officers who have seen him to be a very good man. 

Maharajah Indanan is as strong as any chief on the island. 

His cotta is 6 miles south of Jolo. Indanan is a bad character. His people steal 
cattle, horses, and slaves. He will have to be disciplined. Indanan's people swarmed 
around three troops of cavalry, dismounted, under Captain Eltinge. Fortunately 
not a shot was fired. 

There are probably 100 other chiefs who command strong followings, but none 
have been so much in evidence as those mentioned. 

The Taglibi chiefs have been surly, they refused to come to see General Davis. 

The Parang chiefs have been guardedly friendly. It was at Parang where the 
Chinese quarter was burned and looted by the Moros. The leaders of that outrage 
are now in Bilibid prison. 



502 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

A man may ride anywhere on the island unarmed, but if alone and armed he 
might be killed for his gun and pistol. 

It is usual for the Moros to meet the troops with armed force. They assemble 
quickly at the beating of gongs. I have prohibited such assembling since Captain 
Elting's experience. The chiefs have always been notified that the troops were to 
visit them; it was General Davis's orders to so notify them. This was upon the 
special request of the Sultan and all the chiefs. 

When Captain Eltinge went to Indanan's cotta it was a surprise, because stolen 
stock was looked for. 

There is no immediate occasion to punish any chief except Indanan. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 



Letter from Capt. S. Seay, jr. , Twenty-third Infantry, dated Siassi, Siassi, P. I. , November 
20, 1900, to the acting assistant adjutant-general, third district of Mindanao and Jolo. 

[Extract.] 

I have the honor tp report that the bearer of this, Lustriano Panozo, a Filipino, 
has complained to this office that his adopted son, Hoan, a Filipino-Moro, was mur- 
dered at Balimbing about a week ago by the Dato Pangiran, of Lamenusa, who was 
one of the retinue of the Rajah Muda, and who invited Hoan into his boat under 
pretense of friendship and then shot him. Hoan had previously killed one Amil, 
a slave of the dato, for assaulting Hoan's wife's sister. 

This seems to be the outcome of the abduction, sometime ago, of Hoan's wife and 
her sister, which occurred at Laparan Island. 

As this affair is one between Moros, I do not see my way clear to act, although 
the Dato Pangiran lives in my jurisdiction; but it would be advisable to cause some 
action to be taken by the Sultan, if possible, as it will maintain our influence with 
the natives if they know that this action is taken at our instance. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report of Moro affairs for the month of March, 1902, dated Siassi, Siassi, P. I. , March 31, 
1902. — Capt. L. B. Simonds, Twenty-seventh Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

A messenger arrived from Dato Amilhussin, stating that he, the dato, had received 
word from the Sultan to send 400 of his men, fully armed, to report to the Sultan, 
and asking for instructions. This in view of the agreement made in July, 1901, 
between the dato and the district commander at Jolo, in which American protection 
was promised the dato if he would refuse to fight for or against the Sultan. Report 
was immediately made by wire to the commanding officer, Jolo, and under his 
instruction the dato was instructed not to obey the order of the Sultan and he 
would be protected. 

* * * * * ■* * 

The Sultan's representative on the island of Lugas, Salapudin,' is very unfriendly 
to the dato, and would undoubtedly, as he has before, relish an opportunity to make 
war on the dato. In October last a similar order w T as issued by the Sultan, and the 
dato not obeying was fined and Sarapudin ordered to collect it. A fight occurred, 
and part of the command at this station was sent to Lugas and stopped the fighting. 
A repetition of this affair is more than probable, unless the Sultan be warned to not 
attempt to collect the fine. Prompt action should be taken when it becomes neces- 
sary to protect Amilhussin, as he has faithfully kept his promises to the military 
government and is believed to be very friendly to American interests. He controls 
nearly all of the islands of Lugas, Lepac, and Siassi, and will prove an important 
factor in all native affairs. Dato Puyo is at present the only dato resident in Siassi. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 503 

He controls portions of Siassi and Lapac, and has some following. He is an old man, 
and his son is the real head of affairs. These two datos are the only ones in this 
jurisdiction who are receiving subsidies. 

[Cablegram.] 

Siassi, P. I., March 27, 1902. 
Adjutant, Jolo: 

Messenger left Sultan Saturday, reached dato Monday morning, here to-night, 
will return messenger to dato instructing him to not send men to Sultan and he will 
be protected. Please keep me advised about Sultan's orders, as the people here 
are constantly stirred up by him, and many men from Lugas and Tapul have landed 
here to-day and there is more or less excitement. Have you any further instructions 
for to-night? 

Simonds. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Copy of telegram from Capt. Le Roy Eltinge, Fifteenth Cavalry, commanding officer of 
Siassi, to the adjutant at Jolo, dated Siassi, P. I., July 26, 1902. 

Sultan during his visit here is attempting to collect a tax of $2, Mexican, from all 
men of the islands of this group. Many people are running away to escape this tax. 
Are there any instructions relative to allowing such a poll tax or not? 

******* 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from the commanding officer {Capt. I,e Roy Eltinge, Fifteenth Cavalry), Siassi, 
Siassi, P. I., to the adjutant, Jolo, P. I., dated October 31, 1902. 

[Extract.] 

Dato Yacob, of Seyunds, caused considerable trouble during the latter part of Sep- 
tember and beginning of October by protecting and hiding a horse thief and refusing 
to give up either the horse or the thief. This resulted in making a peremptory 
demand that he deliver the man and horse and come himself to Siassi and report to 
me. He sent the man and horse, but refused to come himself. I then sent an officer 
and 20 men to bring him, but he fled to his grandfather, Dato Emil Hussan. Dato 
Emil Hussan, however, told him that he was a young fool and was too presumptuous, 
and ordered him to come in here and report to me, which he did. 

I have seen him several times since then and he is very friendly, while up to that 
time he had been troublesome and never voluntarily came in sight of an American. 

With these exceptions there has been an unusually quiet and prosperous month 
among the people. 

The Sultan of Sulu arrived here in the middle of the night of the 26th instant. He 
is gambling and losing heavily. 

* * * * * ^ * * 

A true copy. H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from Capt. Howard R. Hickok, Fifteenth Cavalry, commanding Siassi, Siassi, P. I., 
to the adjutant, Jolo, P. I., dated February 25, 1903. 

[Extract.] 

I have the honor to make the following report: 

On or about December 26, 1902, there occurred a triple murder of 3 Moros and a 
robbery by 1 Moro named Guguyu. The facts as at first reported appeared to con- 
stitute a case of piracy. The guilty man was arrested by his dato. I could not have 



504 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

him brought in at the time due to the prevalence of cholera in that district. He 
was brought in on the 13th instant, and is now in confinement here. When I 
requested the arrest and transfer of this man to military jurisdiction there was no 
objection made by the Moros, who seem to think it perfectly proper that the United 
States should dispose of the case. After consulting with Judge Powell, of the court 
of first instance for the jurisdiction, it is not clear that a prima facie case of piracy 
exists, but only one of murder and robbery. 

Under the Moro schedule the punishment adjudged on this man by the Sultan's 
representative will be: Three people killed, at $210, $630; 1 robbery, at $105; total 
fine, $735. 

He is poor (so are his relatives), and the fine will probably not be paid; in default 
of which slavery is the punishment. 

If he appeal for protection against slavery (and there is a growing feeling for such 
protection ) , the practice observed is to grant the protection and give a ' ' safe con- 
duct" in writing. Thus the man escapes free of punishment. 



A true copy. 



H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report of Capt. S.A. Cloman, Twenty-third Infantry , dated Bongao, P. I, February 2, 1900. 

[Extract.] 

I have the honor to report the following as having taken place in the Tawi-Tawi 
group of islands, within my jurisdiction: 

On January 26, 1900, a party of soldiers, consisting of Sergt. Egbert V. De Wolfe, 
Corpl. Leonard T. Mygatt, Privates Webster F. Gibbons, William T. Carter, and 
John A. Greathouse, all of Company H, Twenty-third Infantry, left the post in a 
small sailboat on a seven day's pass, for the purpose of visiting the lake on the island 
of Tawi-Tawi and hunting. 

The aforesaid party left the post about 8 a. m. Friday, January 26, 1900, and pro- 
ceeded up the coast of Tawi-Tawi about 12 miles, where they camped on the beach 
for the night. 

* * * * * * * 

The party next went into camp on a small uninhabited island about 8 miles from 
Balimbing, and about 6 o'clock that evening saw two large praos (native boats) 
about a mile offshore, where they remained all night. This caused no particular 
remark, as praos are continually coming and going in those waters, many people liv- 
ing entirely in their boats. Early the next morning these praos landed and the 
natives, 10 in number, came to camp. Several of them were recognized as being of 
the inhabitants of Balimbing, who had treated them so nicely, so every effort was 
made to return the hospitality. They were given breakfast and a deck of cards that 
they seemed to greatly fancy. About 7 a. m. the party broke camp and proceeded 
over the main island of Tawi-Tawi, although the natives seemed to insist on their 
staying where they were until high tide in the afternoon. 

******* 

At this time Corporal Mygatt was taking off his clothes in a corner of the tent, 
while the other four men were playing whist on a blanket in the center, being sur- 
rounded by the natives, who seemed greatly intent on grasping the methods of the 
game. They had no weapons with them except their woodcutter's tools, consisting 
of native hatchet and parangs (a sort of bolo used for cutting small timber), but none 
of these were visible at the time. The corporal left the tent and went to the beach 
and soon afterward heard some screams and two shots. In the tent the game had 
continued for about five minutes after the corporal's departure, when the native 
standing behind Sergeant De Wolfe suddenly pulled a parang from behind him and 
struck the sergeant on the neck, nearly severing the head from the body and killing 
him at once. At almost the same time Private Gibbons was struck on the side of 
the neck and head, making a hole through the skull. 5 inches long, through which 
the brain oozed, and Private Greathouse was struck on the neck, the parang sever- 
ing the external carotid artery and exposing the internal artery and spine. The 
parang (barong), which I now have, is badly nicked and dulled, or the head would 
have been completely severed. The edge of the parang meant for Private Carter's 
neck was turned by the tent canvas and only staggered him, but at almost the same 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 505 

time another Moro struck him a terrible blow on the head with an oar he had made. 
He staggered toward his gun but another native sunk a hatchet deep in his back, 
injuring his spine. He then ran to the cook fire about 20 yards distant for the axe, 
but by the time he had reached it and turned, the Moros had all disappeared but the 
three who were chopping Private Gibbons, and these ran before he could reach them. 
In the meantime Private Gibbons had reached his gun and fired a shot, but being vir- 
tually blind and staggering, it was without effect, and then began a terrible struggle 
for the gun. Private Gibbons could do little more than struggle bare-handed for its 
possession while the 3 natives literally chopped him until he was helpless, when one 
of them got possession of the gun and shot him below the heart. The natives then 
ran for their boats and pushed off, taking with them 3 rifles, 1 revolver, and 4 belts, 
with the cartridges. This whole melee lasted only about a minute, being simply a 
wild chopping and scramble for the guns. When the corporal returned from the beach 
he met Private Greathouse in the woods, carrying a gun with one hand and holding his 
head on straight with the other. * * * The dead sergeant and Private Gibbons had 
to be carried through the woods to the boat, and they were over 30 miles from friends 
or help, with one man to sail the boat and take care of the three wounded. * * * 
The two dead men were buried that afternoon, and during the day I collected what 
native boats I could preparatory to an expedition in search of the murderers. There 
is only one prao in the vicinity and it is a poor affair, that was dangerously over- 
loaded with 10 soldiers, while the others are mere native skiffs carrying from 1 to 5 
soldiers each. Enough were collected to carry 45 soldiers and the Moro boatmen, 
and the expedition left the next morning (Wednesday, January 31, 1900) at 8 a. m., 
accompanied by Dato Tantong and Dato Sakilan of this place, with 11 followers. 
* * * Immediately upon landing the town was surrounded, and upon the appear- 
ance of the chiefs they were told to order all the inhabitants ashore unarmed and 
assemble them below the fort. * * * I passed the rest of the afternoon in trying 
to get information from the chiefs and men assembled, but they all expressed abso- 
lute ignorance of the murder, the men who committed it, and all the side details 
which I asked. The corporal was not very sure of the appearance of the murderers, 
and the conference finally ended by my sending them back to town with the infor- 
mation that it would be surrounded all night by guards who would shoot anyone 
leaving it by boat or land, and that they must do their own investigating during the 
night, and that if in the morning at 8 o'clock they could give no information the 
town would be burned. During the afternoon I had arrested 11 men on suspicion, 
and they were confined in the fort, where we passed the night, with proper guards 
over the boats and over the town. During the night I examined the prisoners in 
the most searching way, and finally two of them confessed knowledge of the matter, 
saying the murderers had come to their houses secretly on the night of the murder 
for food and told them about it, after which they left for the island of Latuaus. They 
gave me a list of the 8 men, and of course I knew that the traitors were the other 
two. I verified many of the subsidiary details from the other prisoners. In the 
town there was a big talk all night, with many of the friendly Moros to help matters 
along, so I was not at all surprised when early next morning word was sent that they 
had 3 of the murderers to turn over. This was done, and the talking was fast and 
furious. All the accused told about each other, told where the other 5 men were 
working, and told w T here the guns were buried in almost inaccessible caves in the 
mountains about 5" miles away. They all told the same story of the murder and the 
share each man took in it to the minutest detail, their reasons for it, etc. One of 
the murderers was then sent with a party to get some weapons and the other 9 were 
sent with a guard to get wood and water for cooking purposes. In a short time I 
heard some firing. I sent a detail to investigate this and they returned with the 
news that soon after leaving the fort they had made an iH-ad vised attempt to escape, 
but fortunately all had been killed. Soon afterward the other party of soldiers and 
Moros returned with the new r s that the murderer in their charge had been killed 
while attempting to escape. * * * The inhabitants furnished me with 3 large 
praos to bring back some of the soldiers from our overloaded boats. Ten men were 
sent to the old camp for the tent fly and the remainder returned to Bongao, arriving 
about 3 p. m., having been gone about thirty-one hours. * * * I was not able to 
find one inhabitant of Balimbmg besides the murderers who knew of it. The mur- 
derers had kept their secret well, and the chiefs obtained confessions from the men 
during the night by means that I know nothing about. It was my ultimatum to 
them to produce the murderers. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



506 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Report of Moro affairs, dated Bongao, Sulu Islands, P. I, April 23, 1900. — Capt. S. A. 
Cloman, Twenty-third Infantry. 

[Extract.] 

Inhabitants. — The inhabitants of this group are the bayan (or fishermen) Moros. 
They are all either pirates, ex-pirates, or descendants of pirates, but now rarely 
exercise their craft, and then only on each other. About every two months a, boat 
load of Moros disappears never to be heard of again, and the natives only wonder 
who did it. All boats go armed, and in fact the carrying of weapons at all times is 
universal. This, of course, leads to many cutting affairs, but these are being dis- 
couraged by harsh and summary punishment. 

A true copy : 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Copy of letter from Capt. R. C. Croxton, Twenty-third Infantry, commanding Bongao, P. 
I, to the adjutant-general third district of Mindanao and Jolo, dated Bongao, P. L, 

October 23, 1900. 

Referring to the visit of Dato Tantong to the Sultan of Jolo, I have the honor to 
request information as to the following matter : Dato Tantong informed me that he 
was given a letter to the Sultan from the military governor of Jolo, to the effect that 
he and his people must be protected and not interfered with. The dato himself was 
not fined, but Hadji Halimow, who was with him, was fined $105 Mexican, and 
Immum Sulimum, the brother of Tumas (who was killed in Sibutu) , was also fined 
the same amount. The reason appears to be that Sulimum performed the marriage 
ceremony for Alibassa and wife and Hadji Halimow allowed it. Alibassa's wife was 
a daughter of Panglima Pandow, who opposed the marriage, but the woman was 
willing, and they were married. The Moro custom seems to be to fine the man who 
marries the woman, and the fines imposed upon Hadji Halimow and Sulimum 
appear to be unjust, and I have therefore directed them not to pay them until the 
matter is laid before the governor of Jolo. Panglima Pandow is also trying to fine 
Alibassa 12 slaves for taking the daughter. I have directed him not to pay until 
I have investigated further. All these fines have. been imposed since the killing of 
Alibassa's wife, and I believe all of them have been imposed on account of her acci- 
dental death. This matter is laid before the governor of Jolo for the reason that 
Alibassa was found innocent, and the governor has directed that he be not interfered 
with. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Copy of letter from Capt. B. F. Hardaway, Seventeenth Infantry, to adjutant Seventeenth 
Infantry, Zamboanga, P. I, dated Bongao, P. I, November 14, 1901. 

I have the honor to report that His Highness the Sultan of Jolo visited this station 
to-day, flying four Moro flags from the boats of the fleet. 

On the 12th instant a messenger came to the post bearing the news that His High- 
ness would visit us within a few days with a fleet which is making a tour of the 
archipelago. 

The messenger was flying a Moro flag when he landed at the pier. I caused him 
to lower the flag upon his departure and cautioned him against the further use of 
any but the American (United States) flag. 

The messenger reported my action to His Highness upon returning to Balimbing, 
but the latter nevertheless entered the harbor here two days afterwards flying the 
flag mentioned at the place of honor on the boats, they being the only flags displayed 
from the boats bearing them. There were several United States flags in the fleet, but 
upon other boats. 

This action of His Highness the Sultan of Jolo was regarded by me not only as a 
direct violation of the treaty with the United States but as open defiance of my 
authority as acting military governor of the Tawi Tawi group. 

Upon the departure of the fleet I caused His Highness to lower all the Moro flags 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 507 

except upon His Highness' s own boat, and cautioned His Highness that even there it 
must always be displayed in company with the United States flag, which must always 
occupy the most exalted position. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from First Lieut. Warren Dean, Fifteenth Cavalry, commanding Bongao, P. L, to 
the adjutant, Jolo, Jolo, P. L, dated August 31, 1902. 

[Extract. 1 

From observations during this trip and my dealings with the natives the last three 
months, I would summarize the conditions in the Tawi Tawi group as follows: 

The people of the group are on the whole friendly to the Government of the 
United States. They are ignorant, slow to reason, and fear the Americans. There 
is no industry except fishing and rice planting except at Bahmbing and a few boats 
made at Banaran. In general the people recognize no native authority outside of 
their own immediate chiefs. Dato Tantong has little or no authority even in his 
own town of Seminol. Many times since I have been here the Panglimas of Semi- 
nol have refused to obey him. Dato Sakilan, a brother-in-law of Tantong' s, rules 
Bongao and Sanga Sanga. Dato Ta Ta rules Bilitan and Panglima Rajalum is the 
chief at Secubim. The people follow their own pursuits and seem to care little what 
goes on outside of their own immediate neighborhood. 

A true extract copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report of Mow affairs, dated Bongao, P. L, April 1, 1903. — Capt. Kensie W. Walker, 

Fifteenth Cavalry. 

[Extract.] 

Attention is invited to my letter of the 18th instant, relative to the Panglima on 
the island of Tandubas refusing to allow Mr. Clark to land, and threatening him if 
he made an effort to do so. Since that date a Chino named Dee Tao from Tandubas 
has come to me with a complaint that he has been robbed, all the goods in his store 
having been taken, His story is that a Moro named Hattmanlun owed him $23.50 
Mexican; that he made a business trip to Jolo; that on his return to Tandubas he 
found the Moro dead, and that he went to the man's widow and told her of the debt. 
She denied the debt and claimed that on the contrary the Chino owed her husband 
more than the amount and demanded payment. That the Chino refused to do. The 
Chino claims that on or about March 24 three Moros, by name, Ladig, Nihepan, 
and Siduan, all residents of the town of Tandubas, and known to him, came to his 
store and seized all his goods, valued at about $1,000 Mexican, and carried them 
away. These goods, he says, or what is left of them now, are in the hands of the 
woman above referred to.' This Chino claims that there are about 400 guns on 
Tandubas; that every man has a gun, and that some have two. 



Report of Moro affairs in the Tawi Tawi group for the month of June, dated Bongao, 
Tawi Tawi, P. L., June 26, 1903. — Capt. Kensie W. Walker, Fifteenth Cavalry. 

[Extract.] 

On June 4 Dato Tantong reports to me that word has been brought to him of 
fighting on the island of Sikabong; that the fighting was started by Dato Jamaseleh 
because of an assault with attempt to rape by one Janel on a girl named Asan, a 
daughter of Tantong, and that the arrest and punishment of Janel was requested. 
He said that Janel was a bad character, and a man with no following. 
Information from all sources showed the condition at Sikabong to be as follow r s: 
Dato Jamaseleh (a son-in-law of Tantong) and Dato Raginda (a son of Tantong) 
were the leaders of one party and probably the stronger party. The chief of the 
opposition party was Dato Barra. To this party belonged Janel, who is a "Salip" 



508 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

and a man of considerable influence. While Jamaseleh was probably the stronger, 
Barra had relatives and friends in the neighboring island of Obian, who could join 
him. I also learned that Jamaseleh was considered a dangerous man; that he had 
killed a great many people, and that he had one time been arrested by the com- 
manding officer at Bongao for some offense. I told Tantong that he must send word 
to all parties that the fighting must stop, and that Jamaseleh and Janel should 
report to me at Bongao. Up to this time one man has been shot, namely, Janel' s 
father. 

As a preliminary to the settling of the disputes, I made an unsuccessful effort to get 
an unprejudiced Moro court for the trial of Janel. Only one man could be found that 
neither side objected to, and he declined to become mixed up in the affair. Both 
sides wanted me to hear the testimony and settle the case, and this finally I agreed 
to do. The only real witness was the girl Asan herself. She said that Janel made 
no attempt to rape her, that she passed him in the street in daylight, where all could 
see, and that when he passed her he took hold of her arm, but said nothing to her. 
He did not try to force her to go with him, and she went on into her house. 

Janel denied having even touched her, and I was inclined to believe him, as it is 
hardly probable that he would do anything (even take hold of her arm) to the girl 
in broad daylight and in the open street, where all could see, and as this was all the 
evidence that could be produced, I decided in favor of Janel. The decision seemed 
to be accepted by Tantong and Jamaseleh. 

I then made an effort to find out who actually shot the woman, but was unable to 
do so. I have no reason, however, to doubt the escaped slave's story. And, by the 
way, I gave her her freedom and the usual paper to that effect. 

* ***** # 

So long as the dispute is confined to any one community and its people the chiefs 
can settle it and that will end the matter. However, when people of another com- 
munity are implicated, there is no way, at least no regular way, that the dispute can 
be settled, except by resorting to arms. The Sultan absolutely fails to establish 
courts in that group for the trial of questions between Moro and Moro. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



The humble petition of the residents, traders, and natives of Bongao, Tawi Tawi. 

October 1, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, 

Jolo, Jolo Island, P. I. 
Most humbly and respectfully showeth: 

That your petitioners most humbly and respectfully beg through the medium of 
these few lines to approach your excellency and lay the following matters, and beg 
that your excellency would be kind enough to take their poor circumstances into 
your excellency's kind and benign consideration. 

1. That your petitioners having heard that this post is to be abandoned shortly 
your petitioners feel sorely grieved, as your petitioners (residents and traders) have a 
lot of property here amounting to, more or less, $13,000 Mexican currency, and should 
this post be abandoned your petitioners (residents and traders) are sure to lose a 
considerable sum of money, as the Moros of Tawi Tawi group would be sure to come 
and rob everything that they may have. In order to prevent them your petitioners 
(residents and traders) are quite sure there would be bloodshed amongst the inno- 
cent people, as this matter occurred when the Spanish left here before the Americans 
came. 

2. That your petitioners (natives who were formerly slaves, and who have had 
their liberties from the American and Spanish governments) feel sorely distressed, 
as your petitioners are quite certain that they and their families would be recaptured 
again by their former owners and be sold again as slaves, like sheep, and be treated 
like dogs, and possibly be killed for having escaped before, and also they would be 
separated from their families as before the Americans came here. When the Spanish 
left they were treated in this manner, and up to the present time some of your peti- 
tioners (natives) have not seen or heard of their families, as they were sold to some 
distant places as slaves, and your petitioners (natives) may perhaps never see them 
again during their lifetime. 

3. That your petitioners (natives) are situated in very poor circumstances, and 
getting their daily bread by fishing and cultivating only, and should this post be 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 509 

abandoned they would not have any place to go to at all to earn their living in order 
to feed and clothe their families, and would surely die of starvation. 

4. That your petitioners have to thank the American Government for the kind pro- 
tection which they have received during the past four years, and that your petitioners 
therefore, now, one and all, with joint hearts, crave most piteously that the same 
protection be given them forever, and for which, as in duty bound, we will ever 
pray. 

Here follow 72 signatures of Chinamen, Filipinos, and Moros. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Lette* om Maj. 0. J. Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry, to the Sultan of Jolo, Jolo, Novem- 
ber 23, 1900. 

[Extract.] 

I have the honor to submit to you the following brief account of a piratical act 
committed near Bun Bun, island of Jolo: 

Two Chinamen and four Moros (or Filipinos in Moro garb) left Jolo, P. I., in a 
banca on October 28 with a cargo of goods, valued at about $2,000, for Zamboanga. 
They were attacked by a vinta near Bun Bun, the entire crew and two Chinamen 
murdered, with the exception of one moro, who escaped. 

Upon investigation it appears that Dato Sabudin, of the island of Lapinigan, had 
been visiting Jolo, and had watched the Chinamen purchasing their goods; he fol- 
lowed them up, attacked them when the opportunity offered, and took the larger 
portion of their goods and returned to Lapinigan. The banca is now at Bun Bun. 

It is my desire to capture and bring to trial the offenders in this case, and I write 
to you to ask the assistance of Your Highness and datos. 

Article VIII of the agreement states: " Piracy must be suppressed, and the Sultan 
and his datos agree to heartily cooperate with the United States authorities to that 
end and to make every possible effort to arrest and bring to justice all persons engaged 
in piracy." 

If you can succeed in taking those men and turning them over to us, we will feel 
that you are as anxious as ourselves to put a stop to that bad practice. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, November 25, 1900. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo, from his brother, the governor of Tiangi, greetings: 

In my last mail from Bongao, I received the Moro letter you wrote the gov- 
ernor there, for translation. Some months ago I wrote to Maibung at the request of 
the military governor of Bongao, asking that all Moro letters be sent here for trans- 
lation before going to Bongao, as it would save lots of time. Please do this in 
future. You can see the delay this has caused. How about Maharajah Towasil? 
According to the agreement, the governor of Bongao had jurisdiction, as it was an 
offense of the Maharajah against the governor of Bongao in resisting arrest and search 
of his house when he, the governor, was searching for Selungun, who was said to be 
a pirate and was wanted in Maibung. Whether Selungun was a pirate or not has no 
bearing on the present offense of the Maharajah. Captain Cloman tried the case, 
and as a part of his punishment he was banished from the Tawi-tawi group of islands. 
This was perfectly legal under Article IX of the agreement. I approved his sentence. 
In September I heard that Towasil was going to Tawi-tawi with your party, so I 
wrote a letter to you September 13, 1900, telling of his sentence and that trouble 
would ensue if Towasil went to that group. I also wrote a letter to Towasil the 
same day, forbidding him to go without my permission, which I had a right to do 
under the agreement, Article IX. Notwithstanding these two letters Towasil went 
to Tawi-tawi with a letter from you to the chiefs in Simonol and Tongoson, Pangli- 
mas Aukassa, Abdurahim, Hussin, and Mualam, stating that you were sending 
Maharajah Towasil to them and wished them to contribute in order to make up the 
losses he had sustained. Towasil was arrested on Simonol by the military governor 
at Bongao and sentenced to six months' confinement at Jolo for a violation of his 



510 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

order in returning to Tawi-tawi Islands. His son was sentenced to three months' 
confinement for the same offense, which sentence I approve. They are now held in 
confinement at Jolo. Did you not realize that in sending Towasil to Tawi-tawi after 
the letter of September 13, 1900, was written to you that you were placing yourself 
in direct defiance of the legal orders of the Government of the United States, and 
that it would be so looked on by the authorities in Manila, where this act on your 
part will have to be reported? If you have any explanation with reference to your 
actions in this case, I wish you would send them to me so they can be forwarded to 
the Governor-General at Manila for consideration in connection with this case. I 
am in hopes your action was caused by a misunderstanding on your part. If it was, 
it was a very expensive one for Maharajah Towasil. 

Very respectfully, 0. J. Sweet, 

Major, Twenty-third Infantry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Sultan's letter. 

This, my seal, comes to all the chiefs of Simonol and Tongosong, Panglima Aukassa, 
Panglima Abdurahim, Panglima Hussin, Panglima Mualam, and their followers, 
friends, and relations: 

I am sending Maharajah Towasil to you. He was punished (unjustly) by the 
Americans and lost all his goods while in your care. His friends and I, myself, 
depended on you to take care of him, but you did not do so well enough. Therefore, 
I wish you to consider his losses as well as his bail, and if you love and pity the 
Maharajah the same as I do, help me to recover his goods (losses). Anybody get- 
ting into trouble while under your charge, even if otherwise, it is right on your part 
to help. You will know how much each of your followers should contribute, and 
how much you yourselves, and turn it over to him. 

Written this 5th day of the moon Kabi Alachir, in the year 1318. (2d of August, 
19C0.) 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, November 26, 1900. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo, from his brother, the governor of Tiangi, greetings: 

Some months ago while the question of the burning of Conawai and receiving 
money from Chinese was under consideration, the Rajah Muda wrote a letter, 
August 18, 1900 (21st day of Rabi Alachir), in which he stated: "I leave my father 
to judge the matter, and if you think we have done wrong and that the money should 
be returned, I will do so." This letter was forwarded with the report of Major 
James to the military governor at Zamboanga, who approved my decision, "That 
after considering everything this money should be refunded." On September 28, I 
wrote you, notifying you of my decision and requested that the money be turned 
over to me to be returned to the Parang Chinese. No reply having been received 
from either yourself or the Dato Rajah Muda on the subject, the papers were referred 
to the military governor at Zamboanga, who directed that the money, $131, be with- 
held from the salary of the Dato Rajah Muda. The Dato Rajah Muda was in Jolo 
and had a long talk with me, after his letter was sent to me; he said nothing with 
reference to this affair but drew two months' pay and left. 

Very respectfully, O. J. Sweet, 

Major, Twenty-third Infantry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 511 

Jolo, Jolo Island, October 11, 1901. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo, from his brother, Maj. C. A. Williams, military gov- 
ernor, greetings: 

The military governor at Siassi telegraphs me that Maharajah Sarapuddin and 
Maharajah Indanan, with force of 70 rifles, are at Lugus stealing cattle and disturbing 
the people of Dato Amilhusin and followers of Panglima Sasapan. These maharajahs 
are the Sultan's followers, and their conduct shows that the Sultan's orders, which 
the Sultan gave when I sent him word on September 28, are not obeyed by Sarapud- 
din. These maharajahs are committing crimes and offenses which the Sultan is 
expected to punish, for the people of Amilhussin have not committed crimes and 
offenses for which they should be punished under article 9 of the agreement. 

It seems as if the government of the Sultan can not stop these chiefs from injuring 
the people, who are not allowed to live in peace and attend to their homes and work. 

This will reach my brother to-night, and to-morrow his orders should reach Lugus 
and this bad work be stopped. 

I can now talk with the governor of Siassi; and if Sarapuddin and Indanan do not 
stop at once and for always, as told by the Sultan and also by the governor, the gov- 
ernor of Siassi will be ordered to take soldiers again to Lugus to stop Sarapuddin and 
Indanan, for the people of Lugus can not be punished for obeying their leaders who 
kept them out of the late war by order of the governor, Colonel Sweet. 

Sarapuddin has also stolen the wife of one of the dato's men. 

Failure to stop these things makes it look as if the government of the Sultan is 
only in name. I hope to be able to let the governor-general in Manila know that this 
is not the case. 

Let me know by this messenger what your highness does about it, so that I can 
telegraph the governor of Siassi if it is necessary for soldiers to go again. 

Your brother will be glad to see the Sultan when the Sultan is well, and hopes he 
may soon have good health again. 

Very respectfully, C. A. Williams, 

Major, Seventeenth Infantry, Military Governor. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, March 21, 1902. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo from his brother the governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace, 

Greetings : 

Yesterday a number of houses were burned and looted within plain view of Jolo, 
and it has been reported to me that this has been done by Maharajah Indanan'smen. 
I do not know why these depredations have been committed, but I hear that it is in 
connection with a fight going on between Datos Joakanain and Hegasan, though I 
can not understand what Maharajah Indanan has to do with this matter. I request 
the Sultan, who is the head of his people, to settle this trouble and stop the fighting, 
which is destroying life and property, impoverishing the country more and more, 
and preventing the poor people from cultivating the land and providing for their 
needs. I can not permit that houses are burnt in the near vicinity of Tiange, and I 
wish the Sultan to notify the chiefs of this. 

Very respectfully, W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Military Governor. 

(Hegasan has since been assassinated.) 

A true copy. H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Cablegram.] 

Jolo, P. L, March 23, 1902. 
Adjutant-General, Zamboanga. 

Some native houses were burned near Jolo day before yesterday morning. I sent 
a message to the Sultan prohibiting such acts hereafter. Last night or early this 
morning a house which was built for shelter of road party on the new Maibun road 



512 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

was burned. Have sent Lieutenant Wigmore with Lieutenant Norton, commanding 
B troop, to demand explanation and ordering the war between the chiefs of this 
island to be stopped. This demand was made under Article I of the agreement. 
Troop B left here at 3 o'clock. 

Wallace, Colonel, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., March 22, 1902. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo from his brother the governor of Jolo, Colonel Vfallace, 
Greetings: 

One of the houses belonging to the United States Government on the Maibun road 
was burned last night. An immediate explanation is demanded. 

You are at the same time informed that the war between the datos and other chiefs 
must cease. This order is issued in accordance with the provisions of Article I of 
the agreement, which acknowledges the sovereignty of the United States. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, March 27, 1902. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo from his brother the governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace, 
Greetings: 

I felt very sorr^ to learn from your prime minister Hadji Butu that the arrival of 
the cavalry at Maibun on Sunday had so frightened your mother, the Sultana, and 
the women and children generally. This was not my intention and I most sincerely 
regret it. But I must say that the burning of the hut on the Maibun road immedi- 
ately after my letter to you concerning the burning of the houses near Jolo surprised 
me, so that I did not know what to think. 

I hope that such misunderstandings will not rise again, and am pleased to learn 
that my order has been obeyed and peace been reestablished on the island. I wish 
your people to avoid in future all cause for trouble and strife and hope the Sultan 
will exert his influence to this end, so that peace may reign on the island and the 
people be happy, prosperous, and contented." 

Very respectfully, W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, April 12, 1902. 
To my son His Highness the Sultan of Jolo from his father the governor of Jolo, Colonel 

Wallace, Greetings: 

The bearer, Paradji, son of Panglima Hadji Tahir, of Parang, has come to me and 
complained that four of his father's horses were stolen two weeks ago and were later 
seen in Sakatie's possession, who is a brother of Maharajah Indanan and lives about 
8 miles from Jolo. The bay mare with white eyes was given to Paradji' s father by 
Panglima Dammang, of Parang, about four years ago; the other three were born on 
his father's place and have not yet been ridden. 

Paradji' s horse was also taken about three weeks ago by Abdul Ahab, Islasi, Laja 
Muddin, and Alamia, followers of Habib Awab, who lives a little to the west from 
Indanan. They took the horses in broad daylight in front of the house and were 
recognized by several persons present. Paradji had received this horse and $4 in 
payment of a debt only two days before it was taken. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 513 

I request my son the Sultan to take this matter in hand and be sure to have these 
horses returned to their rightful owner. I have received so many bad reports about 
Maharajah Indanan that I must believe he is not a good man. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 



To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo and the datos and chiefs of the Jolo Archipelago, 
Greetings: 

I hereby inform all concerned that if His Highness the Sultan or any other dato 

or chief collect taxes of any kind, the people paying such taxes do so of their own 

free will and because they wish to do so. Such taxes are not collected by the 

authority of the United States or with the sanction of the military governor of Jolo. 

Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Calvary, Commanding. 
August 7, 1902. 

Official copy of above furnished the commanding officers of Bongao and Siassi. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Calvary, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

Jolo, P. I., January 19, 1903. 
To His Highness the Sultan of Jolo from his father the governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace, 
Greetings: 

I hereby inform you that during last night two Moros, Kulapi and Dabusan, 
attacked the quarantine guard on the road to the Asturias, and that Kulapi shot one 
of the guards in the leg. I am told that Dabusan is staying with either Panglima 
Ambutung or Panglima Tahir. 

The quarantine guards are employed by the United States authorities; therefore, 
under article 9 of the Bates agreement, I demand the arrest and surrender to me of 
Kulapi and Dabusan. 

Very respectfully, W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

Jolo, P. I., March 5, 1903. 
To His Majesty the Sultan of Jolo from his father the Governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace, 

greetings: 

On January 17, instant, and several times since, I have demanded of you the 
arrest and surrender to me of the Moros Dabusan and Kalupa for attack upon the 
quarantine guard. Article 9 of the Bates agreement mak?s it incumbent upon you and 
your chiefs to surrender such criminals to the United States authorities. I have 
reliable information that these two men are in Parang; they were seen at Panglima 
Ambutong's place. It therefore appears that my demand for their arrest meets no 
attention If these parties are not surrendered to me without further delay I must 
consider that there exists no intention on the part of the Moro authorities to comply 

wak 1903— vol 5 33 



514 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

with article 9 of the Bates agreement, and will be compelled to send out my soldiers 
to arrest the criminals and those who are harboring or protecting them. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 
These men were surrendered, tried, and sentenced to Bilibid. 



[Cablegram.— Copy.] 

Jolo, July 26, 1903. 
To the Sultan, Siassi: 

Many complaints are made to me that you are taxing the people heavily. I advise 
you to stop it. 

W. M. Wallace, Governor of Jolo. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, March 21, 
To Maharaja Indanan, greetings: 

A number of houses were burnt and looted yesterday in the near vicinity of Jolo. 
It has been reported to me that this was done by your men. I wish to know why 
you permit your men to commit such acts of violence, and I inform you that I will 
not allow such depredations to recur in the neighborhood of Jolo. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel, Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry, Military Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Office of the Military Governor, 

Jolo, P. L, April 7, 1902. 
All chiefs in the vicinity of Parang, Island of Jolo, are hereby ordered to assist 
Chino Yson to find his cattle, which were stolen from him and were trailed to Parang. 
When found they are to be turned over to Yyson. 
By order of Colonel Wallace. 

F. C. Marshall, 
Adjutant, Fifteenth U. S. Cavalry. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 
No result. 



[Copy.] 



To the Dato Rajah Muda from his father the Commanding Officer at Jolo, Colonel Wallace, 

greetings: 

The Chinaman Yap Soon Liong has proven by witness before the provost-marshal, 
Jolo, that you forcibly took from him two head of cattle. I hereby direct you to at 
once either return the cattle to said Chinaman or pay him their full value in money. 

If you have any complaint to make against Yap Soon Liong, send it to me in 
writing and name your witnesses if there be any. I will then investigate the matter 
and see that justice is done. But the cattle must first be returned or paid for by you. 
This is in accordance with article 9 of the Bates agreement. 

Jolo, P. I., July 23, 1902. 



A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 515 

[Copy.] 

Jolo, P. I., October 30, 1902. 
To Dato Kalbi, from His Father, the Governor of Jolo, greetings: 

I hereby inform you that Mahari, one of the Sultan's men, has reported to me that 
some days ago 4 buffaloes were stolen from him, and that he traced them to Lati. 
Mahari says that others have seen Susulan riding these buffaloes in Lati. I wish that 
you recover these buffaloes (4) and send them and the man who stole them to me. 
Do not delay this matter, but send out your men at once to look for these cattle, and 
let us punish the thief; that is the only way to stop stealing. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, March 17, 1903. 
To Datos Calbi and Joakanain, from the Governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace, greetings: 

In the event of trouble between you and Hassan's party, the people of Moubu 
have, at their request, been placed under American protection. As long as they 
remain neutral they must not be molested in any manner. I have informed the 
Sultan of this also. 

Very respectfully, W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, Jolo Island, P. I., August 7, 1903. 
To Datto Tambutong: 

It has been reported to me that you sent certain of your people to Panglima 
Amsali in Pangusaran with rifles and collected $100 from him. I think that you did 
very wrong and that you ought to return the money to Panglima Amsali. 

Colonel Wallace, the governor of Jolo, gave Panglima Amsali a letter of protection 
and any hostile act toward him shows hostility to the United States Government. 
I will report this matter to Colonel Wallace for instructions. 

J. B. Jackson, 
Major, Eleventh Infantry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 

One hundred pesos returned by Dato Calbi, October 10, 1903, and turned over to 
Amsali after great pressure put on the Moros by the governor. 



[Copy.] 



To the chiefs and people of Pangutarang island, greetings: 

Some time ago I gave you a letter of protection, at your own request, and I have 
since assisted you when Asjali attempted to fine you unjustly. Now it is reported to 
me that there is trouble and contention among yourselves. Therefore, Hadji Tahil 
and Jaji, brother-in-law of Mr. Ed Schuck, are coming to your island to investigate 
and settle this trouble; they have my consent to do so and I desire that you submit 
to their fair judgment. I hope to hear from Hadji Tahil on his return that all trouble 
among you has been settled and that there will be no more contention. 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 

Jolo, P. I., August 21, 1903. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



516 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Copy.] 

To Dato Joakanain, from his father the governor of Jolo, Col. W. M. Wallace, greetings: 
I am informed that recently, while some people from Look in company of Mahara- 
jah Tahang slept at the house of Imam Muallam Mohamad Ali, 3 horses were stolen 
there, 2 of them belonging to the Look people and 1 to Maharajah Tahang. Huyi- 
dim, the son of Imam Muallam, looked for them and found them with your and 
Schuck's people, who said that these horses were taken from thieves, and asked 10 
pesos for the recovery and return of the horses. Now, the allegation of Huyidim 
having said that your people had stolen these horses, that you had kept Maharajah 
Tahang' s horse and that 20 pesos had been paid for the return of the other 2 horses, 
1 understand to be false. Since said horses have all been returned to the owners I 
should consider the case settled. But if there remains any doubt about it, let Mr. 
Schuck investigate and try the case; your men can go to him if they have any com- 
plaint against his people and I have no doubt but they will find justice. 
Very respectfully, 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 
Jolo, P. I., August 21, 1903. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

Jolo, P. I., October 17, 
Mr. Tiana, Captain Chino, Jolo, P. I. 

Dear Sir: Frequent thefts of coffee from Schuck's plantation having been com- 
mitted by Moros, who evidently sell their stolen coffee to the Chinese, I wish you 
to notify all Chinese of Jolo Island and that they are not permitted to buy Liberian 
coffee of any Moro, this coffee being exclusively grown on said plantation. Offen- 
ders will be punished. 

Very respectfully, W. M. Wallace, 

Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Office of the Civil Governor, Sulu District, 

Jolo, P. I., September 21, 1903. 
To Panglima Hassan from the civil governor of the Sulu district, Maj. H. L. Scott, Four- 
teenth Cavalry, greetings: 

About ten days ago I sent a message to you, through Hadji Butu, to come and see 
me at Jolo. You have not come. 1 am not positive that you received the message, 
so I send you this in writing. I desire to see you within three days and I expect 
that you will answer this letter in writing at once by the same messenger. 
Very respectfully, 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Civil Governor. 
A true copy 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from Panglima Hassan to the civil governor at Jolo, dated September 25, 1903. 

This letter of trust from Panglima Hassan to his brother the civil governor of Jolo. 

His desire to see the governor is as yet small. The reason he can not come is because 
he is very much surprised as to his agreement with the general in Manila, the general 
in Zamboanga, and the governor of Jolo, that if his slaves should come here (Jolo) 
they would be returned. Now, twice has he sent for them, but they were not returned, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 517 

although the white man is a man of his word. And as to his slaves who have come 
here (Jolo), there were at first 6 and after that 6; Arasain, Jamil, Lahia, with her 
children, and Insia, with her children. Now, if it is really true that the white man 
is a man of his word, send his slaves back by these messengers, 12 in number. 

He wants this letter to be answered and to be forwarded by these messengers. 

To finish this letter I send greetings and best wishes to my brother the governor. 



A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Government op the Sulu District of the Moro Province, 

Office of the Governor, 

Jolo, P. L, October 1, 1903. 
To Maharajah Hajerol, at Nunukan, in Parang, Jolo, from the governor of the Sulu district, 
greetings: 

Some nights ago the store of a Chinaman living in Tullai was burglarized and money, 
pearls, and a large quantity of goods were stolen, part of which only have been recov- 
ered. Palud has been recognized as one of the robbers. Baunbang is strongly sus- 
pected of being implicated in the burglary. It is thought that both men have returned 
to your part of the country. I therefore order you to arrest Palud and Baunbang and 
bring them to me with all the money, pearls, or goods found in their possession. Do 
not delay this matter, but arrest these two men at once if they are in your country. 
I have also written about this matter to Bantalla Tiblani, and I think it best if you 
assist each other in arresting these men. 

Very respectfully, H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 
No result. October 18, 1903. 



Copy of a letter from the Sultan of Jolo to the Governor of Jolo, dated February 2, 1900. 

When you were at Maibun I told you that Dato Joakanain had some of my horses; 
I now beg to inform you that since then some more have been stolen by him; he 
holds now 9 of my horses. I leave the matter to you. I beg you to see that he 
returns them to me. I have nothing that belongs to him, why should he take that 
which belongs to me. As for me I don't want trouble and disturbances. 



A true translated copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 
Letter from the Sultan of Jolo to the Governor of Jolo, dated August 13, 1900. 

On my return from Singapore I inquired of my chiefs as to their carrying on during 
my absence. They informed me that there was a great deal of disturbance and that 
my people had been fighting in Jolo as well as on the islands, and that the cause of 
all the disturbance was my brothers Dato Kalbi and Joakanain. These two did not 
even come to meet me. 

In the first instance they looted the houses of innocent hadjis and robbed them of 
all their belongings, including their families. If you had not assisted them they 
would have been killed, like they did with the Patah people, and sold their wives 
and families into slavery. 

Secondly, my slave escaped and went to them for protection. I demanded the 
delivery of this slave, which they refused. Afterwards this slave ran away to Look 
to Panglima Hassan. They demanded this slave from Panglima Hassan, saying that 



518 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

they would fight him if he did not surrender the slave. Panglima Hassan, who did 
not want to have any disturbance during my absence, surrendered the slave, who was 
immediately killed by them. 

Third. It has been proved to me that they are keeping Puding in hiding. 

Fourth. They are the cause of a fight between my subjects. They demand pearls 
that don't belong to them. When the owner of the pearl district asked the finders 
for the pearls, they were no longer in his possession but in theirs. Then they ordered 
the rightful owner to be killed. They took 6 pearls which belonged to others who 
had committed no offense. This happened during my absence. 

Fifth. Other people's property that may come to them, slaves, horses or cattle, 
even if it belongs to me, they keep, and refuse to return them if asked to do so. 

Sixth. They killed 8 innocent Patah men. 

How can I keep order among my subjects if they oppose me in everything I do? 
When I want to do what is just and right they tell the people that I have adopted 
the customs of the white people and am not following up the laws and customs of 
our forefathers. They are the stumbling block to civilization here in the Jolo 
Archipelago. Therefore I declare that they are bad people. 

A true translated copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major j Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



This letter from your son, His Highness the Sultan Hadji Mohamad Jamalul Kiram, to 
my father, Major Sweet, governor of Jolo: 

Your letter reached me, and I understand its contents. You ask me whether I 
have leased out the Palawans. It is true; I have leased them to an American by the 
name of Andre Poniatoski for the term of fifty years. When he is in the Palawans 
he will inform the people there of it, and when he comes to an agreement with the 
people living on the land he wishes to cultivate, they will ask the American Gov- 
ernment to witness the agreement, and I also. As yet he has not gone to Palawan, 
and that is the reason I have not informed you about the lease. The treaty says in 
article 4 that after buyers and sellers have come to an agreement, they will let the 
American Government witness the transaction, if there be Americans in the country 
which has been leased. 
Greetings and best wishes to you. 
30th day of Moharram, 1319— May 19, 1901. 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Copy of a letter from the Sultan of Jolo to Major Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry {no date). 

I beg to inform you that the people of Bud kanjagun are flying the American flag. 
I wish to inquire if they asked your permission, or if you ordered them to do so. 
Because if they did, so long as they don't fight and keep neutral and not side with 
Joakanain, but follow you and don't deceive my men, it will be good. I would like 
to know at once, because Joakanain' s men have gone out and are making fortifica- 
tions on the roads near Maibun. 

The American mauser which was demanded from Panglima Hassan is in Joakanain's 
possession. Panglima Hassan said he gave it to Joakanain because he demanded it. 

Letters received June 18, 1901. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Copy of a letter from the Sultan of Jolo to Major Sweet, Twenty-third Infantry, dated 

December 5, 1901. 

I beg to inform you that one of my subjects was killed. I hear that it was done 
by Hambalji's men, who is the chief of all the thieves who escaped over to him. They 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 519 

make raids upon everybody and steal and kill where they can. They earn their 
living in this fashion. The people in the interior are in great trouble, because these 
people steal all their cattle and horses from them. 

******* 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



No date. 
This letter from your son, His Highness the Sultan Hadji Mohamad Jamalul Kiram, to my 
father, the governor of Jolo: 

I beg to inform my father that your message has reached me, and I understand it. 
My father informs me of the trouble between Dato Joakanain and Hegasan; same 
has already come to my knowledge. My father wishes to know if I will interfere in 
the matter. I will side with no party, as I do not know the cause of their trouble. 
I will investigate the matter, and after investigation has been made, I will try and 
sentence the guilty, and if my judgment should be opposed I will inform my father 
what further steps I will take in the matter. I will do that what is just. Hegasan 
has since been assassinated. 
(Received February 14, 1902.) 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



This letter from your son, His Highness the Sultan Hadji Mohamad Jamalul Kiram, to my 
father, the governor of Jolo: 

I beg to inform you that the Taglibi people have come to me and surrendered. 
They explained that the reason they made the seizures and did the killing was in 
retaliation, as Joakanain' s people did the same to them, and that they would sub- 
mit to my decision in the case. I have sent a letter to my elder brothers, Joakanain 
and Kalbi, asking them to come here to enable me to decide the case, in order to 
establish peace and prevent further seizures and killings between them and the Taglibi 
people. 

Greetings and best wishes to my father, and may Allah grant you long life and 
happiness. 

Written this 8th day of the moon, Jul Kaadah, in the year 1319. (February 17, 
1902.) 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



This letter from your son, His Highness the Sultan Hadji Mohamad Jamalul Kiram, to my 
father, the governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace. 

I beg you to help me to tell Dato Amilhussin to discontinue creating trouble among 
my people in Lugus. He took 4 head of cattle and 1 Colt's rifle from Maharajah 
Sarapuddin. I did not make any fuss about it, because he is my grandfather; but I 
asked him not to do it again, to take things without cause. But it appears he won't 
listen to me. He is now claiming an old man called Habi, a follower of Maharajah 
Sarapuddin, without cause. 

The reason I inform you of this is because he may have a quarrel with the person 
he unjustly claims, so you may not be surprised. I wish you will let the governor 
of Siassi know about this. Greetings and best wishes and may your life be long and 



17th Moharram, 1320. (April 25, 1902. ) 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



520 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Copy.] 

This letter from your son, His Highness the Sultan Hadji Mohamad Jamalul Kiram, to my 
father, the governor of Jolo, Colonel Wallace. 

I beg to inform you that your letter has reached me, and that I understand its 
contents. The reason why my brother Joakanain can not come to Maibun is because 
he is sick. Even if it was not so, it is now such a long time since my father ordered 
them to come to Maibun to meet me, but they have not done so. Notwithstanding 
this, if they return me my property which they have — slaves and cattle — I shall not 
be angry with them, but we would be brothers as formerly. But if they do not return 
me my property, even if they come and see me, we will never come to an agreement, 
and there would be only trouble afterwards. During this moon, while I was absent 
in Look, some more of my property was taken over to them — 3 rifles, 1 Mauser, 4 
Remingtons, 2 horses, and 2 buffaloes. 
24th of the moon, Sapar, 1320. (May 31, 1902.) 
Greetings and best wishes to you. 

Charles Schtjck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from certain Moros to Maj. 0. J. Sweet, military governor, dated October 26, 1900. 

[Extract copy.] 

That the individual named Janlula, the brother of Farilah and uncle to Amin, 
wife of Teh Chiok, did most unjustly and mercilessly, about two months ago, 
abducted and illtreated the girl named Eah, the daughter of Parilah and sister to 
Amin, who was under our protection and parental roof at Tulaye. 

The said Janlula, the uncle of the girl Eah, had on several occasions demanded 
the girl to be given to him in marriage, but it being against the laws of nature and 
entire abhorrence of this man to Eah, we jointly declined to accept his wicked pro- 
posal. * * * Stealthily entrapped Eah and forcibly carried her away to Mayam- 
bong and most treacherously sold her to His Highness the Sultan of Jolo, for the sum 
of $30, Mexican, and a buffalo to the bargain. Subsequently learning the fate of Eah 
and with the greatest anxiety of redeeming her from the hands of the Sultan we had 
dispatched Hadje Tayer and Buyong with the sum of $75, Mexican, and begged them 
to pay the same to His Highness, Sultan of Jolo, and obtain freedom for our child Eah, 
but to our great misfortune and distressed state of circumstances, His Highness the 
Sultan, declined to accept the $75, and demanded the sum of $200 to set free Eah from 
bondage. And the Sultan further threatens to take our whole family as slaves, 
although we are finally free of any debts to the Sultan or his followers, etc. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from Maharajah Ahamad to the commanding officer at Jolo, Jolo, P. I. 

According to inquiries made by Tulawi and the governor we beg to state that it is 
true a raid was made upon Ahamad. He was killed and his family, 6 in number, 
were sold by Maharajah Indanan and Hatib Awab. Four buffaloes and 15 horses 
were stoled from Maharajah Ahamad and his subjects. If they had gone to claim 
their property they would have been shot. The shooting only ceased after everybody 
had escaped. 

March 22, 1901. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, 'Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 521 

From Dato Mohamad Tahitel Kalbi. 

I beg to inform my father, the governor of Jolo, that the son of Imam Atti was 
present in Maibun at a meeting between Maharajah Indanan, Panglima Hassan, 
Sarip Saquib, and Hegasan, at which it was agreed between them to go out on the 
night of the 8th of this moon (April 19) to take Tambang. I think that if the Sarip 
is a party to this agreement it is very suspicious. If my father the governor con- 
sents, I will return to Tambang to strengthen my fort, but if my father says I shall 
not go back I will do as my father wishes and remain quiet. I depend on my father. 
It was my intention to see my father, but my teeth ache. I trust I will soon be 
better. 

September 4, 1902. 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



This letter as a sign of truth comes from the throne of His Highness the Sultan Hadji 

Mohamad Jamalul Kiram. 

I inform you all, hill people and shore people, Moros and Samals: The order has 
been issued that all fighting shall be stopped; also all stealing, taking from one 
another, robbery, punishment of innocent people, or any other violation of the laws; 
and as my father the governor will assist me in establishing and maintaining order 
in the country, therefore be it known to all that I forbid crime. 

Whoever violates this agreement between my father the governor and myself will 
be punished, as he has violated our orders. All will be treated alike, be they high 
or low, rich or poor. 

My father the governor and I have agreed that the governor will assist me in 
upholding the laws of the country and to punish whoever violates this order. 

24th Moharram, 1320. (May 3, 1902. ) 

[Seal of the Sultan.] 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



On the 26th of June 1903, Birod, a Moro from Parang, with five or six followers 
killed another Moro at Mr. Charles Schuck' s place, Jolo, and carried off a slave girl. 

Upon being asked about it by Indanan, he replied that he had killed the man 
because he was his slave and there are more there he intended to kill at Jolo. 

Colonel Wallace, on June 27, called upon Indanan for the surrender of Birod and 
the slave girl. On the 11th of July, Major Jackson, Eleventh Infantry, commanding 
in Colonel Wallace's place, called upon the Rajah Muda, the heir apparent (the Sul- 
tan was in Singapore), Hadji Butu, prime minister, and Hadji Taib, minister of war, 
for information as to the action taken in Birod's case; reply was made July 20, that 
nothing had been done. 

On the 26th of August a demand was made at Maibun by Major-General Wood, 
governor of Moro Province, on the Rajah Muda, to arrest Birod and others implicated 
with him and produce them in Jolo within five days under a guarantee that they 
would be tried by Moro law by Moros. Hadji Taib went to Parang to arrest these 
men and came back September 4, 1903, saying he could not do it. The Sultan asked 
another opportunity and he induced Indanan to go to Parang with from 300 to 500 
men to arrest them. He got one of the companions of Birod and the slave girl, turned 
them over to the Sultan, who delivered them to the district governor at Jolo Sep- 
tember 16, 1903. The companion of Birod was returned to the Sultan for trial by 
the Moros and the girl was freed and given to her father by the governor of Jolo. 
It was reported that Birod, Panglima Tahir, and about 40 men are fortified on a hill 
near Silankan, in Parang. Indanan looted all the houses in that section and was 
ordered by the governor to return the loot, which has been reported accomplished, 
but Indanan abandoned the siege on that account. 



522 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The Sultan has asked another opportunity to capture these men on the hill, which 
capture remains unaccomplished to date. 

October 2, 1903. 

It is believed that the Sultan is honest in his efforts to make the capture, but has 
not the power to do it, and Maharajah Indanan is playing him false, having between 
300 and 500 men against 40 on the hill. 



To Maharaja Indanan, Parang, Greetings: 

I look to you who command the Sultan's men to arrest Birod, Sankola, and Pad- 
jing and those who were with them, all of them followers of Hadji Panglima Tahir. 
They went last night to the house of Amlin, near Mr. Schuck's house at Anuling, 
and killed Amlin and carried off a girl named Sabdia. I expect you to bring the 
girl and murderers to me before to-morrow night. When the Sultan left here, he 
asked me to act for him in matters of this kind. Therefore obey this order. 

W. M. Wallace, 
Colonel Fifteenth Cavalry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., July 1, 1903. 
To Hadji Panglima Tahir, Parang: 

The case of murder and kidnaping committed by your men during the night of 
June 26 against Moros living on Mr. Schuck's land has, at the urgent request of 
Hadji Taib, been referred to him for trial. You are hereby notified that hereafter 
if any outrages are perpetrated by your followers or any other Moros living on Mr. 
Schuck's land, such case will be investigated and the criminals brought to justice by 
the United States authorities. The people living on Mr. Schuck's estate are under 
the protection of the United States Government. 

J. B. Jackson, 
Major, Eleventh Infantry, Commanding. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, July 11, 1903. 
To Dato Raja Mudah, Hadji Butoh, and Hadji Taib, Greetings: 

Colonel Wallace wishes to know what you have done in obedience to his order 
about punishing Birod and others, who committed the murder on Mr. Schuck's 
plantation, and the return of the girl they abducted. 

I request that you answer this at once; I also desire that you come and see me on 
Monday next for conference. 
By order of Major Jackson. 

F. C. Marshall, 
Captain and Adjutant Fifteenth Cavalry, U. S. Army. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 



This letter from your son, His Highness the Dato Raja Mudah, Muhamad Mualil Oassit, 
and from your brother, Hadji Taib, to Colonel Wallace, governor of Jolo. 

We beg to inform you that we can not come on Monday as we have plenty of 
trouble. 
First. Birod' s case which we have on hand is not yet settled. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 523 

Second. Hadji Taib is very sick; he is not able to move about. 
But as soon as Hadji Taib is well and Birod's case is settled, we will go and see 
you. 
Greetings and best wishes to you and a long life. 
Twenty-fifth Rabi Alachir 1321, July 20, 1903. 

Charles Schuck, 
Official Interpreter. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Conversation between the civil governor, Maj. H. L. Scott, Fourteenth Cavalry, and Hadji 
Butu, the Sultan' s prime minister. 

Jolo, P. I., September 11, 1903. 

Q. Any news? — A. The Sultan has returned to Maibun. He has told all of his 
people that whoever wants to help him to uphold his authority must assist to capture 
Birod. The chiefs of Parang — Panglima Dammang, Maharajah Indanan, and Hatib 
Awab — told the Sultan that they would not like that chiefs from other parts should 
come and help. I went to Look to get Panglima Hassan to help in the capture. 
When he came he said it is well to let the Parang chiefs try to get Birod, to see what 
they could do. He said not only the governor, but himself thought Biroa should be 
punished. If the Parang chiefs can not capture Birod, Hassan will come with all his 
men. If the Parang chiefs play false to the Sultan, Hassan will help to punish the 
Parang chiefs. About 500 Moros are fighting Panglima Hadji Tahir; it is said that 
Panglima Dammang is not helping to fight him. It was at first said that there were 
about 200 people with Panglima Hadji Tahir on the hill. Hadji Taid called out to 
them that all those who had nothing to do with the case should leave. Many left, 
among them Paradji, the son of Panglima Hadji Tahir. This was yesterday. Paradji 
came to Hadji Taib. The Sultan has said to the people that if Panglima Hadji 
delivers Birod, the Panglima would be free, otherwise he will be taken also. 

Q. How many people are on the hill now? — A. There were about 200 people in the 
beginning, up to yesterday about 100, now only about 40, 

Q. Do you think they will get them? — A. There is only one road on the hill; 
escape is not probable; there is no water on the hill; they have about five to six days' 
supply of food and water. 

Q. Hadji Tahir has said they had food and water for three months? — A. The people 
up there were many in the beginning and all of them brought food along; but when 
they left they took the food away with them. 

Q. How many of them have rifles? — A. Every man has a rifle. 

Q. How much ammunition? — A. About 40 or 50 rounds each. 

Q. Have they any cannon? — A. It is rumored that they have one small iron can- 
non; it is no good because it can not be trained downhill, it has no carriage. 

Q. Is the place fortified? — A. No; but it is a precipice. 

Q. What are they doing at the foot of the hill? — A. Waiting for those that have 
nothing to do with the case to leave; some of them are not blood relation of Pang- 
lima Hadji Tahir, and it is expected that they will leave him. 

Q. How high is the hill?— A. About 500 feet. 

Q. Is it a strong place? — A. Yes; it has no soil, only rock. 

Q. How if the troops go to drive them out? — A. Those on the hill would not stand 
it long. 

Q. Are you confident that you can get them yourselves? — A. If the chiefs really 
mean it, certainly. 

Q. Where is the girl? — A. It is said she is also on the hill. 

Q. Why did they take her up there? — A. They took a lot of slaves with them to 
the hill; some are still there, some have run away. 

Q. I want you to keep me posted about the affair. 

Q. Dato Dakolah had an American horse; he said he was going to give it to Pan- 
glima Hassan. — A. Panglima Hassan said in Maibun the other day that he was going 
to send for it and return it. 

Q. What is he waiting for? — A. He has been to Maibun. 

Q. What authority has he over the Taglibi people? — A. He has relations over 
there and power there. 

Q. Has he power over those men whom I want there?— A. He can get his relations 
if they are wanted, but others only by force. 



524 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Q. Do the Parang people know that the general has promised that they shall be 
tried by Moro court? — A. Yes; that is the reason that the people are wild with them, 
that they will not believe it. 

Q. It is easy for me to go there and kill them if I want to? — A. They have been 
told so, also that if they go into a hole or on a hill nevertheless the Americans will 
get them. The Sultan told them that the general had pledged his word they should 
be tried by Moros. 

Q. By resisting they expose themselves to get killed. — A. The Sultan has told 
them so. 

Q. It is their own fault if they get killed now. — A. They understand that; their 
own relations have told them so. 

Q. Tell them to surrender, but don't let them escape. 

Q. Have you heard who killed the women in Tullai? — A. I heard only that a 
woman had been killed. Every man tries to hide his bad deeds. 

Q. I wish you would come and talk to me so that we get better acquainted with 
each other. — A. I thank you very much for your encouragement; I like to learn. 
My family is living in Tullai. I brought them there when the Sultan left for Singa- 
pore. I think they are safest there. I would like Moros and Americans to under- 
stand each other. I have told the Moro chiefs that the Americans are not only our 
friends, but our father and mother. 

Q. I want you to come to me every day if possible and report the situation. I 
thank you very much for your coming. — A. I am not a fighting man; more a poli- 
tician. I try to advise the people, but do not like to mix up in fighting. Whatever 
you want me to do for you I will do it if you let me know. 

Q. I thank you very much. 



[Copy.] 

The Sultan sends Hadji Taib, Hadji Butu, Habib Mura, and Hadji Tahil to the 
district govornor to say that he, the Sultan, can not get Hadji Panglima Tahir and 
the other men who are wanted, because the men the Sultan sends to get them have 
to return the loot, and the men wanted are on the hill. 

Hadji Tahil says the agreement provides that if the Sultan is unable to get criminals 
wanted by the United States the American Government will assist him. Governor 
answers in such cases he needs no Moros to help; the troops alone can arrest the 
people wanted or kill them if they resist. But if arrested by the Americans it will 
be worse for them than if they gave themselves up. 

Sultan complains through Hadji Tahil that the following will not assist him: Dato 
Joakanain, Jolo Island; Dato Kalbi, Jolo Island; Dato Puyo, Siassi Island; Dato 
Amil Hussin, Lugus Island; Salib Sakib, Jolo Island. 

September 25, 1903. 

A true copy extract. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 

This letter from your son, His Highness the Sultan Hadji Mohamed Jamalul Kiram, to his 

father the governor. 

I notify that Hadji Taib gave me your message that you wanted me to say and 
put into writing one of the two, if I can get Hadji Panglima and Birod or not. 

' I can not say one of the two things in a hurry, because as yet I have not consulted 
all my people in Jolo and the islands. 

I have not finally settled with them. 

If I have done my utmost and they will not obey my orders nor follow my advice, 
then I will come to you and tell you as to how I think. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 525 

I have great confidence in you, and I trust that you will protect me where I have 
not the power. 

Greetings and my best wishes to you. 
The 4th day of the Moon Rajab 1321. 



Received September 25, 1903. 
A true copy. 



E. Schuck, 
Official Interpreter and Translator. 



H. L. Scott, 
Major Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Conversation between the district governor, Major Scott, and the Sultan of Jolo, at the 

governor's office. 

September 30, 1903. 

Present: The district governor, the Sultan, Hadji Taib, Hadji Butu, HadjiMohamed, 
Habib Mura, Hadji Tahil. 

Q. Any change this morning? — A. My intention was to come back directly, but 
then I did not want to come back without something sure. My heart is with the 
Americans; there may be a change in governors, but there will never be a change 
in my sentiments. If it depended only upon myself there would never be bad 
relations between us; but others are causing the trouble. 

Q. How are the people in the country feeling? — A. They feel more assured about 
you, and that the soldiers do not go out to do them harm. 

Q. You seem to have something on your mind? — A. Yes; about my brother Attick. 
[Sultan shows the governor a letter bearing Sultan's seal and signature.] This seal 
was stolen from me, and the signature is forged. 

Q. What is the meaning of the letter? — A. When Attick came back from Singapore 
he knew that I had some money outstanding with Maharaja Sarapuddin, of Lugus 
Island — 1,600 pesos. Attick sent this letter, with my seal and forged signature, and 
got the money from Sarapuddin. [Sultan shows another letter bearing his seal 
and signature.] This letter is also forged; it was sent by Dato Attick to Katz 
Brothers, in Singapore. Its purport is to borrow from them 1,200 pesos, but he did 
not get the money because the firm was suspicious. 

Q. Where is Dato Attick now? — A. At Maibun. I am afraid he has made other 
bad use of my seal. 

Q. What use? — A. About Palawan. I have heard that it was said that the Sultan 
of Brunei has a document from me regarding the sale of Palawan . A messenger from 
the Sultan of Brunei came to me in Singapore and said that part of Palawan belonged 
to the Sultan of Brunei, but the Sultan of Brunei would buy my share of that island; 
somebody wanted to buy the whole island for 4,000,000 pesos. I told the messenger 
that I did not want to have anything to do with this matter. I heard that the mes- 
senger then went to Dato Attick, and I do not know the result. Since I returned to 
Jolo, and have seen Dato Attick' s forgeries, I have suspicions. I told Dato Attick 
in Singapore not to have anything to do with the messenger of the Sultan of Brunei. 

Q. Did Attick steal the seals? — A. Yes. 

Q. Where are the seals now? — A. I have them. He got the seals secretly and 
stamped blank paper with them. 

Q. Has he any more of that paper? — A. I don't know; but I am afraid that he 
gave a document to the messenger of the Sultan of Brunei. I have spoken to Dato 
Attick about it; he swore he had no more. 

Q. If he got your money from Sarapuddin on a forged letter, you can punish him. 
As to the Palawan affair, if there is anything in it, it will probably reach the gov- 
ernor at Manila, then come to the governor at Zamboanga, and then to me. I will 
then let you know about it. — A. As to punishment, I can do nothing against my own 
brother. Our religion does not permit it (called "sumbang"). 

Q. I understand that Attick confessed to you? — A. No; but the Raja Muda 
told me. 

Q. That Datto Attick wrote these two letters and also to the Sultan of Brunei? — 
A. Attick told him. 

Q. That he has written to the Sultan of Brunei? — A. No; but I suspect him. 
When Attick returned to Jolo he spoke bad of me. When I returned he got 
frightened. He had told the people that I would never return. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



526 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Continuation of conversation between the district governor and the Sultan of Jolo. 

September 30, 1903. 

Q. How about getting Birod? — A. Did not Panglima Ambutong tell you about it 
yesterday? 

Q. He told me something. — A. They have had a conference about getting him; did 
not Ambutong tell you? 

Q. No. — A. Panglima Hassan comes on Sunday. I have done my best. I have 
sent the Kaja Muda to Hadji Panglima with a letter. The Eaja Muda even offered to 
stay with Hadji Panglima Tahir's people as a hostage until the return of the Panglima 
from Jolo; but the Panglima did not want it. He did not allow the Raja Muda to 
get to them on the top of the hill. Then I sent Panglima Ambutong to Hassan. 
Hassan said that they had had a conference to go on Sunday, so it was no use to go 
now. He told Ambutong to tell me that they would surely get him on Sunday. 
That is why I sent Ambutong to you to tell you of this arrangement. 

Q. Did you see Hassan? — A. When he arrived at Maibun; but when I returned to 
Maibun he had left. 

Q. Why did not Hassan come when I sent for him? — A. When did you send for 
him? 

Q. Lately. — A. Panglima Hassan has sent a letter to you. 

Q. Why did he not come himself? — A. I don't know. 

Q. If you see him tell him he is doing something very dangerous by not coming 
when I send for him. — A. He will surely come on Sunday, if he gets Birod. 

Q. If I send for any chief I want him to come; otherwise I may take two or three 
troops of cavalry and get him. — A. Whenever I see any chief I tell him to go and 
see you. 

Hadji Butu. It is Moro custom, though a bad one, even when the Sultan sends 
for any chief; they take their own time about coming. 

Q. You better tell Hassan when you see him on Sunday to come to me. — A. I am 
not sure whether he will stop at Maibun or go right through. It has been a very 
bad custom in this country that chiefs come or stay away, as they like. 

Q. That will be changed now. — A. I am lenient with my people. If I am not I 
would have no subjects left. If I am angry with them, they leave me. Even Col- 
onel Wallace has seen that he can do more with kindness. 

Q. Tell Hassan to come and say what he has on his mind. — A. Panglima Hassan 
is no child; he knows enough without my telling him. 

Q. Will they get Birod? — A. Yes; Panglima Hassan, Panglima Dammang, Pan- 
glima Ambutong, and Maharaja Indanan have taken it upon themselves. I am not 
like the governor; I do not have three or four hundred soldiers at my disposal; I 
have to depend upon my chiefs. While I was away my brother, the Dato Raja 
Muda, had a bad time of it. My only soldier is Hadji Taib. Everybody knows that 
I have only a few men at Maibun under my immediate control. The mountain 
people say even now, " Why you do not pay us for this." 

Q. Tell the people that they can do no looting. — A. I will do so. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Conference between Governor Scott and Panglima Hassan. 
[This conference was badly reported and is therefore unsigned.] 

Jolo, Jolo, P. L, October 6, 1903. 

Q. I am glad to see you. — A. It was not my fault that I did not come earlier. I 
am away from home for several days and have seen all the chiefs. 

Q. How are you getting along at your place? Have you finished the rice? Is 
there enough of it? I just want to know whether anybody goes hungry. — A. We 
have not finished the rice, but we have enough and nobody is hungry. 

Q. I am glad to hear it. Where do you come from just now? — A. From home; I 
went first to Indanan, then to Maibun, then to Tiangi to see you. I am at Sali's 
(Mr. Charles Schuck's) place. 

Q. So you have not been to Parang? I heard you had a message from the Sul- 
tan. — A. I was not to Parang. I did not say that I was going to get Birod. Birod 
has given me his defense, so I went away from there, first to find out how things 
stood. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 527 

Q. So you did not bring Birod? — A. I did not say that I would. Birod has not 
come to see me; he sent word; he said that he was in the right, but, even so, he 
would subject himself to any trial. 

Q. Why has he not come in here, then? — A. He will stand any trial, but he has 
been ill treated. 

Q. How has he been ill treated? — A. Birod says he has been ill treated, because 
when he lost the slaves he went to Indanan, then to Dammang, and to the Sultan, 
and finally to the governor; the first did not give him any satisfaction and the latter 
told him to go and get them. He heard they were on Sari's plantation, and went to 
ask him. He said to go and get them. Birod did not like this, because if he would 
take them away himself they may have a grudge against him; so he waited for some 
time and when he went then to Sali's farm they were gone. Later, he heard they 
were near that place and went there. As soon as the man saw him he made prepa- 
rations to fight him and to kill him; so Birod shot him because he did not want to 
get killed by his own slave. 

Q. That is not the point at all. Birod has been told to come in and to explain, 
but he did not come. He has to come or I have to go and get him myself. If he 
comes in it is time enough to talk about his innocence. I gave my promise; the gen- 
eral gave the promise that he should be tried by Moro court. One of the men that 
were mixed up in the matter was sent to the Sultan, who promised to try him, and, 
if he was guilty, to punish him. The girl was turned over to her father. I will not 
discuss now the question whether Birod is guilty or not. I should think, if he is so 
innocent, he would come in, or had come long ago. The main point is that he has 
to come in and to stand right there. I will do all I promised. You always will 
find, as long as you deal with me, that I keep my promises. When I send for any- 
body, I don't care who he is, he has to come; that is what I am governor for. If 
you want to get him, all right; but I think 1 have to get him myself . Indanan went 
there with 300 men. I think he was afraid; anyway, he did not get him. — A. What 
is the reason you want him here? 

Q. Because* I sent for him. — A. You will excuse me, but nowadays there are so 
many stories of different kinds in the country. 

Q. I don't know about any, and I don't care for stories either. — A. They don't 
come to you with stories? 

Q. No; they don't get tome. — A. The story went that, if Birod would come in you 
would put him in jail without a trial. 

Q. That is not true.— A. It is as you say; you only want Birod here. 

Q. I know he said so to Indanan; at least Indanan said so; but I think Indanan 
was afraid to get him; there are 40 men on the hill; Indanan had 300; he told me 
himself he Avas afraid, and did not want to die right off. He did not go after Birod 
at all ; he went around stealing from innocent people until I stopped him. He went 
there only to steal, not to get those people. — A. I don't know that; I was not there. 

Q. Well, the fact remains that he went there with 300 people and failed to get him. 
I want Birod and that Panglima Hadji who is protecting him and those 5 men, that 
had to do with that killing. One man was here already, and has been turned over 
to the Sultan; I don't want him any more. — A. I would like to hear what you think 
about if Bkod should come. 

Q. I can say nothing about it; I want him right there, no matter how he gets 
there, and if I have to get him. If I go over there and he fights me, I will kill him. — 
A. What do you think of this? Panglima Dammang and Indanan are at Sali's place; 
everything you tell me now is for them, too; let them hear it. 

Q. I don't care about them; I am talking to you now, and I don't think you care 
anything about them, either. — A. But I just now got them together again; that fight- 
ing ruins the country. 

Q. I am glad to see you to get them together. — A. My idea was to bring the datos 
and the Sultan together; they were on constant warpath. 

Q. We have to have peace here, and I am going to see to it. If Indanan or Dam- 
mang resist it will be the worst for them. — A. The other chiefs were jealous of me, 
and wonder why I could come in with 70 men and they should come only with a few. 

Q. It had been promised to you by General Davis; we hold promises. It would 
have those other chiefs here, too, but everybody on the streets is nervous; it is just 
like playing with fire around powder. If they had 1,000 people here in the town 
they could not be easily controlled. — A. I could take the responsibility. 

Q. But I would not take any; you know your people; I don't. If there are only a 
few people around here we can talk nicely, but when they are scattered all over town 
we don't know what could happen. Only a short time ago we had a juramentado 
here; he cut a soldier across the back and we killed him. They looked at his clothes 
and said he came from Look. — A. There was nobody missed in Look. 



528 HEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Q. People from Taglibi say he was from Look. — A. It was the wish of the Taglibi 
people to put nie in bad odor. 

Q. Well, what shall I do now, go after Birod? Are all the Moro chiefs afraid of 
him? — A. I came to hear from you about this. 

Q. Sometime ago General Wood sent for him; he gave Kajah Muda five days to 
get him; before that, in June, Colonel Wallace sent for him. Now we have October. 
The Sultan promised to get him, if we turn him over to him for trial; that runs now 
two or three months. About August 28, Rajah Muda promised to get him ; Hadji Taib 
here heard him promise it. The Sultan sent Indanan after him. Indanan did not 
do anything but steal off innocent people and came back without Birod. I will get 
him myself. — A. Did the Sultan give it up? 

Q. I am getting tired of waiting. I heard that you want to bring him, or do you 
want me to get him? — A. Is the case absolutely bad? 

Q. The case is very bad, as he don't come in. I take some soldiers and a few can- 
non and get him. A few days I may wait yet; I have some little business here. 
When I am good and ready I will go out. Yet, if he wants to give up, and will put 
up a little white flag, I promise not to kill him; if he don't resist or does not run 
away, I will not hurt him. — A. I am told it is a stronghold. 

Q. I don't care about that. We batter it down with a cannon. — A. Does that still 
hold good, that you would turn him over to Moro justice? 

Q. Yes, I promised it, and I am going to keep it. — A. I would stay at Sali's place 
and send for him, but I can not promise that he comes. 

Q. Never mind, then, I get him myself. I am now waiting since June. — A. I 
think if I would send for him he could come to-night. 

Q. If he comes here before I start out, all right. I want those others, too. When 
I go there, I get them alive or dead. I don't like to kill anybody, but my orders 
have to be obeyed. — A. I would like to talk to you about something else. Two gen- 
erals have told me that when slaves run away they would be returned. 

Q. I think you are mistaken about that. I was there myself with General Wood. 
The United States don't recognize slavery. Who was it? General Davis? You cer- 
tainly are mistaken. In our country we had much trouble ourselves about the slaves; 
we fought big battles in which more people were killed in one battle than there are 
in Jolo together. One time we have been savages; we know better now. Russia, 
England, people that own half of the world and have more than half of all the money 
and power, have no slaves. They have determined that there be no slaves. I don't 
recognize slaves; no man can be the property of another, like a horse or cattle. I 
don't believe that the general promised you to return slaves. My Government would 
not allow to return a slave. — A. Somebody comes to you to give up his person for a 
debt. What are you going to do, lose your money, take nothing? 

Q. If he has no money to pay, I take his horse or dog. * * * I am careful 
whom I lend money. — A. In that case I would be ashamed to come here to Jolo and 
to meet a man that owes me and run away. 

Q. I can not see that; they ought to be ashamed of him. 

Record of a conversation between the district governor. Major Scott, and the representatives 
of the Sultan of Jolo, viz, Hadji Butu {prime minister) and Hadji Taib {minister of 
war) , at the governor's office at Jolo. 

Jolo, P. I., October 7, 1903. 

Hadji Butu. I received a letter from the Sultan and he wishes that I tell the 
governor all about it. 

Governor. What is it? 

Hadji Butu. Panglima Hassan came from Look to see the Sultan. The Sultan 
asked him why he had come. Hassan said, we have agreed to get Birod. After 
Hassan, they all came to Maibun, Panglima Dammang, Panglima Ambutong, and 
Maharajah Indanan, with their followers. The Sultan asked them, what have you 
agreed upon and why do you come with so many followers; I asked you to get Birod, 
that was why you had a conference; now, have you got him? The chiefs answered, 
the Sultan should not interfere, they would look after it themselves. They said our 
thoughts are not bad but good; we want to bring peace in the country, then the 
Sultan can live in peace also. The Sultan replied, that is all right as long as you do 
good work, but bad work I don't allow. Then Hassan said that he was going to bring 
Birod. The Sultan asked, why do you go with so many followers, why don't the 
chiefs go alone; if there are so many men there is likely to be trouble. If you go 
with such a large number to the governor, he has still more men than you have; if 
you want to show your greatness, the Americans are greater than you; if you want 
to show your courage, the Americans are braver than you; if you want to show your 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 529 

wisdom, the Americans are wiser than you. The chiefs answered, we will think 
over it, but don't you interfere. When they left, the Sultan told Hadji Taib to go 
along and see if they did bring Birod to Jolo. 

Governor (to Hadji Taib) . Did you see him here? 

Hadji Taib. No; that proves to the Sultan that the chiefs do not keep their word. 

Governor. I am sorry that the Sultan can not get Birod; so I have to go and get 
him myself. 

Hadji Butu. "We are more sorry about it than you are. 

Governor. I think Maharajah Indanan don't want anybody to succeed getting 
Birod, and that he feels bad that Panglima Hassan should go there for that purpose. 
I told Hassan that 1 would give the Moros the chance to do it, but I now find out 
that they can not do it, so I am going to get him myself. I have no hard feeling 
toward the Sultan, and I believe he would get Birod if he could, but it is beyond his 
power. 

Hadji Butu. The Sultan depended upon Hassan's promise; he did not for a 
moment think that Hassan would break his word. 

Governor. I think Hassan, Indanan, Ambutong, and Dammang don't w T ant to get 
Birod. Is there anybody else left to do it — I mean of the chiefs? ~ 

Hadji Butu. No; Hassan is the most powerful chief of Look. There are none left 
in Jolo. Dammang and Indanan are the chiefs in Parang, all other chiefs there 
follow them. 

Governor. There are only Datos Joakanain and Kalbi left, and they would not 
go to Parang? 

Hadji Butu. Yes, no one else. 

Governor. Then you acknowledge that the Moros can not get Birod? 

Hadji Butu. It looks like it. 

Governor. Can you suggest anybody else to do it? 

Hadji Butu. No. 

Governor. Then don't talk about it any more. 

Hadji Butu. There are none but the Samals left to do it, and they can not do 
what the Moros can not. 

Governor. Well, it is my business now to get him. But I w T ant you to give me 
information where he is. If you have no power to take him, you are able to give 
me information. I expect every day information from you where he is. 

Hadji Butu. We will do that. 

Governor. I know you can inform me; I am not angry with you that you can not 
take him, but I shall be angry with you if you do not give me this information. 

Hadji Butu. We will do so if we know. 

Governor. You have to find out. 

Hadji Butu. Habib Mura will send out to-morrow to find out. 

Hadji Taib. As soon as I know where he is I'll tell you about it, and I'll go 
along with you to get him. 

Governor. I need nobody to go along to get him, but he can go along to show me 
the road and the place. I have men and cannon enough. You can go and tell him 
to surrender, that's all. I am going to take all that are aiding and protecting him, 
and those men who were with him at the murder, and Panglima Hadji Tahir. 
Everybody who wants to help and aid Panglima Hadji Tahir against me can go 
there now, I don't care how many there are. But tell the people who do not want 
to help him to get out of the way, especially women and children; our guns shoot a 
long way. I don't want to hurt anybody. If I come and they want to surrender, 
they can hoist a white flag and stop shooting. Don't put up a white flag and shoot 
afterwards, that ends badly. 

Mr. Schuck tells that Panglima Hassan said to him when he left Schuck's place, 
that he was going straight back to look. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Case of Panglima Dammang and Panglima Ambutong. 

Neither a proper investigation nor a trial of justice took place in the following case 
of Panglima Dammang and Panglima Ambutong: Two carabaos of Dammang strayed 
to the field of Ambutong and were tied up. Dammang sent some men for his cara- 
baos, and they fired upon Ambutong's men, who defended themselves. The Eajah 

war 1903— vol 5 34 



530 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Muda sent Hadji Taib and Maharajah Indanan to stop the fighting. Both Panglimas 
were fined for fighting during the absence of the Sultan, and the fines were con- 
fiscated. 

Colonel Scott's talk with the Rajah Muda at the latter' s house, July 26, 1903. 

Q. Now don't tell me about anything, only that which I ask of you, and don't 
interrupt. — A. I thank you for coming to see me. 

Q. I heard that you were sick. —A. I am sick, my hip is all sore. 

Q. I came down here with the general and governor of all these islands of Min- 
danao. The governor wants to see you. This man [interpreter] told me that Hadji 
Taib told him that you had boils and could not come up if the governor did send 
for you. Is that true? — A. I have a boil. 

Q. Where is it? Let me see it. [Makes examination.] This is all nonsense, you 
have to get up and come with me. We have no idea of hurting you, but whe n the 
governor sends for you you have got to come, and we won't have any nonsense about 
it at all. — A. The general sent for me twice. I have great respect for him, but was 
waiting for Hadji Butu. 

Q. When the governor sends for you you must come and come right away. You 
must not send lies to him. — A. Hadji Butu told me the general wanted to see me. 

Q. And you did not come, but sent word that you had a boil, when you haven't a 
boil at all. Now get up and come. Bring some of your men with you, if you want, 
but come, or I shall have to take you, and I don't want to have to do that. — A. I 
will go with you. [He calls to a slave to help him.] I will go with you, but I have 
been very sick. 

Q. Come along. — A. If I did not want to pay this respect, it would be very diffi- 
cult for me to go. 

Q. I am glad you have that respect. We have no idea of hurting you at all. — A. 
If it was not for the respect I have for you, it would be very difficult for me to go, 
for I am sick. My intention was to go, but I was waiting for Hadji Butu. I thank 
you for coming to see me. My arms are sore, too. I have the measles. 

Q. Measles? — A. Yes, and my bones, too. 

Q. Now interpreter, I want you to make this plain to him, that we are not going 
to hurt him, but that I want him to get up and come with me quickly and quietly. 
I told you, when I came here, I did not want anybody to break in on me; stop it. 
Assure him that I have no desire to hurt him, but he must come with me quietly, 
and tell him it will be very disastrous if he tries to run away. — A. I never had such 
intention. 

Q. I am glad you haven't. — A. I will go. 

Q. That's good. Have some of his people get him ready. I only want you to 
understand the situation. — A. It is not fear at all, and I will visit you also. 

Q. Glad of it? — A. It is true that I am sick. I don't make this an excuse for not 
coming. I was waiting for Hadji Butu, but if it was not you I would not go. 

Q. When the governor calls, you must obey at any cost. If the governor tells me 
to do anything I do it at once, and everybody must do the same. Come without 
fear; you need have no apprehension. — A. If it was only the Moros who wanted to 
see me, I would not go, but as it is you and the governor, I will go. I have no reason 
to be afraid; I have done nothing wrong. 

Q. Only that you do not obey the governor. — A. I wanted to go, but I was wait- 
ing for Hadji Butu. 

Q. Hadji Butu has been there and gone; but there is no use talking any more, 
let' s go. Wait a minute ; I want to say something more to you. There are seven men 
who have been sent for; they have killed a man, the uncle of the girl now in the 
hands of your people. Interpreter, tell him the whole story. [Interpreter goes over 
the matter.] Explain to him that the governor is going to allow him to try these 
men according to the Moro laws. And that if the girl wants to go back to the people 
where she formerly was she may, or if she wants to stay with the Moros she may 
stay with them. She can do as she likes. 

Here is one of our doctors; let him examine you. Doctor, see if the Rajah Muda 
has boils. [Doctor's examination revealed nothing but a scarred, skinny hip.] Now 
we'll go. [Party started, and Marquez, the interpreter from Siassi, cautioned that it 
would be well to be very careful, indicating that the Rajah Muda's men were on the 
edge.] 

TALK AT THE CAMP WHEN THE PARRY ARRIVED. 

Q. Now, in regard to the demand of $1,000 from Ambutong. After he [Rajah 
Muda's representative, Habib Mura] was told that he (Ambutong) did not have 
$1,000, he demanded $100. This amount was paid. Ambutong thinks he has been 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 531 

cheated, and has asked the protection of the United States. What do you say, Rajah 
Muda? — A. Damruang's two carabaos ran over to Ambutong's field, and Ambutong's 
man, Abdula, tied them up. When Dammang met Abdula he told him that one of 
the carabaos belonged to him, and that that other buffalo belonged to Hadji Agrul. 
Abdula said, if one belongs to Agrul we will have to have a talk about this. Then 
Dammang's man, Kalikan, shot at Abdula' s son and two others. 

Q. Tell him to give everything in detail. — A. After that the fighting commenced. 
While they were fighting I sent Hadji Taib and Maharajah Indanan to stop it. I 
was in Jolo at the time, but these men had stopped the fight when I returned. 
Hadji Taib told Ambutong to put up security to come in for trial. When the bail 
had been put up, Hadji Taib told them to come in on Saturday. On Saturday Dam- 
mang came in. Ambutong sent only a message. Then Dammang said it is difficult 
to have trial when only one party is present. It is customary that when a person 
writes a letter he is answered by a letter, and so a letter was sent back to him telling 
him to come back next day; Indanan was told the same thing. Indanan came in 
next day according to agreement, and then the Rajah Muda sent for Hadji Taib to 
have a conference to determine what kind of a sentence they should give Ambutong. 
They did not decide the matter that night. Then Indanan went home and the mat- 
ter was put into Hadji Taib's hands to settle. Then Indanan said that they all agreed 
that he and Ambutong should be punished for fighting during the absence of the 
Sultan, and they were punished for this. It is an ancient custom, that when the 
Sultan tells his people not to fight that they shall obey him; thus Ambutong was 
sentenced to pay 1,000 pesos for violating the Sultan's law. Then Rajah Muda sent 
Bahora, Moral, and Joji to Ambutong and informed him he was fined 1,000 pesos, and 
Ambutong submitted to the judgment; they (the messengers) returned and stated 
Ambutong submitted. It is not a new custom that when the Sultan leaves his coun- 
try he gives orders that no one shall fight during his absence. This order was dis- 
obeyed. It is customary to punish them with a fine of 1,000 pesos when they disobey 
this order. Ambutong was not punished for fighting, but was sentenced because he 
disobeyed the Sultan's order. When the Sultan sent to Ambutong to collect this fine 
Ambutong named a day when he would pay it. He told them to come back in a 
week, and when the week was over Rajah Muda sent Habib Mura to Ambutong. 
Ambutong told Habib Mura that he would bring in the money on Thursday, but only 
500 pesos. Thursday he did not come, nor did he send the money. Rajah Muda 
then sent Pakeni out as his representative to Ambutong, and when Pakeni arrived at 
Ambutong's place he did not get any money. [Correction — Mahari also went with 
Pakeni to get the money. ] 

MAHAEI TELLS HIS STOEY ABOUT WHAT HAPPENED WHEN HE GOT TO AMBUTONG'S PLACE. 

Ambutong told him that it had been agreed that he was to pay his fine by giving 
up his bail (the chattels already delivered). Then Mahari returned to the Rajah 
Muda and told him that Ambutong said the bail was to satisfy the fine. Dato 
Pakeni returned to Ambutong and told him the bail would not satisfy the fine, and 
Ambutong asked how much more would be necessary, besides the security already 
up, to satisfy the fine. The Rajah Muda then said that he told Pakeni the former 
agreement was that Ambutong was to pay the 1,000 pesos, and that he was trying to 
prevent a fight, but that it appeared that Ambutong wanted a fight. Pakeni said, 
if that is the case I will go back and ask him again if he will pay the 1,000 pesos. 
Then Ambutong asked Pakeni if the bail would be returned if he paid the fine; that 
Doctor Saleeby had told him it would be. Dato Pakeni went back and told the 
Rajah Muda about it, and up to this time the Rajah Muda is waiting for his 1,000 
pesos, and I don't know what arrangement has been made -since about it. 

The Rajah Muda said he had not been paid even a cent of the fine; that he has 
heard that Hadji Taib told Ambutong, however, that the fine would be satisfied by 
the bail. 

Q. What was the bail, did you say? — A. One gun, 2 horses, and 1 cannon; I did 
not even get a cent of money. I have been waiting for him to pay the 1,000 
pesos. Ambutong changed his judge; he changed to Hadji Taib, so now the case 
is in Hadji Taib's hands, and if Ambutong pays the 1,000 pesos the bail will be 
returned to him. Doctor Saleeby told Ambutong that the bail had been divided up 
between different parties; that is, the 1 gun, 2 horses, and 1 cannon. The reason the 
case has not been settled is because Hadji Taib has said the bail would be accepted 
for the fine. 

Q. What Ambutong told about paying the security, etc., is it not true? — A. I 
don't know any more about the case, for I only heard about it yesterday. 

Q. When did this occur? — A. Last moon. 

Q. I don't understand this custom, about one man trying a case and then another 



532 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

man trying it — a change of judges. Who had a right to try Ambutong? — A. When 
the Sultan isnot here, Rajah Muda is the judge; Hadji Taib has the right to be 
present. 

Q. What righs has Hadji Taib to change a sentence imposed by your representa- 
tive? — A. Hadji Taib did not change the sentence, but Ambutong paid the bail over 
to him. 

Q. What were these articles of bail? — A. [Contradiction.] Four gongs, 5 horses, 2 
guns, 1 native cannon, 1 boat, another small cannon, named " Itum." 

Q. How does it differ from a lantaka? Where are these things now? Have you 
got them all? — A. Some Indanan has. Indanan has them in Sandakan. If the bail 
had been turned over to me I would have returned everything. The bail is not in 
my hands. 

Q. That does not answer my question, I want to know where all this stuff is. — A. 
Hadji Taib has 1 gun. Indanan has 2 gongs, 1 gun, 1 lantaka, and 1 boat. 

Q. Account for it all. — A. The cannon called "Itum" is still with Ambutong. 

Q. There are one or two points I want to clear up. I understand sentence was 
passed by Hadji Taib. — A. Indanan and Hadji Taib pronounced sentence. 

Q. What investigation did they make into it? — A. They knew all about it. 

Q. That does not answer my question. What investigation did they make? I want 
to know how they tried the case. — A. They knew that there was a fight, and that 
there was blame on both sides. 

Q. How did they know there had been fighting? — A. There had been shooting; 
some men had been killed and some wounded. 

Q. Be careful what you say, I want to get at the bottom of this. How did you 
know they were fighting, that there was shooting; did you make a regular trial of 
it? — A. They have been tried, for it is customary if they disobey the Sultan's order, 
they shall be punished for disobeying. 

Q. By his own statement Dammang's man shot Abdula's son. Both these men 
can not be in the wrong; one is in the wrong and the other right. — A. The Sultan 
had issued an order that they must not fight during his absence, and they did fight, 
but for this they have not been fined; it was because they disobeyed the Sultan's 
order. 

Q. When there is a fight made against a man, if he is not in the wrong, he can not 
stand and be shot — he has got to fight back. What do you do then? Do you fine 
them both? — A. Ambutong says that Dammang began the shooting, and Dammang 
says that Ambutong began it, so we fine them both. 

Q. When what you have said is written out and will be official and I shall ask 
Ambutong about it when he comes to Jolo. — A. Dato, according to you, the man 
who fires the first shot should be punished, but the man who in return to this shot 
defends himself should not be punished. Is that it? 

Q. Ask Hadji Taib, who has heard all that has been said here, if it is true or not 
true. — A. What the dato said is true, answered Taib. 

Q. I won't detain you any more to-night. I thank you very much for coming up 
here, and hope you will feel better to-morrow. — A. I thank you for treating me like 
your son. 

Q. I think we are going to live very well together. — A. I think so, too, only you 
do not accept me as your son. 

Q. I feel very well toward you. — A. My love for you is greater than your love 
for me. 

Q. I want you to look upon me as a father, and I want the good will of all the 
Moros. — A. If you really love me like a father, as you are now governor of Jolo, if I 
do anything wrong you will tell me? 

Q. That is just what I am doing to-night. Ambutong told me his story. I did 
not accept his story as a fact. I came here to hear your side of it. I want to know 
the truth of it, and the longer you deal with us the more you will know that we 
only want what is just and right. You will find when we say we will do a thing we 
will do it, no matter who stands in the way, and all we want is the truth. — A. What 
I have said is true, God willing. 

Q. I believe you have told the truth, so far as you are concerned. I believe the 
more we know each other the better we will get along. When you come to Jolo I 
want you to come to see me, and when you get into trouble I want you to come to 
me. He must only tell me what is true; lies will not do at all. We must talk 
straight to each other. Whenever there is trouble, tell him to come to me; he will 
get well quicker that way. 

The Sultan, September 2, 1903, stated that he had given instructions to cause the 
bail to be returned to Ambutong and his fine remitted. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 533 

Investigation in connection with suspicion of stealing slaves from Mindanao, the apprehension 
of Selungan, and return of certain people stolen from Mindanao. 

Two Moros, Pablo and Sanipang, came to me and stated that they were stolen by 
Selungan and Tuan Akir at Cotabato, and were sold with 5 others to Tuan Akir, 
who lives at Wuolo, near Maibun. They escaped, and left Kauiag, Tabauan, Inug, 
Dalidai, a girl, and Kapungpung, also a girl, with Tuan Akir at Wuolo. They were 
brought to Jolo in two boats (22 persons in all) when the present rice crop was about 
2 inches high (i. e., May or June). Twelve of the 22 were stolen from Cotabato; 
the rest from other places. They stated there was another man named Kauiag, who 
escaped and was with the soldiers at Siassi. I understand he is with Hadji Usman, 
the interpreter at Siassi. 

A girl named Isnai is on the island of Siassi. 

A girl named Rambuna is on the island of Tapul. 

A girl named Ongnai is at Buol, in Look. 

Pangna Muttu and Lansagar are in Look. 

The others are scattered about. 

******* 

Akir was arrested but denied the theft of these people, stating these men lied, and 
that he never heard of the people mentioned by them as living with him; that he 
bought Pablo, Sampang, and the Kauiag, who escaped over a year ago. 

On investigation by the commanding officer (Major James), Tuan Akir was released. 
This will destroy all chance of recovering the 5 people said to be at his house, as on 
his return home they will be sent away from there. Enough evidence can be obtained 
against him for his illegal acts in Mindanao from Pablo, Sampang, Kauiag, at Siassi, 
and the girl Eambuna in Tapul, who, I understand, is married to a Chinaman. 
September 24, 1901. 

W. H. Sage, 
Captain, Twenty-third Infantry, Adjutant. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry. 



Examination of Pablo, a Moro boy, by Major James, Twenty-third Infantry, at Jolo, 

September 24, 1901. 

Q. What is your name? — A. Pablo. 

Q. Who brought you to this island?— A. Selungan. 

Q. Where from? State all the circumstances.— A. From Cotabato. Cotabato is 
my home. I was walking about in a jungle very close to Cotabato, some one called 
out to me to wait; I waited; three men came up and caught hold of me and tied my 
hands behind my back and took me to a small boat, and I was then taken to a large 
boat that brought me to Jolo Island. Eleven besides myself were brought to this 
island as slaves — 3 women and 3 children (females), 6 males (2 boys and 4 grown 
men), all were brought from near Cotabato; we were so brought a long time ago; 
I don't know how long; when we came the rice was very small (note by interpreter: 
This must have been about end of May or beginning of June last). We landed at 
Parang; when we landed at Parang we were at once bought by Akir, who took us to 
Wuolo — 12 in all. We came from Cotabato and landed at Patotol, where 8 were 
sold; from Patotol we left for Parang; Selungan met Akir and asked him to sell the 
slaves; there were 12 slaves then; we were all taken to Wuolo by Akir, who sold 
some of them, 6 (3 women and 1 girl child, 1 man, and 1 boy). One woman was sold 
in Tapul; 1 girl child was sold in Siassi; 1 woman, 1 man, and 1 boy were sold in 
Look; 1 young girl was sold at Bual. One grown-up boy escaped over to the town 
of Siassi (we landed in the town of Siassi, and this boy escaped there). 

Q. Did you and this man with you escape together? — A. Yes. 

Q. When? — A. Does not know when; there were 3 of them who escaped; it wao 
five nights ago; we have been at this place for five nights. 

Q. How many slaves were brought to this island on the boat with you? — A. 
Twenty-three; some slaves, 4 in number (2 men and 2 small girls), were sold in 
Basilan. 

Q. Do you know where any of the slaves sold in this island are; if so, where, giv- 
ing number? — A. Umpung bought 1 small girl and 3 men in Patotol ; Albi, of Patotol, 
bought 4 men; Zambano, a woman, was sold to a Chinaman in Tapul, she is living 



534 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

with him as his wife; Tin Kun, of Siassi, bought Isinia, a small girl; Lansagan, a 
woman, Muttun, a boy, and Upangua, a man, were sold in Look; Ongai, a young 
girl, was sold in Bual, I do not know who bought her; Kauiag, a grown-up boy, is 
now in the custody of the Americans at Siassi, nothing more; Dalidai, a young 
woman, Kapungpung, a girl child, and Inug, a man, and Tabauan, a boy, and Kauiag, 
a boy (called Untung, because there are two of this name), these are in Wuolo, near 
Maibun. This is all I know. 

Q. Do you think you could find these persons at Wuolo if I send you with some 
soldiers to find them to-morrow? — A. Yes; if they hide them I won't "be able to find 
them. 

Note. — Chinaman mentioned in Tapul is named Paah. 



Second examination of Pablo, by Major James, Twenty-third Infantry, at Jolo, September 

24, 1901. 

Akir, having been arrested in Tullai, being present. 

Q. Do you recognize this man [pointing at Akir]? — A. Yes. 

Q. Is he the man that brought you from Mindanao to this island? — A. Yes. 

Q. When? — A. I arrived in Jolo about six months ago. 

Q. What did Akir do with you when you arrived? — A. I was taken to his house 
and I was told to work in his house. 

Q. Did Akir steal you from Mindanao? — A. Yes. 

Q. This man Akir also took Sampang from Mindanao at the same time he took 
you? — A. Yes. 

Q. Was Selungan with this man Akir at the time he brought you from Mindanao? — 
A. Selungan came first; they did not come together; Selungan returned first, but 
Akir returned afterwards. 

Q. Did you escape from this man Akir when you escaped and came here? — A. Yes. 

Q. He, Akir, did not buy you as a slave from your owner? — A. No. 

Q. Then he stole you? — A. Yes. 

Q. He, Akir, did not buy Sampang from his owner? — A. No. 

Q. Then he stole him?— A. Yes. 

Q. He, Akir, had Sampang as a slave at his house? — A. Yes. 

Q. Did Akir bring Sampang to Jolo Island from Mindanao at the same time he 
brought you? — A. Yes; in one boat. 

Memoranda in regard to this examination. — Of boy Pablo, on September 25, 1901, 
Mr. Charles Schuck, interpreter, told me on this day, September 25, 1901, at about 
the time I released Tuan Akir, that Pablo said at first that the occurrence of his 
being brought down from near Cotabato was three months ago, then he said it was 
six months ago, then he said it was a year ago, then he said he did not know when 
it was. 

W. H. W. James, 
Major, Twenty-third Infantry. 



Examination of Akir by Major James on September 24, 1901. 

Q. Was this boy a slave of yours and did he escape from you a few days ago 
[pointing at Pablo]? — A. Yes. 

Q. How did you get him as a slave? — A. He was sold to me in Taluk Sangai in 
Mindanao. 

Q. When? — A. A little under two years ago. 

Q. Did you not catch and steal this boy in Mindanao? — A. No, I would not steal a 
fowl, much less a boy. I had an American flag given me by the governor of Siassi, 
and besides that I had a letter from the Sultan. 



Examination of the boy Pablo by Capt. W. H. Sage, Twenty-third Infantry. 

Q. What are the names of these people who are in Wuolo?— A. Dalidai, Kapung- 
pung, Inug, Tabauan, and Kauiag, also called Untung. When Akir left Mindanao 
he was pursued by the Americans, but escaped. Selungan is related to Akir; so I 
thought it made no difference when I said I was in Selungan' s boat instead of in Akir's. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 535 

Q. How long ago was it? — A. We were fifteen days on the voyage; I do not know 
how long ago. 

Q. Was it this year or last year? — A. This year, the rice was still small. 

Q. Did you live in Cotabato? — A. Close to the town of Cotabato. 

Q. Do you know of soldiers there? — A. Yes. 

Q. Do you know the name of any officer? — A. Yes; the name is governor, but I 
have never been to his house. 

Q. Were you there when the Moros fired at some soldiers? — A. No; afterwards. 
I was there when some of Dato Piang's men fired on the Americans. I ran away 
with Piang's men. 

Q. How many people were taken from Cotabato when you were taken? — A. 
Twelve. 

Q. Who is in Cotabato that knows you? — A. Dato Piang. I am his slave and 
live close to his house. I was taken while out in the jungle; some others told me 
they were taken while fishing. 

Q. If we write to Dato Piang can he tell us when you were taken? — A. Yes. 
Before Dalidai was taken she was living with an American at Cotabato as his wife. 



Examination of Sampang by Capt. W. H. Sage, Twenty-third Infantry, on September 24, 

1901, at Mo. 

Q. When you came down how many people were in the boat with you? — A. 
Twelve, including me. 

Q. How many boats came down? — A. Two together. 

Q. Was Selungan in one boat ? — A. Yes. 

Q. What are the names of the people now in Wuolo? — A. Kauiag is one. 

Q. Where were you captured? — A. In Cotabato. I knew Pablo there. There 
were 3 children, 1 young woman, and 1 man who are now at Wuolo. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Government House, Noeth Borneo, 

Sandakan, August 17, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to inclose an order of banishment of 6 persons — Sulus — 
who are disturbing the peace of this State. 

2. Only 4 of these persons are sent by this steamer — the other 2 being uncaptured. 

3. One of these men, Habib Muda, is an emissary of the Sultan of Jolo (Sulu). 
Another, Dato Timbang, is a native chief, who for years has been paid a salary of 
$40 per mensem in Sandakan to guard the interests of Sulus, and who has betrayed 
his trust. 

4. It has been amply proved against these persons that they levy a toll on all 
natives who come to Sandakan, giving the sultan and the governor of North Borneo 
as their authorities. 

5. The timely presence in Sandakan of Mariano — your chief in Cagayan, Sulu — 
enabled my officers to run these men for inflicting a fine of $210 for a case tried in 
Cagayan, for levying poll tax on the occupants of incoming boats and for keeping 
slaves from Palawan. 

6. In these circumstances I banish them, and if they return to this State they will 
be imprisoned for life 

7. I trust that you will not object to my repatriation of them, and I feel sure that 
if they are closely watched they will settle down as quiet inhabitants. 

8. I have informed Mariano that no taxes or duties are levied on the natives of 
American possessions trading with this State. 

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 

E. W. Birch, Governor. 
The Military Governor of Jolo, Southern Philippines. 
A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



536 KEPOKT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Copy.] 
Banishment proclamation 1901, section 3. 

ORDER OF BANISHMENT. 

Whereas on the 12th day of August, 1903, a warrant was issued by the governor 
for the arrest of the persons named in the annexed schedule on the ground that 
there is reasonable cause for believing that the banishment from the State of the said 
persons is necessary for the safety, peace, or welfare of the State. 

Now, it is hereby ordered by the governor that the said persons be, and are 
hereby, banished from the State forever. 

Dated this 17th day of August, 1903. 

E. W. Birch, Governor. 

Schedule. — Habib Muda, Dato Timbang, Sarib Jarat, Hadji Husman, Usup Balang, 
Najila. 
A true copy. H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



[Copy.] 



U. S. S. Albay, 
Jolo, Jolo Island, P. I. , February 14, 1903. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report relative to conditions found 
in the northeastern part of this island. Upon the arrival at Tulian, Tulian Island, 
the natives seemed friendly and the Dato Unding called on board and reported 
everything quiet. He flies the American flag. The natives in Eastern district met 
us in force and were prepared for preventing a landing. I landed and called a head- 
man to me, and asked him why they were so unfriendly. They replied that they 
supposed we were Spanish and wanted trouble. The Moros were informed that the 
Albay was American and that we had conquered the Spanish and that they must be 
friendly. Next morning several shots were fired at the ship; no damage was done, 
and I went ashore with armed boat's crew and sent for Dato Palawan, the chief of 
the unfriendly contingent. His son came down with strong force and said, upon 
being questioned, that the firing was done by some bandits or bad men, and that no 
more firing would be allowed. I showed them the action of the guns and they 
seemed much pleased, and granted that it was much better to have peace. As they 
were told many great forces would be sent against them if they wanted war; from 
further talks with the dato's brother and chief men, it is hardly probable that 
any further trouble will be had. The intention of surveying and placing of signals 
was explained to them and they promised not to molest working parties or signals. 

Further particulars will be reported as learned. 

Very respectfully, J. E. Walker, 

Lieutenant, U. S. Navy, Commanding. 

The Commanding Officer, U. S. Army, 

Island of Jolo, P. I. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from H. 0. Dunn, lieutenant-commander, U. S. Navy, commanding U. S. S. Frolic, 
to Col W. M. Wallace, U. S. Army, dated Jolo, Jolo Island, February 26, 1903. 

[Copy.] 

In answer to your letter of February 26 I have the honor to make the following 
statement regarding the Moro attack upon the Frolic's surveying party near Maibun 
on February 24. 

I inclose the statement of Lieutenant Jones, U. S. Navy, who was in charge of the 
party, which gives a detailed account of the whole affair. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 537 

There is no doubt in my mind that the attack was an organized and nearly success- 
ful effort to destroy the party in question. 

I have on board for safe keeping a Moro witness named Panding, who swears that 
the following-named Moros are implicated in the matter, the first named being the 
leader, viz, Abou Bakal (Sultan's brother-in-law) , Bariowa, Tassam, and Usam. This 
witness also swears that Hadji Taib threatened him with death unless he, the said 
Panding, feigned madness when delivered on board the Frolic. This to confirm the 
story that they were chasing and shooting at him instead of the surveying party. 



Letter from H. 0. Dunn, U. S. Navy, commanding U. S. S. Frolic, to Col. William M. 
Wallace, U. S. Army, dated Maibun, Sulu, F. I. , March 15, 1903. 

I have the honor to submit for your investigation the case recently withdrawn 
from Judge Powell's jurisdiction concerning the attack of certain Moros against the 
survey party of the U. S. S. Frolic near Maibun, Sulu, on February 24, 1903. 

In addition to the facts set forth at length in my letter of February 26, reporting 
the matter to you, I have to add the inclosed supplementary statement of Lieuten- 
ant Jones, marked "A." 

The names of the Moros given in Lieutenant Jones's statement were derived from 
the erstwhile prisoner Panding. The parties named were without doubt among the 
attacking mob, but I regret to say that Lieutenant Jones can not identify them, 
owing to the general similarity of Moros and the distance they were from him in the 
crowd. 



Letter from Lieut. L. B. Jones, U. S. Navy, to the commanding officer, Jolo, dated February 

U, 1903. 

I have to report that a surveying party under my command, while on shore carry- 
ing on the survey work of this harbor as projected on board this vessel, were attacked 
by an armed band of natives, variously estimated in number between one and two 
hundred. 

A hill about 2 miles to the north and east of the Sultan's house, on which was 
located one of the main triangulation signals, was about to be occupied, and the 
party, consisting of Midshipman Finney, 4 men, and a native boy from Jolo as an 
interpreter, all armed with revolvers except the interpreter, had ascended nearly to 
the top of the hill when a commotion was noticed at the foot — men yelling frantically, 
said by the interpreter to be a "call to arms," and others coming in from various 
directions. 

The men were armed with rifles, spears, and bolos. On account of this hostile 
demonstration, and the limited number of our party, it was deemed advisable to 
abandon the station and move in the direction of Maibun. 

We had no sooner started than the whole party hastened to cut off our retreat and 
fired two shots, which passed over our heads. They then started for us in a body, 
on the run, performing what appeared to be a war dance, waving their arms and 
spears in the air, and yelling at the tops of their voices. The situation then seemed 
to be extremely desperate, and I gave the order " double time" before they came 
within range of our revolvers, and we beat a hasty retreat toward Maibun. They 
continued the chase about a mile, firing in all four shots. 

On our way back to Maibun the country seemed to have been thrown into a state 
of excitement; men were hurrying from the fields, and the "call to arms" seemed to 
have passed in all directions. This "call" could be heard faintly from the direction 
of the hill even when we approached the town. 

When we descended the hill another party appeared coming down the hill, and 
these men must either have lived on the hill or gone up the other side. 

The whole affair seemed to be a determination on the part of the leaders that we 
were not to be allowed in that country. 

We passed many natives working in the fields and others on the trails without 
exciting any commotion until we arrived at the base of the hill, and the "call to 
arms" w T as apparently started by one man who afterwards assumed the leadership of 
the force. I endeavored to get the interpreter to communicate with this man, but 
he said he was afraid of him. 

This became a matter of very serious importance in the prosecution of our work, 
as it is evidently the intention that we are not to go into certain parts of the coun- 



538 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

try, unless with a force sufficient to overpower the natives, and I am certain that our 
party would have been cut to pieces had it not been for our prompt retreat in reach- 
ing an escaping trail before they could cut us off. 

U. S. S. Frolic, Maibun, Jolo. 

A true copy. H. L. Scott, 



H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from L. B. Jones, lieutenant, U. S. Navy, to the commanding officer. 

U. S. S. Frolic, 
Maibun, Jolo, P. I., March 14, 1903. 

In connection with my letter of February 24, giving a detailed account of the Moro 
attack upon the working party under my command on that day, I have the honor 
to add the following supplementary statement: 

From an examination of the Moro prisoner Panding, delivered on board this ship 
by the Sultan of Jolo, I obtained information which leads me to believe that Pan- 
ding was a spectator and not a participant in the attack. He stated that he saw the 
following-named Moros in that attacking party: Abou Bakal, Bariowa, and Tassam, 
the last two having rifles. He had not lost his wife, children, nor parents by 
cholera, but that they were alive at the time of his arrest; nor was he chased by 
anybody, but arrived on the scene after hearing rifle shots. He was told to act crazy 
while on board the Frolic on pain of death. 

Owing to the general resemblance of Moros, the large number in the attacking 
party, and their distance, I am sure that I would not be able to identify any of the 
above-named men as participants. Panding, whom I understand is one of the Sul- 
tan's slaves, from his bearing and manner aboard ship and the statements he made 
at various times, impresses me with his truthfulness, and I am led to believe that he 
is a harmless creature on whom the whole affair has been thrown. 

* * * * * •* # 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Letter from Chinese traders of Parang to Major Sweet, the governor of Jolo, dated Sep- 
tember 27, 1900. 

[Extract copy.] 

After you left Parang for Jolo, the Dato Rajah Muda came to Parang and collected 
from us the undermentioned cash and sundries: Lim Ah Seng, $10; Yap Ghee, $10; 
Yap Kim Sui, $10; Lim Phoo, $10; Tan Ho, $10; Sah Bee, $5; Yap Khan, $10; Koh 
Keo Chian, $10; Chong Kham, $10; Lim Kok, $5; Yap Tiong Yong, $10; and sun- 
dries amounted to $47. Total amount of cash and sundries was $147, which he said 
he collected for the purpose of government, for not burning our houses. We made 
inquiry and found that the Dato Rajah Muda collected the amount for his own use. 
We beg to remain, sir, your most obedient servants, 

Lim Ah Seng (his x mark); Yap Khan (Chinese signature); Yap Ghee 
(Chinese signature); Koh Keo Chian (his x mark); Kap Kim Sui 
(his x mark) ; Chong Kham (his x mark) ; Lim Phoo (his x mark); 
Lim Kok (his x mark) ; Tan Ho (his x mark) ; Yap Tiong Yong (his 
x mark); Sah Bee (his x mark). 
* * # * * * * 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 539 

Copy of letter from Second Lieut. C. I. Nelson, Seventeenth Infantry, provost-marshal at 
lolo, Jolo Island, P. I, to the adjutant, lolo, P. I, dated lolo, Jolo Island, P. L, 
November 5, 1901. 

* * * The following-named city employees, namely, Saidemon, Jumah, Mo- 
hamed, Hamed, Jayman, Hejamang, Tambe, Hematale, Assibe, Jahnani, Yeula, 
Hekien, Nemahang, have complained that they have been fined $25 by the Sultan of 
Jolo for not taking part in his recent war. The men at the time were regularly em- 
ployed by the city, and state that they had no desire to give up their positions to fight. 
They also state that they have been notified that if the fine is not paid that property 
belonging to them and their relatives at Tapul will be seized. 

I respectfully request that some action be taken to prevent the payment of the above 
fine or seizure of property. 



A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Hadji TaiVs statement. 

The reason why Dato Amilhussin fined Maharajah Sarapuddin is, that somebody 
told Amilhussin the Sultan had ordered Sarapuddin to kill Amilhussin and had given 
him his, the Sultan's, barong, "palanchi," for this purpose. Both the Sultan and 
Sarapuddin say this is not true; yet Amilhussin has fined Sarapuddin 4 head of cattle 
and 1 Colt's repeating gun. (About April 1. ) 

Dugusan and Iman Mohamad, Amilhussin' s men went to Amilhussin' s house; 
on their return they met Sarapuddin' s brother Attang (?) cutting wood, and killed 
him. This occurred on the 10th of the moon Hadji 1319 (20th March, 1902). It 
was reported to Amilhussin, who said he would investigate the matter, but has done 
nothing in the case. 

In the beginning of the moon Hadji (before the murder) Hadji Taib went to Lugus 
and Tapul with the Sultan's order that the people should come to Maibun to work 
on the road from Maibun to Buolo. The people said that they would come as soon as 
they had finished their work in the fields. The Tapu people did come. But Dato 
Amilhussin told his people not to go, and Sarapuddin is afraid to take his people to 
Maibun on this account. 

Notes. — The man mentioned to have been killed was not the brother but a distant 
cousin of Sarapuddin. 

Cattle and other property seized by both sides was ordered to be returned and 
peace enjoined. Persons implicated in the murder were ordered to be brought to 
Jolo for trial (Moro court). 

A true copy. H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Report of Massin, Captain Chino, Parang {Konawai). 

February 11, 1903. 

At 4 a. m., Tuesday, two fire balls were thrown on the top of the roof of Massin' s 
house, on Chinese pier, at Konawai. 

Moro Chief Sarabi has a market place. The Chinese rented places in that market 
and sold their goods there, but Sarabi killed a slave in the market and since then 
the Moros did not go to that market. For that reason the Chinese left Sarabi's 
market and went to Panglima Dammang's market. Sarabi warned them three days 
before the fire that if they did not return to his market he would burn their houses. 
All Chinese shops were destroyed by fire and 24,000 pesos' worth of goods burned 
or looted. 

Sarabi, Selungun, Powaki, and Dato Namli were leaders of the Moros present at 
the affair. Thirty-nine Chinamen lived in Parang — 8 families. 

February 15, 1903, Powaki, Selungun, and Sarabi were surrendered at Jolo and 
were placed in confinement awaiting trial. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



540 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Panglima AmsaWs statement. 

Jolo, August 7, 1903. 
Dato Tambutong sent Padjinji Limaung, Usub, Asanul, Mohamed, Hadjebun, and 
Habebun with rifles to collect $100 from Panglima Amsali, in Pangntaran. They 
said that the dato ordered them to collect this fine because some of the Moro women 
in Pandokan married Filipinos in Tullai, which was in violation of his order to the 
panglima, viz, "not to allow Moro women to marry Filipinos." The panglima 
says that he forbade all his people to marry Filipinos, but that the women in ques- 
tion escaped to Tullai and got married to Filipinos there. The messengers of the 
dato threatened to tie up the panglima and loot his house if he refused to pay the 
fine, so he paid it. The people of Pandokan hold a letter of protection from the 
United States Government. Many people of Pandokan have deserted their homes 
because they are afraid of the dato. ' 

A true extract copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor, 



Report of Second Lieut. E. J. Ely, Fifteenth Cavalry, provost marshal, Jolo, to the adjutant, 
post of Jolo, dated August 27, 1903. 

[Extract copy.] 

I have the honor to report that one " Charlie," Chinese interpreter, has reported 
to me that a Chinaman, " Oh Ping," having visited the village of Paticol, island of 
Jolo, for the purpose of making certain purchases from natives of that village, was 
arrested by Dato Joakanain, and forced to serve as a slave, and is still held in bondage 
by the said dato. 

* * * * * ■* * 

Oh Ping has since been recovered and released by the governor of Sulu. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., September 5, 1903. 
The Moro Tangoa of Pandukan Island borrowed a gong from a Chino called Batu 
of Tullai (Jolo) while the latter was staying at Pandukan. Before he returned the 
gong the Chino left Pandukan. Then the Moro Lisang of Pandukan claimed the 
gong and wanted to take it away from Tangoa, saying that it was his gong and that 
he had pawned it to a Chino. Kim, the father of Tangoa, said that they could not 
give up the gong, as Tangoa had borrowed it from the Chino Batu; that they must 
inform the latter and that Lisang should come back after three days. Kim sent a 
messenger to the Chino Batu, who returned with Batu's answer, that if Tangoa gave 
up the gong he would have to pay him, Batu, 100 pesos. Then Lisang came and 
tried to take the gong by force. In order to avoid a fight, Kim said: "I shall take 
the gong to your ( Lisang' s) house to-night." Kim then went to Nakib Hajim and 
laid the case before him; the nakib said: "This is not just; I shall see Lisang about 
it." But Lisang would not obey the nakib, and said that Kim had agreed to give 
up the gong to him, Lisang. Kim and Tangoa left Pandukan that same night for 
Tullai and returned the gong to the Chino Batu. The next day Lisang burnt the 
house of Kim in Pandukan. Kim and Tangoa say that they are afraid to return to 
Pandukan because Lisang has said that he would kill them. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 541 

September 23, 1903. 

Complaint of the Filipino Mauricio Maigui, living in Tullai. His wife is called 
Veronica, alias Parrang. Nabia is the sister of Veronica. Aki is the husband of 
Veronica. Aki and his wife Nabia live in the village of Oh, on the island of Pandukan. 

Nabia came to Tullai and took her sister Veronica for a visit to Pandukan; her 
husband, Maigui, gave her 10 gantas of rice and $5 for expenses. After they had 
been about half a month with her sister, they took her to Pangutarang under the 
pretext that she should see some friends there. When her husband, Maigui, came 
to Pandukan he did not find his wife there and had to follow her to Pangutarang. 
"When he arrived there his wife's relations refused to let her go, saying that the dato 
had given orders that no Moro women should marry Filipinos. Although Veronica 
wanted to follow her husband her relations refused to let her go, threatening that 
they would cut her in halves and send one half with her husband and keep the 
other half there. 

After some talk the sister of Veronica told Maigui "it is customary that whoever 
marries one of our family has to pay a dowry of $400, but, as it is you, we will be 
satisfied with $200." Maigui refused to pay; then Panglima Amsani came and said 
that he would settle the case; he told Maigui to pay $120. Maigui had pity with his 
wife, so he said he would go back to Jolo and get the money; but after all he could get 
only $105 and made up the other $15 by giving a golden watch chain, which is to be 
redeemed by him as soon as he has earned enough money. 

Mauricio Maigui has a marriage certificate to show that he is legally married to 
Veronica. 

Veronica claims to be born a Moro, but to have grown up in Jolo town, having 
been sold to Jolo when a very small child. She was baptized by an English priest 
in Sandakan when she visited that place. 

Veronica is now at Jolo with her husband (October 19, 1903). 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., October 13, 1903. 

The Moro Halidain, his wife Had, and two other Moro women came to the gov- 
ernor and complained that Oto Basaluddin is going to fine 7 of them 105 pesos 
each for enticing his slave to run away. Halidain and his wife further state that 
Hadji Tahir is keeping them at his house because Oto Basaluddin is accusing them of 
being implicated in the theft of his rings; further that Oto Basaluddin accuses 7 of 
them to be implicated in this theft. 

The governor replied that he would not permit anybody to be punished for matters 
pertaining to slavery. As to the case of theft, this had been turned over to Hadji 
Tahir for trial, and if the latter saw fit to detain any or all of them at his house 
until the case was settled, he could do so. 

A true extract copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Jolo, P. I., October 15, 1903. 

Habib Mura tells the governor that he wishes to make his home in Matanda, about 
2 miles west of Jolo town, on the seashore, so as to be near the Americans. He says 
he used to live in Maibun; is one of the Sultan's advisors, and has a large house in 
Maibun; the Rajah Muda and Dato Attick are bad, and even the Sultan. Therefore 
he wants to get away from Maibun and live under American protection. He requests 
the governor to give him a letter of protection and promises to do nothing wrong; 
says if he lives at Matanda many of the hill people will come to him to get away 
from the chiefs. 

He says Hadji Butu also removed from Maibun to Tullai (Jolo) because he feels 
more safe in the latter place. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



542 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Jolo, P. L, October 18, 1903. 

Mr. Charles Schuck, interpreter, reports: 

On October 11 Junaidi and his little son were returning from Liddung (Jolo Island, 
near Maibun) market. He had five head of cattle with him. When in Kara wan, 
on Bud Mabingkang, he was attacked by a party of thieves — Janjani, Sakili, the son 
of Kaul and the son of Ahlam, who live near Liddung and are followers of the Dato 
Eajah Muda. Junaidi received several wounds in standing off the theives. 

Junaidi is the cousin of Angkaia, headman at Tando Patong, near Maibun. The 
following day Angkaia and his followers, together with followers of Maharajah 
Indanan, went out to arrest the thieves. They attacked the house and wounded four 
persons, who then surrendered. Sakili's father put up 105 pesos bail. The real 
thieves, however, had escaped and gone to the Kajah Muda for protection. The 
latter has furnished them Mauser rifles to resist Angkaia. Sakili is a notorious thief 
and robber, but enjoys the protection of the Rajah Muda. 

The case is now in the hands of Hadji Taib and Indanan. 

H. L. Scott, 
", Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 

Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Statement. 

Five horses were stolen from the isolation corral, Jolo, Jolo, P. I., about June 28, 
1903; 3 were recovered by a display of force, General Wood's expedition, August 30, 
1903, at Taglibi, and one horse was recovered at Seit Lake, August 30, 1903. 

Dato Dakolah had one government horse which he failed to turn in. A troop of 
cavalry was sent to bring in this dato and the horse. The dato was brought into 
Jolo September 25, 1903. The horse had glanders and was shot. 

A true copy. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



Juramentados. 

October 30, 1902. — Two Moros ran amuck at the stables and cut 1 enlisted man of 
Troop H, Fifteenth Cavalry. The Moros were killed by the soldiers. 

March 8, 1903. — A Moro ran amuck in the cockpit at Tullei, killing 1 Filipino 
man and wounding 1 Moro, 1 Filipino, and 1 Chino. One of the vigilantes killed 
this man. 

March 10, 1903. — A Moro ran amuck at Tando Point, near Jolo, killing 1 private of 
the Engineer Corps. The run-amuck was killed by the guard at that place. 

March 14, 1903. — Three Moros ran amuck at the market, near the pumping station 
at Asturias. They killed 1 Indian, 2 Moros, and wounded 1 Moro woman and 1 
Filipino man. The run-amucks were killed by Captain Eltinge and his troop. 

September 25, 1903. — A Moro ran amuck in the town of Jolo, having entered through 
the band gate. One soldier was cut by him. One soldier was killed by stray bullet 
fired by soldiers. The run-amuck was killed by the soldiers. 

H. L. Scott, 
Major, Fourteenth Cavalry, Governor. 



EXHIBIT U. 



REPORT OF THE MUNICIPAL BOARD OF THE CITY OF MANILA 
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1903. 

Municipal Board op Manila, 

Manila, P. J., October 1, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. I. 

Sir: In compliance with the provisions of section 14 of act No. 183, Philippine 
Commission (the Manila charter), the municipal board of the city of Manila hereby 
submits its report of the operations of the city of Manila for the fiscal year 1903. 

With the exception of the enactment of ordinances, letting of contracts for such 
matters as related particularly to the municipal board, or the cost of which was of 
such amount as to require consideration by both the municipal and advisory boards, 
and the settlement of questions which pertained to no particular department of the 
city government, the work of the board was so closely connected with the various 
departments that mention thereof will be made under the heads of various departments. 

The personnel of the municipal board at the end of the fiscal year 1902, namely : 
President, Arsenio Cruz Herrera; member, P. G. McDonnell; temporary member, 
A. L. B. Davies; and acting secretary, Bert Eddy, remained the same until Decem- 
ber 29, 1902, when Member Charles H. Sleeper returned from leave of absence in the 
United States and resumed his duties on the board, relieving Mr. Davies, who resumed 
his duties as secretary, he in turn relieving Mr. Bert Eddy, who resumed his duties 
as chief clerk. On March 10, 1903, Mr. A. L. B. Davies resigned the position of sec- 
retary of the board to accept appointment as local purchasing agent of the insular 
government. Mr. O. F. Kicard, clerk municipal board, was appointed acting secre- 
tary, and continued in that position until May 1, 1903, when Mr. John M. Tuther, 
the present incumbent, was appointed secretary. 

During the fiscal year the municipal board met daily except Sundays and holidays, 
as provided by the city charter, and 304 sessions were held, at which 7,380 items of 
municipal business were considered. For the purpose of presenting the entire work 
of the administration of the city, this report is submitted under the following subheads: 
Advisory board, secretary of the municipal board, disbursing officer, department of 
engineering and public works, department of police, law department, fire depart- 
ment, department of assessments and collections, department of city schools, finances. 

As exhibits to these reports are submitted the reports of the heads and subheads 
of these departments. 

Advisory Board. 

On August 15, 1902, the United States Philippine Commission amended the Manila 
charter by increasing the number of city districts to 13 and providing for the repre- 
sentation of the districts of Santa Ana and Pandacan upon the advisory board of the 
city of Manila. The board held its regular meeting once every two weeks, as pre- 
scribed in the charter, until December 31, 1902, on which date the Commission 
further amended the charter to provide for the holding of meetings once a week. 
This action was taken upon the recommendation of the municipal board concurred 
in by the advisory board, and was considered necessary in order to expedite the 
business and provide for the prompt return of matters referred to the advisory board 
for its consideration. All ordinances have been passed upon by the advisory board 
before final action by the municipal board, and all expenditures amounting to $10,000 
and over have been submitted to it for its approval; and, in many cases where smaller 
amounts were involved, action was deferred until its opinion thereon had been 

543 



544 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

expressed. In all, 97 items were referred to the advisory board, some of these 
references being required by the provisions of the charter, while others were for- 
warded in order that the municipal board might profit by the opinion of an intelli- 
gent body of Filipinos acting in closer conjunction with the general public. Many 
other matters of importance have originated with the advisory board and received 
the careful attention of the municipal board. In certain matters relating to the sani- 
tation of the city and the ordinances governing the construction of buildings, the 
municipal board has not fully concurred in the recommendations of the advisory 
board. From time to time conferences have been held by the two boards and by 
committees from the boards, and, in general, the result has been beneficial and the 
conferences have served to clear up matters over which differences of opinion have 
arisen. 

The municipal board wishes to acknowledge the valuable cooperation and assist- 
ance which was rendered by the advisory board at the time of the great conflagration 
in the district of Trozo, where 3,000 nipa dwellings were destroyed at a cost of 
$125,000, rendering 15,000 people homeless. The city was obliged to support a large 
percentage of these homeless people for nearly a month by distributing gratis rice and 
meat. Members of the advisory board were constantly on the ground and materially 
assisted the police in the system of distribution. 

The members of the advisory board are: 

Sefior Miguel Velasco (president), San Miguel; Sefior Basilio Reglado Mapa, 
Intramuros; Senor Juan Tuason, Quiapo; Senor Jose Paterno, Santa Cruz; Senor 
Tomas Arguelles, Sampaloc; Senor Teodoro R. Yangoo, Binondo; Senor Rogaciano 
Rodriguez, San Nicolas; Senor Crispulo Feliciano, Tondo; Senor Antonio Ma. 
Pabalan, Paco; Sefior Vicente N. Somoza, Malate; Senor Jose R. Ynfante, Ermita; 
Senor Segundo Rodil, Santa Ana; Sefior Francisco Rosario, Pandacan; Senor Vicente 
Rodriguez, secretary. 

Secretary op the Municipal Board. 

On March 9, 1903, Mr. A. L. B. Davies resigned the position of secretary of the 
board to accept the appointment as local purchasing agent for the insular government. 
Pending the appointment of his successor, Mr. O. F. Ricard, a clerk of the board, 
was designated as acting secretary and continued in that position until May 1, when 
the board appointed Mr. John M. Tuther, who has remained at the head of the office 
since that date. With the increase of the general municipal business the work of 
this office has been greatly extended, and a detailed report of the work of the year 
is submitted herewith and marked ' ' Exhibit A. ' ' 

Disbursing Officer. 

The disbursing officer of the municipal board, Mr. R. C. Baldwin, has handled 
during the year something over $1,500,000 in a most satisfactory manner. All pay- 
ments have been made promptly, and the salaries of the 4,250 city employees are all 
paid by the 10th of each month, and nearly all other items of expense, on demand. 
In addition to the work of disbursing officer, this officer is also, by direction of the 
board, acting as comptroller of the city, and keeping records which are of value to the 
board for statistical purposes. 

Attention is invited to the complete report in detail of the disbursements marked 
"Exhibit B." 

Department of Engineering and Public Works. 

Aside from an unusually large amount of routine work accomplished by the 
department of engineering and public works the board is pleased to announce two 
exceedingly important improvements which will especially mark the fiscal year 
just ended. These are the granting of franchises for an electric railway and an 
electric light, heat, and power system in the city of Manila and its suburbs, and the 
preparation of plans, surveys, and a complete study of a new water system. 

On October 20, 1902, the Commission passed an act providing for the granting of a 
franchise to construct an electric street railway on the streets of Manila and its 
suburbs, and a franchise to construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, heat, 
and power system in the city of Manila, after competitive bidding. It is a condition 
of the franchises that the person to whom they may be originally granted under the 
provisions of the act shall, before April 1, 1903, form a corporation under the laws 
of the Philippine Islands hereafter to be passed, or the laws of the United States, or 
of any State thereof. The bidders were required to deposit, as an evidence of good 
faith, the sum of $75,000 in the money of the United States with the treasurer of the 
Archipelago, and the successful bidder was required to deposit $175,000 upon the 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 545 

awarding of the franchise. It is a condition of both franchises that the grantee shall 
begin the construction of the road within six months from the date of the granting 
of the franchise, and shall complete the construction of the road and commence the 
operation of same within twenty months after the expiration of the said period of 
six months, and shall complete the construction of so much of the electric light, 
heat, and power system as shall be coextensive with the lines of the street railway to 
be constructed under the first-mentioned franchise, and to commence the operation 
of the same within twenty months thereafter. 

Due advertisement for competitive bidding for the proposed franchises was made 
in three newspapers printed in the English language and two printed in the Spanish 
language in the city of Manila, in two newspapers in the city of New York, in one 
newspaper in the city of Chicago, and one in the city of Washington, by two inser- 
tions per week, for six weeks after the passage of this act, and a single insertion per 
week for the subsequent six weeks. There was also a weekly insertion for the six 
weeks following the passage of the act in a leading street railway journal in the 
United States. The text of the law, upon its passage, was immediately forwarded to 
the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department, together with a copy of the 
map of the city showing the projected routes, and this remained on file in that bureau 
for the information of bidders in the United States. Similar information was kept 
on file in the office of the municipal board of the city of Manila. 

On the 5th day of March, 1903, the municipal board declared the time expired and 
opened the only bid submitted, which was in the name of Charles M. Swift, as follows: 

"January 12, 1903. 
"To the Municipal Board of the City of Manila. 

"Gentlemen: I beg leave to submit the following bid for a franchise to construct 
an electric street railway on the streets of Manila and its suburbs, and a franchise 
to construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, heat, and power system in the 
city of Manila and its suburbs, proposed to be granted by you after competitive bid- 
ding under and in accordance with an act of the Philippine Commission enacted 
October 20, 1902, and entitled 'An act providing for the granting of a franchise to con- 
struct an electric street railway on the streets of Manila and its suburbs, and a fran- 
chise to construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, heat, and power system 
in the city of Manila and its suburbs after competitive bidding, ' on the following 
terms: 

"I agree that if the franchise is awarded to me I will comply with all the terms 
and conditions of the franchises set forth in said act, provided — 

"1. That the duration of the franchise shall be fifty years. 

"2. That the fares to be charged on the street railway shall be as follows: Single 
fares, first-class cars, 6 cents; second-class cars, 5 cents. First-class ticket fares to be 
sold under paragraph seventeen, at the rate of 100 for $5.50, and second-class ticket 
fares at the rate of 6 tickets for 24 cents. 

"3. The percentage of gross receipts to be paid to be 2\ per cent of the fares col- 
lected and tickets sold on the street railway, and 2\ per cent of the gross earnings of 
the electric light, heat, and power plant. 

"It is of course understood if my bid is accepted I will cause to be formed a 
corporation as provided in the act to whom the franchise will be transferred. 
"Very truly, yours, 

"Chas. M. Swift." 

On March 24, 1903, an ordinance was enacted by the municipal board granting 
both franchises to Charles M. Swift. Soon after this the first engineers appeared on 
the ground and commenced active work in surveys of the city and in general prep- 
arations for construction, and there is every reason to believe that the people of 
Manila will soon enjoy the most modern and best-equipped electric railroad and 
electric light and power system. 

Owing to its peculiar location and great area covered by the city the question of 
transportation is one of the most serious that is encountered, and for years the people 
have been put to great inconvenience and heavy expense in relying upon the anti- 
quated, short horse-car system and the poorly constructed, unsatisfactory, and 
generally undesirable system of public vehicles. These conditions have very much 
retarded the growth of the city and have tended to congest the population. The 
outlying districts in nearly every direction from the crowded centers are more desir- 
able" for residence sites by reason of the higher ground, and it is expected that as 
soon as the railroad is put into operation many of those now paying high rents for 
small, unhealthy quarters w T ill take advantage of this quick transportation and secure 
comfortable dwellings in better localities. 

war 1903 — vol 5 35 



546 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The granting of this franchise, with the assurance of all it means, is regarded as 
one of the most favorable events marking the progress of the United States Govern- 
ment in the Philippines. 

On February 1, 1903, Mr. J. F. Case was appointed engineer in charge of the pre- 
liminary work of the new water system, and he immediately commenced a study of 
the present system and the needs of the city. Certain data prepared by the Spanish 
Government and the engineers of the U. S. Army w T as placed at his disposal. All 
possible sources of supply were carefully examined, and the headwaters of the Mari- 
quina River and the adjoining watershed in the province of Rizal were found to 
constitute the only source giving a sufficient flow of water. The Mariquina River 
rises in the mountains directly east of Manila and finally, breaking through the first 
range of mountains nearest to Manila, it flows into the Mariquina Valley. From its 
source to the town of Montalban its watershed is an almost impenetrable forest, and, 
with the exception of the site of a small town, the valley is almost uninhabited, but 
from Montalban to the mouth of the river the valley is densely populated with 
several large towns along the bank of the river itself. 

It has been found necessary to maintain a vigilant quarantine system through the 
means of the army, prohibiting the inhabitants from bathing in the water and from 
littering the banks with such refuse and excrement as might endanger its purity. 

The report of Mr. Case herewith attached, marked "Exhibit C," does not include 
the distribution system within the city of Manila, but covers the gathering of the 
waters into a dam and reservoirs and the introduction of the same into the mains at 
the city limits. Gaugings taken with a weir during the season ot low water give a 
minimum daily flow of approximately 11,000,000 gallons, and it is considered by Mr. 
Case that this may be assumed as the minimum flow for the very dryest years. Two 
propositions have been submitted for the location of the dam, one being farther into 
the valley than the other and at a higher level, and these and other questions of so 
important a nature will be a subject for final review and recommendations of a board 
of engineers to be appointed by the municipal board for the purpose of carefully 
reviewing the submitted project. It is estimated that the entire gravity system can 
be completed within two years and ten months at a cost of $1,400,000. When the 
plans are finally approved they will be forwarded to the Commission for its approval 
and the necessary authority for the issuance of the bonds provided for this purpose 
in the act passed during the last session of Congress. 

With such a system as this the city will enjoy a magnificent water supply suffi- 
cient for all needs and capable of accommodating a rapidly growing population for 
at least twenty years. 

The present water supply has been greatly improved during the last year. The 
pumping station at Santolan, 6 miles from Manila, has been thoroughly overhauled. 
New buildings have been erected for the accommodation of employees and the entire 
plant has been repaired. Many of the old moving parts of the engines which have 
been in bad condition for months and, in some cases even years, have been removed 
and replaced with new ones. The road from El Deposito through the pumping 
station, over which must be hauled all the coal, has been a source of considerable 
expense, but this year, even in the rainy season, it is in very fair condition. In 
July, 1902, the dam showed signs of weakness with the high water resulting from 
the first rains. This dam has been replaced by a new one which promises to last, 
with ordinary repairs, for several seasons. 

The supply system within the city's limits has been carefully overhauled and 
many new boxes of superior design have been substituted for the old square street 
boxes, and several of the old hydrants have been replaced by new post hydrants. 
The superintendent of the water supply has made a study of a special street-sprink- 
ling service and a high-pressure fire service, which is outlined in a detailed report of 
the work of the Engineer Department, marked "Exhibit D". 

The Board has approved the purchase of $50,000 worth of pipe for extensions, and 
this is of such dimensions and will be laid in such manner as to be readily included 
in the new water system. 

Three large and valuable sections of the city have been included in a general 
scheme of street extension, and the plans submitted herewith have been approved 
by the board. This will open up to building desirable sections of residence property 
in Ermita and Malate, and business and residence property, largely inhabited by 
Filipinos, in Trozo. The system provides wide streets, admitting of sidewalks and 
a small space for trees or parking. Sidewalks in Manila are almost unknown, and 
the advantages to be gained from trees in a tropical country can not be overestimated, 
and yet, with a very few exceptions, this seems to have been overlooked by the 
Spanish Government. As a rule, the new streets have been planned with a width 
of 15 meters, and a boulevard with a width of 30 meters has been approved, to run 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 547 

from near the intersection of Calle Conception and Paseo de Bagumbayan in front 
of the site of the new city hall building, through Ermita and Malate to the city 
limits. At the present time there is no avenue by which the people of these two 
districts can reach the center of town, and traffic is very much hampered in its 
struggles through the narrow streets of Real and Nueva on one side and Nozaleda on 
the other. 

The pavement of the city consists of granite blocks, wood blocks, and macadam. 
The torrential rains and the extreme heat of the sun rapidly destroy almost any 
class of pavement, and the work done by the department covers almost every street 
of the city, many of which have been resurfaced, curbed, and provided with gutters 
and drains. The broad Bagumbayan drive has been completely resurfaced. One 
thousand three hundred and eighty-two meters of fine driveway, forming a loop 
along the Pasig River, and around the church of Santa Ana, and 307 meters from 
the bridge of Las Damas into the town of Santa Ana, have been constructed, leaving 
a parking space in the center of the district of Santa Ana. This point lies at a con- 
siderable distance from the centre of Manila and contains many fine residences, and 
the improvement of the road, which is now really a narrow boulevard, has been 
very much appreciated. The widening of the Santo Domingo gate, commenced dur- 
ing the last fiscal year, has been completed, and the advantages of a broad entrance 
to the walled city are so great that many of those having business in the Govern- 
ment buildings, or attending the numerous churches, prefer to drive some distance 
in order to avoid the inconvenience of being delayed at the narrow entrances. 

Thirty prisoners from Bilibid were placed at work on the north wall of the city 
along the Pasig River, and several of the casemates have been demolished, the stone 
taken therefrom being used in building operations and at the city stables and crema- 
tory, while the earth and filling has been valuable in street work. These prisoners 
have been guarded by a detail from the police department, and returned to the prison 
each night. The board has approved an increase in the number of prisoners to be 
so employed, and anticipates using 200 in its quarries at Talim Island. 

The Bridge of Spain has been completely repaved with Australian wood blocks, 
laid on a bed of concrete. The wood has given good service during the short period 
of use, though it is too slippery to be satisfactory on the approaches, which must be 
constantly sprinkled with gravel in order to give a foothold. Plans were prepared 
for the removal of the two main spans of the Bridge of Spain and the substitution 
therefore of a lift bridge. Two types of lift bridge were submitted, at an estimated 
cost of approximately $140,000. Between the Bridge of Spain and the Santa Cruz 
Bridge on the south side of the river there are 700 feet of ground which could be 
readily made available for dock purposes, and on the north side there are 1,000 feet, 
but only a small portion of the north side would be available for water traffic under 
present conditions, as the buildings extend to the river bank for almost the entire 
distance. Should the Bridge of Spain be remodeled, permitting the passage of deep- 
water vessels, these additional docking advantages could be enjoyed. The board has 
not yet adopted these plans. The low spans of the Bridge of Spain are a serious 
hindrance to traffic even at the present time, and some measures must be taken to 
facilitate water traffic, even though not so extensive as indicated above. The 
numerous accidents to the Ayala Bridge have caused the board to consider the ques- 
tion of removing the section under which launches and their tows pass, viz, that 
portion between the Isla de las Convalencias and the Germinal tobacco factory, and 
the substitution therefor of a modern single-span bridge. This would remove a 
barrier from the river and leave a clear way for the passage of water craft to a section 
of undeveloped country, lying along the south bank of the Pasig River, which is 
well suited for go-downs and wholesale establishments, and which is being rapidly 
improved. 

The board has directed the study of a scheme for providing boulevards on both 
sides of the river lying along the bay shore. At the present time there are practically 
no convenient driveways except those leading to the Luneta, and these are con- 
stantly crowded. With the introduction of the street railway, and its obstruction to 
driving, some of these few driveways will be rendered more or less undesirable and 
the need of other avenues will be steadily more noticeable. The parks of the city 
have been very much improved and beautified. The zoological section of the botan- 
ical gardens has more than doubled during the year and now boasts a very fair col- 
lection of birds and animals. Its popularity is steadily increasing, especially with 
the Filipinos. Plans have been considered for a new propagation station and arba- 
rium. The board renews its recommendation for the allotment of more ground for 
parks and public playgrounds and athletic fields. The city has been ready to improve 
the Bagumbayan field and make it a most attractive public ground, but this and 
other large tracts of desirable land are claimed, to a certain extent, by the military 



548 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

authorities, and until these questions can be settled the expenditure of the city's 
money thereon is not deemed expedient. 

During the last few years the cemeteries have become crowded to the last degree. 
This is partly due to the heavy death rate from cholera and the plague. The board 
is negotiating for the purchase of 50 hectares in the vicinity of La Loma and about 30 
hectares near Santa Ana for cemetery purposes, and an appropriation covering the cost 
has been included in the estimate for the first half of the fiscal year. 

The organization of the department of street cleaning and parks has been brought 
to a high standard of efficiency. A regular scale of promotion has been adopted and 
all advances are made from the ranks, and the men seem to be satisfied with their 
wages, in spite of the several labor agitations which have affected the business 
community. Handcarts have been introduced for street cleaning, and patrol gangs 
have been organized to walk the beaches and banks of the river and esteros for the 
purpose of removing dead animals and offensive matter. A system has been devised, 
which will go into effect on July 1, for collecting all garbage and rubbish at night, thus 
eliminating the smells and unsightly heaps of refuse from the hours of daylight. 
According to the calculation of the superintendent the work is being done at a very 
low figure, and is much cheaper than that of cities of equal size in the United States, 
an example being taken in the city of Washington. At the end of the last fiscal year 
all the garbage was burned in two insufficient crematories, or hauled to sea and 
dumped into the bay, and the stuff was frequently returned to the beaches with the 
incoming tide. Since that time a Morse-Boulger crematory of 120 tons daily capacity 
has been constructed on a plot of ground adjoining the city stables, and it is expected 
that it will be operating by the end of July. 

The large addition to the city stables, built by contract at a cost of $10,817.29, has 
greatly facilitated the work of all departments of the city requiring transportation. 
Despite the improved conditions of the well-ventilated and sanitary stables the per- 
centage of disease affecting the stock is very large. The service done by some of the 
animals, notably those working in the dumps, where they are subject to wounds and 
scratches, and those working in the heavy carts in the rain and sun, is so severe as 
to break down the best animals in a short time, even though they receive the best of 
care, unless suitable periods are given during which they may recuperate. 

An experiment is to be tried with the importation of 40 China mules, a requisition 
for which has already been sent to the insular purchasing agent. These animals will 
cost very much less than the American mules, and it is claimed that they can do 
almost as much work. 

During the month of May the offices of the city were removed from the rented 
building which has been occupied since the days of the military government to the 
municipal school, in the walled city. This change was made at the earnest request 
of the church authorities, the owners of the building, which is to return again to the 
religious purposes for which it was constructed. The unfinished building, known as 
the Cosmopolitan Hospital, and erected on ground leased from the city, was pur- 
chased at a cost of $50,000 local currency, less the cost of placing the structure in a 
proper condition for the continuation of the construction thereof. The plans are 
being prepared by the insular architect for the completion of this building for use as 
a temporary city hall until the insular government building is completed and the 
ayuntamiento restored to the city. 

The detailed report of the superintendent of buildings and illumination shows 
repairs and improvements in almost every public building and in several rented 
buildings, and represents a large amount of work. The total amount of construction 
reported by this department amounts to $105,417.95, and this includes the addition 
to the Santa Cruz fire station by contract ; construction of a tenement house in San 
Nicolas by contract; San Nicolas fire station by contract; Arranque Market addition 
by contract; addition to the city stables in Tondo by contract ; the Anda Market by 
contract; the crematory at Paco overhauled by day labor; the crematory at Santa Cruz 
overhauled by day labor; the new crematory in Tondo, nearly completed, by contract; 
Gangalingin School by day labor ; the city pound by contract, and the Paco police 
station by contract. 

The lighting service of the public streets and buildings has been increased and 
improved at a total cost of $44,304.77. 

The report of the inspection of private buildings indicates the greatest progress in 
all districts of the city. The tabulated statement submitted by the inspector of build- 
ings shows at length the great activity in all lines of construction. Though the statis- 
tics of the last fiscal year were most encouraging, the number of applications for 
building permits in the fiscal year covered by this report shows an increase of about 
87 per cent, while the number of permits issued has increased more than 114 per cent, 
and the amount collected in fees more than 35 per cent. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 549 

During the year the following permits were issued: 



Strong materials: 
For buildings 
For repairs... 

Light materials: 
For buildings 
For repairs — 



Num- 
ber. 



873 
519 



2,242 
702 



Estimated 
value. 



81, 946, 871 
171,741 

189, 580 
26, 322 



About 150 buildings were condemned and ordered removed. A very large num- 
ber of nipa shacks which had passed the stage of possible repair or were in the 
districts of strong materials and, hence, according to the ordnance were not per- 
mitted to be repaired, were removed, thus gradually clearing these dangerous spots 
from the districts of strong materials. The board has exercised great leniency in 
dealing with the dwellers in these nipa huts, and has frequently extended the time 
within which these structures must be removed, and during the rainy season, when 
removal would work a hardship, even greater consideration was exercised. 

The board has approved the increase of the personnel of this office by one Ameri- 
can inspector. 

The city shops and storehouses, occupying an area of 156,218 square meters, have 
been thoroughly overhauled, repaired, and improved, and plans have been ordered 
prepared for the erection of a new shop to house the additional machinery now 
en route from the United States. The value of the shops has been very much 
increased, so that practically all repair work to the means of transportation used by 
the various departments is now done by the city laborers. A blacksmith and 
harnessmaker and the necessary help have been added to the equipment of the shops. 
All the cement curbing used in the street work is made at the shops, and money 
has been appropriated for the equipment of a new machine and wood-working shop. 

Survey work has been carried on to a large extent in all parts of the city, giving 
for the tirst time an accurate record of street lines and grades, and supplying neces- 
sary data for the water and sewer work. The proposed improvement to the Pasig 
River by straightening and tilling in the bank and dredging between the Almacen 
and San Domingo gates has been carefully studied, and detailed plans and specifi- 
cations for advertisement are being prepared. The removal of the city wall at this 
point is being done by the prison gang. Much progress has been made by one field 
party, whose time has been devoted mainly to the survey necessary for the new 
drainage system. Attention is directed to the discussion of the proposed system 
submitted by the city engineer and attached to the end of his detailed report. The 
board will recommend the appointment of an engineer, whose duty it shall be to 
make a systematic study of the drainage system, and this work should be begun 
during the first half of the next fiscal year. 

In connection with the report of the department of engineering and public works 
there is inserted an old and valuable map of the city of Manila as it was in the first 
years of the eighteenth century. This map was produced in Manila in the year 
1730, and was removed to England by General Draper, who, in command of the 
British forces, captured the city in 1762. A photographic copy was made from the 
original in the British Museum by the Hon. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, a member of 
the Philippine Commission, by special permission of the British authorities, and 
through his courtesy the board is able to present it in the Philippines for the first 
time in nearly a century and a half. 

The annual report of the city engineer, marked "Exhibit D," with its various 
inclosures, gives details of the work of the Department for the year. 

Police Department. 

Many changes have taken place in the police department since the writing of the 
last annual report. These are largely the natural result of the experiments and 
experience of a formative period. Numerous men joined the force with the idea of 
retaining their positions until something better offered, and have used their spare 
time to prepare themselves in their various studies in order that they might take the 
examinations of the civil service board for clerkships and employment in the other 
branches of the government paying larger salaries. 



550 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The record of appointments and separations of patrolmen and noncommissioned 
officers shows: 

Probational appointments 330 

Discharges 325 

Promotions 72 

Total who have enjoyed accrued leave of absence 362 

The number of discharges is almost half the entire force, which is out of all pro- 
portion, and will be very much diminished in the future. These discharges are 
divided in the following manner: 

Americans: 

By own request 109 

For good of service 38 

Total 147 

Natives: 

By own request, failing to pass civil-service examination, etc 112 

For good of the service 66 

Total 178 

Grand total 325 

A number of these changes have undoubtedly been caused by the salary scale of 
the department, which is considered too low. Recommendations for increase of pay, 
based on length of service, will be considered by the municipal board during the 
next half year, and it is expected that the next estimate will include a regular graded 
scale, which it is hoped will encourage the members of the force in their work, and 
will offer such inducements as will make long service attractive. The police fund 
will be made the nucleus of a benefit fund, and will be managed by the municipal 
board. 

It is recommended that the salary of Doctor Roxas, assistant surgeon, be increased 
from $1,200 to $1,400. This officer has rendered most efficient service, and in addi- 
tion to his regular police duties has made the examinations for a large number of 
civil-service candidates; and it is considered that the salary at present enjoyed is not 
a just remuneration for the character of the service given. 

Among the officers the changes have been quite as numerous, proportionately, as 
among the subordinate grades, as the following list shows: 

PROMOTIONS. 

January 9, 1903. — J. E. Harding, from assistant chief to chief; E. S. Luthi, from 
assistant inspector to assistant chief; John F. Green, from captain to assistant in- 
spector. 

October 23, 1902. — George Seaver, lieutenant to captain. 

February 4, 1903. — Walter E. Wilson, lieutenant to captain. 

October 23, 1902. — Esrom J. Morse, sergeant to lieutenant. 

January 7, 1903. — Mark Scott, sergeant to lieutenant. 

March 16, 1903. — Thomas F. Crowley, sergeant to lieutenant. 

December 1, 1902. — Santiago Verzosa, sereeant to lieutenant. 

SEPARATIONS FROM THE SERVICE. 

June 13, 1903. — Lieut. Bernabe di Malibot, resigned; Capt. Andrew J. Burt, dis- 
charged at own request on expiration of leave of absence. 

DISCHARGED FOR CAUSE. 

June 25, 1903. — Dr. H. W. Yeamans, police surgeon. 

September 6, 1902. — Lieut. Hilarion de Guzman. 

December 18, 1902. — Lieut. H. G. Toone. 

The many changes in the first-class patrolmen have been a severe tax on the civil 
service board, which has frequently been unable to supply the best class of men for 
filling the vacancies, and this has given rise to a large number of probational appoint- 
ments. In general, the class of men received to-day is not of as high a standard as 
during the past two years. The field of available men has narrowed very appreciabl y . 
The reduction of the army has, to a large extent, cut off a source of good material. 
It was found necessary to change the physical requirements for policemen by reduc- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 551 

ing the height from 5 feet 9 inches to 5 feet 8 inches, and the weight to 145 pounds. 
The examination for the third-class police is of the most simple nature, and there is 
no lack of material, but as a rule a large number of men must be tried out before 
one can be found who promises to develop into a capable policeman. Those who have 
been on the force for a year or more, and have been subjected to strict schooling and 
discipline, have shown excellent improvement, and are performing their work in a 
very satisfactory way. 

The Filipino members of the police force have continued their study of English, 
and practically all the old men are able to answer simple questions intelligently. 
The schools, which were closed during the cholera epidemic of last year, have been 
opened wherever possible, and the attendance has been good. 

Fortunately the cholera has been insignificant in comparison with the epidemic of 
last year, and the police have been relieved of a great amount of laborious and dan- 
gerous work. From time to time special police have been employed at the request 
of the board of health, and these men have performed the work which during the 
most dangerous period of last year was intrusted to the members of the regular police. 
The number of complaints concerning the enforcement of the quarantine have been 
much less in proportion to the number of cases, largely because of the experience 
during the last epidemic. 

The same active cooperation which marked the relations of the department with 
the military and constabulary during the last year has been continued with the best 
results, though the extent of the work has diminished by reason of changing condi- 
tions. The police have not found it necessary to send out large detachments to 
cooperate with the constabulary working in the vicinity of the city limits, as was 
formerly the case. The mounted detachment has continued its active patrol of the 
city limits, and has worked in harmony with the constabulary officers operating along 
the border line of the province of Rizal. The ladrone bands which infested this zone 
have been harassed and driven before both organizations until at the present time 
there is practically no organized outlawry in this section of the country. From time 
to time small raids have been made on the outlying barrios, but the offenders have, 
in a majority of cases, been captured and brought before the courts for trial. 

In February the two municipal courts were consolidated, doing away with the 
court room in Santa Cruz and relieving Judge McGirr from his duties. The munici- 
pal court is now established in the Parian police station in the Walled City, and is 
presided over by Judge J. M. Liddell. The consolidation has been found to greatly 
simplify the duties of the police, and has caused no apparent interference with the 
progress of the business of the court. 

During the year covered by the last report the department was dependent upon 
the public telephone system, which is entirely inadequate and unreliable, and in 
exceedingly bad condition. Since that time the Gamewell police and fire-alarm 
system has been installed, and is now giving satisfaction in four precincts. The effect 
upon the force of the systematic reports and careful checking is very noticeable, and 
the officers are kept in constant touch with the men. Only 80 boxes have been 
installed, but it is proposed to increase this by 80, covering the greater and more 
important part of the city. 

Three thousand six hundred and four persons were arrested for gambling, and 178 
for conducting a gambling house, and convictions were obtained in a great majority of 
the cases. A strong effort has been made to suppress the gambling in all quarters of 
the city. During the month of August, 1902, gambling houses were opened with great 
boldness, and a campaign of several months was waged before they were well cleared 
out. For a time a well-organized ring or gang, under the leadership of S. R. Price, 
defied the police and successfully operated gambling joints where Americans lost 
large sums of money. The players were limited chiefly to clerks and army employees, 
though certain officers of the civil government occupying responsible positions, and 
army officers, frequented the games. This gang has been practically run out of town, 
many of its members being imprisoned, and others having hastily departed for the 
China coast in order to avoid prosecution. 

The police station in Paco, which was constructed by contract at a cost of $4,900, 
of American timber, has not proven a success. The materials were unsatisfactory, 
and the building has offered very little protection against the storms. Extensive 
repairs have been necessary, and the experience thus gained, it is hoped, will prevent 
the department from further mistakes of this character. Plans have been ordered 
for a new station in the district of San Lazaro, providing for a building of much bet- 
ter construction, and the contract will be awarded during the next half year. The 
other stations of the city have been generally overhauled and improved, but condi- 
tions are not yet satisfactory, though very much improved over those of last year. 

A new uniform has been adopted, which is described at length in the report of the 
chief. 



552 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The secret service bureau has developed with surprising success, especially the 
criminal branch of the work. The public is fast recognizing the opportunities offered 
by the bureau and the excellence of its work, and is relying upon the bureau and 
aiding it far more than at any time since its organization. The chief, reciting the 
increase of the work, is careful to state that crime is not on the increase, but that the 
bureau has gained a reputation as a means of recovering stolen and lost property and 
running down criminals of all classes. Between July 1, 1902, and June 30, 1903, 
money and stolen property to the value of $55,494.31 were recovered. The detec- 
tives are being carefully instructed in the laws relating to their work and in the lan- 
guages of the people among whom they operate. The new ordinance regulating 
pawn shops, while entailing a great deal of work upon the bureau, has placed it in 
close touch with that element from which are recovered so many missing articles, 
and the long list included in the report of the chief shows the success achieved in 
this branch of the work. 

One man is detailed to board every incoming and outgoing steamer and to carefully 
observe all arrivals and departures. Owing to the increased number of defalcations, 
both in the Government service and in business circles, this work has been exceed- 
ingly valuable during the last few months, and many who would otherwise have 
escaped were turned back and delivered to the authorities. 

The Bertillon system, which was ordered through the insular purchasing agent 
several months ago, has not yet been delivered, and the old cumbersome identifica- 
tion of criminals and suspicious characters has been continued. It is expected that 
the Bertillon system will greatly facilitate identification, especially among the native 
and Chinese population. 

Among the most important cases handled during the year was that of Dr. Dominador 
Gomez de Jesus, the president of La Union Obrera Democr&tica. Much valuable 
evidence was secured in the house and office of this president, and important assist- 
ance was given to the attorney-general, the solicitor-general, the insular treasurer, 
and the prosecuting attorney of Manila. The prosecution of this case has developed 
the most serious charges and has laid bare a clever semipolitical scheme for foster- 
ing opposition to the government, and at the same time bringing financial benefit to 
the promoters. Mainly through the efforts of the discontented element a large 
number of seditious and sensational dramas have been presented in Manila. The 
majority of these, if not all, were in the Tagalog language, and portrayed scenes 
between Americans, Filipinos, and Spaniards. In many cases the plot was so 
designed that the audience was considerably affected, and it is believed that the mal- 
contents used these plays for the purpose of exciting the people and keeping them 
discontented and in touch with those who oppose the policy of the government, and, 
in fact, the United States Government in any form. The constabulary has worked 
with the bureau in breaking up these plays, and the discovery was largely due to 
the careful observation of members of the bureau who have mastered the Tagalog 
language. 

Attention is invited to the recommendation of the chief concerning the advantages 
of conferring rank in the department upon the chief and the members of the bureau. 
It is recommended that this be approved, viz: That the chief of the bureau be given 
the rank of inspector; the senior American detective the rank of captain; the second 
senior American detective the rank of lieutenant, and all other American detectives 
the rank of sergeant. 

In general it may be stated that the conditions in Manila compare favorably with 
those of any American city of its size, and the record of the department shows a sur- 
prisingly small number of crimes. In no city are the laws governing the sale of 
liquor and the suppression of gambling more rigidly enforced. This is the more 
remarkable when the mixed character of the population is considered. Manila is 
singularly free from sailor dives and tough boarding houses and bawdy houses of all 
classes. There are no streets within its limits which may be considered dangerous 
to the public at any hour of the day or night, and street robberies and hold-ups are 
so rare as to be hardly worthy of mention. 

The annual report of the chief of police, marked ''Exhibit E," gives details of the 
work of the department for the year. 

Law Department. 

The work of all branches of the law department has increased both in scope and 
efficiency. The office of the city attorney has been largely occupied in the prepara- 
tion of ordinances, acts to be submitted to the Philippine Commission, bonds, contracts, 
deeds, leases, etc., and a large number of legal opinions rendered to the municipal 
board and various city departments. The office was represented in 36 suits and 8 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 553 

land titles were cleared and registered. The organization of the new court of land 
registration has considerably increased the work of the city attorney, as the court 
cites the city in all cases involving the ownership or boundary of a street or public 
plaza, as well as in cases in which the city claims an interest in the land sought to be 
registered, or is the owner of adjacent property. Many investigations arising from 
this source cover periods of one and even two centuries. Only in the rarest cases do 
documents show that the lands owned and occupied by the city were conveyed by 
deed, and, as a rule, the old grants are to be found only after searching through 
ancient records and plans, hopelessly lost in a mass of unindexed municipal and 
insular records. 

The consolidation of the two municipal courts has brought abount a considerable 
improvement, as it centralizes the work and reduces the expense, yet permits full 
justice in the transaction of all business. 

Prosecuting Attorney. 

One thousr.nd and sixty-four cases were instituted by the office of the prosecuting 
attorney; 472 of these being disposed of in the court of first instance, 592 being dis- 
posed of in the municipal court. Thirty-four deaths were investigated by this office 
in its performance of the duties of coroner. The business of the office has increased 
more than 100 per cent during the last year, and in addition to this there have been 
a great number of investigations of cases submitted, in which no complaints were 
filed owing to insufficient evidence. The secret service bureau has been very largely 
used by the prosecuting attorney for the purpose of investigating cases and supplying 
evidence on which to institute proceedings. 

Sheriff's Office. 

The addition of Part III to Parts I and II of the court of first instance, and the 
creation of the court of customs appeals and the court of land registration have 
imposed a heavy increase on the work of the office of the sheriff. On November 1, 
1902, the sheriff took over the transportation of prisoners to and from the several 
courts, which work, up to this time, had been in the charge of the police depart- 
ment. The amount of fees, derived almost exclusively from civil cases, was as fol- 
lows: $9,015.41, Mexican currency; $226.89, United States currency. 

Municipal Court. 

The experiment of consolidating the two courts of the city has proven successful, 
as will be seen from the detailed report of this department, which appears under the 
head of "Exhibit F," reciting at length the number of complaints filed and the per- 
sons tried, with the disposition of each case. 

Fire Department. 

During the past year the fire department has developed perhaps more than any 
other department of the city government. From a partially organized, insufficiently 
equipped, poorly housed department, with untrained horses and men, has been 
developed a first-class department, well organized, fairly equipped, fairly housed in 
temporary buildings — with the exception of the Santa Cruz and San Nicolas stations, 
which are permanent — with men and horses trained to as near efficiency as possible 
with the material at hand. However, the department is not yet of sufficient size 
and efficiency to give fire protection necessary for this city. The department has 
made every effort for improvement during the year, under the direction of its able 
chief, and its work has proved its value in extinguishing several fires, the extension 
of which would have jeopardized the business section of the city. 

The department has been hampered by small water mains in fighting the three 
largest fires that occurred during the year, which had gained such headway before 
notification had been given to the department, due to unfamiliarity by the public 
with the alarm system, that the resulting losses were very heavy. Personal observa- 
tion at two of these fires demonstrated that had there been water mains of a larger 
diameter in service at these points, these fires would have been controlled and con- 
fined to the property which had been destroyed prior to the time of the arrival of 
the department. To remedy this deficiency of water mains there has been ordered 
$50,000 worth of pipe of large dimensions, which will be immediately installed upon 



554 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



its arrival under plans which have been prepared by the engineers for the distribu- 
tion system of the new waterworks. 

To further acquaint the public with the alarm system the fire department is about 
to issue circulars which will be posted throughout the city in English, Tagalog, 
Spanish, and Chinese, which it is hoped will accomplish that purpose, and delays in 
sending in alarms will be obviated. 

The records of the department show during the year 95 alarms of fire, resulting in 
losses and damage estimated at $835,325, United States currency, while for the year 
previous are recorded only 47 alarms, and losses aggregating $42,058, United States 
currency. Of the 95 alarms received, 10 were false, and the causes for the remaining 
85 fires are reported as follows: 



Unkown 22 

Carelessness 12 

Defective flues or open fireplaces 12 

Lamp explosions 13 

Overturned lamps 7 

Chemical combustion 2 

Electric-light wires 2 

Lamp or candle too near woodwork. . 2 
Sparks from chimney 2 



Lighted torch 

Ignition of box of matches 

Heat from smokestack 

Supposed incendiary 

Spontaneous combustion. 



1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

By order of board of health 4 

Total 85 



These alarms were received in the following manner: 

Telephone 38 

Verbal 29 

Alarm system 28 

Since inaugurating the alarm system 60 per cent of all alarms have been received 
through this source. 

The large losses during the year are due to the burning of the Pacific Oriental 
Trading Company warehouses in July, 1902, loss $280,000; the Trozo nipa fire in 
May, 1903, loss $125,000, and the burning of the "Compania General de Tabaco " 
warehouse in June, 1903, loss $375,000, or a total loss in three fires of $780,000, or 
more than 93 per cent of the entire losses for the year. 

The chief of the fire departmant reports three fires during the year of supposedly 
incendiary origin; yet this is doubtful, and no proof has been developed by the 
police department, after a searching investigation, that these were fires of incendiary 
origin. Wherever oriental peoples, especially Chinese, are a factor in the popula- 
tion, insurance companies invariably charge an increased insurance rate against fire 
on account of moral risk, and both the fire and police departments of the city have 
nvestigated causes of fire, with the idea of obtaining possible data relative to the 
moral risk in the Philippines, and yet during the past year no single case has been 
developed as a cause for the fires to which the department has been called. 

The strength of the fire department has been increased by 20 men during the 
year, from 80 to 100, and consists of 53 Americans and 47 Filipinos. 

There are now in the service 1 chief, 1 assistant chief, 1 electrician, 3 engine com- 
panies with the accompanying hose wagons, 4 chemical companies, and 2 hook and 
ladder companies, occupying 5 stations, using 34 American horses and 11 native 
ponies, and 11,000 feet of 2J-inch fire hose. The department is also supplied with 
hand extinguishers, life-saving apparatus, and other modern appliances for use at fires. 
The past year has seen the completion of the San Nicolas fire station, a modern sta- 
tion which is most satisfactory, and in a section of the city where it was badly 
needed, at a cost of $35,849.13, local currency. All the other stations have received 
repairs, except the Tanduay station, where it is expected the new station will be 
erected very soon. All the stations are now in good condition, and reflect credit to 
the city and the department. 

The accepted plans for the permanent organization of the department call for 6 
engine companies, 4 chemical companies, 2 hook and ladder companies, and 1 fire- 
boat company, with a total personnel of 153 men and 50 horses, which are to be 
housed in 8 stations throughout the city. With this plan in view, all the apparatus, 
except the fire boat, has been contracted for, and plans are being prepared for a fire 
boat for use on the river and bay. To properly house this department it will be 
necessary to erect at least 4 new stations within the next two years, including the 
Tanduay station, which has already been provided for. It is believed that the organ- 
ization thus proposed will be completed during the present fiscal year, with the 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 555 

exception of the fire-boat company, and with the permanent quarters now in use 
the city will be well protected from fire. 

During the year the board has adopted rules and regulations for the fire depart- 
ment which have been printed and distributed to all members thereof. New uni- 
forms, devices, badges, and insignia were also authorized and are in use by the 
department. 

The question of proper horses for the department is a serious one, as 4 horses 
were lost through disease during the past year, and there is no available supply of 
horses at hand. It is hoped that arrangements may be made through the insular 
purchasing agent to purchase direct from the United States or Australia all horses for 
the department which may be suitable for the work, instead of purchasing almost 
any animal that can be purchased in the local market. 

Increased activity in the electrical department is apparent, and increase in the per- 
sonnel has been necessary. The Gamewell system consisting of 80 fire-alarm boxes, 
80 police-alarm boxes, and the necessary central office apparatus, switch boards, etc., 
have been installed and are in operation and giving good results. The department is 
preparing plans for the extension of this system to double its size in the near future 
and 80 additional police boxes have already been ordered. This department has also 
undertaken the installation of interior electric lights for the city at a cost considerably 
below that which contractors would bid for the work. The city electrician has been 
gradually compelling the remodeling of all installations not up to the standard, and 
is also at work upon plans for the exterior remodeling of the systems of the electric 
light company and the telephone company. The records show 1,457 permits for 
electrical installations, and 1,244 certificates issued. The condition of the Manila 
Telephone Company's lines is such as to call for extensive alterations, and these lines 
are in some instances a menace to safety and very unsightly, and the electrician 
expects to obtain immediate results on outside construction by this company. 

The total expenditures of the department for the year w r ere $173,831.50, United 
States currency, and may be segregated as follows: 

NONEECUEEING EXPENSES. 

Xew apparatus and equipment, including Gamewell fire-alarm system.. $88,942.01 
Installation of Gamewell fire and police alarm system 9, 999. 71 

98, 941. 72 

CUEEENT EXPENSES. 

Forage, general supplies, and contingent expenses 13, 535. 51 

Salaries and wages .._ 61, 354. 27 

Total 74, 889. 78 

Grand total 173, 831. 50 

The annual report of the chief of the fire department, marked "Exhibit G," gives 
details of the work of the department for the year. 

Department of Assessments and Collections. 

The department of assessments and collections has been greatly inconvenienced 
during the past year by changes in the personnel, due to various causes, yet the work 
accomplished has exceeded that of any previous year. The department was in charge 
of the chief deputy collector, Mr. Ellis Cromwell, from the beginning of the fiscal 
year to January 10,' 1903, when Mr. A. W. Hastings was appointed city assessor and 
collector, but since his appointment he has been almost continually engaged as a 
member of the board of tax revision, and has not been able to devote his undivided 
attention to the office of city assessor and collector. Several subheads of divisions 
have also been promoted out of this department during the year, and such changes 
have caused serious delays to the department in its work, and the best results have 
not obtained. 

The collections during the year, $1,383,407.11, United States currency, show an 
increase of 29 per cent over those of the year previous, notwithstanding that the col- 
lection of the land tax for the first half of the year 1903, of over $420,000, United 
States currency, was postponed by the tax-revision act. 



556 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The increases in collections may be segregated as follows: 
Increases of collections of 1903 over 1902: 

Land tax $278, 315. 16 

Industrial tax 31, 304. 69 

Certificates of registration 1, 088. 45 

Mataderofees 13,167.28 

Market fees 6, 916. 68 

Licenses 11, 615. 92 

Vehicle tax 2, 361. 32 

Justices of peace fines and fees 232. 45 

Sheriff' s f ees 1, 351. 25 

City attorney's fees 84. 71 

Rents 1,852.97 

Certificates of electrical installation 722. 31 

Pound receipts 770. 76 

Registration of cocheros 1, 119. 15 

Public, health fees 4,065.33 

Total increase 354, 968. 43 

Decreases of collections of 1903 from 1902: 

Stamp sales 1, 927. 64 

Municipal court fines 15, 530. 20 

Live stock registration 18. 44 

Vehicle equipment 116. 88 

Miscellaneous collections 2, 522. 43 

Frontage tax (abolished) 21, 592. 37 

Sale of land 489. 95 

Total decrease 42, 197. 91 

Net increase of collections of 1903 over 1902 312, 770. 52 

The greatest increase in collections is in the land tax, due to increased rate, the 
addition Of new territory, and the collection of many delinquent taxes of the two 
previous years. Many other items also show material increases. The actual 
increase in industrial tax, certificates of registration, matadero and market fees, 
vehicle tax, and rents is more than is apparent on account of the fact that these 
items are payable in local currency, the value of which has been materially reduced 
during the year, thus causing a loss to the city's revenue when expressed in United 
States currency. 

The apparent decrease in the stamp sales is mainly due to the decline in the rate 
of local currency and discontinuance of the use of these stamps by the customs 
authorities, and although this statement shows a decrease in the amount collected, 
the actual number of stamps sold is in excess of the year previous. 

The decrease in the municipal court fines is due to the decrease in the number of 
gambler's fines, due to the stringent antigambling ordinance, and all other items 
showing decreases are due to the fact that such collections, as revenue, have been 
abolished. Thus it can be fairly stated that every item of legitimate revenue to the 
city shows an increase for the year. 

The cost of collection (entire expense of the department) for the year was 
$82,244.49, or 5.9 per cent of the collections. This is a reduction of $13,456.57 from 
the expenses of the previous year, notwithstanding the increased collections. The 
cost of collection for the year previous was 8.9 per cent of collections. 

The public markets of the city have been considerably improved during the year, 
and a new market, called "Anda Market," was opened to the public in the walled 
city, and a contract entered into for more than doubling the size of the present 
Arranque Market. The markets of the city are well patronized and are giving gen- 
eral satisfaction both to the public and the vendors therein, and owing to the large 
patronage of the three principal markets — Divisoria, Arranque, and Quinta — some 
complaints have been received of the insanitary condition and overcrowding of these 
markets. These matters have received the attention of both the board of health 
and the municipal board, and the number of volantes has been materially reduced 
in order to overcome this objection, and it is believed that when the addition to the 
Arranque Market is completed, the city can furnish to all comers the space they 
desire in the public markets for the sale of food products. The outlying districts, 
Sampaloc, Paco, Santa Ana, and Gagalangin, are in need of better market facilities, 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



557 



and plans are being prepared for the erection of small market houses in these 
suburbs. The removal of Herran Market to a more conveniently situated site is 
desirable from a point of convenience to the public and a financial standpoint, and 
it is the intention to convert the present market into a city stable and erect a new 
market of about half its size in the vicinity of Calle Ligeras, Malate. The net 
revenue derived from market fees for the year was $88,906.66, United States currency. 

The collections at the public slaughterhouse during the year indicate an increased 
business of 23 per cent over the year previous. This is caused both by the increased 
number of animals slaughtered and the enforcement of a new ordinance regulating 
the conduct of the slaughterhouse. Increased facilities for handling meat, such as 
an overhead trolley system, automatic scales, etc., have been contracted for and 
should be installed very shortly. 

The following comparison indicates the increased consumption of meat by the 
native population of Manila over the previous year: 

Animals slaughtered in matadero. 





1902. 


1903. 


Increase. 




54,644 
16,516 


63, 599 

23,385 
204 


8,955 


Cattle 


6,869 


Sheep 


204 








Total 


71, 160 


87, 188 


16,028 







Few complaints have been received during the year regarding the conduct of the 
matadero, and it can be considered as perhaps one of the most successful of the city's 
institutions, as well as producing during the past year a net revenue of about $65,000. 

The operation of the land tax during the year, besides producing the largest amount 
of revenue of any item to the city, has had the effect of compelling holders of vacant 
property to either make improvements thereon or dispose of their holdings. That 
this effect is beneficial to the interests of the city can scarcely be doubted, and already 
suburban additions to the city are being made, landholders offering property for street 
purposes and terraplaning marshes and swampy ground and erecting residences in sec- 
tions which heretofore have been undeveloped. Attention is invited in this respect 
to the report of the engineer regarding building operations in the city, all of which 
will tend in the near future to reduce the excessive rentals for residences which have 
obtained almost since American occupation. This property improvement has also 
caused the removal of large numbers of nipa buildings from the district of strong mate- 
rial, thus decreasing the fire risk, and removing from good residence localities what 
have heretofore been considered as eyesores — old nipa shacks. It is anticipated that 
during the present fiscal year the districts of Ermita and Malate will be materially 
improved in appearance, and other outlying districts are fast building up, such as 
Santa Mesa, Trozo, and Paco. All these improvements are forced more or less by the 
operation of the land tax law. 

LICENSES. 

Notwithstanding that during the past year general business conditions have been 
considered unfavorable, the number of licenses issued shows an increase over the 
year previous, and these licenses are an item of considerable revenue to the city of 
Manila, amounting to $164,820.45 for the year. The number of liquor licenses, 
exclusive of native wine licenses, has been somewhat reduced, and at the close of the 
year there were extant in the city 124 bar licenses and 53 restaurant and hotel liquor 
licenses, or a total of 177 drinking places where liquor could be obtained and drunk 
upon the premises, exclusive of native wine shops. 

The board has ceased to authorize bar licenses in the residence districts of Ermita 
and Malate, and the Philippine Commission has prohibited the selling of liquor in 
the southernmost portion of the district of Malate and the eastern portion of the 
district of Sampaloc. The number of native wine licenses during the year has been 
increased to 1,168, as it has been found by experience that these places are orderly, 
well kept, and when under the supervision of the police and sanitary officers seldom 
create disorders or become objectionable. 

The licensing of pawnbrokers has been regulated by ordinance by which the police 
department is charged with the supervision over this class of business, and the results 
so far obtained have been very satisfactory. 

The number of vehicle licenses, dog licenses, and bicycle licenses has been mate- 
rially increased during the year. 



558 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The amount of revenue received from the rents of landed city property, $4,509.18, 
shows an increase of over 40 per cent over the year previous, the city having entered 
into several leases during the year by throwing open to the public bid the leases on 
property the title to which is not in doubt. There are many other pieces of city 
property which will undoubtedly be leased in the future, but the uncertainty of 
titles and the necessity for property for public buildings has delayed the board in 
offering this property to the public for revenue purposes. 

Attention is invited to the annual report of the assessor and collector, Exhibit H, 
for further details of the work of the department. 

Department of City Schools. 

The school department, like many other departments of the city, has had a change 
in the position of chief of department, Mr. Mason S. Stone retiring on June 15, 1903, 
and the position of superintendent being vacant until June 6, when Mr. G. A. O'Reilly 
was appointed superintendent. 

During the year the schools made very little progress, and have been unsatisfactory 
in many ways. Primarily, the attendance of about 3,000 in the day schools and 
1,500 in the night schools is far below what the attandance of public schools in the 
city should be. There are many causes which have tended to reduce the attendance 
of public schools during the year, of which the lack of proper schoolhouses and the 
large number of private schools are the principal ones. 

The board has furnished the school department, upon their application, all the 
buildings they require for school purposes, but it must be admitted that these buildings 
in many cases are certainly not adapted for the purpose for which they are used, and 
plans are being prepared for the erection of school buildings in the immediate future. 
It is proposed to erect, as soon as plans can be drawn and contracts entered into, a 
school building in Tondo with a capacity of 1,000, one in Ermita with a capacity of 
400, and one in Trozo or San Miguel with a capacity of 400. During the year a small 
school building has been erected in the suburb of Gagalangin, which has been very 
satisfactory. Owing to the necessity of the removal of the offices of the city govern 
ment from Calle Palacio, it has been necessary to take the school building on Calle 
Victoria, Intramuros, for use as a city hall. This was done during the long vacation, 
and the pupils attending that school were diverted to other parts of the city. The 
occupany of this building, however, should not continue after the 1st of "March, 
1904, when the building will be entirely renovated, the grounds remodeled, and it 
will then be a satisfactory school building for the Intramuros district. 

The personnel of the local school board has somewhat changed during the year, 
and now consists of Messrs. F. E. Green, R. E. Herdman, Catalino Sevilla del Rosa- 
rio, W. S. Washburn, and the superintendent, Mr. G. A. O'Reilly. 

It is believed that the coming fiscal year will see a great improvement in the public 
schools, both in attendance, in buildings, and in the administration of the school 
department of the city. 

Attention is invited to the detailed report of the superintendent, Exhibit I. 

Finances. 

The condition of the finances of the city of Manila, after a year of increased rev- 
enue and expenditure, is very satisfactory, showing a credit balance of $205,152.36, 
with practically no liabilities. 

The following statements show the receipts of the city for the fiscal year, the 
expenditures for the fiscal year by departments, and a statement of the financial 
condition June 30, 1903: 

Statement of receipts of the city of Manila for the fiscal year 1903. 

[Reduced to United States currency at average rate of $2.30 local for $1 United States currency.] 

Department of assessments and collections: 

Land tax $584, 146. 42 

Industrial tax 230, 829. 02 

Stamp sales 66, 582. 39 

Certificates of registration 52, 088. 79 

Matadero fees 70, 245. 64 

Market fees 109, 024. 47 

Licenses 164, 820. 45 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 559 

Department of assessments and collections — Continued. 

Live-stock registration : $506. 71 

Vehicle tax 20, 952. 81 

Municipal court fines 62, 691. 87 

Justice of peace fees 1 , 899. 39 

Sheriff's fees 3, 566. 89 

City attorney's fees 109. 54 

Rents 45, 091. 18 

Miscellaneous 2, 316. 39 

Certificates of installation 1, 673. 81 

Pound receipts 94L 66 

Registration of cocheros 1, 119. 15 

Board of health fees 4, 065. 33 

$1, 383, 407. 11 

Department of engineering and public works: 
Water service — 

Rates 124, 010. 02 

Plumbing 3, 726. 72 

Fines 483. 95 

Fire plugs 404. 87 

Building permits 7, 665. 90 

Weights and measures 3, 167. 13 

Improvement of grounds, printing plant 1, 370. 73 

Fabrication service belts, fire department 45. 98 

140, 875. 30 

Secretary of municipal board, forfeitures 650. 00 

Police department, refunds, account supplies furnished police 5, 555. 27 

Citv attornev, sale of law books by transfer to attorney-general's 
office.....' 67.10 

Total receipts ..." 1, 530, 554. 78 

Statement of expenditures, city of Manila. 

[Reduced to United States currency at ratio of $2.30 local for $1 United States currency.] 

FISCAL YEAR 1903. 



Department. 


Salaries and 
wages. 


Contingent 
expenses. 


Public 

works. 


Equip- 
ment. 


Tax re- 
fund. 


Aggregate 




$43, 932. 77 
60, 355. 69 
55, 391. 04 

72, 001. 70 

79,042.57 

532,814.29 

301,962.18 


$30,260.91 

6, 499. 38 

20, 301. 24 

4, 359. 77 

1, 185. 98 

18,994.75 

49, 285. 01 








$74,193.68 
66, 855. 07 














$94, 553. 47 




170, 245. 75 

77,077.64 
80, 22S. 55 


Department of assessments 




$716. 17 


Department of city schools. 








47, 513. 54 




599, 322. 58 


Department of engineer- 
ing and public works 

Total 


S467. 738. 60 




818, 985. 79 












1, 145, 500. 24 


130, 887. 05 


467, 738. 60 


142, 067. 01 


716. 17 


1,886,909.06 





EXPENDITURES FOR YEAR 1902 DURING YEAR 1903. 



Municipal board 


869. 97 
128. 01 
865. 97 

88.55 
11, 199. 65 
2, 164. 27 

1, 139. 72 


$104. 65 
218. 13 
301.53 

1,092.18 
2, 499. 20 
2,514.09 

946. 73 








$174. 62 


Law department 








346.14 






$7, 089. 16 




8, 256. 66 
1,180 73 


Department of assessments 










13, 026. 37 




26, 725. 22 


Department of city schools. 
Department of engineer- 
ing and public works 






4,678.36 


$31,720.76 






83, 807. 21 








Total 


15,6-56.14 


76, 765. 51 


31, 720. 76 


20, 115. 53 




75, 168. 94 









Total expenditures during year, $1,962,078. 



560 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Statement of financial condition of city of Manila, June 30, 1903. 

Balance June 30, 1902 $48, 052. 19 

Total receipts from all sources 1, 530, 554. 78 

30 per cent of expenses paid by insular government 588, 623. 40 



Total 2,167,230.37 

Total expenditures during year 1, 962, 078. 01 



Balance to credit of city 205, 152. 36 

The revenues for the year, $1,530,554.78, show an increase of $413,962.99, or more 
than 37 per cent over last year, due mainly to the increase of the land tax from 1 to 
1| percent on the assessed valuation, and also to an increase in almost all other items 
of revenue. 

Had the payment of the land tax for 1903 not been postponed by the tax revision 
law, the revenues would still further have been increased to the extent of $400, 000. 

The principal sources of revenue of the city, contributed in the following ratios: 



Per cent. 

Land tax 38 

Industrial tax 14 

Licenses 10 

Water service 8 

Market fees 7 



Stamp sales 4 



Per cent. 

Municipal court fines 4 

Certificates of registration 3£ 

Vehicle tax l| 

Building permits | 

All other items 5 

100 



The total expenditures for the year, $1,962,078, have exceeded those of last year 
by $435,592.86, or about 22 per cent. Of these expenditures $75,168.94 is applica- 
ble to the fiscal year 1902, leaving the actual expenditures for the fiscal year 1903 
$1,886,909.06, which may be segregated as follows (into current and nonrecurrent 
expenses): 

CURRENT EXPENSES, FISCAL YEAR 1903. 



Department. 


Salaries and 
wages. 


Contingent 
expenses. 


Public 
works. 


Equip- 
ment. 


Tax re- 
fund. 


Total. 




$38, 184. 54 
60, 355. 69 
53,104.23 

60, 528. 79 

79,042.57 

523, 121. 79 

301, 962. 18 


$28,883.55 

6, 499. 38 

10,730.85 

4,359.77 

1, 185. 98 

18,994.75 

49,285.01 








$67,068.09 
66,855.07 
63 835 08 


















Department of assessments 








64, 888. 56 
80, 228. 55 
542,116.54 

471,039.11 


Department of city schools. 














Department of engineer- 
ing and public works 


$219, 791. 92 










Total 


1,116,299.79 


119,939.29 


219, 791. 92 






1,456,031.00 











NONRECURRENT OR EXTRAORDINARY EXPENSES, FISCAL YEAR 1903. 





$5,748.23 
2,286.81 

11,472.91 
9, 692. 50 


$1,377.36 
9, 570. 39 








$7, 125. 59 






$94, 553. 47 




106,410.67 


Department of assessments 
and collections 




$716. 17 


12, 189. 08 








47, 513. 54 


57, 206, 04 


Department of engineer 
ing and public works. . . 




$247,946.68 




247, 946. 68 














Total 


29,200.45 


10, 947. 75 


247,946.68 142 0fi7. 01 


716. 17 


430, 878. 06 











Total, $1,886,909.06. 



This statement indicates that the current expenses of the city were $1,456,031, of 
which $1,116,299.79, or 76 per cent, was expended for salaries and wages; $119,939.29, 
or 8 per cent, for contingent expenses, and $219,791.92, or 16 per cent, for the 
maintenance, repair, and upkeeping of public works. 

The relation of salaries and wages, which consumed 76 per cent of the current 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



561 



expenses of the city, may be stated as follows, showing the number of Americans 
and Filipinos employed to consume this sum of money: 



Relation of 
salaries and 
wages paid 
to total cur- 
rent ex- 
penses. 



Average 
number of 

Filipinos 
employed. 



Average 
number of 
Americans 
employed. 



Municipal board 

Law department 

Fire department 

Department of assessments and 

collections. 
Department of city schools 

Police department 

Department of engineering and 
public works. 



Per cent. 



23 

45 

46 

122 

156 



521 

287 



17 



425 
123 



Including secretary's office, dis- 
bursing office, and advisory 
board. 



Superintendent and American 
teachers paid from insular 
funds. 



Day laborers, 2, 363 



There are included in the expenditures for contingent expenses, public works, and 
equipment various amounts, the aggregate of which is $36,456.18, which has been 
paid to the insular purchasing agent as the 10 per cent increased cost of all supplies 
purchased by the city through him. This 10 per cent materially increases the cost 
of supplies and materials, and the amount paid during the past year is excessive, 
and the city should not be called upon to contribute in this manner for maintaining 
the office of the insular purchasing agent, as the service rendered is poor, the prices 
paid and the materials furnished are not always satisfactory, and the delays occa- 
sioned through this method of purchasing material and supplies are often a hindrance 
to public work. It can be clearly shown that in many cases the insular purchasing 
agent contracts for supplies or material to be delivered at the warehouses of the city, 
the city thus paying freight, insurance, and lighterage to point of delivery, and then 
paying 10 per cent in addition for what little time, expense, and bookkeeping the 
insular purchasing agent's office has expended. This is not justice to the city, and 
the rate should either be materially decreased to 2 or 3 per cent, or the city be 
allowed to purchase many supplies which they are now compelled to purchase 
through the insular purchasing agent, in the same manner as provincial governments 
under the provisions of section 1 of Act 231. It is not the intention of the board to 
establish a purchasing agent's office for the city, but merely that the city should be 
able to purchase, for example, its own paving blocks by direct contract, or coal for 
use of the various departments, without resorting to the insular purchasing agent 
and getting supplies that are not satisfactory and that have cost the city 10 per cent 
above the cost to business concerns. There is no doubt but that in the purchase of 
stationery, tools, and other articles coming from the United States the benefits by 
purchasing through the insular purchasing agent are worth something to the city, 
but it is not believed that the insular purchasing agent should make a profit on the 
supplies furnished to the city. 

Regarding the items of nonrecurrent expenses of the city for the year, 
attention is invited to the report of the disbursing officer under the 
caption "Expenditures for public improvements," which shows that 
the engineer's department expended during the year under this head. $247, 946. 68 
In addition the following nonrecurrent expenses were paid: 

Expense of board of tax revision 7, 125. 59 

Purchase of new fire apparatus, equipment, and installation of Game- 
well system 106, 410. 67 

Emergency employees, city assessor and collector's office, on real 

estate tax assessment 12, 189. 08 

Cholera police and the Gamewell police alarm system 57, 206. 04 

Or a total of 430, 878. 06 

war 1903— vol 5 36 



562 



REPORT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



FISCAL YEAR 1904. 

The outlook for increased revenue for the city for 1904 is encouraging, and the 
estimated revenues, based upon the collections for the past year, are as follows, pro- 
viding that no change occurs in the revenue laws: 



Statement of estimated revenues, fiscal year 1904. 



U. S. currency. 

Land tax $1, 100, 000 

Industrial tax 240, 000 

Stamp sales 70, 000 

Certificates of registration. . . 45, 000 

Matadero fees 75, 000 

Market fees 120, 000 

Licenses 170, 000 

Live stock registration 600 

Vehicle tax 25, 000 

Vehicle equipment 1, 250 

Municipal court fines 68, 000 

Justice of peace fees and tines . 2, 200 

Sheriff ' s fees 4, 500 

City attorney's fees . . 150 

Rents 7,000 



U. S. cuirency. 

Miscellaneous 2, 000 

Certificates electric installa- 
tion 1,500 

Pound receipts 1, 500 

Registration of cocheros 1, 000 

Public health fees — ceme- 
teries 8, 000 

Water service 90, 000 

Building permits 8, 000 

Weights and measures 3, 500 

Miscellaneous, city engineer. 1, 000 

Register of deeds 8, 000 

Total. _ 2,053,200 



The estimated expenditures for the fiscal year 1904, based upon appropriations 
already made and the necessities of the city for public improvements, etc., are as 
follows: 

Statement of estimated expenditures, fiscal year 1904. 

Appropriation act 804: Current expenses, July 1 to December 31 $969, 015. 00 

Appropriation act 820: Public works, July 1 to December 31 351, 648. 00 



Estimated expenses, January 1 to June 30, 1904 900, 000. 00 

Estimated public works, January 1 to June 30, 1904 200, 000. 00 



Total 2, 420, 663. 00 



Statement of prospective condition of city' s finances, close of fiscal year 1904. 

Credits: 

Balance from fiscal year 1903 $205, 152. 36 

Total revenues (estimated) 2, 053, 200. 00 

30 per cent expenses borne by insular government 726, 198. 90 

Total credits 2, 984, 551. 26 

Debits: Total expenses (estimated) 2, 420, 663. 00 

Estimated balance, June 30, 1904 563, 888. 26 

From the above statements it can be seen that the city's financial condition is 
improving each year. Even with increased expenditures the balance at the close of 
the next fiscal year should be in excess of half a million dollars. However, agitation 
along the lines of revised internal-revenue taxes will no doubt cut from the city's 
revenue in the near future at least a quarter of a million dollars. This, however, 
should be partially covered by an increased license of many industries which are 
now paying both license and industrial tax. It is also understood that a reduction 
of the land tax is being considered by the Commission from 2 to H P© r cent. Thi3 
would reduce the revenues by about $175,000, and there is also reason to believe that 
a bond issue for the construction of a new water system should be negotiated during 
the present fiscal year, and an allowance for interest and sinking fund added to the 
estimated expenses, which would probably consume $100,000, and thus, although 
the margin as shown by the estimated balance appears to be large, it will, in the 
event of any change in the revenue laws or the consummation of the bond issue, not 
be excessive to cover such contingencies. 

In addition to this it may be stated that the last appropriation act for the current 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 563 

expenses of the city was hardly sufficient to meet these expenses, and deficiency 
appropriations will probably be necessary. 

Several amendments to the charter have been under consideration by the board, 
and among them is one which has for its object the change of the date on which the 
annual report of the board must be forwarded to the civil governor from the 1st day 
of August to the 1st day of September. It is the experience of the past two years that 
the heads of the various departments of the city have been unable to present their 
reports in proper season to enable the board to carefully consider and formulate its 
own report. It is believed that such an extension of time would result in more com- 
plete and satisfactory reports. 

In conclusion, the board desires to acknowledge the faithful and efficient service 
rendered by the heads of departments and the employees, Americans and Filipinos, 
in all branches of the city government. With the evidence of more complete peace 
and the numberless signs of increasing prosperity, the work of nearly all the officers 
has grown in detail and volume. The presence of cholera and smallpox has sur- 
rounded the work of some departments with many dangers, but the services of those 
so employed have been given faithfully and without fear. 
Very respectfully, 

A. Cruz Herrera, President. 

Charles H. Sleeper, Member. 

P. G. McDonnell, Member. 



Exhibit A. 

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD. 

Municipal Board of Manila, 

Office of the Secretary, 

Manila, September 28, 1903. 
The Municipal Board: 

I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of the secretary of the 
municipal board for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903. 

During the period from June 24 to December 29, while the secretary, Mr. A. L. B. 
Davies, was acting as a member of the board, in the absence of Mr. C. H. Sleeper, 
the office of secretary was filled by Mr. Bert Eddy, chief clerk of the board. On 
December 29, Mr. Sleeper having returned and taken his place on the municipal 
board, Mr. Davies assumed the office of secretary, and continued as such until 
March 9, when he resigned to accept the appointment of local purchasing agent. 
Pending the appointment of his successor, Mr. 0. F. Kicard, a clerk of the board, 
was designated as acting secretary, and continued in that position until May 1, when 
the board appointed the present incumbent. 

In accordance with the provisions of section 5 of the Manila charter, which define 
the duties of the secretary, there has been kept a full record of the proceedings of 
the board, both legislative and executive, and all documents relating thereto have 
been properly recorded and filed. Records have been kept of all ordinances and 
amendments to ordinances, and the same have been published in the English and 
Spanish languages as prescribed by law. There being a large portion of the inhabi- 
tants of Manila, however, who are unable to read either English or Spanish, a con- 
tract has also been made for the publication of all municipal ordinances and 
announcements in Tagalog. 

On February 5, by resolution of the board, all of the old Spanish municipal 
records pertaining to the city of Manila, which up to that time had been in the 
custody of the city attorney, were transferred to the office of the secretary of the 
municipal board, and the task of filing these papers, with a view to easy and accurate 
reference, was undertaken by this office, and is being completed as rapidly as their 
condition will permit. An item of §600 has been included in the appropriation by 
the board, to be used to provide suitable steel filing cases, so that these and other 
documents may be properly safeguarded. 

While there have been no demands for certified copies of city records or docu- 
ments, except from government officials for official use, for which no charge is 
made, the office is prepared to furnish promptly copies of any city document which 
may be called for. 

A forfeiture of 8500 by Frank Twombly for failure to execute a contract for the 
building of additions to the Arranque Market, and a forfeiture of $150 by Jos6 



564 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Gutierrez for failure to execute a lease for city property on CalleTabora, are the only 
municipal funds collected during the year by this office. 

During the fiscal year just ended the municipal board sat in session 304 times and 
considered 7,380 items of municipal business, of which, for the purpose of assisting 
the board in taking final action, 97 were referred to the advisory board for their 
consideration and recommendations. No written communications, however unim- 
portant, have been ignored by this office; 5,020 letters have been received and, 
based upon the action of the board, 5,893 letters have been written. 

There were presented to the board 32 ordinances, of which 17 were enacted, 
while 15 have passed one or two readings. Twenty-three contracts were entered 
into by the city during the year. Deeds were executed for the sale of four pieces of 
city property and for the v purchase of three pieces of property by the city. There 
were four leases for city property executed during the year. Leases entered into by 
the city for private property are not shown in this report as the same were entered 
into by the superintendent of buildings and illumination and were merely authorized 
by the board. 

The ordinances, contracts, leases, and deeds, in detail, were as follows: 

No. 34. An ordinance amending ordinance No. 2, enacted by the municipal board 
December 5, 1901, entitled "An ordinance relating to gambling." 

No. 35. An ordinance establishing a public slaughterhouse and providing for the 
regulation, inspection, and use thereof. 

No. 36. An ordinance relating to the sale and supply of electricity and telephone 
service, and the inspection and installation of electric wires, meters, and other appa- 
ratus. 

No. 37. An ordinance prescribing the fees to be charged by the secretary of the 
municipal board for certified copies of city records and documents. 

No. 38. An ordinance relating to guest registers in hotels and lodging houses. 

No. 39. An ordinance amending ordinance No. 9, issued by the provost-marshal- 
general June 12, 1901, entitled "An ordinance relating to licenses and permits," as 
amended by ordinances Nos. 17, 29, and 32, enacted by the municipal board. 

No. 40. An ordinance relating to exits and fire protection in public halls and 
theaters. 

No. 41. An ordinance amending ordinance No. 40, entitled "An ordinance relating 
to exits and fire protection in public halls and theaters." 

No. 42. An ordinance relating to pawnbrokers. 

No. 43. An ordinance relating to the misuse of and obstruction of approach to 
police and fire-alarm apparatus and systems. 

No. 44. An ordinance granting to Charles M. Swift a franchise to construct an 
electric street railway on the streets of Manila and its suburbs, and a franchise to 
construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, heat, and power system in the city 
of Manila and its suburbs. 

No. 45. An ordinance amending ordinance No. 39, enacted by the municipal board 
January 23, 1903, by which is again amended ordinance No. 9, issued by the provost- 
marshal-general June 12, 1901, entitled "An ordinance relating to licenses and 
permits." 

No. 46. An ordinance providing regulations for the government of the Carriedo 
water supply of the city of Manila. 

No. 47. An ordinance regulating the manufacture, storage, sale, transportation, 
and use of gunpowder, gun cotton, dynamite, nitroglycerin, calcium carbide, benzine, 
gasoline, turpentine, petroleum, tar, pitch, resin, and all other highly explosive or 
combustible materials. 

No. 48. An ordinance amending ordinance No/ 4, issued by the provost-marshal- 
general May 2, 1901, entitled "An ordinance relating to the collection of garbage and 
rubbish," as amended by ordinance No. 7, enacted by the municipal board Decem- 
ber 24, 1901. 

No. '49. An ordinance amending ordinance No. 10, issued by the provost-marshal- 
general June 19, 1901, entitled "An ordinance regulating the use of public vehicles." 

No. 50. An ordinance amending ordinance No. 46, enacted by the municipal board 
April 1, 1903, entitled "An ordinance providing regulations for the government of 
the Carriedo water supply of the city of Manila." 

Ordinances have been introduced and considered and given one or two readings, 
but final action thereon withheld, as follows: 

Amending the building ordinances in the matter of the construction of balconies, 
projections, arcades, etc. 

A general health ordinance for the city of Manila. 

Regulating plumbing and the licensing of plumbers. 

Relating to immoral publications. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



565 



Relating to the ringing of church bells and the making of loud and unusual noises. 

A proposed substitute for ordinance No. 36, regulating the sale and supply of elec- 
tricity and telephone service. 

Establishing Bancusay fish market. 

Providing for the quarantine of contacts of bubonic plague and smallpox. 

Permitting cable companies to lay pipe lines from stations in Malate to offices in 
Binondo. 

Relating to the slaughter of suckling pigs. (Amendment to Ord. No. 35, Mun, 
Board. ) 

Defining the powers and duties of health inspectors. 

Amending the gambling ordinance (Ord. No. 2, Mun. Board) by the exemption of 
race tracks and certain parlor games from the provisions of the ordinance. 

Regulating the fire-hydrant service within the city. 

Repealing section 42 of ordinance No. 11, provost-marshal-general, which requires 
residents of un lighted streets to hang out lights from their houses. 

Relating to the filling and terrepleining of private property for the abatement of 
nuisances. 

The following contracts were entered into by the board during the fiscal year, viz: 



Xo. 



Contractor. 



Nature of contract. 



Date. 


July 


1 


July 


2 


July 
Aug. 


21 

7 


Aug. 


14 


Aug. 
Sept. 
Sept. 


18 
11 
16 


Oct. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


17 
3 
6 


Jan. 


13 


Jan. 


20 


Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 


12 
16 
28 


Mar. 


7 


Mar. 


10 


Mar. 


19 


June 12 
May 28 


x June 22 
June 25 



Amount. 



La Democracia . . . 
Manila American 



Albert Bryan 

Rafael Macbuco Go- 

Tauco. 
Henry W. Peabody 

&Co. 
Jobn F. McKinnon.. 

do 

Tomas Reyes 

S. C. Choy&Co 

Delmar W. Smith ... 
Sy Chuy Chim 

El Comercio 



Manila American 



Arthur F. Allen 

Cull&Maddy 

Placido Dizon 

Frank Twombly 

B. W. Cadwaalader 

&Co. 
Robert V. Dell 

Salvador Farre 

Delmar W. Smith ... 

Pascual Poblete 

El Comercio 



Publishing ordinances and advertise- 
ments in Spanish. 

Publishing ordinances and advertise- 
ments in English. 



Painting matadero 

Construction Paco police station 

Erection garbage crematory 

Construction addition to city stables . 
Construction San Nicolas fire station . 
Transportation of meats from mata- 
dero to markets. 
Painting San Fernando police station 

Building public tenement houses 

Feeding prisoners in police stations . . 

Publishing ordinances and advertise- 
ments in Spanish. 

Publishing ordinances and advertise- 
ments in English. 

Construction of three garbage scows. . , 

Painting Santa Cruz fire station 

Privilege of cutting grass in the moat 
and on the glacis of the city. 

For driving piles at the garbage crem- 
atory. 

Furnishing tables for Anda street 
market. 

Burial of pauper dead 

Repairs to Ayala bridge 

Construction of addition to Arranque 
market. 

Publishing ordinances in Tagalog 

Publishing of ordinances and adver- 
tisements in Spanish. 



lc. Mex. per line for 
advertisements, ord- 
inances free. 

Ordinances, 5c. Mex. 
per line; advertise- 
ments, 8c. first in- 
sertion, 5c. there- 
after. 

1,650 pesos. 

$4,900. 

$50,000. 

$6,998. 
$9,625. 
Schedule of rates. 

1,400 pesos. 

$5,890. 

Orientals, 45c. per day; 
others, 65c. Mex. 

Advertisements, £c. 
U. S. per line; ord- 
inances free. 

10c. per line first in- 
sertion, lc. there- 
after. 

$6,000. 

$810. 

115 pesos per month. 



2,500 pesos. 

$1,476. 

$10 for plain coffins, 

$13 for metallic. 
$1,499. 
$8,873. 

2c. Mex. per line, 
lc. gold per line. 



The following real property of the city was sold during the fiscal year, viz: 

To Generio Herredia, on December 2, 1902, a piece of land 44.48 square meters in 
area, situated at the corner of Calle Soler, Tondo, and the road known as "Calle 
Para el Mercado;" consideration, $202.68 United States currency. 

To Jose Machuca, on February 13, 1903, a piece of land 33.54 square meters in 
area, situated at the corner of Calles Azcarraga and Antonio Rivera, Tondo; consid- 
eration, S262.14 United States currency. 

To Pedro Sy Guia, on May 10, 1903, a piece of land 97.79 square meters in area, 
situated on Calle Azcarraga, near Antonio de Rivera, Tondo; consideration, $489.95 
United States currency. 



566 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

To Luisa Lichauco, on May 23, 1903, a piece of land 46.99 square meters in area, 
situated on Calle Jaboneros, San Nicolas; consideration, $1,500 United States currency. 

The following real property was purchased by the city during the fiscal year, viz: 

From Ramon Fabie y Gutierrez, a piece of property at the corner of Calles Camba 
and Lara, San Nicolas, to be used for street purposes. Date, November 19, 1902; con- 
sideration, $206.30 United States currency. 

From Dofla Maria Barbara Padilla, a piece of land on Calle Sevilla, San Nicolas, to 
be used for street purposes. Date, November 25, 1902; consideration, $783.93 United 
States currency. 

From Tomas Rodriguez y Lopez, a piece of land 42.96 square meters, situated at 
the corner of Calles Jolo and Meisic, to be used for street purposes. Date, April 24, 
1903; consideration, $243.36 Mexican currency. 

The following city land was leased during the fiscal year, viz: 

To Fred H. Hilbert, a piece of land in the rear of No. 249 Calle Real Malate, for 
two years and four months from January 1, 1903, at a rental of $100 United States 
currency per annum. 

To Robert J. Harrison and J. W. Marker, the city land at the corner of theEscolta 
and Calle Nueva, upon which is situated the kiosko, for five years from June 1, 1903, 
at a monthly rental of $155 United States currency. 

To Joseph H. Hartman, a piece of land on the Estero Binondo, just north of Calle 
Soledad, for nine years and two months from October 3, 1902, at a monthly rental of 
$7.50. 

To Vicenta Rodriguez, a piece of land in block 82, Tondo, for two years from 
August 17, 1903, at an annual rental of $80 United States currency. 
Respectfully, 

Jno. M. Tuther, 
Secretary Municipal Board. 



Exhibit B. 
REPORT OF THE DISBURSING OFFICER. 

City of Manila, 
Office of City Disbursing Officer, 

Manila, P. I., August 21, 1903. 
The Municipal Board of Manila. 

Gentlemen: In compliance with the provisions of the city charter, I have the 
honor to submit herewith my report of the business of this office for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1903, and also a summary report of the work connected with the 
office. 

The scope of the duties of this office is narrowly defined by law to consist of " the 
disbursing of all moneys drawn from the insular treasury pursuant to appropriations 
made by the Philippine Commission," and in accounting for the same ''in such a 
manner as the auditor for the Philippine Archipelago may prescribe." In this 
respect I believe the law has been strictly complied with. In addition to the fore- 
going prescribed duties, the municipal board has made it part of the work of the 
disbursing office to perform in part those functions devolving upon the city comp- 
troller in the ordinary form of municipal government, and to keep such records in 
detail of the expenses of the city of Manila as the board might require from time to 
time for statistical purposes, and as a basis for estimating amounts of required appro- 
priations. 

The work of the department is carried on by the disbursing officer and a meager 
corps of 3 able assistants. 

Realizing that the salary list of the city is very large, and that every employee 
desires his pay promptly on the last day of the month, to satisfy which, however, 
would be a physical impossibilty, every effort has been put forth to so carefully 
systematize the salary payments by schedule as to accommodate the largest number 
of employees in the shortest period of time. 

Ten days are required during the first part of each month to pay off all of the 
employees of the city, including those located outside of the city at San Juan del 
Monte, the pumping station, at Santolan, and the rock quarry on Talim Island. 

Funds to the amount of 400,000 pesos are disbursed monthly, of which sum about 
250,000 pesos go toward paying the salaries of the city's 4,250 employees, and the 
fair portion of this sum is paid over the disbursing office counter in actual cash, 
which, owing to the cumbersome monetary system, entails considerable manual 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



567 



labor in the handling of these funds, it having been found that over a ton of silver 
dollars are passed over the counter daily during the first ten days of each month 
when the pay rolls are being paid. 

In this connection it may be a matter of interest to note that 44 policemen or 53 
peones (laborers) can be paid in the same space of time that it requires to pay one 
lady school teacher. 

It has been observed with some pride that the insular government has, to a cer- 
tain extent, utilized the disbursing office as a preparatory school of instruction for 
disbursing clerks, inasmuch as this office claims the honor of having trained and 
furnished to the insular government two of its most capable and efficient disburs- 
ing officers, viz, Mr. A. J. Robertson, chief paymaster, Philippine Constabulary, and 
Mr. Paul A. Weems, disbursing officer of the bureau of coast guard and transporta- 
tion, both of whom were formerly clerks in this office. 

In conclusion, I take pleasure in expressing my appreciation of the deep interest 

manifested by the clerks of this office in the execution of their duties and their 

untiring efforts to perfect the efficiency of the office, and especially their uniform 

courtesy toward all persons whose business brought them in contact with the office. 

Very respectfully, 

K. C. Baldwin, 
Disbursing Officer, Municipal Board. 

Statement of expenditures for the fiscal year 1903. 
[Amounts are expressed in Mexican currency.] 



Name of departments and 
subdivisions. 



First 

quarter. 



Second 
quarter. 



Third 
quarter. 



Fourth 
quarter. 



Aggregate. 



rurxiciPAL BOARD. 
Salaries : 

Members of board 

Secretary's office 

Disbursing office 

Advisory board 

Board of tax revision 

Contingent expenses : 

Office supplies, advertising, etc 

Care of municipal prisoners in 
Bilibid 

Music for Luneta conceits 

Official emergency transportation 

Purchase of property for street 
extensions 

Half salary and subsistence em- 
ployees, traveling 

Board of tax revision 

Office supplies: Court of land reg- 
istration 

Register of deeds 



$5, 581. 25 

5, 396. 33 

2, 669. 47 

971. 34 



|7, 460. 00 
6, 823. 43 
4, 000. 96 
1, 889. 56 



8, 913. 08 
940. 00 



707. 66 

11,661.35 

1, 492. 00 

31.60 

2,475.60 

654. 31 



$11,772.00 
7, 526. 10 
4, 923. 77 
2, 592. 92 
1, 867. 32 

1, 853. 98 

13, 896. 69 

1,714.00 

56.50 



$12, 531. 25 

11, 314. 47 

6,433.47 

3,625.03 

12,453.25 

1,710.50 

20, 678. 49 
2, 497. 50 



840. 39 
471.61 



1, 517. 42 
14.30 



2, 971. 80 



Total 



. 016. 07 



37,196.47 



49, 047. 00 



74, 224. 66 



LAV DEPARTMENT. 

Office city attorney 

Office prosecuting attorney 

Sheriff's office v 

Municipal courts 

Justice peace courts '. 

J Register of deeds 

Contingent expenses: 

Office supplies, advertising, etc. .. 

Court costs, fees, etc 

Official emergency transportation. 

Maintenance prison van 

Register of deeds 



5,671.34 
5, 535. 28 
3, 172. 50 
5, 209. 10 

1,112.30 



1,595.01 
161.49 
100. CO 



Total 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries: 

Regular force 

Temporary force 

Contingent expenses: 

General supplies 

Emergency transportation 

Installation fire and police alarm 
svstem a 



10,333.16 

5, 717. 03 

6, 733. 32 

11.75 

11,893.75 



9,506.42 
11, 896. 67 
6, 470. 00 
8, 268. 06 
1,765.48 



4, 469. 85 
432. 70 

168. 88 

150. 89 



10,454.39 

13, 562. 15 

7, 763. 05 

8, 220. 83 

1,874.35 

815. 72 



^612. 93 
353. 20 
421. 22 



12, 469. 56 
14, 631. 18 
9, 916. 64 
7, 101. 00 
2, 255. 94 
3, 217. 27 

3.148.29 

1,061.65 

98.00 

1,435.53 

708. 43 



43, 128. 95 



45, 408. 22 



56, 043. 49 



29, 078. 04 



36, 216. 69 



57, 132. 58 



5,137.89 



4, 210. 58 



10, 733. 56 



8, 040. 94 



3,991.1 



$37, 344. 50 

31,060.33 

18, 027. 67 

9,078.85 

14, 320. 57 

4,816.74 

55,149.61 

6, 643. 50 

97.00 

2,475.60 

1, 494. 70 
3, 443. 41 

1,517.42 
14.30 



185,484.20 



38, 101. 71 
45, 625. 28 
27,322.19 
28, 798. 99 
7, 008. 07 
4, 032. 99 

10, 543. 53 

2,268.77 
720.08 

2, 007. 64 
708. 43 



167, 137. 68 



132, 760. 57 
5, 717. 03 



26, 815. 35 
11.75 



23, 925. 99 



a Funds for the installation of the fire and police alarm system were appropriated for under both 
contingent expenses and equipment. Total cost of installing system, 538,777.27. 



568 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Statement of expenditures for the fiscal year 1903 — Continued. 



Name of departments and 
subdivision. 



fire department — continued. 

Equipment: 

Firemen 

Apparatus 

Repairs to equipment 

Furniture for fire stations 

Purchase of fire-alarm system 

Installation of fire-alarm system a. 
Purchase of testing instruments. . . 



Total 



POLICE DEPARTMENT. 

Salaries: 

Office force 

First-class policemen and officers. . 

Second and third class police 

Detective bureau 

River and harbor police 

Laborers in public pound 

Special cholera police 

Contingent expenses: 

Secret-service fund 

General supplies, repairs, etc 

Subsistence of prisoners in police 
stations 

Emergency transportation 

Equipment: 

Purchase police-alarm system 

Equipment 



Total 



DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND 
PUBLIC WORKS. 

Salaries: 

Classified employees 

Unclassified employees 

Ordinary labor 

Public works: 

Repairs to city bridges 

Purchase and transportation of 
road material 

Purchase of forage 

Repairs to sewers and drains 

Repairs to city stables and corrals. 

Purchase of coal for crematories, 
etc 

Purchase of tools, hose, etc 

Purchase of horseshoeing mate- 
rials 

Repairs to harness, wagons, and 
launches 

Maintenance of grounds and parks. 

Maintenance of rock quarry 

Repairs to San talon road 

Repairs to markets and municipal 
buildings 

Supplies, cleaning and care public 
buildings 

Maintenance of electric-light serv- 
ice 

Repairs and increase to electric 
service 

Oil for lights in public buildings. 

Maintenance of water service 

Alterations and repairs to Arran- 
que market 

Repairs to Bridge of Spain 

Repairs to Santa Cruz fire station . 

Maintenance of city shops 

Construction of school buildings . 

Hire of bull carts and drivers 

Purchase of stone crusher 

Supplies and materials for ceme- 
teries 

Construction of San Nicolas fire 
station 

Construction of garbage crema- 
tory 

Repairs to Paco police station 



First 
quarter. 



$309. 10 
542.10 
279. 29 



35, 820. 25 



6, 535. 67 

132, 091. 43 

39,590.84 

8, 824. 22 

14,721.58 

7.05 

12,282.02 

174. 92 

8, 825. 71 

1,610.76 
1, 636. 25 



606. 65 



226, 907. 08 



27,052.81 
32,511.47 
49,618.10 

2,635.22 

16, 226. 70 
14, 177. 32 

6, 825. 86 
4, 947. 17 

4, 931. 28 
2, 570. 21 

249. 75 

4,884.35 
2, 494. 35 
8,057.71 



5, 130. 57 

987.05 

14,052.52 

1, 293. 85 

523.47 

21, 475. 07 



608. 90 
2, 551. 59 
5, 769. 50 



6,267.80 
13.73 



Second 
quarter. 



8100, 815. 00 
476. 43 



143,548.30 



11, 415. 45 

207, 131. 30 

62, 864. 99 

14, 468. 26 

23, 373. 43 

190. 20 

4, 734. 78 

498. 77 
4,803.45 

1,821.88 
2, 784. 03 



2,917.00 



337, 003. 54 



40, 449. 67 
53, 601. 18 
87,589.00 

3,588.36 

53, 136. 74 

14,967.41 

1,553.86 

19, 600. 44 

3,732.03 
2, 782. 54 

1,532.20 

4, 575. 87 
1,079.58 
9, 781. 31 



Third 
quarter. 



$1, 211. 35 

1,689.82 

877. 48 

108.83 

103, 785. 22 

10, 675. 19 



162, 766. 46 



12,025.26 

223, 664. 34 

70,252.48 

15,242.03 

24, 303. 69 

237. 60 

3, 597. 10 

297.62 
7, 312. 88 

1,723.14 
2, 761. 00 

110, 396. 00 
443. 30 



472, 256. 44 



12,392.53 

4,554.66 

14,203.47 

215.32 
460. 02 \ 
36, 336. 02 

3, 591. 60 
8, 768. 91 

742. 25 
14,101.32 

115. 94 
3,031.00 



104.39 
2, 703. 12 

34, 980. 95 



48, 764. 98 
59, 995. 66 
84, 673. 65 

5,601.23 

20, 140. 97 

17, 681. 81 

3, 879. 84 

1, 916. 55 

5,868.96 
9, 152. 08 

1, 354. 57 

5,238.54 

173. 51 

4, 372. 34 

3,833.50 

14, 211. 46 

208.76 

25,429.22 

2, 901. 41 

734. 61 

39, 773. 57 



1,715.22 



16,022.17 
2, 532. 18 
8,572.20 
7,417.41 



15,051. 



100, 462. 45 
484 59 



Fourth 
quarter. 



$166. 32 

5,581.96 

900.05 

106.65 



4, 176. 09 
4,682.05 



5,479. 



15, 959. 83 
283,860.54 
90,456.03 
19,853.32 
30,433.46 
301.50 
3,617.34 

748.60 
6, 536. 47 

2, 293. 76 
3, 657. 65 

2, 488. 29 
1, 932. 61 



462,139.40 



76,904.89 

77, 122. 95 

116,621.09 

13,886.86 

24, 444. 07 

25, 437. 10 

5, 659. 41 

1, 118. 01 

7, 587. 75 
3.689.98 



10, 228. 62 

5, 151. 13 

10,677.01 



13, 224. 44 

2, 245. 05 

42,322.40 

859. 13 

349.84 

39, 974. 67 



282. 38 
4,448.25 
1,327:45 
9, 130. 45 



18, 094. 32 



, 981. 75 
286. 95 



Aggregate. 



$1, 686. 77 

108,629.63 

2,533.25 

215. 48 

103, 785. 22 

14, 851. 28 

4, 682. 05 



425,614.37 



45, 936. 21 
846,747.59 
263, 164. 34 

58,387.83 

92, 832. 16 
736.35 

24,231.24 

1, 719, 91 
27,478.51 

7,449.54 
10,838.93 

112, 884. 29 
5,899.56 



1,498,306.46 



193, 172. 35 
223, 231. 26 
33^,501.84 

25,711.67 

113, 948. 48 
72,263.64 
17,918.97 
27,582.17 

22, 120. 02 
18, 194. 81 

4,883.66 

24,927.38 
8,898.57 

32,888.37 
3,833.50 

44, 959. 00 

7, 995. 52 

96, 007. 61 

5,269.71 

2,067.94 

137,559.33 

3, 591. 60 
11,093.03 

3, 576. 22 
40, 341. 24 

3,975.57 
27,001.45 

7,417.41 

118. 14 

35,849.13 

144,425.15 
771.54 



a Funds for the installation of the fire and police alarm system were appropriated for under both 
contingent expenses and equipment. Total cost of installing system, $38,777.27. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 



569 



Statement of expenditures for the fiscal year 1903 — Continued. 



Name of departments and 
subdivisions. 


First 
quarter. 


Second 
quarter. 


Third 
quarter. 


Fourth 
quarter. 


Aggregate. 


DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND 

public works— continued. 

Public works— Continued. 

Construction of tenement bouses.. 






$15, 314. 00 

9, 560. 98 
5, 446. 08 

12, 715. 79 
237. 44 

6, 866. 74 
14, 630. 00 


$73. 52 

4, 258. 50 
5,195.00 

28, 188. 78 
14, 568. 80 

30, 410. 36 


$15, 387. 52 
19, 321. 28 


Construction of Anda street mar- 
ket 




55,511.80 
7, 683. 00 






18, 324. 08 

40, 904. 57 
14,806.24 

48, 983. 97 
14, 630. 00 


Construction of new streets and 










Purchase of means of transporta- 
tion 




11,706.87 


Purchase of steam launch 








14, 864. 72 




14, 864. 72 
529. 10 


Purchase of matadero weighing 




529. 10 
1,658.15 
1, 604. 89 

384. 35 








561.60 




2,219.75 






5, 449. 80 
517. 33 


7, 054. 69 
2, 163. 10 
2, 400. 00 

1. 554. 00 


Veterinary supplies 




1, 261. 42 
2,400.00 

1,554.00 


Settlement of claim for lost bancas. 




Erection of buildings for city 












278. 14 
5, 390. 00 

535. 26 

2,633.87 
110. 00 

22, 982. 96 


5, 452. 33 
9, 882. 17 

3,020.22 
3,958.00 
1, 595. 96 

24, 313. 81 
2, 002. 79 


5, 730. 47 
15, 272. 17 

5, 191. 96 
9, 827. 34 








Contingent expenses: 

Office supplies, advertising, etc 


$1, 015. 06 

1,110.90 

633. 31 

13, 762. 60 
504.46 

215.25 
1, 693. 91 

728.50 


621. 42 

2, 124. 57 

60.00 

22,047.71 
704. 35 

324.00 
2, 699. 22 

1, 131. 30 




2,399.27 
83, 107. 08 


Rent of schoolhouses, police sta- 
tions 




3. 211. 60 


Clearing of grounds for new im- 


165.00 
3, 764. 94 

299. 00 

2, 000. 00 


704.25 


Block map of Manila 


3, 530. 58 


11,688.65 


Per diem for U. S. Army city engi- 


2,158.80 
2, 000. 00 


Purchase of Spanish block map of 




Subsistence supplies, Tondo fire 






2,844.88 


2, 844. 88 






78.70 




78.70 












Total 


255, 520. 36 


509, 606. 37 


615, 271. 82 


667, 065. 92 


2, 047, 464. 47 






DEPARTMENT OF ASSESSMENTS AND 
COLLECTIONS. 

Salaries: 

Regular force 


19, 342. 63 
9, 725. 20 

900. 34 
171. 15 


33, 171. 04 
14,382.07 

2, 355. 39 
268. 30 
717. 58 


40, 911. 60 
4, 574. 90 

3, 550. 94 
294. 40 
686. 56 


57,896.81 


151, 322. 08 




28, 682. 17 


Contingent expenses: 

Office supplies, advertising, etc . . . 

Emergency transportation 

Tax refunds 


2, 964. 96 
393. 95 
386. 29 


9, 771. 63 
1,127.80 
1, 790. 43 








Total 


30,139.32 


50, 894. 38 


50, 018. 40 


61, 642. 01 


192, 694. 11 






DEPARTMENT OF CITY SCHOOLS. 

Salaries: 

Office force 


1, 355. 16 
4, 470. 89 
20, 737. 58 

676. 30 


2, 147. 70 
23, 507. 60 
31, 928. 36 

37.50 


2, 996. 38 
20, 881. 07 
34, 934. 53 

> 188. 12 


2, 261. 72 

7, 683. 38 

44, 702. 06 

2, 063. 04 


8, 760. 96 




56,542.94 




132, 302. 53 


Contingent expenses: 

Office supplies, stationery, etc 


2, 964. 96 


Total 


27, 239. 93 57. 621. 16 


59,000.10 


56, 710. 20 


200, 571. 39 











CONSOLIDATION OF DEPARTMENTS. 



Municipal board 

Law department 

Fire department 

Department of assessments and col- 
lections 

Department of city schools 

Police department 

Department of engineering and pub- 
lic works 



Total 



$25, 016. 07 
22,557.02 
35, 820. 25 

30, 139. 32 

27,239.93 

226,907.08 

255, 520. 36 



623,200.03 



$37, 196. 47 
43, 128. 95 
143, 548. 30 

50, 894. 38 

57, 621. 16 

337,003.54 

509, 606. 37 



1, 178, 999. 17 



$49, 047. 00 

45,408.22 

162, 766. 46 

50,018.40 

59, 000. 10 

472, 256. 44 

615,271.82 



1, 453, 768. 44 



$74, 224. 66 
56, 043. 49 
83, 479. 36 

61, 642. 01 

56, 710. 20 

462, 139. 40 

667, 065. 92 



1,461,305.04 



$185, 484. 20 
167, 137. 68 
425, 614. 37 

192, 694. 11 

200, 571. 39 

1,498,306.46 

2, 047. 464. 47 



4, 717, 272. 68 



570 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Statement of expenditures for the fiscal year 1903 — Continued. 
RECAPITULATION OF EXPENDITURES. 
[Amounts expressed in Mexican currency.] 



Name of department. 


Salaries and 
wages. 


Contingent 
expenses. 


Public 

works. 


Equip- 
ment. 


Tax 

refund. 


Aggregate. 




$109,831.92 
150, 889. 23 
138, 477. 60 
180, 004. 25 
197, 606. 43 
1,332,035.72 

754, 905. 45 


$75, 652. 28 
16, 248. 45 
50,753.09 
10, 899. 43 
2, 964. 96 
47,486.89 

123,212.53 








$185, 484. 20 
167, 137. 68 
425, 614. 37 
192, 694. 11 










Fire department 




$236, 383. 68 




Assessments and collections 




$1,790.43 


Department of city schools . 






200,571.39 


Police department 




118, 783. 85 




1,498,306.46 
2,047,464.47 


Engineering and public 
works 


$1,169,346.49 










Total 


2, 863, 750. 60 


327, 217. 63 


1, 169, 346. 49 


355, 167. 53 


1, 790. 43 


4,717,272.68 





Disbursements made by city disbursing officer $3, 714, 727. 67 

Supplies purchased from insular purchasing agent 911, 404. 55 

Ten per cent of the amount of all supplies purchased from insular purchasing agent as 
provided in Act 231 91, 140. 46 

Total 4, 717, 272. 68 



Expenditures for public improvements. 
[Amounts expressed in Mexican currency.] 



Cost of 
labor. 



Cost of 
materials. 



Work per- 
formed 
under con- 
tract. 



Total cost. 



Construction of new streets and roads 

Repairs to crematories 

Construction of road-material barges 

Construction of tenement houses 

Construction of Anda street market 

Construction of Paco police station 

Arranque market (in process of erection ) 

Alteration and repair to old Arranque market 

Construction of San Nicolas fire station 

Painting of San Fernando police station 

Construction of the city pound 

Construction of new city stables 

New addition to Paco police station 

Construction of garbage scows 

Improvements to city bridges 

Improvements to sewers and street drains 

Improvement of parks 

Repairs to markets and municipal buildings 

Maintenance of water service (exclusive of the sala- 
ries of authorized employees) 

Improvement of the Bridge of Spain 

Construction of garbage crematory 



$3, 610. 50 

360. 30 

11, 140. 00 



2, 231. 50 



$37, 294. 07 

1,859.45 

7, 184. 08 

73.52 

22, 748, 00 

771. 54 

3, 591. 60 



$15, 314. 00 

7, 993. 62 

12, 250. 00 



1, 175. i 



6, 484. 76 



7,050.00 
28, 188. 77 

1, 400. 00 
10, 554. 00 
18, 194. 80 

1, 087. 80 
14,568.80 



21, 505. 99 
5,462.35 
1, 242. 55 

19, 202. 16 

27, 638. 16 
6, 280. 78 
9, 125. 88 



4, 205. 68 
12,456.62 

7, 656. 02 
25, 756. 84 

109, 921. 17 
18, 986. 52 
4, 369. 27 



130, 930. 00 



Total. 



108, 975. 77 



263, 359. 14 



247, 531. 79 



$40, 904. 57 

2, 219. 75 

18, 324. 08 

15, 387. 52 

32. 973. 12 
13, 021. 54 

3, 591. 60 
7, 050. 00 

35. 849. 13 
1,400.00 

10, 554. 00 
18, 194. 80 

1, 087. 80 
14, 568. 80 
25, 711. 67 
17, 918. 97 

8,898.57 
44, 959. 00 

137,559.33 
25, 267. 30 
144, 425. 15 



619, 866. 70 





Cost of 
labor. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Cost of the 
apparatus. 


Total cost. 








$112, 884. 29 
103,785.22 


$112, 884. 29 


Fire-alarm system 






103, 785. 22 




$14, 663. 17 


$24, 114. 10 


38, 777. 27 








Total 


14, 663. 17 


24, 114. 10 


216, 669. 51 


255, 446. 78 







REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 57l 

Statement of expenditures, city of Manila, during the fiscal year 1903, supplemental to fiscal 

year 1902. 

[Amounts expressed in United States currency.] 
Municipal board : 

Salaries, advisory board $69. 97 

Office supplies 104. 65 

Total '. 174.62 

Law department: 

Salaries, office prosecuting attorney 128. 01 

Costs, fees, etc 20. 14 

Office supplies 170. 07 

Transportation 27. 92 

Total 346. 14 

Fire department: 

Salaries and wages 865. 97 

Equipment of apparatus 6, 104. 66 

Equipment of firemen 984. 50 

Office supplies, advertising, etc 77. 04 

General supplies 198. 49 

Transportation 26. 00 

Total 8,256.66 

Department of assessments and collections: 

Salaries, regular force 88. 55 

Office supplies, advertising, etc 1, 092. 18 

Total 1,180.73 

Police department: 
Salaries- 
First-class police 1, 078. 33 

Second and tbird class 76. 42 

Detective bureau 908. 33 

Special cbolera police 9, 136. 57 

Equipment 13, 026. 37 

General supplies, repairs, etc 1, 986. 57 

Transportation 504. 63 

Secret-service fund 8. 00 

Total 26, 725. 22 

Department of city scbools: 

Salaries — 

Night-school teacbers 1, 472. 97 

Native scbool-teachers 691. 30 

Contingent expenses 2, 514. 09 

Total % 4, 678. 36 

Department engineering and public works: 
Salaries- 
Classified employees 913. 37 

Unclassified employees 226. 35 

Repairs to city bridges 531. 73 

Purchase, road materials 538. 27 

Repairs to sewers and drains 52. 86 

Purchase of coal, crematories and launches 776. 24 

Purchase tools, hose, etc 204. 32 

Repairs, harness, wagons, and launches 878. 44 

Maintenance of grounds and parks 73. 75 

Repairs to market buildings 240. 39 

Maintenance of electric-light service 9, 198. 86 

Maintenance of city water service 220. 92 

Completion of Arroceros shops 321. 49 

Erection of buildings of city pound - 4, 000. 00 

Santa Cruz Bridge (balance structural material) 659. 38 

Alteration and repair, Arranque Market 3, 000. 00 

Repairs, Santa Cruz fire station 82. 10 

Paco police station 4, 900. 00 

Anda street market 1, 762. 00 

Repairs to Bridge of Spain (buckle plates) 4, 280. 00 

Office supplies, advertising, etc 208. 02 

Transportation 116. 35 

Burial of pauper dead 26. 43 

Rental of houses, lands, etc; 324. 93 

Telephone service 101. 00 

Per diem of city engineer 170. 00 

Total 33, 807. 21 



572 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION, 



RECAPITULATION. 

Municipal board $174. 62 

Law department 346. 14 

Fire department 8, 256. 66 

Assessments and collections 1, 180. 73 

Department of city schools 4, 678. 36 

Engineering and public works 33, 807. 21 

Police department 26, 725. 22 

Total 75,168.94 

Recapitulation of all expenditures made from appropriations for the city of Manila during 
the period of July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903. 

[The amounts for the fiscal year 1902 were obtained in local currency by reducing the United States 
currency amounts at the ratio of $2.35 to $1.] 



Fiscal year 
1902. 



Fiscal year 
1903. 



Salary and 

expense 

fund. 



Total, local 
currency. 



Municipal board 

Law department 

Fire department 

Department of assessments and collections. . . 

Department of city schools 

Department of engineering and public works. 
Police department 

Settlement warrants drawn by insular auditor 

Total 



$419. 09 
830. 74 
19,815.98 
2,833.75 
11, 228. 06 
81,137.30 
64, 140. 53 



180,405.45 



$185,484.20 

167, 137. 68 

425, 614. 37 

192, 694. 11 

200,571.39 

2,047,464.47 

1,498,306.46 

1, 116. 28 



$3, 174. 03 



$185, 

167, 

445, 

195, 

211, 

2, 128, 

1,562, 

4, 



903.29 
968.42 
430. 35 
527. 86 
799. 45 
601. 77 
446. 99 
290.31 



4, 718, 388. 96 



3, 174. 03 



4, 901, 968. 44 



Number of employees paid monthly salaries by disbursing officer, city of Manila. 
[Amounts stated in Mexican currency.] 



Months. 



1902. 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May and June 

Total . . . 



Munic- 
ipal 
board. 



Law 
depart- 



467 



121 



73G 



Fire 
depart- 
ment. 



81 
83 
234 
109 
104 



117 
121 
123 
130 

255 



ments 
and 
collec- 
tions. 



Depart 
ment 
city 

schools. 



146 
157 
144 
168 
165 
152 



137 
142 
147 
148 
310 



1,816 



151 
336 
340 
247 
250 
252 



263 
295 
224 
158 
423 



Police 
depart- 
ment. 



1,356 
967 
927 
912 
946 
963 



935 
915 
931 
946 
1,861 



11,659 



Engi- 
neering 

and 
public 
works. 



2,162 
2,149 
2,350 
2,365 
2,320 
2,348 



2,493 
2,483 
2,385 

2,778 
5,393 



29, 226 



Total 
num- 
ber. 



3,981 
3,782 
3,936 
4,019 
3,888 
3,914 



4,043 
4,069 
3,941 
4,264 
8,443 



48, 280 



Expense. 



$223, 449. 46 
225, 108. 56 
234,886.90 
244,888.71 
257, 832. 43 
260, 911. 58 



268, 406. 22 
271, 199. 15 
268,601.20 
260, 719. 84 
518,720.57 



3, 034, 724. 62 



Number of persons in the employ of the city of Manila June 30, 1903. 





Monthly 

em- 
ployees, 
Ameri- 
cans. 


Daily 
em- 
ployees, 
Ameri- 
cans. 


Total 
em- 
ployees, 
Ameri- 
cans. 


Monthly 

em- 
ployees, 
natives. 


Daily 
em- 
ployees, 
natives. 


Total 
em- 
ployees, 
natives. 


Grand 
total em- 
ployed. 




17 
19 
51 

26 
2 

114 
425 




17 
19 
51 

26 
2 

123 
425 


23 




23 
45 
79 

122 
156 

2,655 
521 


40 






45 
46 

122 

156 

287 
521 





64 


Fire department 




33 


130 


Department assessments and 




148 


Department of city schools 

Department engineering and 
public works 






158 


9 


2,368 


2,778 




946 










Total 


654 


9 


663 


1,200 2.401 


3,601 


4,264 











HEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



573 



Statement of expenditures for the care of city prisoners confined in Bilibid prison during 

fiscal year 1903. 





30-cent 
ration. 


20-cent 
ration. 


Amount. 


Total. 


Month. 


U. S. cur- 
rency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 


Julv 


904 




$271. 20 
1, 823. 20 


$2, 094. 40 
1, 698. 40 
1,470.60 
1,493.90 
1,714.20 
1,710.40 
1, 791. 50 
1, 761. 00 
2, 016. 10 
1,945.80 
2, 122. 10 
2,234.20 






9,116 






912 


$4, 921. 84 




273. 60 
1,424.80 




7,124 






728 


3,991.24 




218. 40 
1,252.20 




6,261 






697 


3, 529. 44 




209. 10 
1,284.80 




6,424 






654 


3,674.99 




196. 20 
1,518.00 




7,590 






684 


4,456.92 




205. 20 
1,505.20 




7,526 






873 


4,447.04 




261.90 
1,529.60 




7,648 






948 


4,765.39 




284. 40 
1,476.60 




7,383 






1,197 


4,684.26 




359. 10 
1,657.00 




8,285 






1,202 


5,141.05 




360. 60 
1,585.20 




7,926 






1,089 


4,864.50 


Alav 


326. 70 
1, 795. 40 




8,977 






1,070 


5,199.15 




321.00 
1,913.20 




9,566 








5, 473. 79 






Total 


10, 958 


93, 826 




22,052.60 


55, 149. 61 









Note. — The 30-cent rations are for American and European prisoners. The 20-cent rations are for 
Filipino and Chinese prisoners. 

Disbursing Office, Municipal Board, 

Manila, P. I., August 10, 1903. 



Exhibit C. 



REPORT OF ENGINEER IN CHARGE OF NEW WATER SYSTEM. 



Report on Increased Water Supply for the City of Manila, P. I., for Fiscal 
Year Ending June 30, 1903. 

The present water supply for the city of Manila is drawn rrorn the Mariquina River 
at Santolan, pumped through cast-iron pipes to an elevation on the hill to the west 
of the pumping station, and thence runs by gravity through a closed conduit and 
cast-iron pipe to the present deposito. 

The deposito consists of a double series of underground chambers, and has a 
capacity of about 60,000 cubic meters, or approximately 16,000,000 United States 
gallons. 

The total capacity of the present pumping plant is about 7,500,000 gallons daily, 
which gives a per capita supply of 30 gallons, on the basis of the present census. 

From the deposito the water is carried through a 26-inch cast-iron pipe to the city 
distributing system. 

These works were built by the municipality under Spanish Government during 

the years from 1878 to 1882 and were opened to the public use on the day of 

-, 1882. 



574 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

As a preliminary to the investigation of the subject of an increase in the water 
supply, a determination of the present and future needs of the city is necessary, and 
it here follows. 

On the map of the city, accompanying this report and marked "A," it will he 
noticed that the city consists of a central district, comprised within the fire limits, 
and a series of outlying barrios scattered along the numerous streets leading out from 
the business center. 

Within the fire limits as marked no houses except of strong materials can be con- 
structed, and within the next few years it is reasonable to assume that all buildings 
within these limits will be of strong materials, and naturally will sooner or later be 
equipped with an interior water supply. 

For the inhabitants, therefore, contained within the fire limits, a maximum daily 
per capita quantity should be provided. 

In the districts outside the fire limits, though there are many houses of strong 
materials, the majority of the buildings are of light construction, unsuitable for the 
installation of interior water supply. 

While the growth of the city, the installation of a sewer system, and the extension 
of the fire limits will in time increase the use of water from the city mains, it seems 
safe to conclude that a per capita supply of two-thirds that of the section within the 
fire limits will be ample. 

No data is at hand to determine the average per cent of increase in the population 
of the city per year, and an estimate of the increase in water consumption due to this 
cause must therefore to a large extent be assumed. 

The census of the present year gives the population of Manila at 223,029, including 
16,339 living in boats and also including 3,229 inhabitants of Santa Ana. 

The Spanish census of 1883 gives the population of Manila as 230,407, showing a 
slight decrease during the past twenty years. 

Lacking the usual incentives to a rapid increase in population, it would seem that 
a permanent average increase of 2 per cent would be ample to cover the probable 
increase.' 

The population by districts, given by the present census and hereto appended, 
indicates an approximate population within the fire limits of 140,000, and for this 
number the maximum daily per capita supply should be furnished. 

There remains, then, the outside population of 83,000 to be furnished with the 
lesser daily per capita supply. 

In determining the maximum and minimum per capita daily supply it will be 
necessary to take into consideration the effect of the installation of a sewer system 
and the increased consumption due thereto. 

The average daily per capita consumption is made up in general of the following 
four subdivisions: (1) Domestic use; (2) commercial use; (3) public use; (4) loss 
and waste. 

Domestic use. — The results of the careful investigations tabulated by Brackett of a 
number of American and European cities give extremes of 6.6 gallons for the lowest 
class of houses and 59 gallons for the highest class of houses, and an average extreme 
of 11.2 gallons for the manufacturing town of Fall River, as compared to 44.3 gallons 
for Brookline, a wealthy suburb of Boston. 

The domestic consumption of the city of London varies from 18.6 gallons for the 
middle-class districts to 25.5 gallons for the better-class districts. 

The above citations are all in metered districts and may be safely used in the 
present investigations for Manila, where the use of meters is general. 

Taking into consideration the conditions prevailing in Manila, it seems that a sup- 
ply for domestic purposes of 20 gallons per capita will be ample. 

Commercial use. — Under this head are grouped: Office buildings and stores, rail- 
roads and street cars, factories, breweries, • steamers and shipping, saloons, hotels, 
miscellaneous. 

Statistics for New York City show a commercial consumption of 24 gallons per 
capita of total population; for Boston, 30 gallons; for Syracuse, 30 gallons; for Fall 
River, where most of the factories drew their water from outside sources, 2 gallons; 
in Yonkers, 27 gallons. 

In all these cities the factory consumption is large, and the total commercial con- 
sumption per capita is without doubt largely in excess of the needs of Manila. 

In view, however, of the possible development of the city along manufacturing lines, 
it is not considered advisable to reduce the estimates for this purpose below an ample 
limit, and I have therefore fixed on 20 gallons per capita of total population daily for 
commercial use. 

Public use. — This includes the water used for schools, public buildings, street 
sprinkling, sewer flushing, water troughs and fountains, parks, fires, blowing off 
dead ends, and miscellaneous public use. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 575 

The quantity necessary for these purposes has been carefully measured in a large 
number of cities, and the maximum and minimum averages have been determined 
at 5 gallons and 3 gallons per capita of total population. 

On account of the long dry season in Manila and the street sprinkling incident 
thereto, the maximum amount of 5 gallons has been assumed in the present inves- 
tigations. 

Loss and ivaste. — This item may be of considerable importance. In a well-metered 
city it is caused by leakage in the mains, errors in the meters, and errors in measur- 
ing the actual amount of water delivered. Brackett gives 15 gallons per capita of 
total population as a minimum allowance from these causes. 

As the carrying capacity of a long pipe decreases and leakage in the distributing 
system increases with age, the minimum quantity mentioned by Brackett is not 
deemed sufficient, and a quantity of 25 gallons per capita of population will be 
assumed in these computations. 

Recapitulating the above estimates for these various purposes, we have the follow- 
ing average per capita: 

Gallons. 

Domestic 20 

Commercial 20 

Public 5 

Loss and waste 25 

Total "_ 70 

Concluded, therefore, that the present average maximum per capita consumption 
is 70 gallons, there remains the determination of the increased consumption due to 
increase in population within a reasonable fixed time. 

As a premise to this computation it should be stated that any system devised to 
meet existing conditions must be capable of expansion to meet conditions which may 
arise during the comparatively distant future. 

With this in mind it seems fair to assume an increase of 2 per cent compound for a 
period of twenty years, leaving the cost of necessary extensions after this term to 
coming generations. 

Two per cent compounded for twenty years amounts to approximately 50 per cent, 
and 50 per cent of the estimated necessary present supply is 35 gallons per capita 
daily. 

Seventy gallons plus 35 gallons equals 105 gallons, and this amount will be assumed 
as the daily per capita supply for the residents within the fire limits. 

Recapitulating all the above, we have, then, as the necessary increased supply as 
follows: 

One hundred and fortv thousand multiplied by 105 gallons equal 14,700,000 gallons; 
83,000 multiplied by 70 gallons equal 5,810,000 gallons, or a total of 20,510,000 
gallons, which is the minimum daily supply which should be considered. 

Possible sources of supply. — Situated in an alluvial plain, raised but slightly above 
sea level, and with a dense population, Manila must look to the mountains of the 
east for a possible source of supply. 

Laguna de Bay and the Pasig River can not be considered on account of the exces- 
sive pollution, both organic and inorganic. 

The choice of a source is narrowed, then, to the Mariquina River and adjoining 
watershed, and this fact was immediately recognized by the Spanish engineers who 
installed the present system. 

The Mariquina River rises in the mountains directly east of Manila and flows in a 
northerlv direction through a tvpical mountain valley for g distance of approximately 
20 miles." 

Its course then changes to the west, and breaking through the first range of moun- 
tains east of Manila it emerges into the broad and fertile Mariquina Valley, where, 
turning to the south, it flows for some 20 miles nearly parallel to and in the opposite 
direction from its original course to its junction with the Pasig River. 

From its source to the town of Montalbon its watershed is an almost impenetrable 
forest, and with the exception of the small town of Boso Boso, at the headwaters, the 
valley is almost entirely uninhabited. 

A few nomadic groups of semisavage mountaineers and a few woodcutters complete 
the tale of possible human pollution, and no difficulty should be experienced in 
reducing this danger to a minimum. 

From Montalbon to the mouth of the river the valley is densely populated, with 
several large towns on the banks of the river itself. 

As a consequence the purity of the water at present supplied has only been main- 



576 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

tained by a constant and vigilant quarantine system, alike expensive to the government 
and irksome to the inhabitants of the valley. 

The point of diversion for the new system should therefore be above the town of 
Montalbon, leaving the supply free from the danger of infection or the disadvantages 
of a quarantine patrol. 

From the sources of the Mariquina River near Bosoboso to Montalbon it is con- 
fined on the west by a range of mountains running approximately north and south, 
and on the east by the parallel range which constitutes the backbone of Central 
Luzon. Between Antipolo and Bosoboso these ranges are joined by a narrow ridge, 
which forms the southern boundary of the Mariquina watershed. 

Some 3 miles above the town of Montalbon the stream breaks through another 
cross range forming what is known as the "Gorge." 

No extended survey has been made of the entire watershed, but, in general, the 
valley above the gorge has an exterior of 12 miles in a northerly and southerly 
direction with an easterly and westerly breadth of 5 miles, or a superficial area of 
60 square miles, approximately. 

Throughout its extent the valley and mountain slopes are nearly unbroken forest, 
and with the exception of a few hundred acres in the vicinity of Bosoboso no agri- 
cultural land is to be found. 

The only possible industry for 90 per cent of the watershed is lumbering, and the 
difficulties of transportation make this of doubtful value. Bosoboso is the only town 
within its limits, and contains some 300 inhabitants. 

The residents have, however, diverted the stream through the streets, from which 
their water supply is drawn, and in which all refuse is thrown and all washing and 
bathing is done. For the proper preservation and safeguarding of the purity of the 
water supply for the city of Manila it is essential that this town be removed and the 
entire area of the watershed be created a forest reserve and withdrawn from 
settlement. 

Rainfall; run off. — It is extremely gratifying in an investigation of such importance 
as the present one that data so complete and accurate as that of the Manila Observa- 
tory is available. Full reports covering the years from 1865 to 1898 are presented, 
and the maximum and minimum rainfall is given by years, months, and days. 
Though this data is collected at Manila, the results may be assumed correct for the 
watershed. 

From the tabulated results herewith presented it will be seen that the normal rain- 
fall per year is 75.457 inches. 

Assuming the effective run off at one-third of this, which is conservative, the 
result is far in excess of any possible requirements and fully four times the proposed 
yearly supply. 

The rainfall, however, by months, is very irregular, ranging from a normal of only 
0.413 inches for the month of February to 14.925 inches for the month of September. 
During the observed period in the single month of September, 1867, 57.862 inches of 
water fell, and 13.228 inches fell in a single day. 

During the months from May to January, inclusive, the normal rainfall supplies an 
available run off equal to or in excess of the proposed new supply, but during the 
remaining three months of the year the normal precipitation is little or nothing. 

In notable dry years the rainfall for the months of December and January has 
failed, as, for instance, in 1896, when the precipitation for these months was, 
respectively, 0.008 inch and 0.039 inch. 

The flow of the stream, however, from so large and well wooded a watershed will 
continue without notable decrease for some time after the cessation of actual rainfall; 
and it seems safe to assume a natural supply for eight months in the year, leaving 
the remaining four months to be determined by actual gaugings. 

While it is true that the gauging of a stream for a single season should not be 
relied upon where extreme accuracy is required, the records of the gaugings of the 
Spanish engineers during a season of extreme drought are available, as are also those 
of Lieutenants Brown and Casey in 1901. 

The investigations of the Spanish engineer, Genevo Palacio, preceding the con- 
struction of the present system and carried through to the possibilities of a gravity 
supply, are complete, and during my own investigations have proved so accurate that 
the result of his gaugings and his notes of existing conditions are worthy of all 
credence. 

In his report he says: " In June, 1867, I measured the stream in various localities, 
and though in this year it rained in February and May the average of my gaugings 
was 3.52 cubic meters per second." (This is equal to a daily supply of 80,000,000 
gallons, ) 

Further he says: "After the great storm, September, 1867, it did not rain until the 



Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903. Part 1 




SITE OF PROPOSED DAT 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 577 

middle of May, 1868. This state of affairs, existing during my investigations, has per- 
mitted me to determine the minimum flow of water after nearly six months without 
rain." 

After reciting his methods of measurements and the formulae employed therein 
he gives his results as approximately one-half cubic meter per second, equal to a daily 
flow of 11,500,000 gallons. No gaugings of maximum flow have ever been attempted. 

In May, 1901, Lieutenants Brown and Casey, by direction of the provost-marshal- 
general, made a survey of the Mariquina Valley and gauged the stream at various 
points. 

Although the month of May is at the close of the dry season, the results of their 
gaugings showed a surprising amount of flow — that at the gorge being given as 141.81 
cubic meters per minute, or a daily flow of approximately 51,000,000 gallons. 

No report is made as to a possible rainfall immediately before these gaugings. 

My own gaugings were made in the present year during the month of May, and at 
the close of an exceptionally dry season. Intelligent natives living along the river 
told me they had never seen the stream so low, and in every respect I believe the 
conditions to be similar to those of 1868 at the time of the investigations of Senor 
Palacio. 

My gaugings were taken with a weir with end contractions and, due to the porosity 
of the gravel bed of the river, are subjected to an increase of 20 per cent estimated 
visually of the amount of water escaping, aside from the flow over the weir. 

The result gives a minimum daily flow of approximately 11,000,000 gallons, sur- 
prisingly close to the gaugings of Senor Palacio, and mutually confirming the exacti- 
tude of "the measurements taken. 

Disregarding, then, the gaugings of Lieutenants Brown and Casey, which must have 
been due to exceptional conditions, it may be assumed that the minimum flow of the 
very driest years is 11,000,000 gallons daily. 

As this is only one-half of the needed supply, storage of the surplus waters during 
the rainy months becomes necessary. 

For a determination of the amount of storage necessary a careful examination of 
the monthly rainfall is essential. 

Broadly stated, the run off from a rainfall of 1 inch in any month will maintain a 
sufficient stream flow for the proposed supply. At the end of a dry season such 
a rainfall might not fulfill the above condition, while at the end of the rainy season it 
would probably exceed the requirements. 

Moreover, the cessation of rainfall is not followed by immediate diminution of 
stream flow. 

Senor Palacio points out that no noticeable diminution of the stream was observed 
until after January, 1868, though no rain had fallen since the September previous. 

Though the normal rainfall is sufficient for nine months in the year, the minimum 
must be provided for, and the years of 1867 and 1868, noted by Senor Palaco, will be 
used. For a period of nearly six months practically no rain fell. At the close of a 
rainy season the ground water in so large a watershed may be relied upon to main- 
tain a normal flow for the first two months. 

The flow will then diminish gradually until the absolute minimum is reached. If, 
then, the average daily shortage in the third month be 5,000,000 gallons, in the 
fourth 7,500,000 gallons, in the fifth 10,000,000 gallons, and in the sixth 11,000,000 
gallons, the resultant storage will be 1,000,000,000 gallons, or a full supply for the city, 
with no accretions for forty-five days. 

Should these estimates of the conditions likely to arise be exceeded and an abnormal 
dry season occur, the city's supply, though somewhat curtailed, will still suffice for 
its absolute needs, by means that will appear further on in this report. 

The basis of the storage capacity of the system is, then, taken at 1,000,000,000 
gallons. 

Examination of the v:aUv. — As is to be expected in a mounfain stream, the water of 
the Mariquina River above Montalbon at normal stage is in taste and physical 
characteristics all that could be desired. The stream consists of a series of deep pools 
joined by short stretches of rapids, and the sedimentation of the pools and aeration 
of the rapids purify and clarify the stream to the extreme. In the gorge itself the 
water is tasteless, odorless, and almost colorless. Its temperature is far below the 
water at the present pumping station. 

Under conditions of an extended hot spell and in the hottest part of the day the 
water in the gorge showed 82° F, while under exactly similar conditions the water 
at the pumping station showed 88°, or a difference of 6 degrees in favor of the water 
at the gorge. 

While this is not a low temperature for potable water, it is pleasant and cool in 
comparison with the present supply. 

AVAR 1903— vol 5 37 



578 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

It may also be pointed out that the coolest water of the day (taken just before 
sunrise) would reach the distribution system in Manila at the hottest part of the 
day; i. e., from 12 m. to 2 p. m., and the probabilities are that all water in use by 
Manila consumers would show a temperature of less than 80° F. 

Samples of water were carefully taken for the laboratory, and chemical, bacterio- 
logical, physical, and microscopical analyses were made. 

The results follow herewith. _ ( " F. •" ) 

It will be noticed that chemically the water is acceptable. Free ammonia and 
chlorine are present but in minute quantities, and as these impurities are the visible 
indication of sewage pollution it is clear that no danger exists at present. The 
removal of the town of Bosobosoand creation of a forest reserve (elsewhere referred 
to) will eliminate these substances. 

None of the other salts are deleterious. 

In the bacteriological examination a singular fact is developed. The sample from 
the "gorge" shows 3,500 bacteria per cubic centimeter, while that from the present 
intake shows only 500 per cubic centimeter. No evident explanation exists for this 
state of affairs, other than that the sample from the gorge was drawn from a rapid 
current, while that from the intake was drawn from a comparatively quiet source. 
Sedimentation might, then, have affected the bacteriological result. 

In view, therefore, of the necessity of a storage reservoir of large capacity at the 
point of diversion and that the water for the city will be drawn after complete sedi- 
mentation, I believe the filtration referred to in the laboratory report to be unnessary. 

(Since the above was written, the bacteriological report was referred back, with a 
statement of proposed conditions, and a reference to third indorsement gives con- 
firmation to my above expressed opinion. ) 

Recapitulating, therefore, the results of the preceding discussion, the bases of the 
investigations concerning new works of collection, conduction, and distribution are: 

1. A supply of at least 21,500,000 gallons per day, which shall be susceptible of 
enlargement. 

2. A storage capacity sufficient to provide for an extraordinarily dry season at or 
near the storage basin. 

3. Diversion works at or near the storage basin. 

4. A pipe line of sufficient capacity from the diversion works to the city. 

5. A reservoir system for storage and distribution in the immediate vicinity of the 
city. 

6. A distribution system whose mains and ramifications shall reach and supply all 
portions of the city. 

Surveys. — The examination of the watershed having proved its adequacy to meet 
the first of these conditions it remains to take up the question of storage. 

A careful survey has been made of the entire distance from the deposito to a point 
some 7 miles above the town of Montalbon, and on the map of this survey herewith 
presented two available storage basins are shown, which, in this report, will be 
referred to as the upper and lower basins. 

The lower basin is about 2 miles above Montalbon, and would be closed by a 
masonry dam at a point where the valley narrows to less than 500 feet, and is distant 
14. 1 miles from the deposito. 

The elevation of the crest of this dam, necessary for storage and gravity pressure, 
is 160 feet above mean low water, Manila Bay, which would require a dam 100 feet 
in extreme height. The length of the dam on the crest would be 450 feet, its con- 
tents 43,270 cubic yards of masonry. 

The storage area 250 acres, capacity 2,000,000,000 gallons, of which 1,000,000,000 
gallons is above the plane of 150 feet elevation and is effective full flow storage. 
Both sides and bottom are in rock and present no unusual engineering features. The 
pipe line from this dam would be 48 inches in diameter and 14.1 miles in length. 

The upper basin is above the gorge 15.72 miles from Manila, and the retaining 
dam would be at the upper end of the gorge. The elevation of the crest of the dam 
would be 210 feet above mean low water, Manila Bay, but the dam would be but 60 
feet in extreme height and 375 feet in length on the crest. The pipe line from this 
point would be 42 inches in diameter. Above the dam the valley widens out and 
the storage basin is very large. 

Its area is 311 acres, capacity 2,500,000,000 gallons, of which 1,250,000,000 gallons 
is above the plane of 195 feet and is effective full flow storage, while the dam would 
require 16,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Due to the seamy nature of the limestone rock comprising the two mountains 
which form the gorge, a considerable amount of stripping and concrete patching of 
the bottom and wetted sides of the storage basin would be required, which will be 
taken up in the comparative estimates which follow. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 579 

The upper basin presents the following advantages: A small dam, 16,000 cubic 
yards, as compared to 43,270 cubic yards; larger storage basin, 311 acres, as compared 
to 250 acres; smaller pipe, 42 inches diameter, as compared to 48 inches diameter. 

The lower site has the following advantages: Shorter pipe line, 14.1 miles, as com- 
pared to 15.72 miles; the distance between them contains the heaviest rock work on 
the line; impervious foundations on bottom and side slopes for the dam; a larger 
watershed by about 10 square miles. 

From either basin the water would be conducted through a pipe, following the 
south bank of the Mariquina River to the town of Montalbon, thence traversing the 
Mariquina Valley to the eastward of San Mateo, it would cross beneath the Mariquina 
River in the vicinity of Bayan Bayana, a barrio of Mariquina. 

Thence, climbing the hills to the west of the river it would pass through a tunnel, 
to the lower ground east of the deposito and thence to the reservoir system. 

Three" kinds of pipes are in general use for the conduction of water: (1) Cast- 
iron; (2) wood stave, and (3) riveted steel plates. 

Cast-iron is economical where the question of transportation is of little importance. 
For use here in the long pipe line its weight and the cost of transportation makes it 
almost prohibitive, and it must be eliminated from the discussion, except for use in 
the distribution system. 

Wooden-stave pipe has of late years come into general use in the United States, and 
its ease of transport and construction, together with its great carrying capacity give 
many advantages over pipes of metal. 

Its cost is determined by the spacing of the bands which hold it, and in general it 
may be said to be the cheapest pipe in use, with pressure not exceeding 50 pounds 
per square inch. Above that limit it has about the same cost as steal-riveted pipe, 
while above a pressure of about 75 pounds it can not be used, as in a large pipe under 
such pressure the bands crush the fibers of the staves and leakage ensues. 

Though the pressure in the proposed new pipe line is not excessive, I should not 
feel justified in advocating wooden-stave pipe, unless under the bonded guaranty of 
a responsible contractor. 

The objections to the pipe are, first, the ease with which it can be wrecked or 
damaged by irresponsible or malicious persons, and its uncertain life under tropical 
conditions. 

Steel-riveted pipe seems to be the best pipe for the present purposes. 

It is comparatively light, has certain strength, and fair carrying capacity. It is 
easily laid, and its life is ample for the purpose. 

The plates should be purchased and shipped to Manila flat and of exact size, thus 
insuring a cheap freight rate. 

In Manila, preferably by contract, they should be bent, riveted, made into five or 
six course lengths, and dipped in a hot asphalt bath. From Manila they should be 
hauled to the trench in the field, leaving only one round lap to be single riveted in 
the field. 

Pipe of this class is too well known and uniformly successful to need further 
discussion. 

On account of the liability of a long pipe line to temporary interruptions of service, 
it will be necessary to provide a reasonable storage capacity within the immediate 
vicinity of the city. 

A three days' supply is generally considered ample for this purpose, and it is pro- 
posed to provide for this amount of distribution storage, first, by the enlargement of 
the present deposito, and, second, by the construction at some future date of an 
additional reservoir on the higher ground to the eastward. 

The capacity of the present deposito is about 16,000,000 gallons and the elevation 
of the flow line 78 feet. 

By cutting out the roof and pillars, and building retaining walls of the excavated 
materials it will be easy to raise the level of the water to approximately 100 feet eleva- 
tion, increasing the storage capacity to nearly 70,000,000 gallons, and giving an addi- 
tional static pressure of nearly 10 pounds on the present distribution system. An 
additional reservoir, partially in excavation, on the higher ground east of the deposito, 
with a capacity of approximately 25,000,000 gallons, will be sufficient for the system 
and its construction may be deferred until its necessity becomes apparent. 

In these estimates it is proposed to make these reservoirs open to the sky, but if 
found desirable they can be roofed in with light materials at small expense. 

No plans or estimates of the necessary extensions to the present distribution sys- 
tem have as yet been prepared. The subject will, however, be immediately taken up. 

The plan, therefore, proposed for an increased water supply for the city of Manila 
comprises: (1) The construction of a dam and storage reservoir at or near the gorge 
above Montalbon, together with the necessary diversion works and controlling 



580 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

devices; (2) about 15 miles of 42-inch steel-riveted pipe, laid in trench and tunnel; 
(3 ) the immediate enlargement of the existing deposito and the construction later of 
a new reservoir; (4) the extension of the present distribution system to meet all 
requirements. 
The estimates of cost of such a system as herein outlined here follow: 

Estimate for upper dam site. 

15.7 miles of road, deposito to dam, at $2,000 $31, 400 

Upper storage reservoir: 

Clearing and grubbing 311 acres, at $100 $31, 100 

Stripping soil and covering with gravel, 60,000 cubic yards, 

at $0.30 18,000 

Lining near dam and stopping crevices in rock, over area of 
720,000 square feet, 13,000 cubic yards concrete, at $10 130, 000 



Dam: 

Excavating 4, 500 cubic yards rock, at $2 9, 000 

16,000 cubic yards concrete, at $10 160, 000 

Gate chamber and fittings, including sluices, screens, gates, etc. 15, 000 



Pipe line: 

14.3 miles steel-riveted pipe, 42 inches diameter, No. 6 

B. W. G., 7,100,000 pounds, at $0.05 laid 355, 000 

217,000 pounds rivets, at $0.05 10, 850 



Trench: 

85,000 cubic yards earth excavation, at $0.30 25, 500 

28,000 cubic yards dhobie rock, at $1.25 35, 000 

11,000 cubic yards lime rock, at $2 22, 000 



Keservoir: 

Excavating 210,000 cubic yards dhobie rock, at $1 210, 000 

Embankment, 20,000 cubic yards, at $0.50 10, 000 

Concrete lining, 2,000 cubic yards, at $10 20, 000 

Asphalt coating, 40,000 square yards, at $0.10 4, 000 

Gatehouse and fittings 20, 000 



179, 100 



184, 000 



« 365, 850 



82, 500 



264, 000 



Tunnel: 

6,000 linear feet, at $12 72, 000 

14 air valves, 17 blow-offs, 34 manholes, 2 standpipes 11, 800 

200,000 brickwork, at $30 6, 000 

Iron trestles, 40,000 pounds, at $0.05 2, 000 

Engineering and superintendence 40, 000 



59, 800 



1, 238, 600 
10 per cent for contingencies 123, 860 



Total for system from upper dam site 1, 362, 460 

Estimate for lower dam site. 

14.1 miles of road, at $2,000 $28,200 

Lower storage reservoir: 

Clearing and grubbing 250 acres soil, at $100 $25, 000 

Stripping soil, etc. , 60,000 cubic yards, at $30 18, 000 

Concrete patching over 100,000 square feet, 27,000 cubic yards, 

at $10 37,000 

80, 000 



Dam: 

Excavation 5,500 cubic yards rock, at $2 11, 000 

43,270 cubic yards concrete, at $10 432, 700 

Gate chamber and fittings 15, 000 



458, 700 



a Equal $25,584 per mile. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 581 

Pipe line: 

12.8 miles 48-inch steel rivetted pipe No. 6, 7,565,000 pounds, 

at §0. 05 $378, 250 

211,000 pounds rivets, at $0.05 10, 550 

$388,800 

Trench: 

92,500 cubic yards earth, at $30 27,750 

30,000 cubic yards dhobie rock, at $1.25 37, 500 

65, 250 

Reservoir: (as before) 264, 000 

Tunnel: 

7,000 linear feet, at $12 84,000 

Air valves, blow-offs, stand pipes, etc 12, 000 

225,000 brick work, at $20 6,750 

Iron trestles, 40,000 pounds, at $0.05 2, 000 

Engineering and superintendence 40, 000 

144, 750 

1, 364, 450 
10 per cent for contingencies 136, 445 

Total for system from lower dam site 1,500,895 

No estimate has here been made for right of way through private lands nor for 
the purchase of property rights within the watershed area. 

This office has no data as to the extent or value of private land holdings along the 
proposed lines. 

The question should be taken up by the legal department of the city through a 
land agent. 

No estimate has been made of the cost of an additional pumping plant for com- 
parison with a gravity system. 

This would require the necessary pumps and buildings, dam and intake, and 
about 4 miles of new force main, and, in addition, the establishment of an extensive 
filter plant. 

Mr. Dieck has kindly furnished me with an estimate of the cost of operation of a 
pumping plant of 20,000,000 gallons daily capacity. 

His estimate is $60,000 per annum, almost entirely made up of items not found in 
a gravity system. On the basis of an excess of $50,000 for operating expenses against 
the pumping plant, capitalized at 5 per cent, $1,000,000 may be spent on a gravity 
system more than for a pumping station. 

Excluding the cost of the reservoir (necessary in either case) from the above esti- 
mates of a gravity system, the cost for the upper dam site is $1,072,000, and for the 
lower dam site $1,210,000, leaving, in the first instance, $72,000, and, in the second, 
$210,000, as the economical surplus available for installing new pumps, force main, 
and filter beds. 

As these sums are plainly insufficient, the economy of the gravity system is clear. 

As to the time necessary for the installation. The preparation of detail plans, 
specifications, and forms for proposals can be completed within three months; adver- 
tising, four months; preparations of contractor, two months; actual construction, 
two years; a total of two years ten months, or say June 30, 1906, for the completion 
of the entire system. 

I therefore offer the following recommendations: 

1. The authorization of a gravity system of waterworks^ taking the supply from 
the Mariquina River above Montalbon, on the general lines outlined herein. 

2. The necessary legislation for creating a forest reserve within the following- 
described limits: 

Beginning on the summit of Mount Cayabasan, on the northern boundary line of 
Rizal Province, and running in a southerly direction along the summit of the range 
of mountains to a point on the summit of the mountains about 5 miles northeast of 
the town of Varas; thence westerly along the summit or ridge to a point half way 
between Antipolo to Bosoboso, where the trail crosses said ridge; thence northerly 
along said ridge or summit to Mount Bantay, where the northern boundary line of 
Rizal Province crosses Mount Bantay; thence easterly along said northern boundary 
line of Rizal Province to place of beginning, containing 100 square miles, more 
or less. 

Private property within these limits should be purchased. 

3. The purchase of rights of way through private property along the line of the 
proposed pipe line. 



582 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

4. The immediate construction of a wagon road along the proposed line, which I 
believe should be done by days labor under foremen instead of by contract. 

5. The letting of contracts and the construction of the entire system with the 
greatest possible dispatch. 

6. In a project of so much importance I would also suggest the advisability of 
engaging a consulting engineer of recognized standing and ability to pass on the 
proposed plans. 

While there are no serious questions involved, there are many points on which 
the best engineering experience available can be profitably engaged. 

With this report, and forming a part thereof, are the following: (A) Map of the 
city of Manila, showing fire limits; (B) map of the watershed, Mariquina River; 
(C) map of the proposed pipe line; (L>) profile of the proposed pipe line; (E) 
sections at upper and lower dam site; (F) laboratory report on water supply; (G) 
photographs of the reservoir, pipe line, river, gorge, and watershed. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

J. F. Case, 
Engineer Increase Water Supply. 

supplementary. 

The question of the riparian rights of landowners and municipalities along the 
banks of the stream below the proposed diversion works is of importance and should 
be referred to the legal department for an opinion. 

My own reading of the Spanish laws governing the waters of the Archipelago leads 
me to the conclusion that the waters of the stream in question may be diverted for 
public use, though an action for proved damages will lie. 

I propose, however, to meet the question by an excess of storage capacity and the 
release during the dry season of a quantity sufficient for the needs of the valley. 

My estimate is that 2,000,000 gallons per day, with the flow from the Nanca, 
Ampit, and Mango rivers, and numerous lesser streams, will suffice for the needs 
of the valley. This amount can be increased at small expense by increasing the 
height of the proposed dam and consequent storage, or the waters may be conserved 
and the towns of the valley supplied through a small auxiliary pipe. 

I would therefore request a legal opinion, first, as to the right to divert the waters 
of the Mariquina River as herein outlined ; second, as to the percentage of the total 
stream flow which can be diverted. 

J. F. Case, 
Engineer Increase Water Supply. 



F. 

Department of the Interior, 
Bureau op Government Laboratories, 
Office of the Superintendent of Laboratories, 

Manila, P. L, June 18, 1903. 
Superintendent of Government Laboratories, 

Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to present the following report on the bacteriological exami- 
nation of the samples of water submitted on May 18, 1903, by the city of Manila: 

The water was collected on May 17 in sterile bottles and kept on ice until May 
19. The sample of water marked "From the gorge 3 miles above Montalbon" con- 
tained about 3,500 bacteria per cubic centimeter; that from "the intake at the 
pumping station ' ' about 500 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Both samples contained 
about an equal and considerable amount of flocculent organic matter. 

In order, roughly, to determine the presence or absence of B. coli, dextrose 
fermentation tubes were inoculated with from one-quarter to 3 cubic centimeters of 
water from each sample. The total gas production varied from 40 to 90 per cent, 
with a final ratio, in each instance, of HC0 2 =1 : 2, thus probably excluding the pres- 
ence of the common varieties of B. coli, which gave a ratio of HC0 2 =2 : 1. 

Litmus lactose agar plates were prepared, using one-fourth, one-half, and 1 
cubic centimeter of water from each sample. A number of organisms were then 
worked out culturally in a search for members of the colon-typhoid group of bacilli. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 583 

In both samples of water a number of organisms was obtained, which, although a 
typical, in many respects resembled B. coli. Other organisms — resembling B. hog 
cholera and B. dysenteriae in some respects — were finally classed as " Saprophytes" 
on account of a typical reaction, such as the production of pigment, fluorescence, etc. 

Sterile peptone solution was added to 100 cubic centimeters of each of the samples, 
and after two and four days of incubation they were examined foramebae and other 
protozoa. No protozoa grew in either sample, but the pellicle which grew upon the 
surface of each contained many actively motile curved rods. Gelatin plates from these 
pellicle growths gave a few colonies resembling those of the cholera bacillus. Pure 
cultures, however, failed to give the cholera red reaction, and their nonidentity with 
the cholera bacillus was probably shown by the fact that they failed to agglutinate 
with anticholera rabbit serum at a dilution of 1 : 40 in five hours, whereas known 
cholera organisms agglutinated at a dilution of 1 : 200 in thirty minutes. 

It seems rather strange that the water from the gorge should contain so many more 
organisms per cubic centimeter than that at the present intake, but this may be due 
to local conditions unknown to the laboratory or a failure to keep the sample cool 
throughout the period of transportation. 

Notwithstanding the apparently harmless character of most of the organisms found 
in the water from the gorge, the large amount of organic matter present would seem 
to indicate the necessity of some plan for its filtration. 

Very respectfully, Wm. B. Wheery, 

Pathologist. 

True copy. 

Lor a S. Case, Clerk. 

[First indorsement.] 

Bureau Government Laboratories, 

Office of the Superintendent, 

Manila, P. I. , June 25, 1903. 
Respectfully forwarded to the department of engineering and public works, city 
of Manila, for the information of Major Case, engineer at the waterworks. 

Paul C. Freer, 
Superintendent Government Laboratories. 

[Second indorsement.] 

Manila, P. I., June 27, 1903. 
Respectfully returned to the superintendent government laboratories, with a 
request for an additional opinion. 

The water for the new system will be drawn from a storage reservoir of more than 
a billion gallons capacity which will be supplied from a reserved watershed. 

Will not the purification, due to the perfect sedimentation, obviate the necessity of 
the filtration mentioned in the within report of Mr. Wherry? 

J. F. Case, 
Engineer Water System. 

[Third indorsement.] 

Bureau Government Laboratories, 

Office of the Superintendent, 

Manila, P. L, June 30, 1903. 
Respectfully referred to Maj. J. F. Case, engineer in charge of the water-system 
department of engineering and public works, city of Manila. 

In view of the size of the storage reservoir and the fact that it will be supplied 
from a reserved watershed, I believe purification due to perfect sedimentation will 
obviate the necessity of filtration referred to in the within report. However, regu- 
lar and consistent analyses of the reservoir water at the outlet should be made after 
such reservoir is established. 

Paul C. Freer, 
- Superintendent Government Laboratories. 
A true copy. 

Lab. No. 1234.] 



584 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Bureau of Government Laboratories. 

chemical laboratory. 

Report on analysis. 

[Date submitted, June 4, 1903; date reported, June 23, 1903; sample of water from Mariquina Valley. 
Submitted by department engineering and public works, city of Manila.] 

Appearance, slight sediment; odor, none; reaction, neutral. 

Parts per 1,000,000. 

Total residue 179. 8 

Fixed residue 139. 3 

Loss on ignition 40. 5 

Appearance on ignition — blackened, presence of organic matter in small 
amount. 

Ammonia (free) .15 

Nitrates, as No. 3 8. 00 

Nitrites None. 

Fe 2 3 2. 

A1 2 3 6. 8 

CaO| 41.8 

Si0 2 34.2 

MgO 5.4 

CI 10.8 

S0 3 8.2 

Na 2 C0 3 17.0 

K 2 Trace. 

C0 2 Small amount. 

The water, from a chemical point of view, is potable. 
A tiue copy. 



Exhibit D. 

REPORT OF THE CITY ENGINEER, MANILA, P. I., FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING 

JUNE 30, 1903. 

Manila, P. I., August 10, 1908. 

Sirs: I have the honor to submit the following summary of work performed by 
the department of engineering and public works for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: 

The work of this department was in charge of Capt. R. E. McGregor, Corps of 
Engineers, U. S. Army, as city engineer from July 1 to December 26, 1902; in charge 
of Mr. R. G. Dieck from December 28, 1902, to January 1, 1903; and in charge of 
Mr. O. L. Ingalls since that date. 

The work of the engineering department of the city of Manila is subdivided into 
the following heads: Street construction and bridges, Mr. L. F. Patstone; street clean- 
ing and parks, Mr. J. C. Mehan; water supply and sewers, Mr. R. G. Dieck; build- 
ings and illumination, Mr. L. A. Dorrington; and inspection of private buildings, 
Mr. R. M. Loper. 

STREET CONSTRUCTION AND BRIDGES. 

[Mr. C. H. Farnham, superintendent in charge until November 30, 1902; Mr. J. C. Mehan, superintend 
ent street cleaning and parks, acting superintendent uutil March 30, 1903; and Mr. L. F. Patstone 
superintendent since that date.] 

For the purpose of facilitating the work the city has been redivided into four dis- 
tricts, as follows: (1) Intramuros, Ermita, and Paco west of Paco Estero; (2) San 
Nicolas, Tondo, and Binondo; (3) Santa Cruz, Quiapo, Sampolac, and San Miguel; 
(4) Paco east of Paco Estero, Malate, Santa Ana, and Pandacan. 

The pavement of the city consists of granite blocks, wood block, and macadam, 
and is divided as follows: 

Sq. meters. 

Granite blocks 50, 695 

Woodblock 3,969 

Macadam ; 1,274,894 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



585 



The following work has been performed during the year: 

A new street has been extended through the botanical gardens from Calle Arroceros 
to the Bagumbayan drive; curbing set, granolithic sidewalk built, and roadway 
macadamized. 

Government printing plant. — Driveways have been graded and macadamized. 

Plaza Lawton. — Curb reset and roadway graded. 

Bridge of Spain. — -Concrete foundation introduced and wooden block pavement 
laid. 

Calle Valderama. — A retaining wall has been constructed here for the purpose of 
reclaiming land to be used in connection with the tenement houses recently erected 
by the city. The wall was built from stones taken from the dismantled Santo 
Domingo gate, and sand for the filling was taken from the beach. 

Calle Padre Faura. — Curbing has been set, cement sidewalks laid, and tubes for 
drainage have been put in in front of the exposition grounds. 

Calle Concepcion. — This street, from San Marcelino to Marques de Comillas, runs 
through marshy ground, and the work of bringing it to grade is still in progress. 

Calles Panaderos and Laymayan, Santa Ana. — This road starts at the church, and 
from there runs to the Pasig River, thence along the Pasig Eiver in the form of a loop 
back to the point of beginning, a distance of 1,382 meters. Starting opposite the 
church, and going toward the Las Damas Bridge, a double roadway 307 meters in 
length, has been constructed, forming a parking space in the center. 

After the roadway had been brought to proper subgrade, telfording was introduced, 
and all necessary stone obtained from the city quarry on the lake. 

The total area of roadway improved has been 13,000 square meters. 

Five hundred and thirty-six lineal meters of cement curb have been set, 5 culverts 
have been built, and 591 meters of pipe laid to provide proper drainage. 

There will be much traffic over this road in the future, as it is one of the main 
points of embarkation of people going up the Pasig River in bancas. This road will 
also be a great relief to the residents in this section, for the reason that during the 
last rainy season the road was impassable. 

Wall along Calle Tetuanfrom Gandarato Obando. — This street runs along San Jacinto 
Estero and is the main thoroughfare to the water front. During the rainy season this 
street has usually been covered with from 2 to 3 feet of water, which will be obviated 
when this wall is finished and the street raised to the proper grade. Stone for this 
work has been taken from the dismantled city wall. 

The following streets have been resurfaced : 



Streets. 



Between what points. 



Square 
meters. 



San Fernando , 
Bagumbayan . 
Fraternidad . . 
Pefiaf rancia . . 



Baluarte... 
Total 



Madrid to Blanco Bridge 

Botanical Gardens to Luneta 

Jesus to Gaingin , 

Pandacan to Bridge 

San Luis to Herran , 

San Francisco to Victoria 



852. 5 
18,340.8 
2,050 
2,800 
2, 631. 5 

404 



26,808.1 



Santo Domingo gate. — The work of remodeling this gate has been completed. Two 
60-centimeter pipes have been laid to take care of the drainage from the moat to the 
Pasig River. The wooden bridge crossing the moat has been removed and replaced 
by earth fill with stone retaining walls. 

City walls. — The demolition of a small section of the city wall was begun in March 
of the present year and is still in progress. 

The portion being demolished lies between the Aduana and Almacen gates. The 
stone is being used for building the approach to the Palomar crematory, Tetuan wall, 
repairs to bridges, etc. 

On May 28, 1903, 30 convicts from Bilibid Prison were put to work tearing down 
the wall, and have been so employed from the above date. The warden of Bilibid 
furnished the transportation necessary in removing the stone required by him. 
This department furnished the labor for loading the carts. 



586 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Summary of work performed during the year. 

Streets repaired square meters. . 333, 253 

Curbs set ' linear meters. . . 959 

Pipes laid, 60 cm do 223 

Pipes laid, 40 cm do 109 

Pipes laid, 30 cm do 729 

Pipes laid, 20 cm do 76 

Pipes laid, 15 cm do 57 

Gutters, 40 cm do 254 

Road material used: 

Broken stone cubic meters. _ 22, 860 

Gravel do 4,522 

Average daily transportation: 

Wagons 14 

Carts 4 

Bull carts 28 

The average number employed in street construction during the year has been 356. 

Bridges. — There are 55 bridges and 17 culverts in the city, all of which are under 
constant inspection and care of this department. 

New floors are being put in the wooden bridges as fast as possible, as most of them 
have become badly decayed and are dangerous to traffic. 

The arches of the masonry bridges are being repaired and put in good condition. 

A force of painters are engaged in cleaning the iron work of the bridges and giving 
them a coat of graphite paint. 

An average force of 80 men has been employed in the repair of bridges. 

Quarry. — The Gates crusher has been installed, together with the two smaller 
crushers, which are able to turn out sufficient crushed rock to keep both launches 
hauling steadily. The amount of crushed rock delivered at various points in Manila 
during the year has been 22,860 cubic meters. 

When the storage bins are finished and the new scows built it will be possible to 
handle the stone to better advantage. 

The average number of men employed at the quarry during the year has been 97. 

Street Cleaning and Parks. 
[Mr. J. C. Mehan, superintendent in charge.] 

The work of this department will be treated under the following heads: Street 
cleaning, street sprinkling, city parks, city stables, water transportation, collection 
of refuse, city crematories, and city cemeteries. 

Street cleaning. — Since July, 1902, the work of street cleaning has made great prog- 
ress in the efficiency of the work performed and discipline of the forces. 

The city at present is divided into seven districts under the charge of one American 
as chief inspector, assisted by one Filipino inspector for each district. Each district 
is subdivided into smaller districts, which are presided over by Filipino foremen, who 
are held responsible for the condition of their respective subdivisions. 

The chief inspector visits the seven districts daily, meets each district inspector, 
and notes the number of men employed and the condition of the district. The 
•'istrict inspector visits each subdistrict of his district four times a day and signs the 
oreman's trimonthly report, as follows: The time of day the visit is made, the num- 
ber of men employed, and the location of the gang. The foreman signs the inspect- 
or's semidaily report showing the time of day the inspector was there, and reports 
any infraction of the city ordinance which may have occurred in his subdivision. 
It is also the duty of each foreman to report all water mains in bad condition, all 
trees that may need attention, and the general condition of the street's surface, in 
order that the repair gangs may be informed and the needed repairs promptly made. 

All men are instructed to be polite, courteous, and to attend strictly to their duties, 
and appear on the work at 6 a. m. and remain until 11 a. m., to return promptly at 
2 p. m. and to remain until 5 p. m. Sundays the hours are from 6 a. m. until 11 a. m., 
for which time the men receive pay for a full day's work. 

Any employee found guilty of a violation of any of the rules of this office is, for 
the first offense, suspended five days; for the second, ten days; for the third, fifteen 
days; and for the fourth, discharged. All complaints are investigated by the super- 
intendent, and evidence from both sides admitted. All promotions are made from 
the rank and file, which seem to give general satisfaction, and is also an inducement 
for the faithful performance of duties assigned. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



587 



Hand carts for street cleaning have been introduced and have, in a measure, 
increased the efficiency to a higher standard. All employees seem to be imbued with 
a spirit of self-advancement, and no difficulty has been experienced with them as a 
whole. 

A branch of the service which is worthy of comment is the patrol gang, which 
visits all esteros, patrols the beaches, walks the banks of the Pasig in search of dead 
animals and any other offensive matter that may be found. If animals or offensive 
matters are found a cart is called to promptly remove the same to the crematory. 
In fact nothing is left undone to make this branch of the service a success. 

All principal streets in the city are cleaned twice, three, and four times daily. 

The following table shows the organization of the forces employed and rate of pay 
per month and per day, and the superficial street area of the city of Manila by 
districts: 





City. 


District. 




bos-! 
o 


bo . 
■Sg 


Total. 


Rate. 




1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


Month, c 


Day.d 


Inspector 


1 
1 






















1 

1 

6 

27 

19 

82 

160 

250 


$116. 67 
50.00 
35.00 






























1 
4 


1 
4 
1 

10 
22 
51 


1 
2 


1 

4 


1 

4 


1 

4 
















1 


2 
15 
15 


1 
3 
9 

28 


1 

"6* 

11 


$1.20 








1.00 






12 
21 
45 


3 

6 

17 


10 
19 
32 


9 

13 
30 


14 
30 
54 


"K 

10 




.80 








.70 


Third-class laborers 






.60 














Total 


2 


83 


89 


29 


66 


57 


103 


16 


32 


41 


18 


536 













a Dumping board at Maestranza. 

6 Night work on Escolta, Rosario, Plazas, Santa Cruz, Goite, Binondo, and Calle San Sebastian. 

c United States currency. 

d Mexican currency. 

Superficial street area of Manila. 

Sq. meters. 

District No. 1 239,943 

District No. 2 '. 298,776 

District No. 3 122,362 

District No. 4 187,403 

District No. 5 178,663 

District No. 6 218,776 

District No. 7 79,668 

Total 1,325,589 

The following table shows the number of square meters cleaned daily, much of 
which is very heavy work owing to bad gutters, which necessitates the use of hoes 
or shovels instead of brooms: 





Cleaned. 


Area 


District. 


Twice a day. 


Three times 
a day. 


Four times 
a day. 


cleaned 
daily. 


1 


210, 298 
289, 042 
208, 808 
353,046 
346, 210 
437, 552 
159, 332 


205,896 

462, 765 

53,874 

32,640 

16, 674 


264,648 


680,842 
751, 807 
262,682 
385,686 
362,884 
437,552 
159,332 


2 


3 




4 








6 .. 




7 












Total . 


2,004,238 


771, 849 


264, 648 


3,040,785 





The cost of street cleaning in the city of Washington, D. C, is at present 23| cents 
for hand, and 21£ cents for machine work, per 1,000 square yards. This does not 
include garbage collection. 



588 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



The following table shows the unit cost of street cleaning and garbage collection per 1,000 
square meters monthly and for the year %n the city of Manila. 



Month. 



1902 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 



Cleaned 
daily. 



Sq.meters. 
1,325,589 
1,325,589 
1, 325, 589 
1,325,589 
1, 325, 589 
1, 325, 589 



1, 325, 
1, 325, 
1,325, 
1, 325, 
1,325, 
1,325, 



Daily 
average 
of labor- 
ers em- 
ployed. 



425 
397 
398 
402 
401 
414 



375 
407 
407 
377 
390 
402 



Average 

cleaned 

daily per 

man. 



Sq.meters. 
3,119 
3,339 
3,330 
3,297 
3,305 
3,201 



3,534 
3,249 
3,249 
3,516 
3,398 
3,297 



Cost of cleaning per 1,000 
square meters. 



Superin- 
tend- 
ence and 
labor. 



.116 
,125 
.106 
,097 
,099 
,081 



102 
112 

089 
092 
094 
117 



Carting. 



$0. 068 
,078 
077 

072 
074 



,073 
,077 
.075 
,076 
,074 
.075 



Total 
cost. 



$0. 184 
.203 
.183 
.169 
.173 
.149 



.175 

.189 
.164 



,192 



Total average cost per 1,000 square meters, cleaning $0. 102 

Total average cost per 1,000 square meters, carting 074 

Grand average cost per 1,000 square meters 176 

The following table shows the cost of transportation used in street cleaning 
monthly and total for the year: 



Month. 



Sprinkling 
wagons. 



2-horse 
wagons. 



Dump carts. 



Bull carts. 



July 

August 

September 
October . . . 
November 
December. 



January.. 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



Total. 



1902. 



26 
118* 
274* 
227 



290* 

300 

358 

377 

360 

285 



1,351* 

1,761 

1,714 

1,957 

1, 980* 

2,003 



2, 010* 

1,849 

2, 119* 

2,071* 

2,098 

2,042* 



2, 606* 



22, 957 



441 
441 



1,621* 



Month. 



Cost. 



Sprinkling 
wagons. 



2-horse 
wagons. 



Dumpcarts. 



Bull carts. 



Total. 



July 

August 

September. 
October ... 
November. 
December . 



January . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 



Total 



1903. 



$101. 66 

463. 33 

1,072.29 

887. 57 



1,135.85 
1,173.00 
1, 389. 78 
1, 474. 07 
1,407.60 
1, 114. 35 



$107. 52 
46.91 
31.28 
17.60 
8.78 
11.73 



27.37 

113. 39 

5.86 

3.91 



7.82 



$1, 973. 19 
2,571.06 
2, 502. 44 
2,857.22 
2,891.53 
2, 924. 38 



2, 935. 33 
2, 699. 54 
3,094.47 
3,024.39 
3,063.08 
2, 982. 05 



$617. 40 

617. 40 

536. 90 

104. 72 

64.61 

66.76 



65.26 
58.80 
15.05 



10, 229. 50 



382. 17 



3, 518. 68 



2, 146. 90 



$2, 698. 11 
3,235.37 
3, 172. 28 
3, 442. 87 
4, 037. 21 
3,890.44 



4, 163. 81 
4, 044. 73 
4, 515. 16 
4, 502. 37 
4,470.68 
4, 104. 22 



46,277.25 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



589 



The following table shows the area of streets sprinkled and the cost per 1,000 
square meters for each month and total for the year. 



Month. 



1902. 
July 

August 

September 
October... 
November 
December. 

1903. 
January... 
February . 
March .... 

April 

May 

June 



Area of streets sprin- 
kled twice a day. 



Bv hose. 



Sq.meters. 
489, 366 
489, 366 
489, 366 
512,890 
292, 303 
239, 839 



245, 375 
237, 963 
343,250 
358, 707 
442,037 
421,323 



By wagon. 



Sq.meters. 



236, 241 
332, 036 



382, 009 
397, 612 
495, 235 
493,273 
395, 616 
426, 090 



Total. 



Sq.meters. 
489, 366 



489, 366 
512, 890 
528,544 
571,875 



627, 384 
635, 575 
838,485 
851, 980 
837, 653 
847, 413 



Num- 
ber 


Total 


streets 


sprin- 
kled 


sprin- 
kled. 


daily. 




Sq.meters. 


10 


978, 732 


14 


978, 732 


• 15| 


978, 732 


28 


1, 025, 780 


28 


1, 057, 088 


22 


1, 043, 750 


27 


1,254,768 


27 


1,271,150 


31 


1, 676, 970 


29 


1,703,960 


30 


1, 675, 306 


27 


1, 694, 826 



Total 


Average 


meters 


number 


sprinkled 


laborers 


during 


em- 


month. 


ployed. 


Sq.meters. 
9,787,320 




65 


13,702,248 


37 


15,170,346 


37 


28, 721, 840 


36 


29, 598, 464 


44 


25, 162, 500 


31 


38,878,736 


34 


23, 822, 130 


34 


33, 386, 070 


43 


49, 414, 840 


45 


50, 259, 180 


54 


45,760,302 


53 



Average 
cost per 
1,000 
square 
meters 
sprin- 
kled. 



$0,062 
.062 
.062 
.079 
.096 
.063 



.070 
.065 
.067 
.132 
.072 



Total square meters sprinkled during year 

Number gallons water used by sprinkling wagon 

Daily average number of laborers employed 

Average cost per 1,000 square meters sprinkled . . . 



358,663,976 

30,820,670 

42 

$0.74 

Collection of garbage. — This branch of the service has been working during the past 
year under difficulties, principally on account of the fact that householders made 
absolutely no difference in garbage, sweepings, or other refuse. All efforts have 
failed to force the residents to separate the matter, as is done in all cities of the 
United States. All manner of refuse, even night soil, is frequently found in the 
garbage receptacles. 

Another fact that has contributed largely to prevent proper working of this branch 
has been the lack of suitable transportation. The sanitary dump carts used have 
been in the service for years, and the corrosive action of the refuse has caused them 
to become leaky and generally unserviceable. 

The animals when passing over the ground at the various dumps injure their feet 
on bits of glass, nails, etc., and are consequently in the hospital for treatment. 

Dumping in the suburbs has many objections; it is crude and insanitary. It is 
costly and dangerous, owing to the fact that it requires close and constant super- 
vision to prevent fires from spreading, which fires are kept burning to destroy paper 
and other light refuse. 

The method of dumping garbage at sea is also unsatisfactory. At certain seasons 
of the year the scows can not go out a sufficient distance to prevent the tide or winds 
from throwing the refuse back on the beaches of the Luneta and Malecon Drive. 

Cremation is the best method of disposing of city garbage. There have been in 
operation two crematories of capacity entirely too small to handle the large amount 
of matter collected, even when working to their full capacity. 

These crematories are old, and, having been hastily built and working continu- 
ously, are beginning to show signs of weakness. 

The following table shows the number of cartloads of material removed from the 
street monthly, and total loads for the year: 



District. 



Night 
work. 



Total 
cart 



July . 

August 

September. 
October ... 
November . 
December . 



1902. 



January . 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



1,000 
1,326 
1,164 
1,325 
3, 121 
1,252 

1,348 
1,117 
1,562 
1,808 
1,825 
1,866 



2,185 
2,453 
2,321 
2,399 
2, 445 
2,566 

2,776 
2, 517 
3,176 
3,197 
3,810 
3,926 



1,004 
1,067 
1,078 
1,026 
864 
1,034 

1,026 
880 
1,022 
1,132 
1,375 
1,880 



2, 259 
2,680 
2,681 
2,526 
2,817 
2,466 

2,422 
2,657 
2, 715 
2,779 
3,064 
3,234 



1,806 
1,898 
1,969 
1,543 
1,564 
1,601 



1,775 
1,784 
1,964 
1,978 
2, 512 
2,728 



2,921 
2, 205 
2,064 
2,133 
2,021 
2,119 

2,285 
2,083 
2,580 
2,634 
3,036 
2,982 



353 

283 
213 
188 
168 
313 



355 
262 
239 
238 



295 
299 

439 
523 
516 
369 
367 
357 



11,528 
11,912 
11, 490 
11, 140 
11,495 
11, 650 

12,497 
11,950 
13,890 
14, 159 
16, 228 
17,211 



Total 16,914 



5,771 



13,388 



32,300 



23, 122 



29, 063 



3,165 



155, 150 



590 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



The following shows the classification of material removed from the streets, dispo- 
sition of same, and the names of the various dumps in the city: 

Cart loads. 

House garbage 80, 085 

Street sweeping and refuse 34, 904 

Street mud 37,882 

Slop 2,257 

Burnt animals in Trozo fire 22 

Total 155,150 

Disposed of as follows: 

Taken to sea .". 20, 738 

Cremated 18, 409 

Dumped in park 5, 393 

Dumped in suburbs 110, 610 

Total. 155,150 

The disposition of the material by districts is as follows: 



Dis- 
trict. 


Names. 


Location of dump. 


Disposal. 


1 




Wharf 




2 




Calle Sande 


Filling. 
Do. 


3 


Corral No. 2 


Calle Azcarraga 


4 


Calle San Rafael 


Do. 


5 


.do 


do 


Do. 


6 




Malate 


Do. 


7 


do 


do 


Do. 











City parks. — The following is a complete list of all parks within the city: 





Area. 




Area- 




Sq. meters. 

21,920 

4,222 

516 

536 

492 

4,199 


Plaza Santo Tomas 


Sq. meters. 

1,105 

407 










237 






675 






767 




Botanical Gardens 


47,000 







The last-named park is the largest in the city, and was in a dilapitated condition 
when the city assumed control. The surface was very low and drainage was impos- 
sible until a large area had been filled and raised to grade. The house occupied by 
the city engineer has been painted, closets installed, and a soil-pipe drain laid to the 
river. Trees have been pruned, trimmed, and transplanted, and walks resurfaced. 

A zoological department has been installed in this park, which contains a number 
of animals and birds. The animal cages are so located as to be in the public view, 
and it is believed that they are thoroughly appreciated by the large number of 
people that visit the same daily. 

The old propagation station is inadequate for a park of this size. I would respect- 
fully recommend that a new station be built on the present site of the nipa house 
soon to be demolished. 

Grades have been established and curbs are now being set around this park. It is 
the intention to lay a cement sidewalk around the park during the next three months. 

A new site has been selected for a deer park. The animals will be moved to 
other locations in order to prevent large crowds of people collecting in any one place. 
t The necessity for acquiring more land for playgrounds in different parts of the 
city is becoming more and more apparent. The most crowded parts of the city are 
either entirely unsupplied with breathing spaces or are very inadequately provided 
with recreation grounds. I have carefully studied this subject from every point of 
view and would recommend that additional playgrounds, in areas from 1 to 6 acres, 
be purchased in the crowded and outlying districts of the city. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



591 



The following table shows the force employed in the care of parks and cost of same. 



Labor. 


Num- 
ber. 


Days. 


Cost. 


Second-class foreman 


1 
4 
5 
1 
3 
142 
1 


365 

1,401 

1,498 

136 

1,036 

34, 836 

11 


$420.00 




751. 53 




606. 90 




75.35 




571. 18 




9, 185. 25 


Watchman 


10.77 






Total- 






11, 620. 98 











The following is the daily average cost of maintaining horses, harness, mules, 
ponies, sprinkling wagons, etc., per day: 

Shoeing horse or mule $0. 0096 

Forage for 1 horse 5065 

Forage for 1 mule 4483 

Forage for 1 native pony 3247 

Forage for 1 chino pony 4483 

Shoeing native pony 0066 

1 American teamster 2. 3333 

1 native teamster 6666 

1 native teamster, carretela 4080 

Kepairs on 2 single sets harness 06 

Repairs 1 dump-cart harness 02 

Repairs 1 pony harness 0107 

Repairs 1 escort wagon 0566 

Repairs 1 dump cart 04 

Repairs 1 carretela .-. 01 

Native laborer 2857 

2-horse team, American teamster 3. 4841 

Dump cart, native teamster 1. 2427 

Sprinkling wagon, 2-horse 3. 8062 

Carretela, native teamster. 76 

Number of native ponies on hand: 

Property of engineering and public works 4 

Receipt from insular purchasing agent 6 

Total 10 

Number of animals treated by veterinarian: 

City 238 

Other departments 166 

Total 404 

Daily average of animals treated by veterinarian, 34. 



592 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Number of animals on hand July 1, 





Month. 


On hand. 


Received during month. 


Issued, water 
department. 




05 

E 

o 
A 

PI 
o 

a 

a 
< 


03 
3 

a 

a 

o3 
O 
■fi 

a 
< 


02 

*a 

o 
ft 

O 

g 
© 


1 
o 


o 
A 


03 

0) 

a 
< 


a 

id 

03 
_o 
'C 
o> 

a 


00 

'S 

O 
ft 
O 

d 
a 
o 


1 

o 
Eh 


6 

. E 

o 

A 

a 

03 
O 

'C 

o> 

a 
< 


© 

a 

CI 
03 
© 

© 

a 
3 


July 


1902. 


97 
93 
93 
97 
109 
112 

108 
108 
107 
111 
120 
128 


27 
27 
27 
38 
36 
36 

36 
36 
36 
46 
46 
46 


...... 

6 


124 
120 
120 
135 
145 
148 

144 
144 
143 
157 
171 
180 








124 
120 
136 
147 
152 
148 

144 
145 
158 
180 
182 
187 


















September 




4 
12 

7 


12 












2 


























1903. 














1 

5 

15 

10 

7 






i 






10 
2 


..... 










May 































Transferred 








T3 ' 








American 


Died. 


Destroyed. 


a&> 








horses. 








Ba 




























Month. 


o3 

ft . 
©~£ 


PI 

© 

a 

o3 
ft 


OB 

CD 

E 

o 

PI 

03 


© 

a 
pi 

o3 


09 
© 

E 
o 
A 

9 


09 
© 

a 

c3 


02 

*3 
o 
ft 
o 


02 "S 
CO CD 

o 

S £ 








M« 


© 

T3 


_o 


°c 


o 


°C 












© 


© 


CP 


tt) 


pi 


^ ,-> & 








03 


F-i 


a 


a 


a 


a 


~A 










£ 


fr 


-4 


<< 


«i 


< 


O 


«i 


Eh 




1902. 




















July 








1 




3 








120 




















120 


September 










i 










136 




















145 




1 




2 




1 








148 












144 




1903. 






































4 


144 








1 












143 


March 






1 












157 






4 


1 


i 


2 


i 






171 






1 


1 












180 












1 


i 


1 




184 

















Agassi 






"\ wPtI ' 


.*, 




k| 


£^ 1»jfe JbI 


^ 




I 





REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



593 



Daily distribution of transportation. 























_,j 












bo 








c 




s 








bo 
g 

'2 


bo 




.2 
d 


o 
bo 


m 
ft 
O 
,4 


03 


o3 


ft 




'3 




Month. 


05 


'3 

£5 


ft 


o3 


O 


o 


a> 


ft 

03 


ft 

05 

T3 


o 










+ J 


bo 


65 

o 

G 

<5 






t-c 


05 






























05 
M 

CO 


1 

CO 


OQ 


ft 
CO 


CO 


a 


o3 


O 


o 




1902. 






















July 




57 
53 


44 
40 




2 

4 


2 
4 


















4 






September 
October . . . 




58 


36 


4 


4 


4 














59 
65 
56 


46 
37 
41 


14 
20 
22 


4 
2 
2 


4 
4 
2 


2 
3 
1 


l 
l 
l 


















December. 








2 




1903. 








January... 




62 


39 


22 


2 


4 


1 


l 










63 


28 


22 


2 


4 


1 


l 






2 




70 
74 
69 


33 
26 
31 


26 
30 
38 


2 




1 
1 
2 


l 
l 






1 


April 


3 
4 






May 


4 




1 


1 


June 


75 


33 


24 


4 


2 


2 




6 















05 

.5 

a 


03 

O 
65 
n3 


'3 
ft 


bb 

.2 
"8 


05 
C5 

o 


u 




05 

3 


3 


Month. 


PI 
o3 

05 


co 
o 


03 
05 


bo 

1 


o3 
ft 
05 


■s 

05 


03 
05 
O 

> 


a 

3 

03 




05 


3 




be 

T5 


2 


B 


3 


► 


05 


3 




O 


03 




CC 


3 


5 

CO 


05 
CO 




o 


1902. 




















July 




2 






2 




109 


li 


120 






2 






4 




111 


9 


120 




2 


2 






2 




112 


23 


135 




2 

2 


2 
4 
2 






2 
2 
2 




136 
140 
134 


9 
8 
10 


145 








148 


December 


2 


1 


144 


1903. 




























1 


2 




134 


10 


144 










4 


2 




129 


15 


144 










2 
2 


3 
3 


2 


141 
142 


16 
29 


157 


April 








171 


May 










3 




153 


27 


180 












1 




157 


27 


184 















Daily average number of animals. 

Serviceable during year 133 

Unserviceable during year 16 

On hand during year 149 

The following table shows the total amount of forage expended and cost of same : 



Month. 



On hand on the 
1st of month 



Hay. 



Oats. 



Received during 
month. 



Hay. 



Oats. 



Total on hand during 
month. 



Hay. 



Oats. 



July 

August 

September 
October... 
November 
December 



January . 
February 
March . . . 

April- 

May 

June 



1902. 



1903. 



177,900 



121, 625 
49, 260 



43, 643 

32, 475 



45, 014 
29, 436 
50,444 
10, 444 
43,484 
65, 418 



101,600 
56,280 
18, 400 
34, 736 



133,308 



10,039 
26, 733 
53, 833 
15, 126 
46, 136 
2,280 



13, 755 
103, 755 
56, 496 
80, 392 



61, 320 
83, 986 
41, 219 
129, 021 
125, 715 
123,160 



2,774 
71, 900 
18, 577 
66, 256 



71,516 
77, 898 
20, 343 
93, 466 
23, 230 
66, 266 



177, 900 
121, 625 
63, 015 
112, 615 
100, 139 
112,867 



106,334 
113, 422 
90, 663 
139, 465 
169, 199 
188, 578 



Total 500,103 



365, 163 



996, 719 



645, 534 



1, 495, 822 



133, 308 
101, 600 
59, 054 
90, 300 
53, 313 
66, 526 



81, 555 
104, 631 

74, 186 
108, 792 

69. 366 

68; 546 



1,011,177 



WAR 1903 — VOL 5- 



■38 



594 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Morth. 


Total expended. 


Cost. 


Total cost 


Hay. 


Oats. 


Hay issued- 


Oats issued. 


of forage. 


1902. 
July 


$56,275 
72, 365 
54, 155 
68, 972 
67, 664 
67,278 

76,848 
62, 978 
80, 219 
95, 981 
103, 781 
102, 880 


$31, 708 
45, 320 
40, 654 
55, 564 
53, 313 
55, 462 

54,822 
50, 798 
59, 060 
62, 656 
67,086 
67, 804 


$1,249.28 
1, 606. 50 
1, 162. 25 
1,531.15 
1,502.12 
925. 30 

1, 229. 84 
1, 113. 95 
1,291.53 
1, 699. 82 
1,837.96 
1,822.00 


$829. 46 
1,185.57 
1,035.22 
1,453.50 
1, 394. 62 
1,015.56 

983.88 
985. 48 
1,145.46 
1,337.09 
1,431.62 
1,446.94 


$2,078.74 




2, 792. 07 




2, 197. 47 




2, 984. 65 




2,896.74 
1,940.86 

2, 213. 72 




1903. 




2,099.43 
2, 436. 99 






3, 036. 91 




• 3,269.58 




3, 268. 94 








909, 396 


644,247 


16, 971. 70 


14, 244. 40 


31, 216. 10 







The following table shows the number of horses, mules, and ponies shod and cost 
of shoeing: 



Month. 



1902. 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total 



Shoeing. 



Horses. Mules. Ponies, 



140 
136 
173 
181 
165 
165 



141 
108 
70 
139 
146 
151 



1,715 



542 



Total. 



Value of Value of 
labor, material. 



$286. 50 
253. 22 
348. 00 
413. 50 
340. 50 
342. 00 



291. 00 
243. 00 
178. 50 
191. 50 
196.00 
201. 50 



176 3, 285. 22 



$34. 62 
30.22 
43.97 
50.34 
41.52 
41.63 



13.50 
22.37 
11.75 
40.00 
41.16 



407.16 



The following shows cost of shoeing charged to separate departments: 





Shoeing. 


Total. 


Department. 


Horses. 


Mules. 


Ponies. 


Value of 
labor. 


Value of 
material. 


City 


1,502 

100 

91 

18 

4 


534 
8" 


125 
32 
12 
2 


$2,908.80 

191. 42 

127. 50 

42.00 

6.00 

4.50 

5.00 


$362. 46 


Fire department 


22.45 


Police department 


15.92 


Water department 


5.17 


Sheriff 


.74 


Poundkeeper 




3 
2 


.33 


City veterinarian 






.24 










Total 


1,715 


542 


176 


3,285.22 


407. 31 







Cemeteries. — This department has the care and preservation of Paco and La Loma 
cemeteries. Paco Cemetery is laid out into sections, namely, 142 sections, divided 
into subsections or niches, making the total number of niches or vaults 1,760, of 
which 1,259 are reserved for adults and 501 for children. 

The small church was cleaned, repainted, and put in good condition. 

The walks have been repaired, walls whitewashed, grounds cleaned and partly 
filled. It is the intention to continue to fill all the low places and maintain a lawn 
and plant a few choice shrubs that will aid in beautifying the grounds. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



595 



La Loma Cemetery also has been much improved in the way of cutting down all 
the weeds and high grass that were found when this cemetery was turned over to 
this department, The walks also have received some attention. 

The following table shows the number of interments in Paco and La Loma ceme- 
teries from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903: 



Cemetery. 



1902. 



July. Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec 



1903. 



Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June 



Paco: 

Male... 

Female 
La Loma: 

Male . . . 

Female 

Total. 



255 
167 



197 



277 



264 
239 



265 
252 



224 
181 



189 
155 



171 

127 



184 
109 



173 
101 



16 



3/y 
166 



210 
129 



461 



515 



507 



530 



531 



427 



373 



318 



294 



529 



364 





Male. 


Female. 


Grand 
total. 


Interred at Paco 


152 
2,837 


146 
2,022 


298 




4,859 






Total 


2,989 


2,168 


5,157 







City crematories. — The city owns and controls two crematories, located as follows: 

Santa Cruz crematory is located in the district of Santa Cruz, in the rear of Bilibid 
Prison. Capacity about 40 tons per day. The other is located in the district of Paco, 
south of calle Eeal, capacity about 40 tons per day. 

The above crematories are crude affairs, having been hurriedly built during mili- 
tary days and constructed with what materials were on hand at that time. They have 
served Iheir purpose, being intended solely for cremation of animals. For the past 
year about 40 or 50 loads of garbage have been cremated daily at each crematory 
along with the regular work of animal cremation, which has been very wearing 
on the plants, and as a consequence they are badly in need of repairs. It is pre- 
sumed that the Santa Cruz crematory can be abandoned as soon as the Morie-Boulger 
destructor is completed, which was built under contract by Peabody & Co., and 
located on the island of Palomar. This crematory has a capacity of 120 tons per day 
and is, in my judgment, able to consume all the garbage on the north side of the Pasig 
Eiver. The south side of the Pasig should now be considered, and a suitable loca- 
tion selected for a new crematory. I would respectfully suggest that the present site 
of the Paco crematory be considered. The selecting of this site for a crematory 
should be considered along with the proposed site for city stables, in order that if 
possible the crematory and stables may be located as near together as practical, thus 
saving the animals much unnecessary travel after they have finished their work. 

The following table shows the operation of the crematories during the past year: 

ANIMALS CREMATED. 



Animals. 



American horses. 

Native horses 

Carabao 

Cows 

Dogs 

Pigs 

Hogs 

Goats 

Sheep 

Deer ? 

Cats 



Number. 



278 

1,032 

266 

714 

2,222 



18 

64 

5 

6 

,073 



Animals. 



Rabbits.... 
Monkeys . . 
Turkeys . . . 

Ducks 

Birds 

Fowls 

Rats 

Mules 

Total 



Number. 



8 

73 

103 

728 

2,674 

15,922 

35, 209 

241 



61, 719 



596 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 
LOADS CREMATED. 



Articles. 


Number. 


Articles. 


Number. 


Slop 


3,150 

2,702 

15, 148 

7 

85 

29 

17 

10 

6 

15 




3 


Street refuse 


Onions 


3 






11 






3 






3 






3 






12 




Total 






21, 202 











EMPLOYEES. 





Rate, 
day. a 


Total 
days. 


Total 
cost. & 


2 foremen 


SI. 20 

1.20 

.70 


607 
1,496 
5,779 


8292. 83 




770 79 


8 laborers 


1, 384. 94 




Total 






2, 448. 56 









a Mexican currency. & United States currency. 

MATERIAL USED. 

U. S. currency. 

538 tons of coal 83, 389. 40 

240 gallons oil, petroleum 712. 80 

Total 4,102.20 

Water transportation. — The city owns two steam launches, viz, Washington and Jan. 

These are employed in transporting crushed stone from the city quarries, located on 
the island of Talim, in Laguna de Bay, to the city of Manila. 

The Washington was purchased by the Quartermaster's Department in November, 
1899, from civil funds, for the sum of $9,483.44 United States currency. 

The Jan was purchased February, 1903, by the city of Manila from J. S. Michael, 
of the firm of Michael, Gasper & Co., for the sum of $5,500 United States currency. 
The launches are in good condition and are well suited for the work assigned to them. 
Each launch is equipped with a nest of six scows, of 25 cubic meters capacity each. 

It has been impossible to make one trip each day owing to the condition of the 
river for some months past, but it is hoped, now that the port works have placed a 
dredger on the river to open the channel, less time will be consumed in making 
the trip. 

The following table shows the daily cost of maintaining city launches: 



Expenditure. 



month. Perda y- 



1 launch master 

1 captain 

1 engineer 

1 assistant engineer. 

1 steersman 

2 firemen 

3 sailors 



$100. 00 
30.00 
30.00 
25.00 
20.00 
15.00 
10.00 



83.33 
1.00 
1.00 



1.00 
1.00 



Labor 

Fuel 

Oil, waste, and rope 



8.83 
4.72 



Total. 



14.04 



The following table shows the number of cubic meters of crushed stone and gar- 
bage hauled by city launches during the year, and cost: 

22,860 cubic meters of crushed stone, at 80.3349 87, 655. 81 

20,738 cubic meters of garbage, at $0.2145 4, 448. 30 

Total 12,104.11 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



597 



Water Supply and Sewers. 
[Mr. R. G. Dieck, superintendent in charge.] 

Consumption of water. — The records of the office show a total operation of 26,792 
engine hours during the fiscal year, distributed as follows: 



Month and year. 



Engine 
No. 1. 



Engine Engine Engine 
No. 2 No. 3. No. 4. 



1902 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total 



558 
369 
579 
705 
699 
672 



682 
647 
674 
710 
744 
683 



7,822 



713 
695 
629 
706 
710 



556 
570 
714 
693 
734 
652 



8,040 



655 
670 
587 
643 
384 



449 
652 



477 
701 



252 



95 
240 



271 
671 



554 
102 
668 
720 
736 
619 



Coal consumption. — The coal consumption of the same period aggregated 2,095.6 
long tons and the pumpage for the same period amounted to 11,108,520 cubic meters, 
or 2,935,000,000 United States gallons, and was distributed throughout the year in 
accordance with the following table: 





Coal con- 
sumed. 


Water 
pumped.a 


July 


1902. 




Tons.b 
156.6 
158.4 
139.5 
167.5 
154.5 
157.7 

169.5 
159.2 
191.8 
208.6 
214.9 
217.4 


Cubic meters. 
870, 047 


August 


808, 418 


September 


736, 005 


October 


855, 922 


November 


852, 240 


December 


898, 638 


January 


1903. 




924,419 
807,563 
990, 072 


February 


March 


April 


1,073,706 
1, 200, 967 
1, 090, 528 


May 


June - - 








Total 


2,095.6 


11,108,520 






a Estimated. 


b 2,240 pounds 


i. 





The average daily consumption, as indicated by the above table, on a basis of an 
average population of 235,000 persons, amounts to 129.5 liters or 35.2 United States 
gallons per capita. From this it may be noted that the consumption is a fair aver- 
age for cities of the same class as Manila. While not a manufacturing city, the long 
continuance of the dry season is productive of heavy droughts for sprinkling purposes. 

The records of the office of street cleaning show an expenditure of 30,820,679 
United States gallons or 116,654 cubic meters of water by the sprinkling wagons. 

No returns can be made of the expenditure of water for sprinkling purposes by 
means of hose, but it is fair to presume that at least 50 per cent more water is used 
by this method than by sprinkling wagons to produce equal results. This excess in 
consumption is brought about by flooding, improper handling, loss through insuffi- 
cient tightening of the couplings, and wastes in the hose. 

The total area sprinkled during the year was: 

Square meters. 

Bvhose 182,665,138 

By wagon 175,998,838 

Deposito. — All work at this point has been in the nature of general repairs. The 
improvement in ventilation of the basins by the construction of larger and higher 



598 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ventilator covers has been completed. The main building has been thoroughly 
painted and repaired within and without, and the basins cleaned and investigated. 

Pumping station. — Grounds and roads: The condition of the Santolan road has 
been a matter of great concern throughout the year. In August of 1902 this road 
was practically impassable for wagons hauling ordinary loads. The hauling of coal 
for engines during a large part of the rainy season further increased the bad condi- 
tion and made transportation of supplies very difficult. The repairs were com- 
menced in September, 1902, and have been prosecuted to date. The road has been 
widened and straightened, so that two escort wagons are now able to pass with 
ease. In some places the roadway was found considerably below the level of sur- 
rounding land, and during ordinary showers it became little better than a quagmire. 
The soft material in these low places was removed and replaced by local stone and 
gravel, and wide and deep ditches were constructed for the purpose of draining the 
water to the adjoining fields. A traction engine, which has been ordered for the 
water supply, will make it possible to complete the repair of the road and at the 
same time furnish all the needed transportation for the movement of coal and other 
heavy supplies. 

Upon the site of the old fort within the grounds of the pumping station a coal 
shed has been erected which is capable of storing a supply of coal sufficient for the 
operations of the plant for six months. This increased storage capacity has further- 
more permitted the transportation of coal during the dry season, and will save the 
Santolan road very much wear. 

Buildings. — The main buildings at the pumping station were thoroughly over- 
hauled. Ventilation was improved by the opening of air spaces beneath the floors. 
New flooring was laid in the engineer quarters. By a rearrangement of partitions 
a small office room and a more airy and light storeroom were secured. 

A row of houses is now under erection, in cottage form, for the accommodation of 
the regular employees. These quarters will afford accommodations for at least six 
families, and permit of a better governing and supervision of the employees. 

Repairs to engines. — Moving parts of all the engines have been badly worn because 
of the almost continuous action of the pumps for several years. Piston rods and 
piston rings have become pitted and scratched, and all the packing glands have been 
leaking badly. In consequence a great quantity of steam has been wasted. New 
parts in quadruplicate were ordered, but only those parts for engines Nos. 3 and 4 
could be installed because of the demand for water. Repairs on these two engines 
have been highly satisfactory. Engine No. 4 afterwards developed a serious crack 
in its main bracket and main bearing cap, which was temporarily repaired, but 
under the heavy duty soon broke down, and the engine was put out of commission. 
A bracket and cap of heavier section were cast and placed in position, since which 
time no trouble has been experienced. 

Indicator cards have revealed many serious defects in the valve motion, causing 
much loss of power. These defects will be corrected at a later date when the water 
consumption falls. 

The flooding of the engine room, which in former years occurred regularly at the 
time of high water, has been prevented by the installation of a double-action Worth- 
ington pump, since which time no trouble has been experienced. 

Repairs to dam and canal. — With the first rise in the water during July, 1902, the 
dam began to show signs of weakness and gave way at various points. During the 
high water no more than temporary repairs, which were of a very unsatisfactory 
nature, could be attempted. Plans were prepared for a complete repair as soon as 
the conditions would permit, and although it seemed more proper, from an engineer- 
ing standpoint, to abandon the present dam and canal and to construct a dam farther 
up the stream with a canal leading directly to the pumping station, yet time and 
funds would not permit. Temporary repairs were therefore undertaken. After 
much delay in the delivery of material, the work of reinforcing the dam was com- 
menced on the present site during the month of April. A row of 6 by 6 inch red- 
wood piles were driven along the downstream face of the dam and the exposed face 
of the canal about 5 feet from the old work, and to a depth of from 8 to 10 feet into 
the hard gravel bottom. Planking 2 by 12 inches was then nailed to the inner face of 
the piling and to a height of the cut-off ends. The space between the old and new 
work was then carefully filled with local stone, gravel, and clay from the river banks. 
The downstream side of the work was protected from wash by heavy rock fill. The 
overflow crest was made to conform with the entire east end of the dam. This 
scheme of repair has succeeded in diverting the channel and kept the pumps con- 
stantly supplied with water. The northeast line of the dam was raised above the 
level of the crest about 6 inches and covered with a 6-inch coating of concrete, with 
a lip extending 12 inches into the body of the dam on the upstream side. The sharp 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



599 



angle in dam was further protected by a heavy stone fill. Although several heavy 
floods have since passed over the new work, oniy small leaks have developed, which 
were at once repaired. 
The total cost of this work was: 





Local cur- 
rency. 


United States 
currency. 


Materials: 

242 barrels cement, at $5.40 


$1, 30b. 89 
3, 189. 55 




41,076 feet B. M. redwood timber, at $77.65 per thousand 




850 pounds dynamite, at $15.78 


$134. 13 


4,505 feet fuse, at $4.75 per thousand 




21.40 


1,900 detonators, at $6.25 




11.88 


3| tons coal, at $6.82 




21.31 








Total 


4,496.35 
449. 64 


188. 72 


10 per cent additional 


18.87 








4, 945. 99 


207. 59 


Labor: 

If months, general foreman, at $100 «, 




166. 67 


1 month, teamster, water service, at $60 




60.00 


1| months, machinist, at $50 




66.67 


1 j months, coal passer, at $13 




17.33 


ly months, teamster, street department, at $70 




105. 00 


Day labor 


955. 65 








Total 


955. 65 


415. 67 






Transportation: 

6 months, bull carts, water service, at $55 


330. 00 
325. 75 




64.5 days, bull carts, at $3.50 






104. 19 








Total 


655. 75 


104. 19 






RESUME. 


4, 945. 99 
955. 65 
655. 75 


207. 59 




415. 67 




104. 19 






Total, to June 30 


6,557.39 


727. 45 







Pipe extensions. — During the year the following extensions were made: 



Custom-house yard 

Calle Duque de Alba 

Plaza Lawton 

Calles Guipit and Balicbalic 

Calle Arroceros 

Calle S. Sepulcro 

Calle Paz 

Calle Arquiza 

Calle Solana 



Size. 


Length. 


Inch. 


Meters. 


4 


152.6 


4 


90 


2 


41.4 


5 


630 


5 


27.3 


3 


78.15 


5 


26.5 


4 


221 


4 


57 



Cost, 

United 

States 

currency. 



$590. 60 

442. 15 

63.38 

1,776.02 

146. 88 

123. 51 

78.57 

247. 79 

147. 48 



The total extensions were 1,323.95 meters, or 4,342.7 feet. 

General repairs. — The supply system has been generally overhauled during the 
year. The old valve boxes with their unwieldly covers had given much trouble 
because of their restricted size. A cover of circular form was designed, and the old 
brickwork of the boxes was replaced by a heavier structure. Where conditions per- 
mitted, round valve boxes were constructed, covers resting directly on the masonry, 
and rectangular forms were constructed with covers resting on a grill work of scrap- 
steel shapes. Forty-nine round boxes were built at a total cost of $1,406.46, average 
cost, $28.70; and 45 rectangular boxes were built at a cost of $1,386.12 United States 
currency, average cost, $30.80. 

Street plugs. — Great breakage occurred during the year in the street plugs. The 
keys, threads, and packing failed together, and lids were broken in all parts of the 
city. New keys were ordered, and an improved lid of more compact design was intro- 
duced and less trouble was noted, but the breakage of the lids continued. It was 



600 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

therefore determined to remove the hydrants from the streets and place them upon 
the sidewalks. This work was commenced during the month of June. The removals 
noted have been nearly completed within the district of Intramuros, and the work 
will be pushed until all plugs are removed from the highways. 

Fire and sprinkling hydrants. — The first shipment of hydrants of the post pattern 
was received late in the year, and but few have been installed. Lack of specials and 
tapping machines of large size has rendered this work difficult and made installation 
quite expensive. It is worthy of note that the hydrants are too large for the present 
mains, and temporary connections only have been made. It is the intent, however, 
to remove such connections when the new distributing system is laid. A shipment 
of hydrants with large engine suctions has been ordered, and installations will be 
made with these along the larger mains. 

Shops. — The shops have been moved from the old Cuartel del Fortin to the present 
quarters at the Arroceros Market. Because of the restricted floor space and small 
yards much confusion has resulted from the transfer of materials. A new drill of 
large power has been installed. A meter-testing apparatus is in good working order, 
and the blacksmith shop is in good condition. A power plant is very much needed 
at the shops, and plans are now under way for the installation of an engine and 
shafting to operate all the machines. The transfer of the shops deprived the water 
guard of quarters and compelled the office to provide suitable room for the pony 
transportation. The erection of a stable, barracks, and a house for the district fore- 
man were found necessary. The first two buildings have been completed and are 
occupied. The third is still under construction. The stable provides accommoda- 
tions for two ponies and carretelas, while the barracks in reality are six distinct 
houses of one room each and are occupied by nine workmen under charge of the 
storekeeper. The total cost of these buildings was: 





United States 
currency. 


Local 
currency. 


Stable 


$216. 72 
392.07 


$463. 37 


Barracks 


2, 070. 33 







Special sprinkling service. — The result of heavy drafts for street-sprinkling pur- 
poses in Ermita, Malate, and San Nicolas districts has caused the pressure in these 
regions at times to become extremely low. There is no method at present to carry 
more water into the districts, and the main service pipe is being taxed to its utmost. 
In order to relieve this condition a separate street-sprinkling service is proposed for 
the districts of Malate and Ermita, contemplating the use of sea water by pumpage 
into the storage tanks situated on the bay front. A gasoline or petroleum motor is 
recommended for this service, because of its small cost and ease of operation under the 
variable conditions to be met. Three tanks will be found necessary. The estimates 
contemplate the introduction of one gasoline engine and double-acting pump, deliv- 
ering 200 gallons of water per minute, three elevated tanks, and connecting pipe 
lines. 

The probable cost is estimated to be — 

U. S. currency. 

Pump and engine $750. 00 

Tanks, 2, at $150; 1, at $250 550.00 

Pipeline (in place), 1,275 meters, at $3.50 4,462.50 

Total 5,762.50 

This system would immediately relieve the conditions existing in these districts 
and furnish the street-sprinkling service with a steady supply. It is also believed 
that the sea water would be effective as a disinfectant. 

High-pressure fire service. — The crowded condition of the shipping along the bay 
and river fronts demands a more efficient fire service than is furnished by the pres- 
ent system of post hydrants. It is not to be supposed that the fire service from the 
ordinary street mains can be neglected, but there should be a supplementary service 
of high pressure, supplied either by fire boats or by a central high-pressure station 
or by a combination of both. The districts most requiring protection are Intramuros, 
Binondo, and San Nicolas. The pressure in the mains at the present time, or which 
it may be possible to secure by any new construction, can not exceed an average 
during maximum draft, which occurs in the morning between 6 and 12 o'clock, of 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 601 

25.3 pounds. This pressure is quite inefficient to throw a strong stream to the height 
of a third floor. Even the location of larger mains in the streets can not serve for 
more than a temporary reservoir, which would be rapidly emptied in time of con- 
tinued fire where many engines would be necessary. 

The needs of the service in Manila, with its low, quick-burning buildings and the 
liability of a rapid spread of flames, are large mains under a pressure of 125 pounds, 
numerous hydrants, and quick-acting pumps. The low construction will enable a 
long stream to be thrown and permit the fire to be fought from a considerable dis- 
tance. The Pasig River forms a natural barrier to the operation of a high-pressure 
system from a central station, and if Intramuros and the districts of Binondo and 
San Nicolas were protected in this way two stations would be required. 

Plans have been prepared indicating in a general manner the lines most needed for 
a fire service. From these plans it may be seen that three fire districts are provided, 
but that designated as district No. 3 should be considered as an auxiliary to district 
No. 2, from which pressure station it would secure its supply. 

It is assumed that four nozzles delivering 175 gallons of water per minute will be 
required to cover district No. 1, and that six nozzles delivering the same rate will 
suffice for districts Nos. 2 and 3. In computing the boiler capacity provision has been 
made by providing for 50 per cent increase over that required by the service, in order 
to meet sudden drafts, insure safety during cleaning and breakdowns, and to per- 
mit of extensions. 

The estimated cost of such installations is as follows: 

District No. 1. 

Materials: 
2,639 meters 6-inch pipe, at $165 per meter. . 435,435 pounds. 
3,110 meters 8-inch pipe, at $240 per meter. . 746,400 pounds. 

1,181,835 pounds, at $0,025 $29, 545. 88 

3 8-inch valves, at $50 150. 00 

24hvdrants, at $50 1,200.00 

Specials, approximate, 20,000 pounds, at $0. 04 800. 00 

Labor: 

Laying pipe, at $0.50 per meter, 5,749 meters 2, 824. 50 

Setting hydrants, at $25 per hydrant 600. 00 

Pumping station: Engines (100-horsepower, with 120-horsepower boilers) 4, 750. 00 

Pumps and building : 3 fire boat connections, at $50 150. 00 

40, 020. 00 



District No. 2. 

Materials: 

3,168 meters 6-inch pipe, at $165 per meter. . 522,770 pounds. 

1,476 meters 8-inch pipe, at $240 per meter. . 354,240 pounds. 

828 meters 10-inch pipe, at $330 per meter.. 273,240 pounds. 

1,150,250 pounds, at $0,025 28, 756. 25 

3 10-inch valves, at $80 240. 00 

32 hydrants, at $50 1 , 600. 00 

Specials, approximate, 30, 000 pounds, at $0. 04 1 , 200. 00 

31, 796. 25 
Labor: 

Laying pipe, at $0.50 per meter, 5,472 meters : 2, 736. 00 

Setting hydrants, at $25 per hydrant 800. 00 

Pumping station, etc.: Engines* (125-horsepower, with 150-horsepower 
boilers ) . 

Pumps and buildings $5, 850. 00 

3 fire-boat connections, at $50 150. 00 



41,332.25 



602 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

District No. 3. 

Materials: 
1,181 meters 6-inch pipe, at $165 per meter. . 194,865 pounds. 
756 meters 8-inch pipe, at $240 per meter. . 181,440 pounds. 

376,305 pounds, at $0.025. . 9, 407. 63 

14 hydrants, at $50 700.00 

Specials, approximately 6,000 pounds, at $0.04 240. 00 

Labor: 

Laying pipe, at $0.50 per meter, 1,937 meters 968. 50 

Setting hydrants, at $25 350. 00 



11, 666. 13 



RESUME. 





Cost. 


Number 
hydrants. 


District No. 1 


$40, 020. 38 
41,332.25 
11,666.13 


24 


District No. 2 


32 


District No. 3 


14 








93, 018. 76 


70 



Assuming a profit of 15 per cent for contractor, and that all material be given free 
entry, the cost of these lines, complete, would be $106,971.58. With interest on the 
plant at 8 per cent, depreciation at 6 per cent, and repairs- at 2 per cent the total cost 
per year, less operating expenses, would be $17,155.52. 

Office. — Through the confusion attending the assumption of civil control the office 
management has been somewhat neglected. Files were badly kept and more or less 
trouble has been experienced by the method of rendering bills. Eequisitions were 
frequently sent forward without note, and no record was kept of street work or repairs. 
A card file of all materials requisitioned for has been kept, and is in excellent opera- 
tion, providing accurate data for future estimates. A system of daily reports has 
been instituted under the heads of pipe location, general repairs, pipe installations, 
and hydrant installations. Each time that a main is exposed during work a card is 
prepared and forwarded to the office, on which is stated the precise location of the 
pipe, with actual cost of labor and material for the work. In this manner a large 
amount of valuable information has been secured at practically no cost. In ten 
months the index has grown until the following conditions have been reached: 

Number of cards. 

Pipe locations 419 

Pipe repairs 379 

Pipe installations 11 

Fire hydrant installations 6 

Tests have been made upon types of meters most common in use in this city under 
varying conditions of head, opening of valve, and positions of dial. This investiga- 
tion, while not extended to any great length, furnished a fair index of efficiency 
under normal city conditions and determined the action of the office in selecting five 
types of meters for installation. 

The office has devised an index of meter cards, upon which is preserved a complete 
record of all meters submitted for installation and returned for repairs. 

Attention is invited to the inclosed drawings and also to inclosed table, which indi- 
cate the pumpage, metered consumption, and revenue collected by the office of water 
supply for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903. 

Sewers. — Aside from maintaining the present drainage system, very little work has 
been accomplished. A sewer was constructed for the Paco police station, along Calle 
13 de Agosto, from Calle Paz to the Estero de Paco. The sewer was 190 meters in 
length, 6 inches in diameter, and was laid at a cost of $185.43 United States currency. 
This sewer has given satisfaction, and no stoppages have been noted, although laid 
at a very small grade. The outfall sewer for the Malate Barracks was badly broken 
up by wave action and failure in its foundation. The broken section was removed 
and relaid upon a concrete bed 6 inches in thickness. Up to the present time no 
storms of any considerable violence have tested the work, but the extension has sue- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 603 

ceeded in removing a very offensive nuisance which existed at the point of the old 
discharge. Repairs cost $60.30 United States currency. 

The department has also been engaged in the collection of information regarding 
the size, depth, and location of all sewers which have been exposed for any purpose, 
and aside from this no other work has been attempted. 

It can not be denied that a thorough inspection and repair of the present drainage 
system is necessary. The sewers are leaking badly and emit foul odors. The out- 
falls are badly choked and very much restricted in sections. Improved inlets, trapped 
basins, manholes, etc. , are required and should be undertaken at once. 



604 



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REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 607 

Buildings and Illumination. 
[Mr. A. L. Dorrington, superintendent in charge.] 

All public and rented buildings in use by the city have been cleaned and cared for 
daily, and the general condition has been greatly improved during the year. 

The total cost of supplies expended during the year in cleaning and caring for 
municipal and public buildings amounted to $16,409.86 United States currency. 

The following buildings and lands are rented by the city for public purposes: 

For school purposes 25 

For police purposes 9 

City hall 1 

Land registration and registrar of deeds 1 

Superintendent of cemeteries. .. 1 

Lands for crematories 2 

Lands for market sites 2 

During the year leases have been made for the following buildings: 

For school purposes 12 

For police purposes 2 

Land registration and registrar of deeds 1 

Storehouse 1 

Superintendent of cemeteries 1 

City hall 1 

Morgue 1 

Lands have been leased as follows: 

For market sites 2 

For crematory 1 

For morgue 1 

The following rented buildings have been vacated, leases canceled, and better 
buildings procured instead: 

For school purposes 6 

For police purposes 3 

For city hall 1 

Morgue 1 

Storehouse - 1 

Cost of rents for the year $32,982.04 United States currency. 
Eepairs and alterations have been made as follows: 

Municipal building, calle Victoria. — Interior of building changed for use of city hall; 
storehouse made in rear; platform and stairs built for disbursing officer; entire build- 
ing overhauled preparatory to painting; installed two additional water-closets and 
remodeled old plumbing; painted all interior new work. 

Old city hall. — Installed office signs throughout the building; repaired water-closets 
and water tank; painted telephone booths; repaired awnings and plumbing. 

City attorney's office: Eepairs to doors and locks. 

Drafting room : Eepairs to faucets, cabinets, and large table. 

Secretary's office: Eepairs to desks and tables. 

Municipal board: Eepairs to desk, map racks, and four fan shelves. 

Secret-service office: Made three new partitions, new cabinet, and repaired desk 
and furniture. 

City schools: Eepairs to furniture. 

Building permits: Installed railing. 

Headquarters fire department. — Eepairs to roof; closets; replaced window glass; 
repaired skylights; installed 3 shower baths, 3 water-closets, 4 wash basins, 2 urinals, 
and changed entire blumbing to conform with sanitary rules; painted interior and 
exterior of building; constructed new cesspool. 

Paco fire station. — Eemodelled plumbing, and installed 2 water-closets, 2 wash 
basins, and 1 urinal; painted interior and exterior of the entire station; repaired bath 
room, and installed 1 shower bath; constructed 4 stalls and painted same; made filing 
case for office; made 2 blackboards; repairs to down spouts and gutters; made back 
entrance to building, and installed large double doors; repairs to roof. 

Tanduay fire station. — Eepairs to faucets; built cesspool and installed 1 water- 
closet, 1 urinal, 2 wash basins, and 2 shower baths; built and installed 8-foot watering 
trough for horses; enlarged doorway for new apparatus. 



608 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Audiencia fire station. — Installed 2 water-closets, 2 baths, 3 wash basins, 2 urinals; 
painted interior and exterior of building. 

San Nicolas fire station. — Painted 10 new stalls; built and installed 12 feed boxes; 
built and installed 30 lockers. 

Divisoria market. — Extensive repairs to roof; repaired and cemented floor; repairs 
to hydrants; introduced new roof on superintendent's quarters. 

Quinto market. — Eepaired and cemented floors; repaired hydrants; repaired gutters 
and down spouts; introduced roof on superintendent's quarters and made 2 windows; 
extensive repairs to roof. 

Anda market. — Eepairs to gutters and down pipes on fish tables; built market office 
and quarters for superintendent; installed partitions and numbers for tables; painted 
tables, office, superintendent's quarters, and inclosure to water-closets; extensive 
repairs to roof. 

Arranque market. — Building entirely overhauled. 

Matadero. — Eepaired roof and scalding vats; repaired fence and made new gates in 
stockyards; new fire picks and grates in crematory; buildings painted, interior and 
exterior. 

City stables, Tondo. — Eepairs to waterspouts and gutters; installed 4 awnings over 
office windows. 

Malate police station, native. — Extensive repairs to roof and ceiling; made new door- 
casing and door; replaced all broken window glass and repaired window sash; building 
given general overhauling preparatory to painting. 

Quiapo police station, native. — Made and installed galvanized iron urinal. 

Mounted police station, Tondo. — Extended soil pipe. 

Native police station, Sampaloc. — Built stalls for patrol horses. 

Paco police station. — Installed 4 water-closets, 6 shower baths, and 4 urinals; built 
back entrance and stairs to building; made and installed bar doors and windows on 
lower floors; converted back cell into water-closet; recemented floors to bath and 
toilet rooms; changed windows on upper floor, making them swing instead of slide 
to prevent rain from beating in; built room for motor; installed water connections 
for entire building 

Anloague native police station. — Closed back entrance in rear of building; screened 
off closets; repaired floor, roof and eaves; also repaired closets. 

Tondo police station. — Eepairs to water pipes. 

Parian police station. — Introduced temporary closet for prisoners; made soaking 
tub for patrol horses. 

Santa Cruz police station. — Eepaired doors and made iron bars for windows and 
doors in cell; made platform for alarm apparatus; made new floor in office; installed 
2 additional water-closets, 3 baths, and 2 urinals; installed 2 awnings over office 
windows; repaired skylight and roof; built women's cell. 

Anloagua metropolitan police station. — Installed 2 skylights over office; repaired 
office floor; installed 3 water-closets; 3 wash basins, and 3 urinals. 

River and harbor police station. — Overhauled plumbing and installed 3 water-closets; 
2 urinals and 3 wash basins; building painted, interior and exterior; made and 
installed sink for kitchen; constructed drains. 

Calle Crespo school. — Overhauled and painted entire building, interior and exterior; 
installed iron awnings; laid new floor in lower rooms, and installed 1 water-closet. 

Tondo school. — Made and installed 1 flagstaff; placed screens for closets. 

San Pedro school. — Eepairs to roof; partitioned off front room, building painted, 
interior and exterior. 

Malate schools. — Both buildings thoroughly overhauled; changed vent pipes in 
closets and repaired drains; buildings now being painted, interior and exterior. 

Gagalangin school. — Painted interior and exterior of building; built double water- 
closet and vault. 

San Miguel school. — Put in 2 partitions; interior of building painted by owner. 

Sampaloc school. — Put in partition ; interior and exterior of building were overhauled 
and painted by owner. 

Santa Mesa school. — Building overhauled and interior and exterior painted by 
owner. 

Luneta. — Eighty-foot flag pole erected. 

Disbursing office. — Eepairs to office furniture. 

City assessor and collector' s office. — Eeclothed ceiling of 2 rooms; replaced all broken 
glass; repairs to floor in vehicle-tax department; repairs to closets; 2 water-closets 
and 1 urinal installed; partitioned off 1 large room 30 by 60 feet, and painted same; 
installed ceiling fans for tax revision board ; changed stairway and landing; removed 
partition in rear of back room. 

City schools warehouse. — Eemoved and changed partitions; repaired water-closets; 
installed shelving; painted office. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 609 

Public water-closet, back of English drug store. — Repairs to plumbing and painted 
screens. 

Court of first instance. — Removed Judge Sweeney's court into adjoining room. 

Prosecuting attorney 1 s office. — Extensive alterations for new office quarters in Audi- 
encia Building. 

Court of land registration and registrar of deeds. — Built and installed bench and 
platform in court; made 4 office signs; installed 3 shelves for fans; removed office in 
court from old city hall to No. 138 Calle Real, Intramuros. 

Municipal court. — Installed ceiling fan; made and installed bench and railing; 
installed iron bars over windows in prison room. 

Total cost of repairs for year, $17,457.81, United States currency. 

Lights. — During the year the following increases have been made to public lighting 
and electrical service: 

Nozaleda, Paco, 2,000-candlepower arc lights 9 

Tondo, 2,000-candlepower arc lights 18 

Trozo, 2,000-candlepower arc lights 11 

Santa Ana road, 2,000-candlepower arc lights 10 

Calle Gonzales, 2,000-candlepower arc light 1 

San Luis, 2,000-candlepower arc light 1 

Anda market, 1,500-candlepower arc lights 3 

Arranque market, 1,500-candlepower arc lights 3 

Tanduay fire station, 16-candlepower lights 13 

Paco fire station, 16-candlepower lights 3 

Paco police station, 16-candlepower lights 23 

Anloague police station, 16-candlepower lights 7 

Secret-service office, 16-candlepower lights 5 

San Nicolas fire station, 16-candlepower lights 44 

Audiencia Building, 16-candlepower lights 17 

Santa Cruz police station, 16-candlepower lights 16 

Land registration court, 16-candlepower lights 7 

Prosecuting attorney's office, 16-candlepower lights 12 

Ascuncion school, 16-candlepower lights 2 

Fan connections: 

City hall 6 

Land-registration court 3 

Municipal court 1 

Sheriff of Manila 1 

Fire-department headquarters 2 

Tax-revision board 1 

The following table shows the aggregate number of lights and fans as reported 
above: 

Arc lights, 2,000 candlepower 50 

Arc lights, 1,500 candlepower 6 

Incandescent lights, 16 candlepower 149 

Fan connections 14 

Interior lighting remodeled. — During the year the following interior lighting has 
been remodeled to conform with underwriters' rules : 

Two band stands, Luneta, 16-candlepower lights 50 

Ascuncion school, 16-candlepower lights 9 

Paco fire station, 16-candlepower lights : 16 

Headquarters fire department, 16-candlepower lights 36 

Land-registration court, 16-candlepower lights 16 

Anloague police station, 16-candlepower lights 7 

Total 140 

Night and day circuits have been installed in the following buildings: Headquarters 
fire department, Santa Cruz police station, Parian police station, Anloague police 
station, Paco police station, and Sampaloc police station. 

The night and day circuits have been installed in all police and fire stations 
throughout the city for the purpose of connecting up with alarm system. 

Meters have been introduced in all public buildings, and have greatly improved the 
service and reduced the cost of lighting. 

war 1903— vol 5 39 



610 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Day circuits have been established for private lighting throughout the following 
districts: Ermita, Malate, Sampaloc, Paco, Intramuros, Santa Cruz, Binondo, San 
Nicolas, Tondo, and Trozo. 

Plans are underv/ay for the establishment of lights on calles: Herran, Santa 
Mesa, Isaac Peral, Santa Monica, Folgueras, Rada, Salinas, Lardizabal, Reten, Pal- 
mera, Anton, Roque, Castanos, Balicbalic, Guipit, and Lavenderos. 

The entire line along the Malecon drive has been changed by removing the poles 
and wires from among the trees between the wagon road and walk to a location on 
the commons, which has greatly improved the service, and removed, so far as possi- 
ble, all danger to the public. Formerly it was quite a common occurrence for the 
wire along the old line to be broken during the typhoon season. The change thus 
made prevents further damage to the trees. The harbor lights along the Pasig River 
have been changed, greatly benefiting the service. 

The municipality has now in operation the following lights along public streets 
and in public bnildings: 

Arc lights, 2,000 candlepower (streets) , 241 

Arc lights, 2,000 candlepower (harbor) 18 

Arc lights, 1,500 candlepower 15 

Incandescent lights, 20 candlepower (streets) 1, 002 

Incandescent lights, 20 candlepower (Divisoria market) 50 

Incandescent lights, 16 candlepower 492 

Incandescent lights, 10 candlepower 6 

Fan connections 14 

Motor connections 6 

Total cost of service for the year $44,304.77, United States currency. 

During the year 165 20-candlepower lights were discontinued and replaced by arc 
lights for the benefit of the service. 

Eight 2,000-candlepower arc lights were discontinued on account of the Trozo fire. 

Telephones. — Telephones in all fire stations throughout the city were changed by 
substituting Ericsson apparatus for the old pattern, greatly improving the service. 

During the year the following telephones have been installed: Senor Herrera, 
president municipal board; Mr. Sleeper, member municipal board; Mr. McDonnell, 
member municipal board; office prosecuting attorney; residence assistant prosecuting 
attorney; office sheriff of Manila; city shops, and Tanduay fire station. 

The telephone used by Mr. A. L. B. Davies, formerly secretary municipal board, 
has been transferred to the insular purchasing agent. 

The telephone service throughout the city has been greatly improved. The entire 
service was suspended for four days on account of typhoon. 

The old line crossing Camp "Wallace has been removed, and a new line reestablished 
along the Luneta. 

The positions of 8 apparatus were changed for the convenience of users during the 
year. 

The total cost of service for the year was $1,264.84, United States currency. 



Construction. 



Cost, a 



Santa Cruz fire station : Built addition and remodeled old structure ; completed construc- 
tion of addition and remodeling of old structure 

Tenement house, San N icolas : Built by contract ; completed 

San Nicolas fire station : Built by contract; completed 

Arranque market : 

Overhauled main building ; completed 

Addition under construction ; expended 

City stables, Tondo : Large addition built by contract ; completed 

Anda market : 

Completed construction of market under contract ; final payment 

Floor and fittings 

Crematory, Paco : Overhauled by day labor 

Crematory, Santa Cruz : Overhauled by day labor 

Crematory, Tondo : Nearly completed by contract 

Gagalangin school : Completed 

City pound : Completed 

Paco police station : Completed by contract 

Total 



$1,277.54 
5, 918. 82 
10, 160. 41 

1, 436. 64 

3, 992. 85 

10, 817. 29 

3, 900. 00 
5, 999. 61 

400. 00 

400. 00 

50, 000. 00 

1, 583. 09 

4, 631. 70 
4, 900. 00 



105, 417. 95 



a United States currency. 

During the year claims for market sites, buildings destroyed on account of conta- 
gious diseases, and Trozo fire sufferers were paid to the amount of $1,419.65, United 
States currency. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



611 



Recapitulation. 

Cost of rents for year ; $32, 982. 04 

Repairs to markets and public buildings '. 17, 457. 81 

Lights and electrical service 44, 304. 77 

Repairs and increase to electrical service 1, 957. 04 

Telephones 1, 264. 84 

Construction 105, 417. 95 

Supplies cleaning and caring for public and municipal buildings 4, 315. 12 

Salaries cleaning and caring for municipal buildings 12, 094. 74 

Petroleum for municipal and public buildings 836. 50 

Settling claims 1, 419. 65 

Total 222, 050. 46 

Inspection of Private Dwellings. 

[Mr. R. M. Loper, inspector of buildings, in charge.] 

Building operations in the city of Manila, P. I., fiscal year ended June 30, 1903. 



Month and year. 



Applica- 
tions 
made. 



Permits issued. 



Paid. Gratis. 



Receipts. 



United States Mexican 
currency. currency. 



1902 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total 



257 
257 
320 
331 
360 
348 



426 
451 
554 
469 
801 
,119 



207 
196 
314 
269 
304 
324 



362 
374 
487 
450 
523 



116 

367 



$427. 30 
343. 90 
546. 39 
413.31 
708. 38 
600. 07 



203. 59 
160. 92 
251. 86 
325. 81 
201. 36 
279. 56 



$69. 00 
10.00 



1, 644. 89 
1, 301. 63 
1, 286. 08 
1, 327. 40 
1, 320. 80 
1,277.25 



5,693 



4,479 



4,480.45 



8, 237. 05 







Strong materials. 




Light materials. 


Month and year. 


New buildings. 


Repairs. 


New buildings. 


Repairs. 




No. 


Value. 


No. 


Value. 


No. 


Value. 


No. 


Value. 


1902. 
July 


49 
40 
39 
48 
116 
123 

100 
67 
72 
66 
80 
73 


$154, 870 
128, 205 
256, 585 
135, 236 
269, 210 
97, 015 

246, 025 
150. 240 
122, 535 
85, 360 
147, 410 
145, 180 


40 
48 
58 
50 
29 
25 

44 
38 
42 
51 
48 
46 


$10, 955 
24, 915 
23, 035 
12, 586 
10, 340 
6,390 

23,995 
5,280 
5,965 
12, 020 
15, 310 
20, 950 


80 
76 
102 
166 
120 
122 

172 
180 
' 273 
227 
306 
418 


$7, 060 
6,355 
10, 220 
13, 705 
10, 789 
11,014 

15, 140 
14, 116 

25, 243 
18, 408 
22, 905 
34, 625 


53 
37 
43 

22 
45 
40 

32 
43 
71 
81 
103 
132 


$1, 730 
750 


August 


September 


905 


October 


925 


November 


2,190 
1,775 

1,545 
1,855 
2,442 
2 790 




1903. 
Januarv 


February 


March 


April 


May 

June 


4,285 
5 130 






Total 


873 


1,946,871 


519 


171,741 


2,242 


189, 580 


702 


26, 322 





During the year about 150 buildings were condemned and ordered removed. 

A brief comparison with last year's report shows that the number of applications 
for building permits has increased about 87 per cent, the number of permits issued 
more than 114 per cent, and the amount collected in fees more than 35 per cent. 

For a long time the practical working of this office was crippled owing to an inad- 
equate force of building inspectors, the entire work falling upon sometimes 2 and 
sometimes 3 American and 2 Filipino inspectors, and in addition the force of inspect- 
ors was constantly changing every few months. 



612 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

On March 16, 1903, the present inspector of buildings was placed in charge and the 
work of preparing plans and specifications for all proposed municipal buildings and 
the supervision and inspection of their erection added to the other duties of the 
office. 

The present personnel of the office, including 1 American building inspector asked 
for during the next fiscal year, it is hoped will prove a practical working force, and con- 
sists in an inspector of buildings, an architectural draftsman, 4 American inspectors, 2 
Filipino inspectors, 1 Filipino employed by the day to number or renumber build- 
ings, a Filipino clerk acting as cashier, and 2 Filipino assistant clerks. It is to be 
hoped that the present force of inspectors and clerks will continue in the service until 
the work both inside and outside the office can be systematized. 

Considerable work has been done by the architect, Mr. S. J. Fountain, in the three 
months during which he has been attached to this office, of which the following is a 
brief summary: 

Plans and specifications for addition to Arranque market (under construction; esti- 
mated cost 113,000). Reading room, Paco fire station (completed; cost $440 U. S. 
currency). Bandstand, Plaza de la Barca (under construction; estimated cost $850 
U. S. currency). Arroceros shop building (estimated cost $4,500 U. S. currency). 
Tanduay fire station building (estimated cost $20,000 U. S. currency). Veterinary 
hospital building, Palomar (estimated cost $5,000). Bancusay market building. 
Closets for Arranque market (estimated cost $400). 

Water color sketch plans for school building, Tondo (estimated cost $100,000). 
Normal school building, Malate (estimated cost $50,000). Central fire station build- 
ing (estimated cost $75,000). 

Much other architectural work of a minor character has been performed. 

Much unnecessary and annoying labor has been caused the inspector of buildings 
by the careless preparation of plans for private buildings. Few of those at present 
preparing such plans are qualified as architects, and I would respectfully recommend 
that proper regulations be enacted to prevent unqualified persons signing plans and 
specifications. 

Experience has shown the desirability of making certain changes or amendments 
to the present building regulations, and it is hoped that during the next few months 
a thorough revision of same may be made. 

CITY SHOPS. 

The present repair shops and storehouses situated on calle Arroceros at the site of 
the old Arroceros market were occupied by the department on September 10, 1902, 
and all the property removed from the old storehouse on calle Audiencia. 

The level of the shop inclosure has been raised about 10 inches and graded, and 
the surface of the portion subject to traffic covered with stone screenings and rolled. 
Roadway at entrance has been built and curbings installed, and the open space in 
front of storehouses partially sodded. A new shop building, 30 by 120 feet, has been 
constructed with equipment for blacksmiths and wheelwrights; repair shop for har- 
ness reconstructed and supplied with a complete outfit of tools. 

All repair work to means of transportation required by the various city depart- 
ments is done at these shops, as well as the shoeing of all horses and mules in the 
service of the city. These shops supply all the materials and labor and direct all 
the repairs for municipal buildings. 

The area of the shop inclosure is 156,218 square feet, in which are the following 
buildings and sheds: Office building, 26 by 29 feet, also used as dwelling by store- 
keeper and superintendent of shops; also for storing stationery. Carpenter shop, 
30 by 94 feet, carpenters' repairs to municipal buildings. Oil house, used for storing 
oils, paints, and inflammable material; building is stone, 32 by 32 feet. Saddler shop, 
32 by 32 feet; stone building. Storehouse No. 2, 30 by 94 feet, used for storing 
cement, lime, hay, and old tools, etc. ; awaiting condemnation. Horseshoeing, black- 
smith, wagon, and paint shop, 30 by 120 feet. Water department shops, 32 by 94 
feet. Main storehouse, 30 by 120 feet; materials and tools stored here. Original 
building rented forestry bureau, 32 by 94 feet. New building erected by forestry 
bureau, including shed, 41 by 69 feet. Space occupied by logs, etc., forestry bureau, 
about 35 by 51 feet. Shed for making cement curbing, etc., 16 by 36£ feet. New 
building for water-supply employees, 25 by 54 feet, with baths and kitchens in rear 
8 J by 54 feet. Residence for subforeman water department, 24 by 25 feet. Stable 
for horse used by water department, 12 by 17£ feet. Lumber shed, 20 by 92 feet. 
Space for stable horse used by superintendent, 13£ bv 18J feet. 

A new machine and wood-working shop, 50 by 120 feet, is to be erected at a cost 
of about $4,500. In this is to be placed a planing machine, band saw, circular saw, 
shaper, drills, spoke-tenoning machine, lathe, tire bender, welding machine, bolt 
cutter, blower for forges, hub-boring machine, and 20-horsepower engine and boiler. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE. COMMISSION. 613 

SURVEYING AND DRAFTING DIVISION. 

Surveys. — After assuming charge of the office on January 1, 1903, the greater part 
of the months of January and February were devoted to the reorganization of the 
engineering department and looking after the needs of the work which had accumu- 
lated in the office at the time it was without assistants. The routine of the work in 
the office since that time is given in the following table: 

Grades for buildings 2 

Street lines for buildings 147 

Grades for street construction 4 

Grades for sidewalks 17 

Surveys for street extensions 12 

Surveys for bridges 3 

Surveys for esteros 3 

Detail plans for construction 7 

Estimates 16 

Land surveys 16 

Plans 64 

Blueprints 446 

Surveys for new streets 16 

Building plans 9 

A river wall back of the government ice plant, near the suspension bridge, has 
been rebuilt. This wall for a length of about 90 feet fell into the river, due to the 
action of the water washing away the foundations from underneath, the wall having 
been constructed without making suitable provision for the same. The settling basin 
for the ice plant water supply was also destroyed and the overflow from the condens- 
ing pumps washed away the filling from under the coal bin. Kepairs were made by 
means of a cofferdam, and the foundations for the new wall were carried to a depth 
of five feet below low water, at which depth the concrete foundation was built, on 
top of which a new settling basin was constructed of stone, with an opening into the 
river supplied with screens. 

A pipe drain 40 centimeters in diameter was rebuilt, carrying the overflow from 
the pumps, and two pipes 30 centimeters in diameter were constructed through the 
wall to care for the roof and surface drainage. 

Palomar crematory has been completed, and the retaining walls for the approach 
have been finished. Owing to the very unstable character of the foundation upon 
which all of this work was located, it was found necessary to construct a pile founda- 
tion to an elevation of mean low water, from which point concrete piers for founda- 
tions were laid to the surface of the ground, and upon which the crematory and walls 
and approaches were built. 

The work of plotting the old survey notes for the city maps has been undertaken, 
but the traverses have worked out so poorly that additional field work may be necessary 
to check the surveys before satisfactory results can be obtained. 

Surveys have been completed for a new river wall, approximately 1,000 feet in 
length, situated on the south bank of the Pasig River and extending from a point 
near the Santo Domingo gate, near the eastern bank of the moat where it joins the Pasig 
River, and extending to a point opposite and near the site of the Almacen gate, and as 
soon as soundings have been completed for the purpose of ascertaining the character 
of the foundations required detail plans and specifications will be made ready for the 
advertisement of the work. 

Plans and details have been made for introducing a system of trolley tracks and 
hooks in the Matedero and the installation of track scales therein. 

The city boundary line has been relocated ready for introducing the necessary 
boundary stones from the Maytubig Creek through Singalong, Santa Ana, San Felipe 
Neri, and Santa Mesa to the Chinese cemetery. It is the intention of the office to 
complete the setting of boundary stones as soon as the services of the assistants 
can be spared for that purpose. The lengths of the various lines bounding the city 
will no doubt vary from those given in the act of the Philippine Commission estab- 
lishing city limits, inasmuch as it appears from inquiry and examination of notes 
that no survey of this line has ever been made, other than a preliminary stadia 
traverse. 

Surveys are now in progress by one field party for a new drainage system for the 
city. The work in hand at the present time consists in establishing a system of street 
elevations and benches throughout the city, using as a basis for determining a datum 
mean low-tide level, as obtained by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
from observations for a period of two years. 

A large amount of time has been devoted by the various survey parties in the 



614 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



engineering department in reestablishing building lines and setting corner stones 
throughout all parts of the city and in new subdivisions of land which have recently- 
been made. Up to the present time no well denned street lines have existed, and 
much difficulty has been experienced in giving lines for the erection of buildings. 

Openings through the city wall and extensions of streets have been planned for 
calles Aduana, Palacio, and Victoria. In making these openings and laying out the 
streets, the object has been to serve public convenience, obtain appropriate locations 
and grades for drainage, and mar the appearance of the wall as little as possible. 
Inasmuch as the only use of the moat at the present time is for surface-draining 
purposes, it is believed that the same can be filled up after drains of suitable size have 
been substituted. 

Report of the sealer of weights and measures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES SEALED. 



Name. 


Character. 


Number. 




Dry 


165 


i cavanes 


do 


187 








Total 


352 




Liquid 




Arrobas 


78 


i arrobas 


do 


73 




...do... 


67 


1 liter 


....do... 


2 




....do... 


1 


10 liters 


do 


2 




do... 


4 




do 


2 


i gallons 


do 


1 








Total 


230 




Dry and liquid . . . 
do 






2,617 
2,440 
3,642 
4,944 
4,951 






do 




do 




do 








Total 


18,594 




Linear 




1,660 
100 




do 




do 


21 




do 


21 








Total 


1,802 




Weight 






2,080 




do 


231 




do 


161 










23,450 









COLLECTIONS. 
[Values expressed in United States currency.] 



Year 


and month. 


Value. 


Year and month. 


Value. 


July 


1902. 


$50.35 
38.25 
48.75 
49.30 
44.45 
16.15 

787.25 


1903— Continued. 
February 


$1, 089. 35 


August 


March 


653. 00 






223. 80 






97.65 






68.85 




Total 






1903. 


3, 167. 15 


January 











MEASURES REJECTED AND DESTROYED. 



Dry and liquid measures 
Linear "". 



822 
174 



Total 996 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 615 

Expenditures of the department for the year. 
[Values are expressed in local currency.] 

SALARIES AND WAGES. 

C|o 1 *1 TIPS* 

Classified employees $193, 172. 35 

Unclassified employees 223, 231. 26 

Ordinary labor 338, 501. 81 

Total 754,905.45 

PUBLIC WORKS. 

Repairs to city bridges 25, 711. 67 

Purchase and transportation of road material 113, 948. 48 

Purchase of forage 72, 263. 64 

Repairs to sewers and drains 17, 918. 97 

Repairs to city stables and corrals 27, 582. 17 

Purchase of coal for crematories, etc 22, 120. 02 

Purchase of tools, hose, etc 18, 194. 81 

Purchase of horseshoeing materials 4, 883. 66 

Repairs to harness, wagons, and launches 24, 927. 38 

Maintenance of grounds and parks 8, 898. 57 

Maintenance of rock quarry 32, 888. 37 

Repairs to Santolan road 3, 833. 50 

Repairs markets and municipal buildings 44, 959. 00 

Supplies, cleaning and care public buildings 7, 995. 52 

Maintenance of electric-light service 96, 007. 61 

Repairs and increase to electric service 5, 269. 71 

Oil for lights in public buildings 2, 067. 94 

Maintenance of water service 137, 559. 33 

Alterations and repairs to Arranque market 3, 591. 60 

Repairs to Bridge of Spain 11, 093. 03 

Repairs to Santa Cruz fire station 3, 576. 22 

Maintenance of city shops 40, 341. 24 

Construction of school buildings 3, 975. 57 

Hire of bull carts and drivers 27, 001. 45 

Purchase of stone crusher 7, 417. 41 

Supplies and materials for cemeteries 118. 14 

Construction of San Nicolas fire station 35, 849. 13 

Construction of garbage crematory 144, 425. 15 

Repairs to Paco police station . . . .* 771. 54 

Construction of tenement houses 15, 387. 52 

Construction of Anda street market 1 19, 331. 28 

Construction of scows 18, 324. 08 

Construction of new streets and roads 40, 904. 57 

Construction of garbage scows 14, 806. 24 

Purchase of means of transportation 48, 983. 97 

Purchase of steam launch 14, 630. 00 

Purchase of street sprinklers 14, 864. 72 

Purchase of Matadero weighing machine 529. 10 

Repairs to crematories 2, 219. 75 

Repairs to wharves 7, 054. 69 

Veterinary supplies 2, 163. 10 

Settlement of claim for lost bancas 2, 400. 00 

Erection of buildings for city pound 1, 554. 00 

Supplies and repairs to launches 5, 730. 47 

Purchase of fire hydrants 15, 272. 17 

Total 1,169,346.49 

CONTINGENT EXPENSES. 

Office supplies, advertising, etc 5, 191. 96 

Official transportation 9, 827. 34 

Burial of pauper dead 2, 399. 27 

Rent of schoolhouses, police stations 83, 107. 08 

Rent of telephones 3, 211. 60 

Clearing of grounds for new improvements 704. 25 

Block map of Manila ^ 11, 688. 65 

Per diem for United States Army city engineer 2, 158. 80 

Purchase of Spanish block map of Manila 2, 000. 00 

Subsistence supplies, Tondo fire sufferers 2, 844. 88 

Incidentals 78. 70 

Total 123,212.53 

Total 2, 047, 464. 47 

PROPOSED DRAINAGE SYSTEM. 

Everyone who is familiar with and has been accustomed to modern sanitary 
arrangements, which are usually found in all large cities, will agree that the condi- 
tions existing in Manila offer a rare opportunity for sanitary investigation. The wel- 
fare and health of the city demand most of all a complete system of drainage and no 



616 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

time should be lost in making the necessary surveys, preparing plans and estimates 
for the same, in order that the work of construction can be undertaken and carried 
to completion as quickly as possible. History in questions of this kind has demon- 
strated the fact that at best, several years must elapse before a system of drainage of 
the magnitude required for this city, if undertaken at once, can be completed and 
made ready for operation. 

The department of public health and the department of engineering and public 
works are constantly besieged during the dry season with innumerable complaints 
due to the offensive odors arising from the foul and polluted moat and esteros, a con- 
dition which is undoubtedly growing worse each year at an alarming rate, and due 
almost entirely to the fact that the sewage matter from a large part of the population 
of the city is now dumped into these water courses, converting them into open slug- 
gish sewers. With the discontinuance of this practice, very much, if not all, of the 
objections to their existence will be removed. The open water courses or esteros 
will always remain the natural outlets for the purpose of handling surface drainage, 
but should never be used for any other purpose. 

It will be necessary to design and build new such a system of sewerage as has 
usually been developed in other cities of similar size, by a gradual growth, extend- 
ing through several generations. The system must be so designed as to afford not 
only adequate drainage for the present needs of the city, but must also be so designed 
that the future needs of the city can be accommodated when it has attained possibly 
double its present size and population. 

A discussion of the different methods of sewerage which have been adopted in 
different cities from time to time is quite unnecessary. The method of dry removal, 
which was once thought the only proper system, has been tried in Manila, to a slight 
extent, with not the most satisfactory results. In all large American communities 
accustomed to an abundance of water supply, and therefore dealing with large quan- 
tities of waste water or sewage, the water-carriage system is considered the only sat- 
isfactory one by which the sewerage itself becomes the vehicle which immediately 
and continuously carries away from the inhabited districts both thoroughly and 
economically all refuse matter which can be held by it, either in solution or suspension. 

Owing to the peculiar topographical features of Manila, where natural conditions 
for drainage are almost entirely wanting, due to the fact that the highest parts are 
located at elevations of from 2 to 6 feet above mean high water in the bay, it will be 
necessary to create the fall by increasing the depths of the sewers, and for the sake 
of expense the question of minimum grades becomes of the utmost importance. 
Grades should be established in such a way as to insure efficiency and the satisfactory 
operation of the sewers. 

As all of the sewage from the city will necessarily require pumping, and as some 
of it may have to be pumped twice or possibly three times, it becomes of the utmost 
importance, on account of the cost of maintenance, that the amount of sewage be 
reduced to a minimum, which can best be accomplished by adopting the separate 
system. By the separate system is meant a system of sewers admitting sewage only, 
allowing the storm water to flow off upon the surface of the streets to the near-by 
esteros and river or providing for its removal by storm-water drains to the nearest 
water courses. 

The older parts of the city are quite well provided with storm- water drains, which 
have also received the drainage from a large number of dwellings and the overflow 
from cesspools, which connections of late years have been permitted to be made. 

These storm-water drains have been constructed of rectangular blocks of stone 
laid on the natural soil with stone covering, and built in such manner as to be quite 
unsuitable for sanitary purposes. As these drains are very rough and uneven and 
without suitable grades, a large amount of filthy matter is retained, which putrifies 
and gives off through the inlets or catch-basins odors which are extremely disagree- 
able and most detrimental to the health of the citizens. No traps are provided at 
the catch-basins to prevent the escape of these foul odors, nor are the so-called sewers 
or drains ventilated except through the inlets. The existing storm-water drains 
should be made use of for the purpose of removing storm water only, which is the 
purpose for which they were originally constructed, and all house drainage should 
be disconnected from them as soon as independent sewer lines can be constructed 
and put in operation. 

Storm-water removal is an entirely independent question, and one which is of 
minor importance, and which should be considered in connection with the canaliza- 
tion of the esteros after the introduction of the separate system of drainage. A com- 
plete review of the whole situation leads me to believe that a separate system of 
sewerage will be the best for the city of Manila, and it is believed that the wastes 
can be disposed of by means of a system of pumping stations with two points of dis- 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 617 

charge, one located north and the other south of the Pasig River outlet, discharging 
the waste in its crude or unclarified form into the deep water of the bay at least 3,000 
feet from shore, without any previous treatment, by means of submerged cast-iron 
pipes. At that distance from the shore the sewage would become so thoroughly and 
completely disintegrated by the action of the waves that there would be little or no 
danger of its becoming offensive. All sewage when sufficiently mixed with a large 
volume of water is entirely inoffensive, and chemical changes at once begin to take 
place which will in time purify the whole mass. This process of purification is not 
very rapid, but being a process of oxydization no offense is caused thereby. All 
floating material which would be likely to interfere with the pumps or afterwards 
strand along the shore of the bay will be caught and removed from the sewers by 
means of screens or filth hoists located at the pumps. 

It is hoped that this office may be able to render a full and complete report, 
together with detail plans and an estimated cost of a complete separate drainage sys- 
tem for this city, along the lines outlined above, during the coming year, provided 
some slight additional engineering assistance can be secured to aid in carrying on the 
work. 

In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation of the active interest shown by 
the employees of this department in the execution of their work, and in the excel- 
lent results attained since I assumed the duties of city engineer on January 1, 1903. 
Very respectfully, 

0. L. Ingalls, 

City Engineer 

A. Cruz Herrera, C. H. Sleeper, P. G. McDonnell, 

Members of the Municipal Board, Manila, P. I. 



Exhibit E. 

REPOKT OF CHIEF OF POLICE. 

Department of Police, Central Office, 

Manila, P. J., July J, 1903. 
The Secretary, Municipal Board, Manila. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of operations of the police 
department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903. 

PERSONNEL AND SALARIES. 

These are the same as were submitted in report of last year. The different 
precincts of the city are commanded by the following officers: Precinct No. 1, Capt. 
Jack Dawson; precinct No. 2, Lieut. Esrom J. Morse; precinct No. 3, Lieut. Mark 
Scott; precinct No. 4, Capt. George Seaver; precinct No. 5, Capt. Jose de Crame; 
precinct No. 6, Capt. Joaquin Monet; river and harbor, Capt. Walter E. Wilson. 

BUILDINGS. 

The buildings occupied by the police department as police stations are unsatisfac- 
tory and inadequate, it being absolutely impossible to put several of these buildings 
or keep them in a sanitary condition. A new building recently erected in Paco dis- 
trict, precinct No. 6, was almost worthless, as finished by the contractors, and 
necessitated the expenditure of a considerable amount of money to put this building 
in a fit condition to be used, especially during the rainy season. A new station for 
precinct No. 5, has been ordered and plans have been drawn for same. 

I recommend that if possible, a duplicate of this building, but on a larger scale, be 
constructed in precinct No. 4, Sampaloc district, as the buildings now in use as stations 
in Sampaloc are not suitable and are very unsatisfactory, in fact, adequate stations 
are urgently required in precinct 1, subprecinct 1, precincts 4 and 5. During the 
fiscal year buildings that were formerly used as police stations on Calles Konquillo 
and Isla de Romero, respectively, were vacated and Third precinct stations removed 
to the central fire station in Santa Cruz, a private building being rented near by for 
the use of the native police of this precinct; it is also used as storerooms. 

ALARM SYSTEM. 

An improvement of most vital importance and interest to the police department 
was consummated when the Gamewell police and fire alarm system was installed. 



618 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

This is now in working order in four precincts. This system is working very well, 
and when the additional materials which have been ordered from the United States, 
and which are badly needed, arrive each precinct will be connected and police 
work will be greatly facilitated. The Philippine civil hospital has also been con- 
nected with the central desk at Parian station and the ambulance from that institu- 
tion is called in cases of emergency when the services of a physician are immediately 
required. The installation of this system prevents loitering on beat by patrolmen, 
indicates to the desk sergeant at all times where his men are, renders the work of 
men more systematic and thorough, is of the greatest benefit in calling for necessary 
assistance, reporting accidents, etc., and, in fact, keeps the station in touch at all 
times with every part of the precinct. 

CIVIL SEEVICE. 

The entire department is now under the civil service, and, on a whole, this has 
been beneficial. All promotions are conducted by a board composed of 3 police 
officers and 1 representative from the civil-service board. In this manner satis- 
factory results have generally been obtained. The civil-service board has been able 
so far to keep the department supplied with new men. Some difficulty in this line 
will evidently be experienced in the coming year, due to the fact that with the 
reduction of the army in the islands good material is not so plentiful and applications 
come in rather slowly. The greatest benefit derived from the civil service is the 
leave of absence. At present cooperation between the police department and the 
civil-service board is very good. 

POLICE QUALIFICATIONS. 

During the year the physical requirements for policemen were changed and the 
height reduced from 5 feet 9 inches to 5 feet 8 inches, and the weight to 145 pounds, 
which has enabled a number of good men to enter the department and has some- 
what eliminated the scarcity of police material. 

METEOPOLITAN POLICE. 

The high standard reported in the last annual report is still maintained in the met- 
ropolitan police force. The number of complaints made by citizens, due to the fact 
of the inexperience of the men and the new method of police administration with 
which the people were not familiar, has greatly diminished, and the efficiency of the 
force is probably greater than ever before. This high standard of efficiency is, 
however, rather difficult to maintain and calls for a large amount of work and the 
greatest of zeal on the part of the officers, owing to the fact of the large number of 
changes continually being made, as shown by the report of appointments and resig- 
nations given in another part of this report. Conditions, however, are rapidly 
becoming more settled, and it is expected that the number of changes that will be 
made in the ensuing year will be much smaller. Only one case of theft or dishon- 
esty has been discovered among the American patrolmen during the past year, and 
this point alone illustrates the high character of the men composing the force. 
Undoubtedly their work can be favorably compared with that of any police depart- 
ment in the world. 

NATIVE POLICE. 

The good progress being made by the native police at the time of the last annual 
report is being continued. They are daily becoming more valuable to the city and 
their good work exceeds anticipations. They are rapidly learning the English 
language and acquiring a knowledge of the laws and police duties. They, however, 
require much more watching and more work on the part of their officers than the 
American police. 

DETECTIVE BUEEAU. 

The detective bureau has developed in large strides and is daily becoming of more 
importance to the city, and the present conditions of the city are very largely due to 
their efforts. Their work during the past year can not be too highly estimated. 
Especial attention is invited to the report of Chief Trowbridge, hereto attached, and 
to the recommendations made therein regarding rank in the department. These 
recommendations are fully concurred in by this office. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 619 

EIVEK AND HARBOR POLICE. 

The river and harbor police is another department which has rapidly developed in 
the importance and scope of its work. It has been very ably commanded by Capt. 
Walter E. Wilson. During the year an additional launch, the George Curry (so named 
after ex-Chief of Police Curry), has been added to this force. This is a small launch 
and is used for the purpose of patrolling the river from its mouth to the city limits. 
It has been of the greatest benefit to commercial interests in regulating traffic on the 
river. The large launch, the Bucky O'Neil, is used almost exclusively for bay work 
and makes four patrols a day of the entire bay. This launch is very frequently called 
upon by the vessels in the bay for making arrests, taking off injured persons, etc. 
It is recommended that a large pump, to be used in case of fire, be placed on this 
launch. It would be of great value in extinguishing fire among the shipping or along 
shore. The river and harbor police also patrol all of the many esteros in the city 
with rowboats, and where these esteros were at one time the scene of many crimes, 
they are now comparatively peaceful. 

MOUNTED DETACHMENT. 

The mounted detachment, under the command of Sergeant Henderson, has ren- 
dered excellent service during the past year, and has aided greatly in cleaning out 
the ladrone element which formerly infested the district surrounding El Deposito. 
They have often been called upon to cooperate with the Philippines Constabulary 
stationed around and about that district, and have greatly assisted them on many 
occasions. They have also regularly patrolled the north and northeastern limits of 
the city and have done considerable escort work, etc. 

CITY POUND. 

The city pound, in charge of a roundsman of this department, has done excellent 
service during the past year in impounding the cur dogs which infest the city. A great 
many other animals have also been handled by this department. The fee charged 
for the redemption of dogs is the same as that for other animals, and in most instances 
is considered too high, wdth the result that the dogs are not redeemed, but are killed 
and cremated. More than 3,000 dogs have been cremated during the past fiscal year. 
The revenue derived from the impounding of animals during this time amounted to 
$334. 04 United States currency and $1 , 731 . 74 Mexican currency. I would recommend 
that the pound fees for small animals, such as dogs, pigs, goats, etc. , be reduced one-half 
the present rate, which is $2 impounding fee and 50 cents a day for maintenance. 

CLERICAL FORCE. 

The clerical force during the past year has rendered very effective service, and the 
records of the department are up to date. There are at present 21 men in this depart- 
ment. The following is the list of salaries paid: 

1 chief clerk $1,800 

6 clerks, at $1, 400 8, 400 

4 clerks, at $1,200 4,800 

2 clerks, at $900 1 , 800 

8 clerks, at $600 4,800 

Total 21,600 

I recommend that this be changed as follows: 

1 chief clerk \ $2, 000 

1 assistant chief clerk 1, 600 

1 clerk 1,500 

4 clerks, at $1,400 5,600 

3 clerks, at $1,200 3, 600 

1 clerk 1,000 

1 clerk 900 

7 clerks, at $600 4,200 

Total 20,400 

This will be a reduction of $1,200 over the present salary list, and I think will 
result in better service. In the past this department has experienced great difficulty 
in keeping competent and efficient men in the clerical department, due to the fact 



620 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

that the salary list is not so regulated that a man can be advanced in proportion to 
his ability. With few exceptions we have only been able to keep the best men a 
short time; they then transfer to other departments, where larger salaries can be 
obtained. Under the new arrangement competent men can be promoted in accord- 
ance with their abilities, and will not be compelled to seek positions elsewhere. 
Under the provisions of Act 392, United States Philippine Commission, enacted April 
18, 1902, a chief of a department can reduce the salary of a position at will, but can 
not increase the same beyond the appropriation. Under this new arrangement the 
maximum salary will only be given when men by their services have demonstrated 
that they deserve and are entitled to the same. 

PATROL WAGON. 

The department has only one patrol wagon at present, and this has rendered very 
effective service. A large number of calls have been answered and a number of lives 
saved by the prompt service rendered. The wagon in use at present is too cumber- 
some and heavy, and is very hard on horses. A lighter wagon has been ordered and 
will arrive shortly, and the efficiency of the department in this line will be greatly 
increased. 

ARMS. 

The police department since its organization has carried .45-caliber Colt's revolv- 
ers, army model. While this weapon is good, it is also very cumbersome, antiquated, 
and old. Eight hundred new .38-caliber police revolvers have been ordered. This 
change will materially affect the appearance of the men, as the revolver will be 
small enough to be carried in the pocket instead of being carried in a large and heavy 
holster as at present. As an emergency arm the police are now equipped with 300 
Winchester repeating shotguns, short-barrelled, commonly known as a riot gun, 
which are very effective, carrying a buck-shot shell, and at close range are very 
deadly. From this standpoint the police are well equipped. 

UNIFORM. 

A new uniform has*been selected for the police department, the cloth of which, 
an olive drab serge, has withstood every test made to determine its stability, shrink- 
ing qualities, and fast color. The uniform will be made in the same style as that at 
present in use, and will be adopted about the first of the year. A cork helmet, which 
is a great improvement on the one at present used, has also been adopted, and I am 
satisfied that the new uniform will prove satisfactory in every particular. 



The much extra work devolving upon the police during the past cholera epidemic 
and other unusual occurrences reduced the average attendance at the night schools 
to the extent of the attendance falling below the necessary average of 25, and most 
of the schools were closed. At present a great part of the extra work of the above 
character has been removed and the average attendance required has also been 
reduced, and arrangements will be made to open up schools in each police station. 
The third-class police are very eager to learn the English language and take great 
interest in the work. There are at present about 40 second-class policemen, a work- 
ing knowledge of English being required before the men can enter this class. 

PROMOTION OF OFFICERS. 

On January 9 J. E. Harding was promoted from assistant chief to chief of police, 
E. S. Luthi from assistant inspector to assistant chief , John F. Green from captain to 
assistant inspector; October 23, George Seaver from lieutenant to captain; February 
4, Walter E. Wilson from lieutenant to captain; October 23, Esrom J. Morse from 
sergeant to lieutenant; January 7, Mark Scott from sergeant to lieutenant; March 
16, Thomas F. Crowley from sergeant to lieutenant; December 1, Santiago Versoza 
from sergeant to lieutenant. 

RESIGNATION OF OFFICERS. 

The following officers separated their connection with this department during the 
year under the circumstances herein enumerated: Lieut. Bernabe de Malibot, 
resigned June 13, 1903; Capt. Andrew J. Burt, on leave of absence in the United 
States to be discharged July 3, 1903; Lieut. Hilarion de Guzman, discharged for 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 621 

cause September 6, 1902; Lieut. H. G. Toone, discharged for cause December 18, 
1902; H. W. Yeamans, police surgeon, discharged for cause June 25, 1903; one officer, 
Capt. Ward P. Shattuck, is on leave of absence in the United States at the present 
time. 

APPOINTMENTS AND SEPARATIONS OF PATEOLMEN AND NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS. 

During the year the following appointments, separations, etc., have occurred in 
this department: 

Probationary appointments 330 

Discharges 325 

Accrued leaves of absence 362 

Temporary appointments 50 

Transfers from the department 16 

Transfers to the department 5 

Reinstatements 67 

Promotions 72 

CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION. 

The methods of criminal identification in use a year ago are still in vogue. A 
complete Bertillon system has been ordered and is expected to arrive within a short 
time. This will enable the department to keep a line on all criminals arriving here 
from the United States and from other parts of the Orient and will greatly facilitate 
the work in this line. 

VAGRANTS. 

A very undesirable, hard to cope with element are the vagrants which infest the 
city, and in most cases are men who live off the gains of fallen women. During the 
past year this class of people have been hunted down, prevented from landing, driven 
out of the city, and sentenced to terms in Bilibid, and at the present time the city is 
practically without this undesirable class of people. This state of affairs is largely 
brought about through the efforts of the detective bureau. During the year 613 
arrests were made under this charge. It is recommended that some arrangements 
be made whereby American criminals of this class can be forced to leave the islands. 

GAMBLING. 

One of the most persistent, law-defying evils of the city is gambling, and during the 
past year the police department has been very earnest in its endeavors to suppress 
this vice. This evil still exists principally among the Chinese population, and it 
seems to be almost an impossibility to entirely stop it. An index to the work of the 
department in this direction is furnished by a resume of the court records for the 
year, which show 178 persons arrested for conducting gambling houses, 39 for con- 
ducting gambling games, 25 for collecting for games, and for gambling, 3,604. Con- 
victions were obtained practically in every case and the revenue to the city was 
considerable. 

POLICE FUND. 

The police fund at the present time is in a very flourishing condition and during 
the year has done much toward assisting members of this department. In all cases 
where members have died the burial expenses have been borne by this fund. Fam- 
ilies of deceased policemen have also been assisted, and "from the large amount of 
benefits derived from this fund in so comparatively small a way I feel assured that 
the police-aid organization at present being contemplated would be of incalculable 
benefit to the members of this department. At the end of the fiscal year this fund 
has a balance of SI, 745.68, Mexican currency. 

HEALTH OF THE DEPARTMENT. 

The general health of the department has been excellent during the past year, 
considering the various epidemics through which the city has passed and the nature 
of work performed. The number of cases of sickness in the department during the 
year was 1,480 and the number of deaths 7. The unsanitary condition of several of 
the police stations must also be taken into consideration in this connection. 



622 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENT. 



The entire staff of officers at present in the department are young, energetic men, 
and while very few have had any previous experience in police work, the ability 
shown is of the highest order. The best of feeling and esprit de corps exists among 
the members of the department, and everyone is working in hearty cooperation 
toward bringing the department up to the highest state of efficiency. 



TRANSPORTATION OF PRISONERS. 



During the past year the work of handling the prisoners of the court of first 
instance has been done by the sheriff of Manila, a police-patrol wagon being turned 
over to him by this department for that purpose. The police department at pres- 
ent only handles municipal-court prisoners. 



CELLS. 

This department is still greatly in need of proper cells at several of the police sta- 
tions. Progress was made during the year in installing proper cells in stations of 
precincts 3 and 6. The cells at the other stations are as yet constructed of wood, 
very insecure, and in most cases unsanitary. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

I urgently recommend that a plan for an increase of the salaries throughout the 
department be formulated and put into effect as soon as possible; that the proposed 
method of handling the police fund and plan of retired pay be also consummated as 
quickly as possible, as they are extremely essential to the stability of the force and 
to prevent the constant changes that are at present taking place. 

I desire to take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation for the support 
and assistance that your honorable board has rendered me in the performance of my 
duties during the year. It will be my desire in the future as in the past to at all 
times perform my duty and follow the instructions as provided by your honorable 
board to the best of my ability. 

I inclose herewith statement of expenditures of this department during the fiscal 
year 1903, record of prisoners apprehended, report of the detective bureau, report of 
the storekeeper, and report of poundkeeper. 

Kespectfully submitted. 

J. E. Harding, Chief of Police. 



Department of Police, Secret Service Bureau, 

Manila, P. I., July 25, 1903. 
The Chief of Police, Manila. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of operations of this bureau 
covering the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903. 

The growth of various branches of the bureau's work during the period above 
mentioned has been greater than that of any space of time since the organization of 
civil government. This is particularly true of the strictly criminal branch of the 
work, and it is not too much to say that the entire time of the present detective 
force could be very comfortably taken up if devoted exclusively to this part of the 
work. The increase is undoubtedly due, for the most part, to the fact that the 
bureau is becoming better known, not only by the public at large, but by the various 
departments of the civil government, both in the city of Manila and throughout the 
provinces. Merchants and people of all classes, who in times past did not care to 
go to the trouble of investigations and trials subsequent, and who were not sure as to 
the best medium, now bring their reports to the bureau for the necessary action. 
This is evidenced, not only by a marked increase in the amount and value of lost and 
stolen property recovered, but by the continuous crowded condition of the office 
during the ordinary business hours. 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 623 

With reference to the relation of this bureau to the various departments of civil 
government, both executive and judicial, it may be said with truth that this work 
has almost tripled in the last year. Under this head come the following: First, the 
service of criminal papers for the sheriff for the city of Manila; second, the handling 
of that portion of the criminal work of the constabulary division of information which 
pertains to the city of Manila; third, private and secret investigations of officials and 
employees, many of whom have had to be shadowed to prevent their leaving the 
islands; fourth, actual documentary investigations in connection with various depart- 
ments, including the summing up and reporting on cases referred by the prosecuting 
attorney; fifth, correspondence in and investigation of inquiries of lost and missing 
persons who have been either soldiers or civil employees in the islands, the majority 
of which cases come either from the executive secretary or the adjutant-general, 
Division of the Philippines. 

In outlining briefly, as is done here, the increase of the work of the bureau, it is 
not to be understood that crime is increasing or has increased. The bureau has 
simply gained a reputation as a means of recovering lost and stolen property, running 
down criminals of all classes, furnishing accurate information on public matters, and 
rendering assistance in a multiplicity of cases, criminal and otherwise; in short, in 
handling work that formerly went by unnoticed, largely by reason of ignorance of 
the existence of the bureau. 

The present force of the bureau is 28 men all told, of which 4 are detailed from the 
uniformed force, 3 being Americans and the fourth a native.. These details were 
found necessary several months ago, and are of a double advantage. These men so 
detailed are given the same class of work as those of the regular force, and in the 
meantime are receiving the benefit of instruction in the manner of work that comes 
from the actual handling of cases. This, of course, fits them to fill any vacancies that 
are occasioned in the regular force, and whenever possible appointments are made of 
these men in preference to outsiders, except in cases where the latter exhibit some 
particular fitness, either in speaking the languages in vogue, previous experience, or 
marked aptitude. 

Under present arrangements, several of the agents of the bureau are assigned to 
duty on particular lines of work, thus making them practically unavailable for 
assignment to cases. One agent of the bureau boards every incoming and outgoing 
steamer on which passengers arrive or depart. This not only keeps the bureau in 
touch with all new arrivals, be they good citizens or bad, but prevents a hasty 
departure on the part of peculating accountable officials and others. 

A most valuable auxiliary to the bureau is the pawnshop inspection, which is a 
novelty as beneficial as it is thorough. This is operated under a city ordinance 
governing and regulating pawn agencies. One agent of the bureau is assigned to this 
work, and makes thorough daily inspection visits to all the agencies. The propensity 
of the native to turn any ill-gotten article into ready cash by the hasty negotiation of 
a loan has caused many a one to spend a term in Bilibid and has been the means of 
recovering thousands of dollars' worth of jewels and other property. 

One agent of the bureau handles the identification of criminals and suspicious char- 
acters. The work embraces the photographing, measuring, and recording of every 
convicted criminal of any importance released from the public carcel of Bilibid and 
all dangerous and suspicious characters. This agent is assisted in the work by one 
native detective, who does this in addition to his other duties. 

One agent of the bureau is detailed in charge of the interior work of the office, and 
has charge of all details, including the assignment of men, recording of cases, prepa- 
ration of evidence; in fact, everything which pertains to the routine of the office. 
One agent of the bureau is detailed in charge of the office at night, and he is assisted 
by a native agent. He receives reports from the various police stations and attends 
to any complaints that may be made; he is in telephonic connection with many of 
the agents, who are obliged to respond promptly and willingly to his calls. 

During the year 1,141 reports or "alarms" have been received of lost and stolen 
property. Each one of these has received due attention, and a large percentage have 
been successfully worked out. These, it must be understood, cover cases of theft 
and embezzlement only. There are perhaps hundreds of other criminal cases, such 
as rape, abduction, illegal marriages, etc., and many cases of missing persons and lost 
children. By reason of the fact that the object of- the bureau is the prevention as 
well as the detection of crime, a large amount of work has been done which could 
not and does not show in the records. 



624 



KEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 



Statement of money and money value of articles recovered 
July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903. 



the detective bureau from 
[Amounts are expressed in Mexican currency.] 



Months. 



Money. 



Money 
value of 
articles. 



Total. 



1902 

July 

August 

September , 

October 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February .- 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total 



$235. 00 
1,950.70 
554. 73 
364. 41 
2, 479. 90 
3, 666. 35 



898.00 

87.00 

1, 025. 80 

1, 299. 25 

728. 00 
3, 367. 35 



16,656.49 



$2, 664. 50 
3, 944. 97 
2,894.17 
2, 914. 74 
1, 107. 10 
2,031.25 



1. 738. 00 
2, 442. 80 

3. 827. 01 
2, 295. 10 

11, 964. 25 
1, 013. 93 



837. 82 



$2,899.50 
5,895.67 
3,448.90 
3, 279. 15 
3,587.00 
5, 697. 60 

2, 636. 00 
2,529.80 
4,852.81 
3, 594. 35 
12,692.25 
4,381.28 



55, 494. 31 



Following is a statement of the number of arrests made by the bureau, and their 
disposition, from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive: 

Number of arrests 1, 842 

Convicted '. 1,204 

Dismissed 117 

Acquitted 7 

Released 242 

Jumped bond 1 

To proper authorities 220 

Held as witnesses - . 4 

Committed suicide 1 

Escaped 5 

Charges withdrawn 3 

Cases pending June 30, 1903 38 

Total 1, 842 

On June 30, 1902, there were pending 7 cases, which were disposed of as follows: 

Convicted 5 

Dismissed 2 

Total 7 

During a portion of the year, and especially during the last few months, the work 
of the bureau has been crippled by a lack of clerical help, this work, of necessity, 
having kept step with the increase in other lines. 

During the month of August, 1902, numerous gambling houses were started and 
were running and flourishing in the various precincts of the city. By your orders a 
vigorous campaign was instituted against these, with the result that the districts of 
Binondo and Santa Cruz, which seemed to be the. most thickly infested, were pretty 
thoroughly cleaned out. This work can be done much more effectively by the 
bureau than by the precinct people, for the reason that the plain-clothes men of the 
precinct become so well known in their particular jurisdiction that their work is seri- 
ously hampered. However, on account of the great amount of more important work 
on hand, the bureau is not particularly active in this line at present, but all reports 
received of games running in any precinct are at once transmitted to the precinct 
commander for his information. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



625 



Following is a statement of games, number of persons arrested, fines, and confisca- 
tions during the period from July, 1902, to June 30, 1903: 



Month. 



Number 
of per- 
sons ar- 
rested. 



United States currency 



Fines. 



Confisca- 
tions. 



Total. 



1902 

„J uly 

August. 

September 

(X rober 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

Total : 



28 



162 
91 
75 
28 
71 
55 



$173. 00 

100.00 

650. 00 

1, 051. 00 

3,133.00 

725.00 



1, 339. 50 

2, 766. 00 

1,526.00 

635.00 

818. 00 

669. 50 



$3.07 



38.00 
594.00 
679.26 

32.90 



312. 24 
726. 95 
88.48 
19.81 
282. 22 
26.98 



$176. 07 

100. 00 

688.00 

1, 645. 00 

3, 812. 26 

757. 90 



1, 651. 74 
3, 492. 95 
1, 614. 48 

654. 81 
1,130.22 

696.48 



13, 616. 00 



2, 797. 91 



16, 419. 91 



During the past year the bureau has handled a goodly number of cases semipoliti- 
cal in nature, the most important of which was that involving the affairs of the organ- 
ization known as "La Union Obrera Democratica," and its president, a Spanish- 
mestizo physician named Dominador Gomez de Jesus. In this case the bureau 
rendered assistance to the attorney-general, the solicitor-general, the insular treasurer, 
and the prosecuting attorney of Manila, not only in the injunction proceedings 
which were instituted against the organization, but in the criminal charges against 
Doctor Gomez. Attention was also given to the matter of the seditious dramas which 
were being presented in the city, and, in fact, the initial steps to suppress this evil 
were taken by this bureau. Investigation of other restless factions, such as labor 
leaders, religious disturbers, etc., has been conducted and an endeavor has been 
made to keep the finger of the bureau at all times upon the pulse of Manila's populace, 
the latter being regarded as a criterion in matters political. 

Cooperation with the division of information of the Philippines Constabulary has 
increased materially during the year and not a day passes without the transaction of 
business matters, either criminal or political. This cooperation is of mutual bene- 
fit, and attention is invited to the uniform courtesy and accommodation that has been 
accorded this bureau by the chief of the constabulary and the superintendent of the 
division of information! Work done for and with the military authorities, which 
was formerly an important branch, has been greatly reduced and is now of minor 
importance. 

The city of Manila has, mainly through the efforts of the bureau, been prac- 
tically cleared of the worthless American element which formerly infested it. A 
body blow was given to this element when the so-called "gang," headed by the 
notorious S. K. Price, and consisting of gamblers, confidence men, ex-Alaska adven- 
turers, and ex-convicts, were compelled to seek more congenial climes. Some of 
these went to south Africa, others to China, some to the States, while a few still 
languish in Bilibid. 

Some few months ago the quarters of the bureau were changed from the old 
provost-marshal-general building to the municipal school building on Calle Victoria. 
The new quarters, while more comfortable, so far as light and ventilation are con- 
cerned, are very cramped, and this is a serious hindrance to good and effective work. 
The most important recommendation to be made in this report is that more com- 
modious quarters be secured as soon as possible. 

Without in any manner reflecting on the precinct commanders of the city, I would 
respectfully invite your attention to the necessity of a more thorough and complete 
cooperation with this bureau. It has always been the case that reports from police 
stations have been given precedence in importance over other matters, and I regret 
to state that in several instances tardiness in such reports has caused delay in bring- 
ing matters to a successful issue here in the bureau. Agents of this bureau have been 
repeatedly instructed, and it is my belief that a great many are following out the 
instructions to cultivate a feeling of friendship and fraternity with the uniformed 
force — officers, noncommissioned officers, and patrolmen. Wherever practicable, and 
especially where police assistance is likely to be invoked, precinct commanders are 

war 1903— vol 5 40 



626 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



consulted, and I speak for the whole bureau when I here express heartfelt gratitude 
for their cooperation. 

In connection with the last recommendation, I have the honor to suggest, rather 
than recommend, that it will be beneficial to the bureau and to the police depart- 
ment to so amend the present police regulations as to give the American portion of 
the detective force, including the chief, a rank in the department. As matters now 
stand cooperation of police officers and patrolmen has become more or less a matter 
of courtesy. In my last annual report I recommended that the American agents of 
this bureau be given the rank of sergeants of police, thus giving them authority over 
patrolmen who might be on duty which would bring them in contact with the 
detective. I now respectfully suggest the following: That the senior American 
detective be given the rank of captain; that the second senior American detective 
be given the rank of lieutenant, and that all other American detectives be given the 
rank of sergeant. 

This arrangement will serve to give the members of the bureau a fixed status in 
the department, and will go far toward making the detective bureau appear what it 
really is, namely, a part of the police department. 

Very respectfully, 0. R. Trowbridge, 

Chief Secret Service. 



Manila, P. I., July 31, 1903. 
Chief op Police, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith receipts of the city pound for the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1903. 



Month. 


Amount of fees. 


Amount deposited 
tocredit of owner 
from sale. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


1902. 
July 


$48.50 

10.00 

14.50 

7.50 




$28.04 




August 






September 


$81. 09 

60.20 

207. 13 

376. 85 

68.25 
203. 42 
202. 38 
234. 21 
165. 55 
121. 62 






October 






November 






December 


9.75 

12.50 
27.50 
17.50 
22.50 
52.00 
113. 00 


11.75 


$79. 20 


1903. 
January 




February 




23.47 


March 






April 




11.00 








June 


58.10 








Total 


335. 25 


1, 720. 70 


97.89 


113. 67 







Very respectfully, 
Statement of expenditures of the department of police during the fiscal year 1903. 



W. C. McCOLLEY, 

Poundkeeper. 





Fiscal year 
1903. 


Supplemental 

to fiscal year 

1903. 


Total. 


Salaries and wages: 

Exclusive of special police 


$1, 307, 609. 58 
24,231.24 


$4,869.90 
20, 614. 89 


$1,312,479.48 


Special police 


44,846.13 






Total salaries and wages 


1, 331, 840. 82 


25, 484. 79 


1, 357, 325. 61 






Equipment disbursed by municipal disbursing officer. 
Equipment purchased from insular purchasing agent. 


3,232.58 
115, 637. 93 














Total equipment 


118, 870. 51 


31, 783. 80 


150, 654. 31 






Contingent expenses: 

Disbursed by municipal disbursing officer 

Purchased from insular purchasing agent 


22, 596. 36 
24, 987. 08 














Total 


47, 583. 44 


6, 714. 90 


54, 298. 34 






Grand total 


1,498,294.77 


63, 983. 49 


1,562,278.26 







KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 627 

Department of Police, Central Office, 

Manila, P. L, June 30, 1903. 
The Chief, of Police, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to make the following report of the work of the storekeeper's 
office for the fiscal year 1903: 

A complete list of property on hand at the close of the fiscal year 1903 was sub- 
mitted by me to the chief of police on the 8th instant, and was forwarded by him to 
the secretary of the municipal board for record, a duplicate being placed on file in 
the office of the chief of police. 

By comparing this list of property with my report of June 30, 1902, it can readily 
be seen that the property of the police department has increased considerably, both 
in quantity and in value, during the past twelve months. The most important addi- 
tion has been the Gamewell police telegraph apparatus, which represents an expendi- 
ture of S42,460 United States currency for the original equipment and $1,015.63 
United States currency for additional appliances. 

An additional launch, named George Curry, has been placed on police papers, 
and 20 complete outfits of cavalry equipment have been added for the use of the 
mounted police. 

The secret-service bureau has been given almost an entirely new outfit of office 
furniture, and 3 large file cases have been added to the office of the chief of police. 
Four American horses and 4 Chinese ponies have been added to the equipment of the 
mounted police, and 2 native ponies and a dog-catcher's carretela have been placed 
at the city pound for use in collecting stray animals. Another native pony and 
carretela have been placed at Paco station to be used between that station and the 
substation at Santa Ana. The 2 police launches, in addition to their large amount 
of oils and other expendible materials, have received many articles of permanent 
equipment, such as ship's compass, ship's clocks, chairs, flagstaff s, awnings, ship's 
lanterns, and side lights. 

During the fiscal year just completed, the sales department of the storekeeper's 
office has not been able to close out its entire stock, since the demand for the articles 
still on hand is not very large. 

On July 1, 1902, there had been sold up to date since January 1, 1902, when the 
sales began, the following amounts of uniform material: 

Blue serge cloth yards. . 2, 364J 

Canamo cloth varas. . 7, 995J 

Blue trimming cloth do 224 

Caps 41 

Collars 231 

Shoes, russet pairs. . 313 

Cuffs do.... 42 

Chevrons: 

Sergeant do 4 

Corporal do 8 

Buttons: 

Large 356 

Small 369 

The above sales represent $10,539.66 local currency, which amount was turned over 
by me to the insular treasurer as a refund to the city of Manila. 
These sales left a balance on hand on July 1, 1902, of the following amounts: 

Blue serge cloth yards. . 32| 

Canamo cloth varas.. 2, 537| 

Blue trimming cloth " do 14f 

Caps B 559 

Collars . _ . . 769 

Shoes, russet pairs. . 187 

Cuffs do.... 958 

Chevrons: 

Sergeant do 146 

Corporal do 142 

Buttons: 

Large 1, 894 

Small 2,331 



628 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



During the period from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive, the sales of uni- 
form materials have been as lollows: 

Blue serge cloth yards. . 32| 

Canamo cloth varas. . 2, 537J 

Blue trimming cloth do 14f 

Caps 249 

Collars 769 

Shoes, russet pairs. . 187 

Cuffs do.... 487 

Chevrons: 

Sergeant do 24 

Corporal do 27 

Buttons: 

Large 1 , 894 

Small 2,331 

These sales represent $3,400.83 local currency, which amount has been turned over 
by me to the insular treasurer as a refund to the city of Manila, with the exception 
of $52.31 local currency, which is the amount of the collections for June, 1903, and 
which will be turned over to the treasurer on July 11, 1903. 

The balance of uniform material left on hand at the close of the fiscal vear June 
30, 1903, is as follows: 

Caps 310 

Cuffs pairs. . 471 

Chevrons: 

Sergeant do 122 

Corporal do 115 

The value of these articles now on hand is $886.34 local currency. When these 
articles shall have been sold and their money value of $886.34 local currency shall 
have been deposited with the insular treasurer, that official will have received 
$14,826.83 local currency as a refund from the city of Manila for an expenditure of 
$14,765.46 local currency, which was incurred by the department of police through 
an act of appropriation by the civil commission. The treasury will then be gainer to 
the extent of $61.37 when the sales are completed. 

During the past fiscal year the number of articles in the assortment of lost, stolen, 
confiscated and deposited goods has almost doubled, the entry numbers now reaching 
nearly to 800. The increase in this direction is due largely to the depositing of fire- 
arms, by reason of a recent act of the civil commission. There are now on deposit 
in this office at least 250 firearms for safe-keeping, for which there will probably 
never be obtained any permit, and which will be here on the shelves until the owners 
either go to the United States or to some foreign country. 

Although the storeroom has been used as a depository for a large portion of the 
pound receipts and the cochero receipts, it would hardly be in the province of the 
storekeeper to make an itemized report of these deposits, since they do not represent 
the entire amounts collected and were merely left in the storeroom as a place of safe- 
keeping. 

The police fund, however, is directly under the supervision of the storekeeper, 
who acts as custodian and collector of fines, and the following is a consolidated report 
of that fund from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive: 

[Values are expressed in local currency.] 



Months. 


Receipts. 


Expendi- 
tures. 


Balance 
on hand. 


1902. 
July 1 






$198. 19 


July 1-31 


$484.37 


$411. 35 




August 1 


271. 21 


August 1-31 


464. 26 


674.21 




September 1 


61. 26 


September 1-30 


497.75 


495. 65 




October 1 


63.36 


October 1-31 


504. 90 


547. 20 




November 1 


21.06 


November 1-30 


348. 00 


170.68 






198.38 


December 1-31 


194.80 


50.66 





KEP0RT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



629 



Months. 


Receipts. 


Expendi- 
tures. 


Balance 
on hand. 


1903. 






$343. 18 




$480.70 










823. 88 


February 1-28 


404. 20 


$200. 00 




March 1 


1, 028. 08 


March 1-31 


535. 90 






April 1 




1, 563. 98 


April 1-30 




170. 00 


May 1 







1, 393. 98 


May 1-31 


198. 50 






June 1 




1, 592. 48 


June 1-30 


343.20 190.00 




June 30 


1, 745. 68 




1 





Total receipts during fiscal year $4, 456. 58 

Total expenditures during fiscal year 2, 909. 09 

Increase of police fund , 1, 547. 49 

The present storeroom for police property is exceedingly cramped for space, but 
can be made to serve for a few months pending the assignment of the department 
to more commodious quarters, in which it is hoped the storekeeper will be allowed 
the equivalent of four large storerooms and a suitable office, where visitors will not 
have convenient access to every item on the shelves, as they had and have taken in 
the past. 

The monthly accounts current for the past year are all on file with the auditor 
and have been audited and approved as far as to include December 31, 1902. The 
account current for June, 1903, and the property return for the quarter ending June 
30, 1903, are now in process of preparation, and unless some unforeseen event arises, 
will both be placed in the auditor's hands by July 10, 1903. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Ben j. P. Lukens, 
Storekeeper, Department of Police. 

Office of the Chief of Police, 

Manila, P. I., July 13, 1903. 

Report of prisoners apprehended by police department from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 

inclusive. 



Offense. 



Assault 

Assault and battery 

Attempted rape . . .". 

Attempted murder 

Abandon vehicle 

Abduction 

Attempt to kill 

Absent without leave 

Attempted robbery 

Attempted bribery 

Adultery 

Attempted housebreaking 

A ttempted assault 

A grgravated assault 

Attempted burglary 

Assault with intent to kill 

Accessory to theft 

Aiding a "prisoner to escape 

Attempted larceny 

Attempted abduction 

Accessory to murder 

Attempted theft 

Accessory to robbery 

Attempt to send in a false alarm of fire. 

Arson 

Absent without leave from the U. S. 
Navy 



Number. 



205 

35 

19 

10 

146 

10 

4 

3 

6 

4 

9 

1 

1 



Offense. 



Accomplice to forgery 

Accomplice in rape 

Burglary 

Bribery 

Blocking a highway 

Blocking a canal 

Blocking the sidewalk 

Begging 

Blocking the Pasig River 

Billposting without a license 

By order of the superintendent of the 

insular lumber yard 

Brigandage 

Bigamy 

Cruelty to animals 

Cochero not registered 

Carrying concealed weapons 

Coolie occupying the sidewalk 

Conducting a house of prostitution... 

Conducting a gambling house 

Conducting a gambling game 

Collector for a gambling game 

Criminal negligence 

Contempt of court 

Cock fighting on public street 

Counterfeiting 

Cutting grass without permission 



Number. 



1 

1 

11 

18 

854 

24 

152 

3 



2 

3 

1 

441 

672 

19 

82 

3 

178 

39 

25 

3 

15 

52 

3 

7 



630 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Report of prisoners apprehended by police department from July 1, 1902, to June SO, 1903, 

inclusive — Continued . 



Offense. 



Conspiracy 

Corrupter of youth 

Detention 

Drunk 

Drunk and disorderly 

Disorderly conduct 

Disobeying an officer 

Deserting passengers 

Driving on Escolta during prohibited 
hours 

Driving from the rear seat of a carro- 
mata 

Deserter from U. S. Army 

Deserter from U. S. Navy 

Defacing public property 

Deserter from the Philippine Constabu- 
lary 

Destroying private property 

Escaped prisoner 

Embezzlement 

Extortion 

Ear cleaning on public street 

Elopement 

Fast driving 

Frustrated murder 

Fraud 

Forgery 

Frustrated assault 

Fast riding 

Frustrated rape 

False measures 

Frustrated theft 

Falsification of public documents 

False accusation 

Gambling 

Grave injury 

Grave assault 

Giving false testimony 

Held for safe keeping 

Held as a witness 

House breaking 

Held by order of prosecuting attorney 

Held awaiting warrant 

Held by order of chief of secret service 

Held by order of the sheriff 

Held by order of the court of first 
instance 

Held on provincial warrant 

Held awaiting warrant from the court 
of first instance 

Highway robbery 

Held for the Constabulary 

Held for the board of healh 

Harness in bad repair 

Held on political charges 

Held for deportation to Spain 

Held for the court of custom appeal.. 

Held for investigation 

Held for warrant 

Illegal detention 

Insane 

Impersonating an officer 

Indecent exposure 

Injuries 

Interfering with an officer 

Impersonating a sanitary inspector. . . 

Insulting an officer 

Impersonating a secret-service officer. 

Illegal change of name 

Illegal threats 

Illegal use of the fire-alarm system. . . 

In possession of arms without proper 
authority 

Insubordination 

Illegal marriage 

Interfering with sanitary inspector. . . 

Katipunan 



Number. 



1 

3 

135 

173 

815 



16 

18 

14 

5 

20 

2 

1 

54 

130 

7 

4 

1 

451 

4 

25 

11 

1 

19 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

604 

1 

4 

1 

27 



112 

30 

3 



7 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

170 

37 

17 

14 

18 

59 

2 

13 

2 

5 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 
1 
4 
1 
2 



Offense. 



Keeping a vicious dog 

Larceny 

Ladrones 

Leper 

Murder 

Misdemeanor 

Mutiny 

Mayhem 

Malfeasance of office 

Nuisance 

No lights on vehicle 

No license for vehicle 

No signal on vehicle 

No tariff card in vehicle 

No number on vehicle 

No number on lamps of vehicle 

No light on cart 

No light on bicycle 

No badge on cochero 

Not occupying public station 

No license for bicycle 

No license card in vehicle 

Neglect of duty 

No light in front of house 

No dog license 

No number on cart 

Overcharging a fare 

Obtaining money under false pretense 

Overloading a vehicle 

Obscenity 

Peddling without license 

Perjury 

Passing illegal money 

Passing confederate bills 

Pickpocket 

Passing counterfeit money 

Prostitutes , 

Practicing medicine without license .. 

Receiving stolen goods 

Robbery 

Refused a fare 

Resisting arrest 

Reckless driving 

Refused to be vaccinated 

Rape 

Refused to pay a cochero 

Reckless negligence 

Refusing to supply electric current 

Reckless riding 

Suspicious character 

Suspected of poisoning 

Suspected of murder 

Suspected katipunan 

Shooting at an officer 

Selling without license 

Selling impure food 

Soldier out of quarters after hours 

Suspected insane 

Swindling 

Sedition 

Seduction 

Selling vino to soldiers 

Selling government property 

Selling prohibited food 

Stowaway 

Suspected of theft 

Theft 

Tampering with the fire-alarm system. 

Threatening to kill 

Threats 

Trespassing 

Usurpation 

Unlawful disposal of a dead person . . . 

Unlawful mooring to bridges 

Unlawfully engaged in dangerous trade 
Unlawful cutting off of electric current 
Unlawfully practicing medicine — 



Number. 



EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



G31 



Report of prisoners apprehended by police department from Jidy 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 

inclusive — Continued. 



Offense. 


Number. 


Offense. 


Number. 


R existing an officer 


24 

4 

613 

208 
37 

442 

360 

9 

14 

370 
1 
19 
13 
67 


Violation of — Continued. 






1 






1 


Violation of — 


Explosive-storage regula lions 

Warrant from — 

Municipal court, north of the Pasig 
Municipal court, south of the Pasig 


4 




24 




35 




12 


Street-advertisement regulations. . 
Lodging-house regulations 




33 


The sheriff 


2 




6 


Pound regulations 




151 


Total 






17, 518 













RECAPITULATION. 



BY SEX. 

Males 

Females 

Total 

BY NATIONALITY 

Americans 

Spaniards 

Natives 

Chinamen 

Europeans 

Japanese 

Africans 

Indians 

Total 



Number. 



15, 332 
2,186 



17, 518 


1,455 

65 

13, 310 

2,557 

68 

55 

2 

6 


17,518 



BY SERVICE. 

Enlisted men of U. S. Army 

Enlisted men of U. S. Marine Corps . 
Enlisted men of U. S. Navy 

Total 

BY STATIONS. 

Detective bureau 

Parian station, precinct No. 1 

S. Fernando river and harbor police 

Anloague station, precinct No. 2 

Santa Cruz station, precinct No. 3 . . . 

Sampaloc station, precinct No. 4 

Tondo station, precinct No. 5 

San Lazaro substation, precinct No. 5 

Paco station, precinct No. 6 

Malate substation, precinct No. 1 

Total 



Number. 



2 


11 


158 


1,843 


2,002 


715 


3,460 


2, 829 


1,648 


2,183 


567 


766 


505 



17, 518 



Record Clerk. 



Exhibit F. 



REPOKT OF THE LAW DEPARTMENT. 



City of Manila, Office of City Attorney, 

Manila, P. I. , July 1, 1903. 
The Secretary of the Municipal Board, 

Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report in duplicate of the operations 
of the law department of the city for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903: 

OFFICE OF CITY ATTORNEY. 



Investigations, generally among the old Spanish insular and municipal archives 
and resulting reports to the municipal board and the various city depart- 
ments 79 

Legal opinions rendered to the municipal board and various city departments 
(these are written opinions; in addition, numerous oral opinions have been 
rendered concerning matters of current business) 175 

Ordinances prepared for the action of the municipal board 44 



632 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Acts prepared for the action of the Philippine Commission 12 

Bonds, contracts, deeds, leases, etc., prepared and submitted to the municipal 

board 78 

City land titles cleared and registered 8 

Suits attended to 36 

Letters sent 611 

Letters received 599 

During the year the following changes have occurred in the official personnel of the 
office: 

On April 8 Modesto Eeyes, former assistant city attorney, was appointed city 
attorney, vice W. L. Goldsborough, resigned, and George N. Hurd, formerly law 
clerk in this office, was on the same date appointed assistant city attorney. 

As during the preceding year, the time of the office has been largely occupied by 
investigations of land titles and the preparation of opinions and reports requiring an 
examination of the old Spanish insular and municipal records. The organization of 
the new court of land registration has resulted in a considerable increase of the work 
of this character, as the city is now cited by said court in all cases involving the 
ownership or boundary of an estero, or the boundary line of a street or public plaza, 
as well as in cases in which the city claims any interest in the land sought to be 
registered, or is the owner of adjacent property. Frequently an investigation of this 
character requires the careful examination of Spanish documents and records run- 
ning back hundreds of years. This is made necessary by the fact that almost none 
of the lands occupied and owned by the city were conveyed to it by deed, but the 
grants thereof are evidenced by old records and plans which must be sought out from 
a great mass of unindexed insular and municipal records. 

The administrative work of the department arising from its supervision of the 
seven offices constituting the law department has also increased materially. This 
increase is in part due to the addition of the registrar of deeds to the offices which 
report to this department. 

During the past year there has also been a very notable increase in the amount of 
litigation conducted by this office, and it seems quite probable that during the com- 
ing year there will be a further increase of this character. 

At the rendering of our last report there were 8 suits in which this office appeared 
in its official capacity. There are now 29 actions in the various courts in which the 
city or its officials are parties, and in which the city attorney is required to appear. 
During the year 28 new cases have been begun, 10 of these being brought by the 
city or prosecuted on behalf of the city or the public by this office, while 18 have been 
instituted against the city or its officers. Of the 10 cases in which the city or the 
public appear as plaintiff, 6 were brought for the reclamation of land; 1 was a 
suit on bond for the violation of a contract with the city; 1 was a prosecution 
for the violation of an ordinance; 1 a criminal case in which the city attorney con- 
ducted the prosecution, and 1 suit for the collection of water rent due the city. 
Of the 18 cases brought against the city or its officers, 3 were for services and mate- 
rials furnished the old city of Manila under Spanish administration; 6 were against 
the sheriff for alleged misfeasance or nonfeasance of his official duties; 1 was a man- 
damus against the disbursing officer for alleged illegal failure to pay the salary of 
an employee; 3 were for the reclamation of land; 3 were injunctions or similar 
writs against the city engineer to restrain him from enforcing building regulations; 
1 suit against the city for alleged failure to comply with contract, and 1 a suit for the 
redemption of a censo involving property in which the city has an interest. 

The following cases have been disposed of during the year: 

Thomas Kodriguez y Lopez v. The city; by settlement acknowledging the city's 
contention. 

Coico v. Municipal board et al; this case involved the removal of buildings con- 
demned for sanitary reasons, and, although the city was unsuccessful both in the 
court of first instance and in the appellate court, the result of the litigation was the 
removal of the buildings condemned. 

City v. Pereyra et al. ; settlement acknowledging the city's contention. 

Veloso y Grey v. Municipal board; dismissed at plaintiff's cost. 

City v. Vicenta Rodriguez; settlement acknowledging the city's claim in full. 

Padilla v. Municipal board (injunction); judgment in favor of the city. 

Padilla v. Municipal board (certiorai); dismissed by plaintiff. 
. City v. Cong Wa; judgment in favor of city paid and satisfied. 

City v. Electricista; involving a number of cases against the electric company for 
violation of Ordinance No. 36; judgment in favor of the defendant. 

United States v. Parra (Dos Hermanos case); judgment against all defendants. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 633 

Watson v. Peterson; judgment for plaintiff. 

The following cases are now pending in the court of first instance: 

Clotet v. Winser; pending settlement. 

Clotet v. Winser (province of Eizal); pending settlement. 

City v. Cheng Ye Chiang; on trial. 

Estate of Jerome L. Mudge; settled but awaiting instructions from heirs in United 
States as to distribution of funds remaining in hands of administrator. 

Button v. City; pending on demurrer. 

Tambunting v. City; judgment for city in justice of peace court; now pending on 
plaintiff's appeal in court of first instance. 

Skidmore, B. H. v. Cadwallader et al. 

Skidmore, W. C. v. Same; awaiting decision of court. 

Aballana v. City; awaiting decision on city's motion to strike. 

Dorr v. Ui Eng Seng et al. ; issues not joined. 

Barretto v. Municipal Board; pending on defendant's motion to strike. 

Schmid v. Peterson; issues not joined. 

City v. Go Checo; judgment for defendant in municipal court now pending on 
appeal in the court of first instance. 

City v. Salgado; tried September 11, 1902; decision not yet rendered by judge. 

Farre v. Municipal Board; pending settlement. 

City v. Morley; pending trial. 

S. del Rosario v. Municipal Board et al. ; pending on plaintiff's motion to make 
temporary injunction permanent. 

Porcuno et al. v. Yap Tico et al. ; pending on demurrer. 

City v. Dy Feco et al. ; pending settlement. 

City v. Basa y Mariafosque; pending trial. 

City v. Delfin Santiago; pending settlement. 

Merchan v. City; demurrer argued March 17, 1903; decision not yet rendered. 

Button v. City; pending on demurrer. 

In re Roman Canlas; judgment in court of land registration against the city; now 
pending on city's appeal to court of first instance. 

x\guado v. city; awaiting decision of defendant's demurrer. 

In the Supreme Court — 

Yillar v. Municipal Board; pending settlement of bill of exceptions. 

City v. Jacinto de Rosario; pending settlement. 

Hoey v. Baldwin; pending settlement of agreed statement of facts. 

OFFICE OF PROSECUTING ATTORNEY. 

Number of cases instituted: 

In the municipal court 592 

In the court of first instance 472 



Total 1,064 

Cases in the court of first instance: 

Cases instituted by prosecuting attorney 472 

Cases from the municipal court (appeals and after preliminary examina- 
tion) 181 



653 



Disposition of cases in the court of first instance: 

Convictions (number of persons convicted 452; appealed bv defendants, 

51 cases) 270 

Plea of guilty entered 18 

Acquittals (appealed to Supreme Court — 1 sent to asylum — by State, 8 

cases) 70 

Dismissals 133 

Transferred to other courts 7 

Bond forfeited 2 

Accused died before trial 1 

Remanded to the municipal court 4 

Awaiting extradition 9 



634 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Disposition of cases in the court of first instance — Continued. 

Pending 67 

Property recovered on search warrants 16 

No property recovered on search warrants 28 

Accused not arrested 28 



653 



Disposition of cases filed in the municipal court: 

Convictions. 279 

Dismissals 150 

Acquittals , 24 

Sent to court of first instance after preliminary examination 9 

Appealed to the court of first instance 25 

Bail forfeited '_ 3 

Accused died before trial 1 

Confined in Bilibid on report of medical examiner 1 

No record of disposition obtainable 93 

Pending 7 



592 



Habeas corpus cases defended — 

Discharged 4 

Remanded 8 

12 

Number of deaths investigated as coroner 34 

Number of letters received 480 

Number of letters sent 673 

The following changes have occurred in the personnel of this office during the 
fiscal year: July 18, 1902, Mr. Herbert D. Gale, appointed assistant prosecuting 
attorney; October 8, 1902, Hon. John C. Sweeney appointed prosecuting attorney; 
October 8, 1902, F. B. Ingersoll appointed first assistant prosecuting attorney, but 
afterwards, during the year, resigned; April 1, 1903, Hon. John C. Sweeney appointed 
judge of the the court of first instance; April 1, 1903, Mr. Charles H. Smith appointed 
prosecuting attorney for the city of Manila; April 7, 1903, Dionisio Chanco, first 
assistant prosecuting attorney, appointed judge of the court of first instance; April 7, 
1903, Jose Abreu appointed first assistant prosecuting attorney. 

A comparison of the amount of business done by this office during the past year, 
with that accomplished during the year preceding, shows that during the first year 
mentioned, there were 189 cases instituted in the court of first instance, while dur- 
ing the second year there were 653 cases. 

During the first year there were 96 convictions in the court of first instance; during 
the second year, 270. 

In the municipal court during the first year there were 370 cases instituted by this 
office; during the second year, 592. 

In the same court during the first year there were 143 convictions; during the sec- 
ond year, 279. 

It will be seen that the business of the office of prosecuting attorney has increased 
more than 100 per cent during the last year, and in addition to this there have been, 
during the period covered by this report, a great number of investigations of cases sub- 
mitted in which no complaints were filed for the reason that at the conclusion of such 
investigations it was considered by the prosecuting attorney that the evidence sub- 
mitted did not justify formal proceedings. 

The performance by this office of the duties of coroner has also enlarged the work 
of the office substantially. In the court of first instance there are now pending nearly 
seventy criminal cases in charge of this office. 

OFFICE OF SHERIFF OF MANILA. 

A considerable increase of business is reported in this office arising from the creation 
of Part III of the court of first instance, court of customs appeals, and the court of 
land registration. This office now serves the following courts: Three divisions of the 
court of first instance, Manila; the court of customs appeals; court of land registration; 
two justices of the peace courts, city of Manila; supreme court of the archipelago. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



635 



The duties of the office have also been increased by the transportation of prisoners 
to and from the several courts, which was assumed by the sheriff November 1, 1902. 

The following is a detailed statement of the processes which have passed through 
this office during the year just closed: 



Attachments 

Citations in civil cases 

Citations in criminal cases 

Executions 

Injunctions 

Notices of attachments, filed with reg- 
istrar 

Notices of garnishee served 

Notifications 

Order of ouster 

Order of arrest: 

Civil cases 

Criminal cases 

Order of sale 

Order to show cause 

Order to suspend execution 

Order to take possession 

Order to render inventory 



Number. 



923 

3,051 

302 

47 

26 

29 

71 

117 

24 

700 

2 

25 
2 
4 
2 



Order to make deed , 

Order to make deposit 

Order to place child in convent 

Order to deliver property 

Posting notices of land registration. 

Putting person in possession 

Raising attachments 

Raising injunctions 

Sales advertised 

Search warrants 

Summonses with complaint 

Taking indemnity and other bonds 

Writs of habeas corpus 

Writs of replevin 

Writs of mandamus 

Total 



Number. 



1 
2 
1 
3 

48 

5 

30 

2 

62 

14 

,792 

13 

46 

16 

2 



7,442 



A comparison of these figures with those of the preceding year show a decided 
increase. 

The amount of fees collected by the sheriff during the year was as follows: Mexi- 
can currency, $9,015.41; United States currency, $226.89. 

These fees were derived almost exclusively from civil cases. 

MUNICIPAL COURT OF THE CITY OF MANILA. 

On February 15 of the present year the municipal court north of the Pasig was 
consolidated with that south of the Pasig, and since that date all proceedings have 
been before Judge J. M. Liddell, holding court at the Parian station. This has 
resulted in a large increase in the work of that judge and a decrease in the operating 
expenses of the court. Judge Liddell has been able to take care of all of the business 
which has come before him, but there would seem to be an urgent need for an 
increase in his clerical force. 

The results of the first four and a half months since the consolidation would seem 
to justify the wisdom of uniting the courts. Below is a statement of the operations 
of both courts for the fiscal year: 



Complaints filed 

Persons tried 

Persons convicted 

Persons fined 

Persons sentenced to imprisonment 

Persons imprisoned for nonpayment of fine 

Cases sent to court of first instance on appeal, etc 



Municipal court. 



District 

south of 

the Pasig 

River. 



906 
467 
002 
905 
211- 
114 
10 



District 
north of 
the Pasig 

River. 



3,534 

4,567 

3,683 

3,340 

866 

523 

62 



City of 
Manila. 



5,237 
7,166 
6,877 
5, 126 
1,096 
655 
45 



Total. 



9,802 

13, 184 

11, 562 

9,371 

2,173 

1,292 

117 



Race and sex of persons tried. 





Male. 


Female. 




Male. 


Female. 




9,888 

1,483 

618 


1,098 




28 
10 
40 


6 






6 


Americans 






7 











636 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Offenses. 



Larceny 

Estafa 

Gambling 

Drunks 

Assaults 

Vagrancy 

Cruelty to animals 

Violation of Manila liquor law 

Fast and reckless driving 

Disorderly conduct 

Riding bicycles on sidewalk. . . 
Obstructing streets and walks . 
Committing nuisances 



Number. 



613 
127 

,534 
450 
531 

.449 
501 
77 
567 
627 
153 
609 
209 



Violation of— 

Sanitary regulations 

License regulations 

Street regulations 

Vehicle regulations 

Resisting arrest 

Interfering with police officer. 

Begging 

Attempt at rape and seduction 

Indecent exposure 

Carrying weapons, before passage of 

act of commission 

Attempt at bribery 

Other offenses 



Number. 



314 

329 

139 

1,434 

57 

62 

58 

13 

48 

14 
21 
27 



Collections in fines, forfeitures, etc., $52,894.11, United States currency. 
OFFICE OF THE REGISTER OF DEEDS. 

This office was created by Act 496 and was organized February 7, 1903. 

The first incumbent was Senor Francisco Ortigas, who filled the office from its 
organization to April 15, 1903, when he resigned and was succeeded by the present 
incumbent, Senor Alberto Barreto. 

Below is a statement of the operations of the. office since its organization. 

I. — Proceedings under the provisions of the mortgage law. 

Inscriptions of titles 416 

Titles returned for correction 31 

Inscriptions denied 10 

Inscriptions suspended 11 

Titles presented for inscription 468 

II. — Proceedings under land registration act (Act 496). 

Decrees of court transcribed and original certificates of property issued 18 

Conveyances of property which had already been registered and certificates 

issued 6 

Mortgages and other contracts entered affecting estates registered in accordance 

with Act 496 1 

Entries made in the so-called mortgage book in accordance with Act 496 (6 of 

sales and 1 of mortgage) 7 

III. — Fees collected since the organization of the office. 

In accordance with the mortgage law (Mexican currency) $4, 898. 44 

In accordance with Act 496: 

Mexican currency 78. 39 

United States currency 34. 00 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE COURTS. 

There has been no change in the personnel of these offices. The amount of busi- 
ness transacted has been substantially the same as for the preceding year, although 
there has been a slight increase in the receipts. 

Below is a statement of the business transacted by the two courts during the year: 

Suits for the recovery of sums of money 807 

Suits to recover possession of real property 423 

Suits to secure return of personal property 37 

Suits for specific performance 37 

Affidavits taken 35 

Deposits of money received 91 

Marriage certificates received 2, 134 

Marriages solemnized 65 

Marriage certificates registered _ .• 2, 199 

Total 3,629 

Collections, costs, and fees, $4,480.50, Mexican currency. 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



637 



CONCLUSION. 

It will be noted that during the period between the making of the last report and 
April 8, 1903, the department was in charge of Mr. W. L. Goldsborough. It only 
remains to be stated that the present city attorney) upon assuming his duties, found 
the departmeut in excellent condition, thoroughly organized, and all litigation and 
other matters in charge of the office completely in hand and the books and 
accounts in excellent condition, results which must be attributed to the energetic 
and painstaking work of Mr. Goldsborough while at the head of the department. 

Lastly, the undersigned takes pleasure in reporting that the finances of the depart- 
ment are in first-class condition, and the best proof of this is that the income, after 
paying all expenses, leaves a surplus of about $15,000, Mexican currency, to be turned 
into the city funds. 

Respectfully submitted, Modesto Reyes, 

City Attorney. 

Exhibit G. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

[Hugh Bonnek, Chief of Department,] 

Fiee Depaetment, City of Manila, 

Office Chief of Depaetment, 

Manila, P. I., July 25, 1903. 
The Honoeable Municipal Boaed, 

Manila, P. I. 

Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of the opera- 
tions of this department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, together with such 
recommendations as are deemed necessary for betterment of the department. 

Ninety-five alarms of fire were received by this department. The total estimated 
amount of loss and damage to buildings and their contents amounted to $1,085,429, 
United States currency. The time worked by companies at these fires was one hun- 
dred and seventy-two hours and thirty-three minutes. Forty-one thousand two 
hundred and eighty feet of hose were laid; 524 feet of ladders raised, and 1,980 gal- 
lons of chemical used. 

By direction of your honorable board the department was. called upon to destroy 
during the year a number of shacks infected with disease, under the supervision of 
a member or representative of the board of health, who was invariably present on 
such occasions. The department was present with apparatus as a matter of precau- 
tion to prevent the possible extension of the fire to adjoining buildings. In no 
instance was the fire permitted to extend to adjoining property. A complete report 
of these fires is submitted herewith and marked "Exhibit A." 

Receipts and expenditures. 



Appropriation. Expended. Balance, 



Fire apparatus 

Equipment fire apparatus 

Equipment for firemen 

Equipment fire stations 

Repairs and maintenance 

Electrical branch 

Construction fire and police alarm system 
Fire alarm system 

Total equipment 

Forage 

General supplies 

Office supplies 

Transportation 

General and office supplies 

Furniture and office furniture 

Construction fire and police alarm system 

Total contingent expenses 

Salaries: 

Fiscal year 1903 

Fiscal year 1902 

Total 



$38,871.80 

4, 000. 00 

750.00 

800. 00 

1, 750. 00 

1, 050. 00 

4, 983. 17 

39,017.00 



!38, 781. 80 

4, 000. 00 

750. 00 

270. 04 

1, 185. 22 

1, 050. 00 

4, 983. 17 

39, 017. 00 



$529. 96 
564. 78 



91,221.97 



90, 127. 23 



1, 094. 74 



8, 850. 00 

480. 00 

400. 00 

20.00 

2, 500. 00 

100.00 

10, 000. 00 



7, 197. 13 

480.00 

400. 00 

20.00 

2, 500. 00 
100. 00 

9, 999. 71 



1,652.87 



. 29 



22, 350. 00 



20, 696. 84 1, 653. 16 



66, 830. 00 
800. 00 



60, 554. 27 
800. 00 



181, 201. 97 173, 831. 50 



5,275.73 



7,370.47 



638 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



ORGANIZATION. 

The membership of the department at present consists of 100 officers and men. 

Personnel. 



Chief of department 

Deputy chief of department, class 

Electrician, class 6 

Assistant electrician, class 7 

Chief engineer, class 8 

Clerks, class 8 

Captains, class 9 

Engineers, class 9 

Linemen, class 9 

Lineman, class 10 

Lieutenants, class 10 

Drivers, class A 

Lieutenants, class D 

Engineers, class D 

Drivers, class J 

Pipemen 

Truckmen 



Total 



Compensa- 


Author- 


Em- 


tion. 


ized. 


ployed. 


$3, 000 




1 


1,800 




1 


1,800 




1 


1,600 




1 


1,500 




1 


1,400 


2 


2 


1,200 


10 


10 


1,200 


4 


3 


1,200 


2 


2 


1,000 


1 


1 


1,000 


6 


5 


900 


28 


27 


600 


4 


4 


600 


4 


3 


240 


5 


3 


180 


29 


27 


180 


10 


8 



110 



100 



Distribution. 



SANTA CRUZ STATION. 

Headquarters: 

1 chief of department. 

1 deputy chief of department. 

1 captain (acting deputy chief). 

1 chief engineer. 

1 electrician (city electrician). 

1 assistant electrician. 

2 clerks. 

3 linemen. 
Engine company No. 2: 

1 captain. 

1 lieutenant. 

1 engineer. 

1 lieutenant (native). 

1 engineer (native). 

4 drivers. 

1 driver (native). 
6 pipemen (native). 
1 truckman (native). 

SAN NICOLAS STATION. 

Engine company No. 1: 

1 captain. 

1 lieutenant (native). 

1 engineer. 

1 engineer (native). 

4 drivers. 

4 pipemen (native). 

3 truckmen (native). 
Chemical engine company No. 1: 

1 captain. 

2 drivers. 

2 pipemen (native). 
Hook and ladder company No. 1: 

1 captain. 

2 drivers. 

3 truckmen (native). 
1 pipeman (native). 



Engine company No. 3: 

1 captain. 

1 lieutenant. 

1 engineer. 

1 engineer (native). 

4 drivers. 

1 driver (native). 

4 pipemen (native). 
Chemical engine company No. 3: 

1 captain. 

1 lieutenant (native). 

2 drivers. 

2 pipemen (native). 

MANILA STATION. 

Engine company No. 4 : 
1 captain. 

1 lieutenant. 

2 drivers. 

2 pipemen (native). 
Chemical engine company No. 4: 

1 captain. 

1 lieutenant (native). 

3 drivers. 

1 truckman (native). 
1 pipeman (native). 



TANDUAY STATION. 

Hook and ladder company No. 2 : 

1 captain. 

1 lieutenant. 

3 drivers. 

3 pipemen (native). 
Chemical engine company No. 2 : 

1 lieutenant. 

2 drivers. 

2 pipemen (native) . 



The new fire station located in the San Nicolas district has been received from the 
hands of the contractors and placed in use. It is occupied by engine company No. 
1, hook and ladder company No. 1, and chemical engine company No. 1. With a few 
alterations and repairs necessary for the comfort of the men, this station will be 
complete for the uses and purposes of this department. 

In the quarters of engine company No. 2, located at No. 11 CalleAlcala, district of 
Santa Cruz, several alterations and repairs were rendered necessary, including the 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 639 

setting up and placing in use of a water heater for the purpose of facilitating hot 
water for the boiler. There are some additional repairs to be made in this station, 
orders for which have been issued, and I expect to have them completed shortly. 

The quarters of engine company No. 3, located at No. 288 Calle Nozaleda, Paco 
district, have been entirely overhauled, repaired, and painted, and are now in 
excellent order. 

The quarters of chemical engine company No. 3, located at No. 284 Calle Nozaleda, 
Paco district, have been entirely renovated and a recreation room attached for the 
use of the men of each company. This station is now in good repair and will not 
require any additional alterations or repairs at present nor for some time to come. 

The quarters of engine company No. 4, located at No. 27 Calle Audiencia, Intra- 
muros, were formerly used as a storeroom by the street cleaning department and 
were turned over for the use of this department. These quarters were entirely over- 
hauled, repaired, painted, and placed in first-class condition, and afford one of the 
most convenient and comfortable houses we have for the accommodation of men and 
apparatus. Light, ventilation, and sanitary conditions are entirely satisfactory. 

The quarters of hook and ladder company No. 2 and chemical engine company No. 
2, located at No. 11 Calle Concordia, Tanduay, Quiapo district, received but a small 
amount of repairs on account of contemplated erection of a new building on the 
present site in the near future. This building will in all probability be erected this 
season, the companies being in the meantime housed in temporary quarters in the 
immediate vicinity. 

Rules and regulations for the guidance of the force were submitted to your honor- 
able board for approval and were approved on November 5, 1902. These were caused 
to be printed in both Spanish and English, and bound copies were furnished to all 
members of this department. 

The new uniform, together with the new style of buttons, cap devices, badges, and 
officers' insignia, which were approved by your honorable board, have been placed 
in use and are now worn by the uniformed members of this force. 

The schools formerly used by the members of this department were discontinued on 
account of lack of appropriation, and there has been substituted in lieu thereof a 
practice form of drill, with apparatus and horses, and each company is required to 
practice early each morning on the days assigned for such work, continuing the year 
around, the weather permitting. This practice consists mainly in the methods and 
movements in vogue at fires, as well as the use of appliances, with a view to system- 
ize the action of the officers and men while on duty at fires. This practice has had 
a beneficial result to the officers and men of the department, which could not have 
been obtained otherwise. 

Number of horses owned by the department: American, 33; Australian, 1; and 
native, 11. 

During the fiscal year the department acquired by purchase 26 American horses, 
at an average purchase price to this department of $264 United States currency per 
head. 

On November 7, 1902, the department sold at public auction, by order of the 
Philippine Commission, 2 native horses which were adjudged unfit for further service 
in this department. 

On August 23, 1902, 1 American horse died suddenly of enteritis. 

The city veterinarian destroyed horses for this department as follows: July 7, 1902, 
1 American horse on account of comminuted fracture of the right metacarpal bone; 
October 30, 1902, 1 American horse on account of glanders; March 30, 1903, 1 Ameri- 
can horse on account of glanders. 

Under present conditions we are compelled to purchase horses from the quarter- 
master's department or dealers, most of which were in use in the cavalry branch of 
the military service and have never been accustomed to wearing a collar, and we 
also find many evidences of disease among them. 

We are in hopes that some remedy will be devised whereby this department may 
obtain suitable horses. This can only be done by direct purchase from the United 
States, under contract, through the insular purchasing agent. This course would 
save a great amount of expense and trouble in the handling and conveyance of our 
apparatus. 

The following apparatus, received under contract dated January 7, 1902, with the 
American Trading Company, was tested and placed in use, all of the requirements of 
the contract being satisfactorily complied with : 2 steam fire engines, Metropolitan, 
3-horse hitch, capacity 700 gallons per minute; 4 chemical engines, 2-horse hitch, 
capacity 160 gallons each, carbonic-acid gas system; 2 hook and ladder trucks, 2-horse 
hitch, each carrying 182 feet of ladders; 4 hose wagons, 2-horse hitch, each with a 
carrying capacity of 1,000 feet of 2^-inch hose. 



640 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The test of the engines was held September 23, 1902, and proved fully satisfactory, 
coming up to the standard of the contract. The above-named apparatus is complete, 
with all the improvements and apparatus necessary for effective fire work. 

In addition to the above-named apparatus, there were also received under this 
contract, 1 chief's buggy, 1-horse hitch; 15 double sets quick-hitching harness and 2 
single sets of quick-hitching harness (these harness are fitted with the Barry quick- 
hitching hame extension collars); a Sigafoss ladder hoist; 2 Champion chemical fire 
extinguishers, hand, 3 gallons; 6,000 feet of standard 2J-inch rubber-lined Paragon 
hose and a miscellaneous assortment of pipes, shut-off, control, and spray nozzles, and 
general supplies for the use of this department. 

The following apparatus is in service and in good condition: 

San Nicolas fire station. — Engine company No. 1, 1 Metropolitan steam fire engine 
and 1 hose wagon; chemical engine; hook and ladder company No. 1, 1 hook and 
ladder truck. 

Santa Cruz fire station. — Engine company No. 2, 1 steam fire engine, Metropolitan; 
1 hose wagon; 1 supply cart; a chief's buggy; a deputy chief's buggy, and 1 chief 
engineer's cart. 

Paco fire station. — Engine company No. 3, 1 steam fire engine (Merry weather, Lon- 
don, England), capacity 400 gallons per minute, unreliable; 1 hose wagon; a supply 
cart. Chemical engine company No. 4, 1 chemical engine. 

Tanduay fire station. — Hook and ladder company No. 2, 1 hook and ladder truck; 
chemical company No. 2, 1 chemical engine. Five thousand feet of Amazon 2J-inch 
hose and 6,000 feet of 2|-inch Paragon hose is in active service with the engine com- 
panies. 

On April 24, 1903, by authority of the municipal board, 1 steam fire engine (Shand, 
Mason & Co., London, England), complete with suction hose, couplings, wrenches, 
etc., was transferred to the department of engineering and public works, it being 
deemed unfit for further service in this department. 

Contracts have been entered into by the insular purchasing agent for additional 
apparatus for the use of the department, some of which will probably be in use in a 
few months and the balance will be due about January 1, 1904. When this new 
apparatus has been placed in service it will complete the equipment of the depart- 
ment, giving a total of 6 fire engine companies, which I think will be ample for the 
use of this city in protection against fire. 

Additional equipment has been ordered for the use of this department, which con- 
sists of life nets, life belts, and scaling ladders, all of which are intended for the pro- 
tection of lives at fires. Each company will be furnished with a part of this equip- 
ment, and in emergency cases can be put to use by the first company to arrive at the 
scene of the fire. 

Inspection of buildings was continued from time to time when found necessary to 
enforce regulations and requirements for safety against fire or dangers to life or prop- 
erty. There are many old and dilapidated buildings in the city, some of which 
should be razed, as they are a menace to the public. 

Since my last report a new ordinance has been adopted, and its requirements rela- 
tive to the safety of the general public when attending places of amusement enforced. 
The requirements of the new ordinance required the installation of certain fire appli- 
ances, extra means of exit from all parts of the buildings, regulated the width of 
aisles, and provided that all doors open outward. The theaters that have been 
licensed by the city assessor and collector are regularly inspected in order that the 
requirements of this ordinance may be complied with. Whenever performances are 
rendered that cater to the citizens of this city a detail of firemen is on duty through- 
out the entire performance, and the building is thoroughly inspected for evidence 
of fire both before and after performances. 

The majority of the fire plugs, or street hydrants, being located on the surface of 
the streets, are frequently rendered unserviceable by traffic, the box surrounding 
them becoming filled with dirt and other refuse. The department for its own 
inspection purposes has divided the city into 10 inspection districts, each of these 
districts being under the supervision of one of the captains of this department. The 
hydrants are being continually inspected, and when they are found to be out of 
order report of such fact is immediately made to the superintendent of water supply, 
sewers, etc. , thereby enabling such defects to be readily located and repaired. This 
is necessary for the proper protection of the city, and enables the firemen of this 
department to become acquainted with the location of the hydrants throughout 
the city. 

The department of engineering has recently purchased a number of ppst hydrants, 
which are now being set in various portions of the city, particularly in the streets 
having large water mains. This will be a great improvement over the old plug, 
which will be replaced by this hydrant as soon as a sufficient number are on hand. 



Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903. Part 1. 



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MANILA FIRE DEPARTMENT AT WORK, 1903. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 641 

I desire to again call your attention to the necessity of enforcing a rigid inspection 
of all boilers located within the city limits, and the licensing of all engineers, when 
found competent to fill such positions after a rigid examination. 

A new ordinance regulating combustibles and explosives, and the storage, hand- 
ling, and use of petroleum, has been enacted during the last year. This ordinance 
requires a great deal of time and attention by this department to keep in touch 
with the dealers as to the exact location of such materials while in storage and in 
transit. Since the enactment of this ordinance 24 permits for storage have been 
granted, 3 of which were for fireworks and the remaining 21 covered storages, as fol- 
lows: Gum copal, 163,950 pounds; gum elemi, 35,000 pounds; varnish, 500 gallons; 
naphtha, 20,000 gallons; lubricating wax and oil, 1,000 barrels, and kerosene oil, 
3,551,950 gallons. 

There were also granted 18 permits for transportation of explosives and combus- 
tibles through the streets and waterways of this city. 

The fire and police alarm system (Game well), constructed under the supervision 
of the electrical branch of this department, has been accepted and placed in use and 
has given complete satisfaction. The material received under contract has been 
entirely satisfactory, with the exception of one switchboard, which has been replaced 
by the contractor without cost to this department. 

The following is a summary of the work done by the electrical branch of this 
department: 

Molded 5,480 lead screws on iron-pole fixtures, Set 418 poles. Strung 182 miles of 
wire. Installed 75 fire-alarm boxes, 78 police boxes, central fire alarm and switch- 
board, battery board, 5 police desks and battery boards, 5 meter generators, 600-cell 
storage battery, fire gongs in 5 police stations; fire gongs, indicators, and electric 
horse releasers in 5 fire stations; fire gongs in residences of chief of police and 
inspector of police; 1 fire gong in La Electricista plant; ambulance gong and indicator 
in Philippine civil hospital; telephones in office and residence of chief of police, 
police headquarters, offices of captains at various police stations; 1 private police box 
at Bilibid prison; 11,897 incandescent lights, 202 fan motors, 32 power motors, 59 arc 
lights, 4 power dynamos, 385 meters, and placed automatic electric-light switches in 
each of the 5 fire stations in this department; constructed new telephone line from 
city hall to rotunda for city waterworks telephone, and telephone line from Santa 
Cruz fire station to fire stations Nos. 1, 4, and 5. These lines are the property of the 
city, but the telephones are rented from the Manila Telephone Company. 

Santa Cruz, Tanduay , and Paco fire stations were rewired ; all the wiring removed 
from the provost building; the court of land registration building, building occupied 
by the city attorney, Anloague police station, Parian police station, and the building 
occupied by the police court wired, and estimate made for electric lights in several 
other city buildings. 

After the entire police circuits were built, a police station was established at Paco, 
and consequently the lines along calles Conception, San Marcelino, and Nozaledahad 
to be rebuilt. The Santa Cruz police station was established and lines run, and after- 
wards changed to Santa Cruz fire station. The establishment of an ambulance station 
at the civil hospital also necessitated the rebuilding of the line from Santa Cruz fire 
station to Plaza Santa Ana on heavier poles. Several other changes in the police sys- 
tem necessitated the changing of various lines in the Walled City, along Calle Nueva, 
Ermita, and Calle Misericordia, Santa Cruz. 

The inspection department of the electrical branch of the fire department issued 
1,457 permits and 1,244 certificates, and collected $1,840 United States currency, in 
inspection fees, report of which has been rendered monthly to the auditor for the 
Philippine Archipelago and amounts deposited with the city assessor and collector. 

The electrician of the fire department is the city electrician, and is assisted in his 
work of enforcing the requirements of ordinance No. 36, and in the supervision and 
maintenance of the fire and police alarm system, by an assistant electrician and three 
American linemen. 

In the construction and repair work there have been employed an average of 23 
native laborers per month at an average daily wage of $1.67 local currency. These 
native laborers are experienced in line and general repair work, and while classed as 
laborers, their ability is above that of an ordinary native laborer, hence the appar- 
ently high wages when compared with the laborers of other departments. 

It is contemplated in the near future to extend the fire and police alarm system 
throughout the various districts of the city, the great need of which is being daily 
felt by the department, as no companies are as yet located in many of these sub- 
districts, and by the placing of this contemplated extension, matters would be facili- 
tated by giving quick alarm to distant companies in emergency cases. 

war 1903— vol 5 41 



642 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

I recommend the erection of a new fire station, to be located near the city stables 
on Calle Azcarraga on city property. This locality is at present not protected by 
fire companies nearer than those at Santa Cruz and San Nicolas fire stations. The 
addition of this company would afford very ample protection for the Tondo district, 
as well as for the city property in the immediate vicinity. 

I would also recommend the erection of a fire station in the vicinity of the rotunda, 
district of Sampaloc, which is now entirely unprotected against fire, the nearest com- 
pany being the chemical engine company located at Tanduay. In the event of a fire 
occurring in this district, it will in all probability make great headway before the 
arrival of the steamer from Santa Cruz, and I request a favorable consideration for the 
protection of this locality against fire. 

I have to thank the members of your honorable board for the many kindnesses 
and considerations shown this department, and express my appreciation of the zeal- 
ous efforts of the member in charge of the affairs of this department toward the 
advancement of its interests. 
Very respectfully, 

Hugh Bonner, Chief of Department. 



644 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Exhibit A. — Report of fires for the 
[Values expressed 



Date. 



Alarms received. 



A. M. P. M 



How Box 
received. No. 



Height and class of 
building. 



Building occupied by — 



1902. 
July 4 



13 
Aug. 2 



Sept. 



Oct. 22 

22 
23 
25 



Nov. 



11 
25 
27 
25 
Dec. 10 

12 
18 

21 
21 

25 

1903. 
Jan. 2 

5 



Feb. 



16 
17 
20 
26 
26 
Mar. 1 
5 



1.10 
2.50 



7.30 



10.05 



10.15 
4.00 



2.03 
2.05 



8.00 



12.40 



5.07 



4.20 



9.40 



10.27 



05 



5.14 



8.55 
9.10 



6.00 
11.15 



8.25 
8.30 
12.50 



7.04 
6.00 
9.04 



8.50 



6.05 
11.15 

5.37 

6.20 

6.50 

2.40 

10.05 

12.30 
6.30 
5.55 
5.17 

5.58 



.00 



8.20 
11.17 



6.50 
7.45 



9.35 
4.45 



10.15 
9.15 



11.00 
"2."50" 



7.52 
3.55 
9.55 



Phone 
...do. 



Verbal. 
....do.. 
Phone . 

None . . 
Phone . 



....do.. 
Verbal. 
Phone . 
....do.. 



....do.. 

do.. 

None . . 
Phone . 
Verbal. 

Phone . 

....do.. 

Verbal. 
Phone . 
...do.. 



...do 



Verbal. 
Phone . 
....do.. 
....do.. 

....do.. 
....do.. 
Verbal. 
Phone . 
....do.. 
Verbal. 



....do.. 
Phone . 

....do.. 
Verbal. 
....do.. 



...do.. 
Phone . 
Verbal 

Phone . 
...do.. 



Verbal 



Phone . 
...do.. 



....do.. 
Verbal. 
Phone . 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Verbal. 



8.50 
5.57 



236 



1 story, concrete, iron 

2 story, wood, brick. . 



Pacific Oriental Trading Co., ware- 
house. 

Chinese and natives, lodgings and 
store. 



1 story, iron 

2 story, wood, brick. 

2 story, brick, stone . . . 



Crispo Liagos, acetvline gas house . . 
Capt. H. R. Stiler, U. S. Army, resi- 
dence. 
James E. Cole, English hotel 



2 story, brick, stone. . 

2 story, wood, stone. . 

3 story, brick, stone . . 
2 story, brick, stone . . 

2 story, wood, stone. . 
do 

2 story, wood 

2 story, wood, brick. . 
Fire and police alarm 

pole. 
2 story, brick, stone . . 

1£ story, brick, stone 



Ling Ching, storehouse 

A. Downing, residence , 

Luciano Fernandez, Spanish hotel... 
Boie & Schadenberg, German phar- 
macy. 

Yu Loon, cigar factory 

U. S. Government post-office 

Jacinto Gil, residence 

Cooley & McWilliams, residence 



American Hardware and Plumbing 

Co., store. 
Russians and Japanese, house of ill 

fame. 



1 story, wood . . 
Launch Emma 



M. L. Applegate, manager National 

Theater 
Smith, Bell & Co., lighter 



2 story, brick, wood 

1 story, nipa 

do 

2 story, stone, wood 



2 story, nipa 

1 story, stone, wood 

1 story, nipa 

2 story, brick, stone 



Chinese tenement 

Thomas St. Clair, residence 

Cipriano Verbal, residence 

Betram Am. Com. Co. and Ca. Mari- 
tima passage way. 

S. Oda, residence 

La Electricista, electric-light plant. . 

Various natives, residence 

Ang Song Co., store and residence . . 



2 story, stone, wood 



.do, 



3 story, brick, wood, 

stone. 
2 story, wood 

1 story, nipa 

2 story, stone, wood . 



2 story, wood 
do 

1 story, nipa . 



Manila Publishing Co., printing of- 
fice. 

Elizz Clemper, residence 

Chua Parruco, store 



Rev. W. H. Hanna, Christian Church 

Jose Cismat and others, residence 

Insular government, post-office 



Dolores Solar, residence 

Rev. W. H. Hanna, residence 
Gasper Almonte, residence.. 



2 story, stone, wood , 
do 



.do 



1 story, iron, wood . . 

1 gasoline launch . . . 

2 story, stone, wood . 

1 story, nipa 

do 



2 story, wood 

2 story, brick, wood 

1 story, nipa 

40 nipa shacks 



Si Hiang, warehouse , 

Manila Navigation Co., office build- 
ing. 

Various Chinese, cigar factory and 
residence. 

N. T. Hashim, National Theatre 

California Lumber and Development 
Co., lighter. 

Liu Chui & Co., store 

Romerio Mercado, residence 

American negro and natives, resi- 
dence. 

Sin Choco, opium joint 

Wy Yongco, cigar factory 

Carlos Lorenzo, residence 

Americans and natives, residences. .. 



2 story, stone, wood 
do 

3 small nipa shacks , 



Jose Lopez, barber shop 
W. A. Birch, drug store . 
Natives, residences , 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

fiscal year ending June 30, 1903. 
in United States currency.] 



645 



Cause of fire. 


Amount of 
damage. 


Time 
worked. 


Hose 
laid. 


Lad- 
ders 
raised. 


Chem- 
icals 
used. 


Location of fire, street. 




8280, 000. 00 
250. 00 


h. m. 
9 

1 30 

30 


1,400 
600 








do 






Alba. 
Paseo Azcarraga. 

Arranque, 286-302. 








Carelessness with matches . 


1.50 

.45 








Plaza del Carmen. 






















Escolta, 91. 














Outside city limits, near 

San Lazes. 
Anloague, 138. 
Gastambibe, 38. 




1,525.00 

15.00 

125. 00 

505. 00 


1 10 


250 


38 




do 




25 
35 

30 
21 
30 
30 






6 


San Jacinto, 45. 
Escolta, 83. 

Plaza del Conde, 17. 


Chemical explosion 




18 


do 










Escolta, 149. 












Magallanes, 227. 
San Jose, 66. 


Lamp explosion 


2.50 






3 
3 








Alix. 


Unknown 


325.00 
11,600.00 


45 

2 08 

06 
45 






Palacio, 158. 




1,150 


18 




Lardizabal, 27-45. 




Castanos, 10-20. 
Canonigo, Paco. 












San Luis, Ermita. 


Lamp explosion 










Cervantes. 






40 








Pasig River, opposite Es- 

tero de Binondo. 
Arranque, 152. 














179. 00 
20.00 


40 

1 10 

30 

45 
35 

1 50 
45 


900 
1,200 






Luzon, 2. 






9 


Balicbalic, 82. 




Plaza Moraga, 15. 
Casulucan, 46. 




2.00 

7.50 

1, 160. 50 

15.00 








Spontaneous combustion . . . 
Overturned lamp 


500 

1,850 

250 




6 


San Sebastian, 132. 
Santiago, Paco, 20-24. 




3 


Santo Elena, 30. 
Nueva, Ermita. 




5.00 

2.50 
60.00 

9.00 

545. 50 

9.00 

1.00 










Exchange, 60. 




30 
40 

45 

1 17 

35 

45 
25 

57 

1 05 
25 

5 30 

16 
32 

3 10 
50 

2 25 

39 
23 
21 

4 42 
20 

1 21 
35 

2 21 








Trinidad, 3. 










Nueva, Binondo. 










Real, Ermita, 162. 


Overturned lamp 


1,150 




160 


Isaac Peral, Ermita, 64. 




Escolta, 149. 










Alcala, 41. 










Real, Ermita, 162. 




12.50 






6 


Berado, off Nueva Er- 


Carelessness 






mita. 
San Fernando, 211. 


do 










Soledad, 51. 


do 


20, 000. 00 


2,300 
"""i50' 


74 
80 




Arranque, 83-100. 


Electric wire 


Cervantes. 




750.00 

2,500.00 

3.00 

350.00 

3.50 


Quinto Bridge Exchange. 
Carvahal, 35-37. 


do 














Obispo, Paco, 17. 


Box of matches ignited 

Open fireplace 


1,700 










Fundidor, 16. 


Unknown 








Norzagaray, 91. 
Nueve Ermita, 133. 


Says Chino set afire 

Presumed incendiary 


1.25 
500.00 


100 
2,100 






38 


480 


Herran, Malate, 14. 
Outside city limits. 
Escolta, 68. 


Unknown 


50.00 

.50 

122.50 


450 


14 


9 


Falling lamp 




Carelessness 


1,000 














side city limits. 



646 



BEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Ephibit A. — Report of fires for the 



Date. 



Alarms received. 



A M P M H( ? w „ ? T ox 
a. m. r. m. reeeived> No- 



Height and class of 
building. 



Building occupied by— 



1903. 

Mar. 11 

15 

20 

24 



Apr. 



12 
13 

18 

22 

27 

29 

May 4 

4 

6 

15 



15 

16 
18 
19 
19 
25 
27 
June 9 
13 

16 

15 

17 

18 
20 
26 



9.00 
4.05 
2.55 
2.18 



12.00 
*4.~45' 



5.00 
4.57 



11.37 
*6.'66 

10.59 



4.14 
9.19 
1.54 



11.00 
4.00 



12.01 
10.00 



6.00 



11.35 
3.39 
4.40 
8.00 



7.10 



5.15 
6.25 
6.35 
5.20 



4.10 
2.08 



11.52 
12. 20 



10.03 

11.12 

5.15 

4.46 



11.20 



8.45 



12.45 



13 

16 
265 
164 
164 

26 



1 story, nipa 

2 story, brick, wood . 

Steamer, wood 

1 story, wood, nipa.. 

1 story, napa , 

Grass plot 



Vacant 

Kuenzle & Sheiff, warehouse. 

Trade and passengers 

Juan Lin tag, residence 

Melchor Jodes, residence 



Verbal. 



1 story, napa 



...do.. 
Phone . 
Verbal. 



Antonio Turesa and Gorwin Santos, 
residence. 



137 
21 



Phone . . 



Verbal. 



1 story, napa 

5 nipa shacks. . 

2 story, stone, wood . . 
do 

2 story brick, wood. . . 
Quartemaster lighter. 

5 nipa shacks 



Natives, residence. 



Montagne & Dominguez, law office 
J. Rohr and L. Disher, residence . . . 

Mariano Rufino, residence 

U. S. military government, lighter. 



153 



Phone . 



Verbal. 



2 story, wood, bamboo . 

1 story, nipa 

do 

2 story, stone, wood . . 

do 

Nipa 



American negro, residence 

Domingo de los Reyes, residence. 

Natives, residence 

Victorino Jose, tailor shop 

Dr. Ambrosio Reyes, residence . . . 
Vacant 



12 



Phone . 



241 
54 

153 
21 

75 



2 story, stone, wood 
1 story, nipa 



J. Fisher, restaurant 

Marcelino Obit, residence 



1,800 nipa shacks. 
2 story, wood 



Natives, residences 

Fernanda Bautista, residence . 



Verbal. 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 



1 story, stone 

2 story, wood, stone . 



Ynchausti & Co. , storehouse 

T. Sparrevohm, saloon and lodging 

house. 
Unknown 



2 story, wood, stone. 
2 story, stone 



Captain Sherman, residence and 

office. 
Soronos Tanhuco, residence and 

office. 



Verbal. 
Verbal. 



Lighter 

1 and 2 story, brick, 

iron 

1 story, nipa 



Carmen and Co., lighter — : 

Compania General de Tabacos, fac- 
tory. 
Argel Tuison, residence 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

fiscal year ending June 30, 1903 — Continued. 



647 



Cause of fire. 


Amount of 
damage. 


Time 
worked. 


Hose 
laid. 


Lad- 
ders 
raised. 


Chem- 
icals 
used. 


Location of fire, street. 


Order of board of health . . . 
Unknown 


86.00 
125. 00 
100. 00 


/;. m. 
3 35 

1 25 
57 
36 
25 


550 
250 
650 






Santa Monica, 192. 


52 


160 

160 


David, 39. 




Pasig River, Carenero. 






.25 


















Do. 






30 
30 


300 






Plaza Calderon. 


Sparks from chimney 

False alarm 


2.00 






Gagalangin road, 131. 
Dulumbayan. 








Sparks from mill \. 












Gagalangin road. 






4 15 

1 59 

1 49 

22 

1 46 

2 40 

33 

1 21 
42 
30 
41 
24 
15 45 

45 

28 
1 05 

45 
6 00 
1 41 

21 
15 00 


300 
850 
500 


"'"84" 


3 
186 

80 




550. 00 

125. 00 

.50 

500. 00 


Santo Tomas, 88. 




Arranque, 94. 
Iseadel Romero, 12. 






1,550 
700 






Pasig River, quarter- 
master's depot. 

Concepci6n, 110, 116, 122, 
128, and 130. 

Concepcidn and Arrce- 
ros. 

Arranque, 162. 

Alix, 281. 


Requisition of board of 
health. 














400. 00 

20.00 

.25 


1,900 


54 


246 


do 










Solinas, 120. 


do 


150 






Calle Real, 191 . 




1.50 






San Pedro, 199. 


Requisition of board of 
health, ordinance muni- 
cipal board. 


5,300 
330 






20 Novaliches, 5 San Jose, 
325 Magdalen, 138 Con- 
cepci6n, 23 Piedad, 62 
Buenavides. 
















cado. 


Unknown 


250. 00 








Barrio of Magahan. 












Unknown 


125, 000. 00 
60.00 


4,350 
350 


""52 


320 
160 


Alyhan,119. 


do 






Lacoste and Arranque. 
Tanduav, 102. 




12, 500. 00 
.50 


3,200 






Lamp too near ceiling 






San Fernando, 60. 










Alongside German S. S. 


Candle too near ceiling 


.25 










Amigo. 
Muella de la Reina, 259. 


10 
20 




















Plaza Goiti. 


Broken carboy of acid 


25.00 
375, 000. 00 








Front custom-house. 


32 45 


3,700 






Marques de Comillas. 
Talguevas, 110. 


Overturned lamp 





















Amount of damage by fires, $835, 324. 95; time worked, 174 hours, 33 minutes; ladders raised, 524 feet; 
hose laid, 41, 280 feet; chemicals used, 1, 980 gallons. 



648 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Exhibit H. 
BEPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ASSESSMENTS AND COLLECTIONS. 

Department of Assessments and Collections, 

Manila, P. I., August 10, 1908. 

To the Municipal Board of the city of Manila. 

Gentlemen: In submitting herewith the annual report covering this department 
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, no attempt will be made to elaborate upon 
the work done or results accomplished. It is only intended to be a compilation of 
facts and figures, subdivided, naturally, by the divisions made necessary to properly 
handle the varied sources of revenue incident to this department, and, if it is not 
presuming too much, also to respectfully make a few suggestions or recommendations 
respecting changes in some of the laws governing the assessment and collection of 
the revenues of the city. » 

The compilations of the following statements have been carefully made under the 
supervision of, and comparisons deduced by, the chief deputy collector, Mr. Ellis 
Cromwell, assisted by the chief clerk and cashier, Mr. C. B. Weltner. 

Division of Assessments. 

The work of this division for the year ending June 30, 1903, has been of a routine 
character. 

The assessment rolls for 1903 were prepared within the time required by law, using 
the same values as given in 1902. 

The assessment of new improvements made during the calendar year of 1902 was 
carefully made, and after deducting the value of buildings destroyed, a net gain of 
$1,045,398.96, United States currency, is shown, as per statement below. 

These assessment rolls were completed on January 5 last, and by virtue of act 581, 
United States Philippine Commission, passed January 8, 1903, providing for a board 
of tax revision to revise the assessments for 1903, were turned over to said board for 
revision. 

During the past year the district of Santa Ana was added to the city's assessment 
roll, with real estate to the value of $441,084.59, as was Gagalangin, incorporated in 
Tondo, with $70,202.60, and the Malate extension, with $7,665.99, a total of $518,- 
953.18, which, together with the new improvements, brought the value of the taxa- 
ble real estate in the city of Manila to $42,037,825.55, at the time the board of tax 
revision began its work. 

Statement showing value of new improvements, by districts. 
[Values expressed in United States currency.] 



District. 


Value. 


District. 


Value. 




$26,005.00 

107, 707. 00 

18,459.00 

83,805.00 

906. 00 

2, 058. 00 

56,098.00 

143,040.00 


Santa Cruz 


$145, 516. 00 




Quiapo 


70, 443. 00 




Binondo 


174, 718. 00 




Tondo 


128, 797. 00 




San Nicolas 


87, 846. 96 




Total 






1,045,398.96 


Sampaloc 











Division of Collections, 
real-estate tax collections. 



During the period covered by this report, real-estate tax has been collected only 
for the calendar year 1902 and on the territory annexed to the city of Manila, under 
the provisions of act 341, United States Philippine Commission, amounting to one- 
half of 1 per cent of the assessed value for the year 1901, and 1£ per cent for the year 
1902, and the delinquent tax for the year 190L. 

The collection of the taxes for the year 1903 has been delayed on account of the 
revision ot the assessed values of all property in Manila by the board of tax revision, 
created by act 581, United States Philippine Commission. 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 649 

The tax for the year 1902, 1£ per cent of the assessed valuation, was collected by 
half years, the first half being payable without penalty in July and August and the 
second half at any time prior to January 1, 1903, without penalty, provided the first 
half had been paid within the period divided by law. 

The tax on the annexed territory for the years 1901 and 1902 was payable, without 
penalty, during the months of October and November. 

At the end of the fiscal year 1902 there were 6,377 pieces of property on which the 
tax for 1901 had become delinquent, in the amount of $33,853.37, United States cur- 
rency. Tax has been collected on 2,738 pieces of this property, amounting to 
$12,718.69; $1,630.36 as delinquent penalty, and $159.43 as interest, making a total 
collected on account of 1901 of $14,508.48. 

It was found necessary to institute compulsory proceedings, as provided in act 82, 
United States Philippine Commission, to enforce the collection of the delinquencies 
against 130 property owners. 

No property has been sold for taxes as yet. 

Credit has been allowed on account of urbana and frontage tax paid in 1901 as 
follows: Urbana, $669.15; frontage, $4,643.86; total credits, $5,313.01. 

Leaving the net collections for the period covered by this report $584,146.42. 

At the end of the fiscal year 1903 taxes remained unpaid as follows: 

For 1901: On 3,539 pieces of property, amounting to $21,134.68, or 5 J per cent 
of the tax assessed. 

For 1902: On 6,204 pieces of property amounting to $47,547.68, or 7| per cent of 
the taxes assessed. 

Of this number 4,037 are pieces of property valued at $25, United States cur- 
rency, and less. 

INDUSTRIAL TAX. 

During the period covered by this report there have been issued 6,037 new 
patents and 2,112 have been canceled, leaving in force on June 30, 1903, 11,511 
patents. 

The collections in this period have been $230,829.02, United States currency, 
against $253,688.94 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. 

The decrease in collections from this source, as against those for the same period 
of last year, is due to the further depreciation of local currency, in which this tax is 
assessed and collected, and also to the fact that the tax on salaries was abolished 
by act 497, United States Philippine Commission, effective January 1, 1903. The 
annual receipts from salary taxes amounted to about $30,000, Mexican currency. 

The number of delinquents June 30, 1903, was 1,226, and the amount of delin- 
quency $6,496.88, United States currency. It is estimated that about 75 per cent of 
this amount will have to be declared uncollectible, as many of the industries on 
which the taxes have been assessed have ceased and the inspectors have been unable 
to locate the former proprietors. In fact these cases can not well be considered 
delinquences, as in most cases the tax was paid on the industry during the time it 
continued, but through the failure of the owners to notify this office the tax was not 
discontinued when the industry ceased. 

STAMPS. 

Internal-revenue stamps have been sold amounting to $66,582.39, as against 
$74,817. 21 J, United States currency, collected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1902. The decrease in the collections for this period, as against the same period of 
last year, is accounted for by the further depreciation of local currency, in which the 
stamp tax is collected, and also by the withdrawal from sale by this department of 
the customs stamps. 

CERTIFICATES OF REGISTRATION. 

This tax, 1 peso, is collected from all male residents of the city of Manila between 
the ages of 18 and 55 years, under the provisions of section 60, act 183, United States 
Philippine Commission. 

The tax for the year 1902 was payable without penalty during the months of May 
and June. During that period there were only 35,934 issued; therefore a great many 
persons have been required to pay, during the period covered by this report for the 
year 1902, with the usual delinquent penalty of 100 per cent added, which accounts 
in part for the large increase from this source over that of the same period of last 
year. 



650 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Certificates have been issued as follows: 

To persons not subject to the penalty, such as those arriving in the islands 
subsequent to the date on which the penalty attached, and to persons 
becoming of age since that date, at 1 peso each, for 1902 2, 427 

To persons delinquent in the payment of the tax for 1902, at 2 pesos each. . . 31, 047 

For the year 1903, payable during the months of April, May, and June, 1903, 
at 1 peso each 63, 920 

This makes the total number of certificates of registration taken out during 

the period covered by this report 97, 394 

The total amount collected was $128,441 Mexican currency, which, reduced to 
United States currency at the current rate of exchange at the time of the collections, 
amounts to $52,088.79. 

MATADERO. 

The ordinances requiring that all animals slaughtered for food purposes be slaugh- 
tered in the public slaughterhouse have been more rigidly enforced during the past 
year than at any other period since the American occupation. A very comprehensive 
ordinance was enacted by the municipal board August 23, 1902, providing for the 
regulation, inspection, and use of the public slaughterhouse, the provisions of which 
have been very well advertised. This ordinance also provides for the collection of 
the regular slaughterhouse fee of 3 cents per kilogram on livers, hearts, etc. , on which 
no collection was made prior to its enactment. 

During the period covered by this report there have been slaughtered in the 
slaughterhouse 23,385 head of cattle (all imported), 63,599 hogs, and 204 sheep, on 
which was collected as fees the sum of $70,245.64 United States currency, as against 
$63,273.30^ United States currency collected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 
1902. 

The slaughterhouse is probably one of the most successful of the city's institutions, 
as well as being a source of revenue. It has been kept in a cleanly condition, the 
refuse being carted away or cremated immediately after killing. An overhead trolley 
system for hanging the meat for the purpose of cleaning, weighing, and loading the 
same has been considered by the board, but no action has been taken yet. Such an 
arrangement would be a very valuable improvement. 

An inspector from the health department is in attendance during the hours of 
slaughter and all meat is carefully inspected by him. If any is found to be infected it 
is immediately cremated in the slaughterhouse crematory. 

The total collections for the year have been $175,220.96 local currency, and the 
expenses for conducting the matadero, including salaries and wages, lighting, sup- 
plies of all kinds, and repairs, for the year have been $14,061.23 local currency, 
which represents 8 per cent of the total collections. 

The net revenue for the year is $161,159.73 local currency. 



The seven public markets of the city are located as follows: Divisoria, district of 
Tondo; Quinta, district of Quiapo; Arranque, district of Santa Cruz; Herran, dis- 
trict of Malate; Anda, district of Intramuros; Sampaloc, district of Sampaloc; Santa 
Ana, district of Santa Ana. 

Market tax is also collected from the bay and estero landings, where sales are 
made. No tax is collected, however, on consignments of goods. 

The Anda Market was only thrown open to the public June 1, 1903, and at this 
time 87 per cent of the stalls remain unoccupied. 

The number of stalls set aside for each class of goods, the average number occu- 
pied during the period covered by this report, the rate charged for stalls, and the 
average number of volantes or squatters in each market, with the rate charged same, 
and number of cascos and bancas on which tax is collected are shown by an Exhibit 
— , which is a part of this report. 

The total market collections for the period covered by this report amount to 
$109,024.47 United States currency, as against $113,070.97 for the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1902, which would show a slight increase had it not been for the further 
depreciation in local currency, in which the tax is assessed and collected. 

The following statement shows the total collections from each market, including 
the collections made on Manila Bay and along the banks of the esteros; the actual 
cost of maintaining the markets and making collections, such as rent, where the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



651 



ground on which the markets are located is not owned by the city (which is the 
case only with regard to Sampaloc and Arranque markets) , labor and supplies for 
cleaning the markets, lighting, repairs, stationery, such as receipts, etc. , and salaries 
paid the superintendent, inspectors, and collectors of the markets. 

In making this statement, the salary of the superintendent has been charged as an 
expense of the largest market — Divisoria — and those of the inspectors against the 
Quinta and Arranque markets. 

The statement also shows the net collections for the year and the percentage of the 
expenses to the collections. 

It should be borne in mind that the rates charged for stalls were not established 
with a view of making the markets a large source of revenue to the city, but were 
fixed with a view of giving the public the conveniences afforded by public markets 
at a nominal rate of rental. 

All amounts named in this statement are in local currency. 

Statement of market collections, expenses, etc. 



Name of market. 


Total collec- 
tions. 


Total ex- 
penses. 


Net revenue. 


Percent- 
age of ex- 
penses to 
collec- 
tions. 




$142, 521. 40 

62, 797. 96 

32,042.55 

8, 470. 15 

802. 18 

6, 897. 49 

1, 660. 10 

3, 881. 63 

6, 806. 26 

6,467,99 


$18,809.27 

10, 291. 07 

12,825.26 

2,077.11 

658.31 

2, 138. 06 

492. 47 

537. 79 

1, 693. 91 

557.80 


$123, 712. 13 

52, 506. 89 

29, 217. 29 

6, 393. 04 

143. 87 

4, 759. 43 

1, 167. 63 

3,343.84 

5, 112. 35 

5, 910. 19 


13 


Quinta 

Arranque 

Herran 

Anda 

Sampaloc 


al6§ 
40 
24| 

a 82 
31 

a 291 

1H 

a 25 

8f 


Tetuan 

Bay 






Total 


272, 347. 71 


50, 081. 05 


222, 266. 66 


m 






LICI 


iarly. 

:nses. 









All licenses are issued in accordance with the provisions of the Manila liquor 
licenses act or of ordinance No. 9, provost-marshal-general, as modified by amendatory 
acts or ordinances. 

No separate accounts have been kept of receipts from liquor and business licenses, 
but it is estimated that the gain from last year is about equally divided between 
the two. 

The advance from §1.50 to $5 local currency for native wine licenses, by act No. 
524 of the Commission, November 18, 1902, accounts in part for the larger receipts. 

The increase in the fee on April 1, 1903, for pawnbrokers' licenses from $200 to $500 
resulted in a temporary increase in the revenue, but as about two- thirds of those 
holding licenses surrendered them when the new ordinance went into effect the 
receipts in the future will be about the same as formerly. 

Below are comparisons between the period covered by this report and the entire 
fiscal vear of 1902: 



1902. 


1903. 


9,223 
198 
291 

8,704 


11,210 

220 

1,546 

9,541 



Increase. 



Applications for licenses 

Disapproved 

Uncalled for 

Issued 



1,987 

22 

1,255 

837 



652 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Licenses were issued under the Manila liquor licenses act as follows: 



Class of license. 



Period. 



1902. 



Issued, gjg; Total. 



1903. 



Issued. 



Trans- 
ferred. 



Total. 



First-class bar 

Second-class bar 

First-class restaurant, liquor... 
Second-class restaurant, liquor. 

First-class hotel, liquor 

Second-class hotel, liquor 

Theater, liquor 

First-class wholesale, liquor 

Second-class wholesale, liquor. 
Third-class wholesale, liquor. . . 

Grocery, liquor 

Distiller 

Druggist, liquor 

Brewer 

Native wine 



Total 



6 months 

do... 

....do... 
....do... 
....do... 

do... 

do... 

lyear 

do... 

do... 

do... 

do... 

....do... 

do... 

6 months 



125 

85 
41 



7 

3 

60 

3 

5 
77 
7 
2 
1 
1,270 



1,732 



141 
104 
44 

45 



77 

7 

2 

1 

,270 



120 

130 

54 

28 

8 

2 

3 

58 
2 



50 



1,782 



2,458 



166 



257 



132 

172 

65 

32 

10 

2 

4 

62 

2 

9 

101 

9 

2 

1 

,112 



2,715 



Surrendered, revoked, or taken up: 1902, 31; 1903, 34. 

General licenses issued under the provisions of ordinance 9. 



Class of license. 



Business licenses 

Entertainment licenses (daily) 

Peddlers' licenses (quarterly) 

Surrendered, taken up, or revoked 




1,110 

6,976 

243 



There are 25 licensed clubs where liquor is sold to members. 
There are 1,480 places where liquor is sold (exclusive of clubs). 

Total number of places where liquor is sold for consumption on the premises (or drinking 

places). 



Districts. 


Total popu- 
lation. 


Number of 
places. 


Number of 
places per 

1,000 of 
population. 




39,045 

45,772 

35, 040 

11, 049 

8,838 

18, 779 

11,463 

12,226 

8,858 

6,725 

3,182 

2,983 


319 

331 

190 

116 

40 

119 

58 

30 

9 

75 

17 

21 


8.17 




7.23 




5.42 


Quiapo 


6.99 


San Miguel 


4.52 


Sampaloc 


6.33 


Intramuros 


5.59 


Ermita 


2.45 


Malate 


1.01 


Paco 


11.15 




5.34 


Pandacan 


7.04 






Total „ 


203, 960 


1,325 


6.49 







REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 653 

Places where liquor is sold on premises (or drinking places) other than native wine. 



Districts. 


American, 
European, 
and foreign 
population. 


Number of 
places. 


Number of 
places per 

1,000 of 
population. 


Tondo 


222 

1,551 

1,144 

592 

561 

808 

2,029 

1,137 

333 

332 


1 
39 
13 
19 

1 
60 
16 
aZ 
a3 

2 


4.50 




25.15 


Santa Cruz 


11.35 




32.01 




1.78 




74.26 




7.88 




2.63 




9.01 




6.02 






Total 


8,709 


157 


18.02 







a Two bars closed July 1, 1903. 



Total number of native wine shops. 



Districts. 



Filipino and 

Chinese 
population. 



Number of 
places. 



Number of 
licenses per 

1,000 of 
population. 



Intramuros 

Binondo 

Tondo 

Santa Cruz 

Sampaloc 

San Miguel 

Quiapo 

Ermita 

Paco 

Malate 

Pandacan 

Santa Ana 

Total 

Filipinos only 



9,434 

44, 221 

38,823 

33, 896 

17, 971 

8,277 

10, 557 

11,089 

6,393 

8,525 

2,983 

3,182 



195, 351 
174, 248 



42 

292 

318 

177 

59 

39 

97 

27 

73 

6 

21 

17 



1,168 
1,168 



4.45 
6.60 
8.19 
5.22 
3.28 
4.71 
9.19 
2.43 
11.43 
0.70 
7.04 
5.34 



5.98 
6.70 



VEHICLE LICENSES. 

The number of public vehicle licenses issued in the city of Manila during the 
period covered by this report was 2,389, including cart licenses, of which 1,232 were 
new licenses and 1,157 renewal licenses. There were 289 transfers, 300 duplicates 
issued, and 132 surrendered. 

The total collected from this source was $8,711.50. 

DOG LICENSES. 

Dog licenses were issued as follows: 736 male, 245 female, 29 duplicate, and 30 
surrendered. The fees collected amounted to $1,387.74. 

BICYCLE LICENSES. 

There were 691 new bicycle licenses issued, 7 renewals, and 8 duplicates and 3 
surrendered. The fees collected aggregate $896.84. 

During the period covered by this report there has been collected for license fees 
of all kinds $164,820.45, against $168,987.88 collected for the fiscal year 1902, show- 
ing a loss of $4,167.43. 

LIVE STOCK REGISTRATION. 



During the year there have been registered 4,750 animals, at a fee of 20 cents 
Mexican each, and 3,302 animals have been transferred at a fee of 10 cents Mexi- 



654 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

can each, making a total collected from this source during the period covered by 
this report $506.71 United States currency, as against $629.70 for the fiscal year 1902. 
This system of registration has proven of valuable assistance to the police and 
others in locating horses and other animals which have been stolen or strayed. 

VEHICLE TAX. 

Vehicle tax has been paid during the period covered by this report on 611 car- 
riages, at $12 Mexican per year each; on 2,118 carromatas, at $6 Mexican per year 
each; on 946 caretelas, at $6 Mexican per year each; on 1,008 carretones, at $6 Mexi- 
can per year each, and on 673 other two-wheeled vehicles, such as calesas and quilez, 
at $9 Mexican per year each. 

Tax has also been collected on 2,353 excess horses and 64 excess carabao. 

This tax is collected on all vehicles except those in use for official purposes or 
owned by foreign consuls, whether the vehicle be for private or public use. 

In assessing the tax on vehicles, the number of animals required to draw the vehi- 
cles are exempt from taxation, but all animals not necessary to draw the vehicles are 
considered excess and the owners are required to pay taxes on the same at the rate 
of $6 Mexican per year each. From this it will be seen that the tax is really assessed 
on the animals instead of the vehicles, the tax having been paid during the period 
on 8,383 animals, 7,312 of which are horses and 1,072 carabao. The collections 
from this source amount to $20,952.81 United States currency, as against $24, 587. 85 J 
for the fiscal year 1902, which, considering the depreciation of local currency, in 
which the tax is assessed and collected, shows a slight increase over last year. 

On June 30, 1903, 839 persons -were delinquent in the payment of this tax, the 
amount of delinquency being $1,939.14 United States currency. 

VEHICLE EQUIPMENT. 

Vehicle equipment consists of staff, disk, number plate, and driver's badge, which 
are furnished by this office under the provisions of section 7, ordinance No. 9, at a 
cost to the purchaser of 75 cents United States currency for each complete outfit. 
Duplicates are furnished upon application at cost price. 

During the period of this report there have been furnished 1,232 complete sets, 
amounting to $393.20 United States currency, making a total of $1,317.20. 

RENTS OF CITY PROPERTY. 

During the period covered by this report rent has been collected from 85 persons 
and firms occupying city property, amounting to $4,509.18 United States currency, as 
against $2,903.13 for the same period last year. 

Of this number 76 have no leases or contracts, and 9 have leases. Twenty are occu- 
pying apartments in the public tenement house, Calle Valdarama. 

The monthly rental for the month of June, 1903, was $221.83 United States cur- 
rency, and $1,093.11 Mexican currency. 

MUNICIPAL COURT COSTS, FINES, AND FEES, SHERIFF'S FEES, JUSTICE OF THE PEACE 
COURT COSTS, FINES, AND FEES; CITY ATTORNEY'S FEES, BOARD OF HEALTH FEES, 
POUND RECEIPTS, REGISTRATION OF COCHEROS, CITY ELECTRICIAN FEES. 

These costs, fines, fees, and receipts are accepted and receipted for under the pro- 
visions of section 61 of the Manila charter. 

The amounts received from the above-mentioned sources during the period covered 
by this report are as follows: 

United States 
currency. 

Municipal court costs, fines, and fees $62, 691. 87 

Justice of peace court costs, fines, and fees 1, 899. 39 

Sheriff's fees 3, 566. 89 

City attorney's fees 109. 54 

City electrician's fees 1, 673. 81 

Pound receipts _ _ 941. 66 

Registration of cochero fees 1, 119. 15 

Board of health fees 4, 065. 33 

Total 76, 067. 64 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



655 



MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 

The following; collections have been made under this head: 



Date. 



1902. 
July 2 




2 


Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 


2 
2 
1 

17 


Nov. 


3 


Dec. 


1 

10 


1903. 
Jan. 3 




20 


Feb. 


2 




3 




7 
12 



Mar. 2 



Apr. 1 

May 2 

June 1 

26 



Item. 



Manila Telephone Co., 7 per cent of gross receipts for quarter ending March 31, 

1903; $763.20 Mexican, at $2.27 for $1 

Martin Fernando, for privilege of operating a line of small ferryboats between 
Santa Ana and San Felipe: 

For the month of June, 1902; $20 Mex. , at $2.27 for $1 

For the month of Julv, 1902; $19 Mex., at $2.35 for $1 

For the month of August, 1902; $1 Mex., at $2.35 for $1 

For the month of September, 1902; $18 Mex., at $2.40 for $1 

Manila Telephone Co., 7 per cent of gross receipts for quarter ending June 30, 

1902; $811.15 Mex., at $2.40 f or $1 

Martin Fernando, for privilege of operating a line of small ferryboats between 
Santa Ana and San Felipe, for month of — 

October, 1902; $19 Mex., at $2.46 for $1 

November; $19 Mex. , at $2.60 for $1 

Genario Heredia, in payment of parcel of land extending 3 meters along Calle 
Soler; 115.55 meters along the unnamed street leading to Arranque Market, 
known as "Calle para el Mercado," which land was sold bv resolution of the 
municipal board on Aug. 8, 1902; $526.97 Mex., at $2.60 for $1 

Martin Fernando, for privilege of operating a line of small ferryboats between 
Santa Ana and San Felipe for month of December, 1902; $30 Mex., at $2.60 for $1. 

Manila Telephone Co., 7 per cent of gross receipts for quarter ending Sept. 30, 
1902; $750.87 Mex., at $2.60 for $1 

Martin Fernando, for privilege of operating a small line of ferryboats between 
Santa Ana and San Felipe for month of January, 1903; $22 Mex., at $2.66 for $1. 

Manila Telephone Co., 7 per cent of gross receipts for fourth quarter, calendar 
vear 1902; $924.30 Mex. , at $2.66 for $1 

Sale of condemned office furniture; $13.30 Mex., at $2.66 for $1 

Jos<§ Manchucha, for piece of land situated on Calle Azcarraga between calles 
Antonio, Rivera, and Reyna Regente, immediately in front of a piece of land 
owned by Jose Manchucha; this land, containing 35.34 square meters, was sold 
bv resolution of the municipal board on Feb. 12, 1903; U. S. Currencv $255, plus 
$18.99 Mex., at $2.66, for $1 

Martin Fernando for privilege of operating a line of small ferryboats between 
Santa Ana and San Felipe, for the month of — 

February, 1903; $23 Mex., at $2.66 for $1 

March, 1903; $25 Mex.. at $2.60 for $1 

April, 1903; $24 Mex., at $2.50 for $1 

May, 1903; $30 Mex., at $2.45 for $1 

Manila Telephone Co., 7 per cent of gross receipts for first quarter of calendar 
year, 1903; $1,051.27 Mex., at $2.45 for $1 

Total 



U.S. cur- 
rencv. 



$336. 21 
8.81 



7.66 
7.50 



337. 



7.72 
7.31 



202. 68 

11.54 

288.80 

8.27 

347.48 
5.00 

262. 14 



8.65 

9.61 

9.60 

12.24 

429.09 



2, 316. 38 



TOTAL COLLECTIONS. 



The total collections for the period covered by this report amount to $1,383,407.11, 
U. S. currency, as against $1,094,654.01, U. S. currency, collected from the same 
sources during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. 

In order to make this comparison it was necessary to add to the amount collected 
by the city assessor and collector from August 7, 1901, to June 30, 1902, the collections 
for the month of July and six days in August, 1901, made by the collector of internal 
revenue of Manila, and the department of licenses and municipal revenue, which 
offices were combined August 7, 1901, to form the present department of assessments 
and collections. 

The collections for this period fall short of the estimate made and submitted with 
the last annual report to the extent of $348,792.98, United States currency, which is 
accounted for by the fact that the collection of the first half of the real-estate taxes 
for the year 1903 has been postponed by Executive Order No. 19 on account of the 
assessment of the real estate of the city being revised by the board of tax revision, 
under the provisions of Act 581, U. S. Philippine Commission. 




656 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

CURRENT EXPENSES. 

The expenses of the department during the fiscal year have been as follows: 

U. 8. cur- 
rency. 

Salaries and wages, regular force 

Salaries and wages, emergency force, from July 1, 1902, to Jan. 1, 1903 

Total salaries and wages 

Regular supplies, such as stationery, office furniture, fixtures, books, registers, tax rolls, 

forms, instruments, tracing cloths, equipment for public vehicles, etc 

Incidental expenses, such as coolie hire, advertising taxes due and delinquent, repairs to 

office furniture and fixtures, typewriters, etc 

(Of the last amount, $210.60 were paid to the treasurer of the Philippine Archipelago for 
certificates of registration. The sum of $427.47 was expended for transportation used by 
the employees of this department on official business. The department is furnished only 
two carromatas by the insular purchasing agent, which is considered inadequate). 
Tax refunds have been made as follows: 

8 refunds on account of the overpayment of real-estate taxes, amounting to 

3 refunds on account of the overpayment of industrial taxes, amounting to 

4 refunds on account of the overpayment of frontage tax, paid in 1901, amounting to. . 
1 refund on account of money deposited by the pound keeper for one horse sold, which 

funds were not withheld by this office, as is provided for in ordinance 36, amount- 
ing to 

Total amount of refunds 

The total expenses for the period amount to $82,244.49, which represents about 
5.9 per cent of the total collections. 

PERSONNEL. 

The authorized regular force on July 1, 1902, was 99 superintendents, clerks, 
inspectors, market collectors and laborers, consisting of 22 Americans and 77 natives, 
with monthly pay roll aggregating $6,162.19. 

There was also authorized an emergency force of 9 Americans and 32 natives, with 
pay roll amounting to $2,194.17 monthly, making a total monthly pay roll of 
$8,356.36. However, the entire force authorized was not employed, the average 
monthly pay roll being $5,105.87. 

The emergency force was abolished January 1, 1903, and the vacancies thus 
created filled in accordance with the civil service rules. 

During the period covered by this report 26 employees of the civil service have re- 
signed; 13 have been discharged; two died. Four leaves have been granted with 
permission to visit the United States, one for fifty-two days; one for sixty-six days; 
one for fifty-three days, and one for fifty-seven days. In addition 80 employees have 
been granted leaves aggregating five hundred and ninety-five days, with pay, and 
one employee a twenty-five days' leave without pay. 

During the greater part of the six months that the present incumbent has occu- 
pied the responsible position of chief of the department he has been obliged to give 
a large share of his time to the work assigned to him by the honorable the civil 
governor upon the board of tax revision, and, as a consequence, has not been able 
to give the close attention to the details of the duties of the office that he otherwise 
could and would have done. However, the work has been efficiently carried on by 
his able deputies and the chiefs of the various divisions. The hearty cooperation 
accorded him at all times from these sources is worthy of remark and appreciated to 
the fullest measure. 

The suggestions referred to in the beginning of this report to which I would ask 
your attention and favorable consideration are: 

First. That the laws with reference to the collection of the industrial tax and the 
vehicle tax, now payable quarterly, be changed to semiannual payments, say on the 
1st of January and July, attaching penalty to the delinquent payments after the 1st of 
March and September, respectively. 

No inconsiderable expense would be saved by such modification of the laws, and 
would, it is believed, better satisfy the taxpayers, both large and small. 

The law governing the collection of the cedula or registration tax should be 
uniform throughout, at least, the island of Luzon. Otherwise it is possible for a 
delinquent in one province to step over into the adjacent province and get his cedula 
without the penalty. This possibility would seem remote were it not for the fact 
that one day, late in June, application was made to this office for nearly 1,000 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 657 

cedillas for persons living in an adjoining province in which the penalty had already 
attached, and there is little doubt that many pesos were received from, and cedulas 
issued to, persons representing themselves as residents of Manila, who lived and 
should have taken out their cedulas elsewhere. 

It is further suggested that in the license department changes in existing laws and 
ordinances might be made that would inure to the benefit of both the contributors 
and the city. 

However, the above are intended only as brief suggestions or recommendations for 
the purpose of getting your attention and possible favorable consideration. 

No argument or detailed plan need be submitted at this time; but, should any of 
the foregoing suggestions sufficiently interest your honorable body to invite discus- 
sion, this office will cheerfully respond to the invitation. 

Another suggestion, and one for which no apology is needed, is that better accom- 
modations and facilities be given the department for waiting upon the public. It is 
oftentimes absolutely impossible to wait upon the public with anything like the dis- 
patch that the taxpayer is entitled to expect. He comes with his money to pay his 
contribution, and of necessity, under present conditions, is obliged to wait and wait 
for his turn to be waited upon. This inconvenience and delay is in part, at least, due 
to the poor arrangement of the office. 

Facilities should be such that the least possible inconvenience and delay need be 
imposed upon the taxpayers. 

In this connection it should be borne in mind that this department is to a greater 
extent than that of any other (municipal or insular) a public office; that is to say, 
its whole business, exclusive of the assessment department, is that of serving the 
public. Nearly every employe is working under a strain incident to the demands of 
the many who are impatiently awaiting for their money to be taken and properly 
receipted for, or are sitting idle for days when little or no business is done or to be done. 

There is very little work that can accumulate in any, except the assessment divi- 
sion, to keep the employees occupied when not in demand by the tax contributors. 
In this respect it is unlike any other department. 

The rushes are periodical, according to the approach of the penalty attaching 
period. The fact is that the department has too limited a force during the busy 
seasons and too large a number during the less busy periods. 

This is the direct result of being confined to the estimate given and appropriations 
made for a given six months for a fixed personnel. 

The old system of allowing ' ' emergency men ' ' as necessity required, was well 
adapted for this department and should be restored to it. Money would be saved 
thereby and the public much better accommodated. 

With a few substantial changes in the arrangement of the interior of the building 
occupied by this department, together with a more elastic provision for the personnel 
of the office, as to number, you would hear less complaint from the taxpayers, better 
work would be done, and expenses saved. 

Respectfully submitted, 

A. W. Hastings, 
City Assessor and Collector. 

war 1903— vol 5 42 



658 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



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664 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



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306, 170. 90 
100,274.54 
106, 870. 87 
154,423.94 
240,998.87 


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$2, 356. 69 
90, 717. 13 
10, 746. 95 
1,857.00 
16,382.16 
23,422.66 



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REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



665 



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REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 





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BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



667 



Exhibit I. 

BEPORT OF THE CITY SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS. 

Superintendent of Schools, 

Manila, P. L, September 1, 1903. 
The Municipal Board, Manila, P. I. 

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit the following report of the public schools 
of the city of Manila for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, and for the months of 
July and "August, fiscal year 1904. 

That portion of the report included between dates July 1, 1902, and June 30, 1903, 
is based upon information contained in reports submitted by former city superin- 
tendents. The balance is based on personal observation and experience. 

The attendance in both day and night schools during the past year has not been 
satisfactory. It began in July, 1902, with an enrollment of 2,974 and an attendance 
of 2,175 in the day schools, and an enrollment of 1,886 and an attendance of 1,432 in 
the night schools." At the close of the school year, March 20, 1903, the enrollment 
in the day schools was 3,458, with an attendance of 3,093, and an enrollment of 
1,933 and attendance of 1,508 in the night schools. 

The following tables will indicate the actual condition: 

DAY SCHOOLS. 



Enroll- 


Attend- 


ment. 


ance. 


2,974 


2,175 


3,080 


2,195 


2,979 


2,358 


3,116 


2,614 


3,212 


2,655 


3,158 


2,622 


3,332 


2,566 


3,505 


2,984 


3,458 


3,093 


3,046 


2,341 


3,574 


3,276 


4,273 


3,950 



Attend- 
ance. 



1902. 

July 

August 

September , 

October 

November 

December 

1893 

January 

February 

March 

June 

July 

August : , 



Per cent. 
83 



NIGHT SCHOOLS. 



1902 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February 

March 

June 

July 

August 



1,886 


1,482 


1,855 


1,451 


1,928 


1,613 


2,021 


1,595 


1,886 


1,591 


1,943 


1,369 


2,104 


1,489 


2,044 


1,742 


1,933 


1,508 


2,626 


1,907 


2,574 


2,019 


3,314 


2,677 



82 



A number of causes are indicated in reports of former city superintendents as hav- 
ing been responsible for this condition. My term of service, beginning June 6, 1903, 
has not been sufficiently extensive to justify the expression of an opinion as to the 
facts of the case. During the past two months the attendance has been materially 
increased and is still increasing. The work began on July 15, after the long vacation, 
with an enrollment of 3,046 and an attendance of 2,341 in the day schools, and an 
enrollment of 2,626 and an attendance of 1,907 in the night schools. Present enroll- 
ment is: Day schools, 4,273; night schools, 3,314. Attendance is: Day schools, 2,950; 
night schools, 2,677. Notwithstanding this fact, the attendance is small in propor- 
tion to the population. This condition will exist until radical improvements in the 
condition of school buildings have been made. The Filipino in his present condition 
is not easily impressed with the merits of an educational institution conducted in an 
ordinary cheap dwelling house, as is the case with many of our schools. 



668 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

New, modern, commodious school buildings are necessary in all parts of the city. 
In some parts they are indispensable. In that portion of Trozo lying beyond Azcar- 
raga is a population of perhaps 50,000 without a school of any kind. The houses in 
this district are built of nipa and are not available for school purposes. Nearly every 
school building in the city is overcrowded. In some cases it has been found neces- 
sary to use rooms which are entirely unfit for occupation. Numerous exercises for 
pupils are rendered impossible by this lack of accommodations. In several cases 
school buildings are unsanitary in the extreme. 

Changes in buildings. 

Discontinued 6 

Secured 5 

SCHOOLS. 

The public schools of Manila are divided into five classes: Kindergartens, ele- 
mentary schools, _ secondary schools, night schools, and teachers' normal, in the 
following proportion: 

Kindergartens 4 

Elementary schools 34 

Secondary schools 2 

Teacher's normal _ 2 

Night schools 23 

KINDERGARTENS. 

This work is under the direction of Miss Kate L. Bassett, has been established 
upon a substantial basis, and has proven satisfactory. Each kindergarten is in charge 
of an American subdirector who is a trained kindergartner. In the American kin- 
dergarten the assistants are American. In the Filipino kindergartens they are 
natives. Equipment and plans are modern. The Filipino children take an active 
interest in the work and develop rapidly. I believe that the experiment will be 
entirely successful. 

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

p 

Elementary schools are in operation in Tondo, Binondo, Trozo, Gagalangin, Santa 
Cruz, Quiapo, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, San Miguel, Conception, Intramuros, Ermita, 
Malate, Singalon, Paco, Pandacan, Beata, and Santa Ana. 

The work in these schools is in a decidedly healthy condition. Interest of pupils 
and teachers is active and increasing. Developments of pupils along the lines of 
study is rapid and reasonably symmetrical. It has been clearly demonstrated that 
the Filipino possesses both disposition and ability to learn English. Certain unde- 
sirable conditions still exist in these schools. I know of none, however, which can 
not be improved within a reasonable time. The most serious — defective buildings — 
has already been noted. Other objectionable features are that the schools are not 
properly or uniformly graded. No definite course of study exists. The entire sys- 
tem is without correlation. No plan exists whereby students may be transferred 
from one school to another. Pupils do not seem to recognize obligation to attend 
any particular school, but move from district to district as the whim may direct. 
Months will be required before these differences can be obviated. 

SECONDARY SCHOOLS. 

Secondary schools have been established in Sampaloc and Tondo. The Sampaloc 
school opened August 11 and at present has an enrollment of 193. The Tondo school 
was opened August 20 and at present has an enrollment of 101. The work in both 
of these schools has been successful, that in Sampaloc particularly so. The present 
teaching force of this school consists of 6 American and 2 native teachers and the 
principal, Mr. F. R. Lutz. The teaching force in the Tondo school consists of 4 
Americans and the principal, Mr. Clinton. The course of instruction covers six 
years, two years for preparatory and four years for regular secondary work. 

The following course of study has been decided upon for the regular course: 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 669 

First preparatory. 

1. English. Until able to write a letter reasonably correct. 

2. Reading. Arnold's Third. 

3. Arithmetic. As far as division of fractions. 

4. Geography. One-half year oral, then Frye's Geography. 

5. Music and' drawing. 

Second preparatory. 

1. English. Complete Mother Tongue, Book II. 

2. Geography. An advanced political, completed. 

3. Eeading. * Friends and helpers. 

4. Arithmetic. Fractions and percentage and their applications. 

5. Spelling. 

6. Drawing and music. 

High school course. 

1. Arithmetic, completed. 

2. Advanced grammar and composition. 

3. United States and Philippine history. 

Second year. 

1. Algebra, as far as quadration. 

2. Ehetoric and composition. 

3. Universal history. 

4. Botany. j Electiveg . Zoology and Spail i s h. 



Latin. 
6. Music and drawing. 

Third year. 

1. Algebra. Quadratics, radicals, and geometry. 

2. American literature. 

3. Universal history. 

4. P n y sics -\Electives: French and German. 



5. Latin. 

Music and drawing. 



Fourth year. 
Electives: French, German, trigonometry. 



1. Geometry. 

2. English literature. 

3. Civics. 

4. Chemistry. 

5. Latin. 

6. Drawing and music. 

In addition to this regular course special instruction is offered along business and 
commercial lines. These schools reach a class of students formerly not administered 
to by the public schools of the city. Grammar schools as formerly existing were 
not entirely satisfactory, because conducted as advanced features in elementary 
schools. 

The secondary school conducted as a separate and complete institution reaches a 
class not otherwise available. At least one more secondary school is a present neces- 
sity. The lack of American teachers makes its immediate establishment impossible. 

NIGHT SCHOOLS. 

The condition of night schools is most gratifying. The interest of adult natives in 
the work offered is all that can be desired. These schools, 23 in number, are filled 
to their utmost capacity. New classes are being opened almost weekly. Present 
accommodations are far from adequate, and hundreds of students have been turned 
away because of this fact. This condition is being rapidly overcome, and we shall 
soon be able to accommodate all available candidates. The students in these schools 
range from 14 years of age upward. Almost every profession, trade, line of business, 
and condition of life is represented. The standards of these schools are being raised 



670 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

and many teachers have been discontinued because of inadaptability. Many of the 
night-school teachers are employees in various bureaus of the Government and have 
had no normal training or experience. Only the best are retained. 

NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

These schools, two in number, located in Paco and Sampaloc, are established for 
the purpose of furnishing regular normal training to native teachers employed in the 
city schools. The course of study covers a period of three years and includes branches 
taught in regular normals. In order to make this course a possibility it has been 
found necessary to confine the instruction of pupils to a long session in the morning 
and to devote the afternoon to instruction for teachers. A definite course of study 
has been prepared and will be closely followed. Each normal is in charge of a 
principal, who directs the work. The work of instruction in these normals is per- 
formed by the regular American teachers, each teaching for a period of two months. 

TEACHERS. 

The work of American teachers is, in general, very satisfactory. That of many of 
them is extremely so. Defects existing in the city schools are almost entirely due 
to conditions over which the teacher has no proper control. The conditions in a 
very few schools would indicate that the teachers have not done all that might be 
reasonably expected. I am not at all certain, however, that even in the few cases 
included the teacher is to blame. So arduous have been my office duties that I 
have not been able to give nearly proper time and attention to the work of inspec- 
tion. As a result I am at present unable to severely criticize the work of any teacher. 
It is my impression that a great many of the city teachers are overworked. Forced 
by circumstances to live in districts far distant from their schools and to work in 
buildings the sanitary condition of which is bad, the health of these teachers is sub- 
jected to a severe test. The salaries of these teachers are, with a few exceptions, too 
low. The general average, directors and secondary principals excluded, is $90. So 
great is the expense of house rent, subsistence, and transportation to schools that 
simple necessity forces many to teach in night schools at a sacrifice of health and 
effort in the regular day schools. 

NATIVE TEACHERS. 

The native teachers of Manila may be divided upon a basis of ability into seven 
classes. The work of the lowest class is only fair, due in some cases to an imperfect 
knowledge of English, in others to a lack of training, and in others to defects inherent 
in the individual. The work of the highest class is splendid. This class includes 
about 20 teachers. I see no reason why, with proper training, these teachers 
may not be brought to a reasonably high standard of proficiency. They w T ork faith- 
fully. Their efforts are well directed and productive of proper results. Their interest 
in the work is all that could be wished. They are tactful and agreeable. Their 
desire to advance is strong. The slightest suggestion offered by the American teacher 
is carried to its limit. In general, the efforts of these teachers as far as they presume 
to go place them in a fairly high class. Several of these teachers have been pro- 
moted to positions ordinarily supposed to require qualities confined to American 
teachers. In this experiment we are meeting with success. Guillermo Santos has 
been placed in full charge of the Calle Lemery school containing more than 500 
pupils and 19 teachers. Ramon Ochoa and Andrea Vitan have been placed in charge 
of classes in the Sampaloc secondary school. Other teachers will be promoted as 
rapidly as conditions will permit. The salaries of native teachers average $35, gold. 
As at present constituted the native teaching force of the city is divided into fourteen 
classes, represented by as many different grades of salaries. It is my intention to 
reduce this number to seven. With the increases which accompany the change in 
classification indicated a satisfactory basis will have been established. The salary 
schedule under proposed classification is as follows: Six teachers, at $60; 6 teachers, 
at $55; 6 teachers, at $50; 8 teachers, at $45; 29 teachers, at $40; 63 teachers, at 
$35; 30 teachers, at $30; average salary, $37, United States currency. 

IMPROVEMENTS EFFECTED DURING PRESENT SCHOOL YEAR. 

Secondary schools: Secondary schools established in Sampaloc and Tondo. 
Kindergartens: Kindergartens established in San Nicolas, Sampaloc, and Intramu- 
ros for Filipino children, and in Ermita for American children. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 671 

Drawing: A full course in drawing, compulsory in all grades, with an American 
director and 6 native assistants. 

Music: A course in vocal music, compulsory in all grades, with an American director 
and 2 assistants. 

Teachers: An appropriation for 50 additional day-school teachers and 35 additional 
night-school teachers. 

Principals: An appropriation for 6 additional night-school principals. 

Night schools: New night schools opened in Tondo, Trozo, Santa Cruz, Quiapo, 
Sampaloc, Concepcion, Malate, and Santa Ana. 

In progress. — School buildings: Modern school buildings in Tondo, Trozo, and 
Malate. 

Drill: Introduction of military drill (foot movements and setting-up exercise) into 
all schools. 

Normal course: A full course of normal instruction for native teachers. (This 
course will lead up to a form of certification similar to that of a regular normal 
school. ) 

Course of study: A complete course of study and a thorough grading of schools. 

School districts: Definite establishment of district boundaries and a system of 
transfer whereby pupils may be transferred from one district to another. 

Classification of native teachers : A proper classification of native teachers, whereby 
the fourteen classes now represented by as many different salaries may be reduced to 
seven. 

Kindergartens: Establishment of 4 additional kindergartens. 

Chinese school: Establishment of second Chinese school. 

Proposed buildings: New school buildings to be erected in the following districts: 
San Nicolas, Santa Cruz, Quiapo, Santa Mesa, San Miguel, Concepcion, Ermita, 
Malate, Paco, and Sampaloc. 

Transportation: City transportation for directors of special subjects. 

Office quarters: Proper office quarters for city superintendent. This includes 
accommodations for directors of music, drawing, and kindergarten. 

Office force: The services of a stenographer are absolutely indispensable. 

Statement of expenses, fiscal year 1903. 

Col Q"pi AQ« 

Onfice force $8, 760. 00 

Native teachers 132, 302. 53 

Night school teachers 56, 542. 94 

Americau teachers a 75, 000. 00 

Contingent expenses: 

Salaries of janitors &4, 800. 00 

Books and supplies « 15, 000. 00 

Office supplies and labor 2, 964. 96 

Total 295,370.43 

Respectfully submitted. 

G. A. O'Reilly, 
Superintendent of Schools, Manila. 



Exhibit J. 

AMENDED REPORT OF THE MUNICIPAL. BOARD 

City of Manila, Municipal Board, 

Secretary's Office, October 14, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: The municipal board desires to amend its report on the proposed continuation 
of the present tax rate of 1^ per cent for 1904, by increasing the estimated public 
improvements, January 1 to June 30, 1904. The amount submitted by the board 
was 8200,000, but after a careful consideration of the needed improvements in detail, 
and after consultation with the new city engineer, Major Case, it is found that 

"Estimated; paid from insular revenue. 
& Paid by engineer department. 



672 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

$118,000 additional will be needed for such improvements. This money is proposed 
to be expended in the following manner: 

New bridge to replace present Ayala Bridge $60, 000 

Extension of the street system, Ermita and Malate, including curbing 

streets - 25,000 

Extension of Calle Conception over the moats and through the walls to 

Victoria 10,000 

Foundations and placing of 600,000 paving blocks on the Escolta and 

vicinity, including curbing 23, 000 

Total 118,000 

In addition to these much-needed improvements, heads of departments have pre- 
sented a deficiency estimate, which is now in the hands of the board, amounting to 
$108,330, making a total sum to be expended between the present date and June 30, 
1904, of $226,330, which should be added to the $200,000 estimated public improve- 
ments in the above-cited opinion of the board concerning the reduction in taxation, 
which would reduce the estimated balance to the credit of the city at the end of the 
fiscal year, without any reductions for a change of the revenue laws or a decrease in 
the revenues, to $307,406, and with the reduction proposed, to 1£ per cent, would 
probably leave the city with a debit balance at the close of the year. 

In estimating for these increased sums, the city has carefully kept within the 
bounds of necessary work, and work which it is believed can be accomplished 
within the period for which the money is desired. Attention is invited to the 
report of the engineer on the dangerous condition of the Ayala Bridge, which makes 
the need of a new bridge very evident. 

The paving blocks should be laid with all possible speed, in order that the work 
may be done before, or at least at the same time that the street railroad is establish- 
ing its lines on the Escolta. 

Very respectfully, Jno. M. Tuthee, Secretary. 



City of Manila, 
Depaetment op Engineeeing and Public Woeks, 

Manila, P. L, October 15, 190S. 
Seceetaey Municipal Boaed, Manila, P. I. 

Sie: I have the honor to forward herewith report of the superintendent of street 
construction and bridges regarding the condition of the Ayala Bridge. I have per- 
sonally examined this structure and know that the conditions are as stated. The 
bridge itself was designed for light loads, is entirely out of date, and, aside from the 
deterioration mentioned, is insufficient to meet the needs of the city traffic. The 
condition of the stringers supporting the floor is such that I would recommend 
the immediate expenditure of a sum sufficient to replace them, which I estimate at 
$2,500 U. S. currency. This is, however, a temporary measure, and I would recom- 
mend that the sum of $60,000 be made available as soon as possible for the purpose 
of installing a new and modern steel structure, consisting of two spans, to replace the 
present bridge. The condition of the abutments and the center pier on the island is 
such that very little work will be necessary to fit them for a new superstructure. 
The estimated cost as above mentioned is merely tentative, and, should it be author- 
ized, this office will immediately take up the formation of plans, specifications, etc., 
so that bids can be invited not later than January 1. 

As this matter is decidedly urgent, I would respectfully request its early con- 
sideration. 

Respectfully, J. F. Case, City Engineer. 






City of Manila, 
Depaetment of Engineeeing and Public Woeks, 

Manila, P. L, October 15, 1903. 
Maj. J. F. Case, City Engineer, Manila, P. I. 

Sie: I have the honor to make the following report upon the condition of the Ayala 
Bridge over the Pasig River, 

This bridge was built in 1881, and owing to the metal not having been properly 
protected by paint the same has corroded and is in a dangerous condition. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 673 

The abutments and the main pier are in very good condition, but the intermediate 
piers are in a very dangerous condition. These intermediate piers consist of cast-iron 
screw piles, of eight long and two short columns to a pier, and are held in position 
by cross bracing of horizontal and diagonal angle irons. 

There are three of these piers between the main center pier and each abutment. 
One pier is placed in the center of the stream and the other two are spaced 59.4 feet 
on either side. The metal work in these piers has become very badly corroded, 
especially at the collars where the columns are spliced, and also at the water line. 

That portion of the bridge between the island Convalecencia and the Germinal 
Cigar Factory is in the worst condition, owing to the trusses of this portion having been 
badly racked by the numerous collisions which have occurred to this portion of the 
bridge. 

The floor system of the whole bridge is in a dangerous condition, especially the 
floor beams at their junction with the piers. 

The lateral bracing of the floor system is entirely gone and some of the wooden 
stringers are so badly rotted that it is impossible to drive a nail in them and have it 
hold. 

Something should be done to remedy the condition at the earliest possible time, 
and I am of the opinion that the city would save money in the end if a new bridge 
were put in, rather than try to repair the old one. 

The span from the island to the Germinal Cigar Factory side is 195 feet, and it 
would seem that the three piers between the main pier and the abutment should be 
done away with, and one span designed to cover this portion. 
Kespectfully, 

L. F. Patstone, 
Superintendent Street Construction and Bridges. 

war 1903— vol 5 £3 



EXHIBIT V. 



CHARTER MANILA STREET RAILWAY. 

[Ordinance No. 44.] 

AN ORDINANCE granting to Charles M. Swift a franchise to construct an electric street railway on 
the streets of Manila and its suburbs, and a franchise to construct, maintain, and operate an electric 
light, heat, and power system in the city of Manila and its suburbs. 

Whereas by act numbered four hundred and eighty-four of the Philippine Com- 
mission, enacted October twentieth, nineteen hundred and two, authority was given 
to the municipal board of the city of Manila, with the consent of the advisory board 
and the approval of the Philippine Commission, to grant to the most favorable bidder 
as therein provided, a franchise to construct and maintain in the streets of Manila 
and its suburbs an electric street railway, and a franchise to construct, maintain, and 
operate an electric light, heat, and power system in the city of Manila and its suburbs; 
and 

Whereas immediately after the passage of said act, the municipal board caused 
to be riled with the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department and in the office 
of the municipal board of the city of Manila the text of said law, together with a 
copy of the map of the city showing the projected routes, and made due advertise- 
ment as provided in said act, that the franchise mentioned therein would be granted 
upon competitive bidding and that bids for compliance with the terms and condi- 
tions of the franchises, in the form of an obligation or contract to accept the fran- 
chises and comply with all their terms and conditions, would be received at any time 
before the fifth day of March, nineteen hundred and three, at the office of the munici- 
pal board of Manila as provided in said act; and 

Whereas on the fifth day of March, nineteen hundred and three, the municipal 
board met for the purpose of opening the bids that had been received as provided in 
said act, and it was found that the only bid that had been received was that of 
Charles M. Swift, which is in words and terms as follows: 

"January 12, 1903. 
"To the Municipal Board of the City of Manila. 

"Gentlemen: I beg leave to submit the following bid for a franchise to construct 
an electric street railway on the streets of Manila and its suburbs, and a franchise to 
construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, heat, and power system in the city 
of Manila and its suburbs, proposed to be granted by you after competitive bidding 
under and in accordance with an act of the Philippine Commission enacted October 
20, 1902, and entitled 'An act providing for the granting of a franchise to construct 
an electric street railway on the streets of Manila and its suburbs, and a franchise to 
construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, heat, and power system in the city 
of Manila and its suburbs after competitive bidding,' on the following terms: 

"I agree that if the franchise is awarded to me I will comply with all the terms 
and conditions of the franchise, set forth in said act: Provided — 

"1. That the duration of the franchise shall be fifty years. 

"2. That the fares to be charged on the street railway shall be as follows: Single 
fares, first-class cars, six cents; second-class cars, five cents. First-class ticket fares 
to be sold under paragraph seventeen, at the rate of one hundred for five dollars and 
fifty cents, and second-class ticket fares at the rate of six tickets for twenty-four 
cents. 

"3. The percentage of gross receipts to be paid to be two and a half per cent of the 
fares collected and tickets sold on the street railway, and two and a half per cent of 
the gross earnings of the electric light, heat, and power plant. 

674 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 675 

"It is of course understood if my bid is accepted I will cause to be formed a cor- 
poration as provided in the act to whom the franchise will be transferred. 
" Very truly, yours, 

(Signed) "Chas. M. Swift." 

and 

Whereas, the said Charles M. Swift had theretofore deposited with the treasurer 
of the Philipine Archipelago a certified check for seventy-five thousand dollars in 
money of the United States, payable to the treasurer of the Philipine Archipelago, 
as an evidence of good faith; and 

Whereas by resolution of March sixth, nineteen hundred and three, the advisory 
board of the city of Manila duly consented to, and approved of, the acceptance of 
the bid of said Charles M. Swift as set forth above and the granting of said fran- 
chises to him; and 

Whereas the municipal board of the city of Manila, by resolution of March seventh, 
nineteen hundred and three, duly accepted the said bid of Charles M. Swift and 
awarded to him the privileges contained in said franchises in accordance with said 
act numbered four hundred and eighty-four and with the terms of the bid set forth 
above; and 

Whereas the Philippine Commission, at a meeting held on March ninth, nineteen 
hundred and three, duly approved the action of the municipal board in accepting 
the bid of Charles M. Swift and awarding to him the franchises as provided by act 
numbered four hundred and eighty-four amended to include the terms of his bid, 
with the proviso that said approval should not become operative unless the addi- 
tional one hundred thousand dollars in money of the United States, in accordance 
with paragraph twenty-two of part one of section two, with paragraph eleven of part 
two of section two, and with section four of act numbered four hundred and eighty- 
four, should be deposited with the insular treasurer and a duplicate of his receipt 
for the same furnished to the municipal board of Manila within three days from the 
date of said resolution; and 

Whereas on March ninth, nineteen hundred and three, the said Charles M. Swift 
deposited with the treasurer of the Philippine Archipelago a certified check for one 
hundred thousand dollars in money of the United States, payable to the treasurer of 
the Philippine Archipelago, and furnished to the municipal board of Manila a dupli- 
cate of his receipt for the same, said sum, together with the sum of seventy-five thou- 
sand dollars theretofore deposited by him in connection with his bid, to be retained 
and applied as provided in said act numbered four hundred and eight-four: Now, 
therefore, 
Be it ordained by the municipal board of the city of Manila, that: 

Section 1. A franchise is hereby granted to Charles M. Swift, for the period of 
fifty years, to construct, maintain, and operate an electric street railroad in the city 
of Manila and its suburbs, over the streets, thoroughfares, bridges, and public places 
set forth in part one hereof; and to construct, maintain, and operate an electric light, 
heat, and power system for the purpose of generating and distributing for sale light, 
heat, and power throughout the city of Manila and its suburbs; all in accordance 
with the terms and conditions set forth in the two parts hereof, respectively (the 
terms and conditions in part one applying only to the franchise therein referred to, 
and the terms and conditions in part two applying only to the franchise therein 
referred to ) , and the laws and ordinances, not inconsistent herewith, now or here- 
after in force. 

"Part One. 

"Paragraph 1. The grantee shall have the right and privilege, and is hereby 
authorized, subject to the laws and ordinances now or hereafter in force, not incon- 
sistent herewith, to make all needful excavations and constructions in or upon any 
of the streets, thoroughfares, bridges, and public places designated in the next suc- 
ceeding paragraph for the purpose of placing, removing, and repairing tracks, sidings, 
curves, switches, and connections, and erecting poles, wires, and other overhead 
structures for the maintenance and operation of an electric street railroad, and for 
the generation, conduction, and distribution of electric current for said street rail- 
road and for building, maintaining, and operating power houses therefor. 

"Par. 2. The streets, thoroughfares, bridges, and public places upon which the 
grantee is authorized to make such excavations and constructions are the following: 

"(a) Commencing at the southerly end of the Bridge of Spain, to and along Cal- 
zada de Magallanes, across the Plaza de Martires (Plaza de Espafia), to Calle Santo 
Tomas, thence to Calle Cabildo, thence to Calle Fundicion, thence to Calle Palacio, 
thence through the wall and across the moat to Paseo de Vidal, thence along Paseo 



676 REPORT OF THE FHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

de Bagumbayan to Calle San Luis, thence along Calle Real to Calle Cabanas, thence 
over the Bridge of San Antonio, and to the Pasay race track. 

"(6) From the easterly end of Calle Aduana to Calle Palacio, thence to Calle de 
Fundicion. 

"(c) From the southerly end of the Bridge of Spain to Paseo de Vidal, along said 
paseo to its junction with Calzada de Nozaleda, along said calzada to its junction with 
Calzada de San Marcelino. 

"(d) From the junction of Calzada de Vidal and Calle Conception to Calzada de 
San Marcelino, along the latter calzada to its junction with Calle de Nozaleda, thence 
to Calle Real (Paco), and along said street to Santa Ana. 

"(e) From the southerly end of the Bridge of Spain to the Bridge of Santa Cruz, 
across the Bridge of Santa Cruz through Plaza Goiti to Calle Echagiie, thence to Calle 
San Miguel, thence to Calle General Solano, thence to Calzada de Aviles, and along 
Calzada Santa Mesa to Santa Mesa. 

"(/) From Plaza Goiti to Plaza Santa Cruz, thence to Calle Enrile, thence to Calle 
Lacoste, thence to Calle Carballo, thence to Calle Nueva, to and across the Bridge of 
Spain. 

"(g) From the intersection of Calle San Jacinto and the Escolta along Calle San 
Jacinto to Calle Sacristia, thence across the Bridge of Binondo to Calle San Fernando, 
thence to Calle Madrid, thence to Calle Aceyteros, thence to Calle de Sagunto, thence 
to Paseo de Azca>raga, thence to Calle General Izquierdo, thence to Calle San Ber- 
naldo, thence to Calle Paz, thence to Calle Bilibid, thence to Calzada de Iris to Plaza 
Santa Ana, thence along Calle Alix to the Rotunda de Sampaloc. 

" (h) From the intersection of Paseo de Azcdrraga and Calle Ylaya along the latter 
street around Plaza Leon XIII, to and along Calle de Sande to the Reina Bridge. 

" (i) From the intersection of Paseo de Azcarraga, along Calle de Reina Regente, 
across the Bridge of Maura to the intersection of the line on Calle Sacristia. 

" (j) From the intersection of Calle San Bernaldo (Calle Paz) and Calle Arranque 
to the intersection of Calle Arranque and Calle Lacoste. 

"(k) From the intersection of Calle de Bilibid and Calle Cervantes, along said 
Calle Cervantes to the San Lazaro race track. 

"(Z) From the northerly end of the bridge of Spain along the Escolta, across the 
bridge over the Sibacon Estero to Plaza Santa Cruz. 

"Par. 3. The grantee shall have the right to lay double tracks upon each of the 
streets, thoroughfares, bridges, and public places mentioned in the last preceding 
paragraph, except the following, upon which, except with the express consent of the 
municipal board to the laying of a double track, only single tracks shall be laid: 

"Calle Enrile, Calle Lacoste, Calle Carballo, Calle Sacristia, where these streets are 
less than twenty-four feet wide between curb lines; also Calle San Jacinto, Calle 
Nueva (Binondo), Calle de Cabanas; also Calle Cabildo, Calle Santo Tomas, Calle de 
Fundicion, Calle Palacio, Calle Aduana, these last four being the streets within the 
Walled City: Provided, That the grantee shall have the privilege, under the direction 
of the municipal board, of placing upon all of the foregoing streets the necessary 
turn-outs, switches, and sidings: And provided further, That in all streets, thorough- 
fares, bridges, and public places the tracks, rails, and other constructions of the 
grantee shall be so laid and located as to leave a clear driveway between the tracks 
and the curb line on at least one side of such tracks where the width of the street 
between the curbs makes it physically possible. 

"Par. 4. The system of electric railroad to be installed hereunder by the grantee 
shall be the ' overhead trolley system,' but the grantee shall have the right and privi- 
lege to modify, improve, and change such system in such manner as the progress of 
science and improvements in and the development of motive power may make rea- 
sonable and proper; and at any time after twenty-five years from the date hereof the 
grantee may be required, by ordinance or law, to remove all of its overhead wires 
and other structures, if reasonably practicable, and to substitute therefor underground 
wires, or other approved conductor or motive power. 

"Par. 5. Standard T-rails of at least sixty pounds weight per yard may be used, 
and where used shall be laid and maintained true to the finished grade of the street 
or place, so that the grade of the street or place and the top of the rails shall present 
an unbroken surface, excepting that on the innner side of the rails of each track not 
more than sufficient space shall be left to allow the free passage of the car-wheel 
flanges: Provided, however, That at least two miles of such tracks shall be laid with 
grooved rails of the most approved pattern, weighing not less than seventy pounds 
per yard, the municipal board to specify the streets or parts of streets where such 
grooved rails shall be laid: And provided farther, That whenever in the future the 
municipal board shall pave streets or places in which the T-rail is laid with blocks 
of stone, wood, or other material the grantee agrees to substitute for the T-rail in such 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 677 

streets, parts of streets, or places, the grooved rail above described, if required to do 
so by the municipal board. 

"Par. 6. The gauge of all tracks laid or maintained hereunder shall be four feet 
eight and one-half inches. 

' ' Par. 7. The grantee shall in all cases lay and maintain its track so as to conform 
to the grades of the streets, thoroughfares, bridges, and public places along or across 
which said tracks may be constructed, and whenever such grades shall hereafter be 
established or altered by the municipal authorities of the city of Manila the grantee 
shall immediately relay and maintain its tracks to such established grades at its own 
expense: Provided, That if any grade at which any such track is now laid is altered 
by the said municipal authorities within seven years from the date hereof, the city 
of Manila shall not only furnish the material to enable the grantee to conform the 
bed of its tracks to the altered grade, but shall also furnish the material necessary to 
reconstruct the cement substructure of the track of the grantee at the new grade: And 
provided further, That whenever the grade at which any such track is laid is altered 
by the said municipal authorities after more than seven years from the date hereof, 
the city of Manila shall furnish the material to enable the grantee to conform the 
bed of its tracks to the altered grade less the cement substructure of the track. 

' ' Par. 8. The tracks, wires, and other constructions of the grantee shall be sup- 
ported by and cross all bridges in the manner directed by the municipal authorities. 

"Par. 9. The grantee shall pave and keep in good and permanent repair the sur- 
face of the street between its rails and between its tracks and for eighteen inches on 
each side of its tracks under the supervision of the municipal authorities and in such 
manner as they shall prescribe: Provided, That if the municipality shall order a 
change of the kind of pavement with which any street or place over which the line of 
the grantee runs is paved the materials necessary to enable the grantee to change the 
pavement of so much of the surface of the street as it is hereunder required to keep 
in good and permanent repair in order to conform to the change ordered by the 
municipal authorities shall be furnished by the municipal authorities to the grantee. 

" Par. 10. The poles erected by the grantee for the operation of its railroad shall be 
of such height and shall be so located and painted as the municipal authorities shall 
direct. The poles shall not be of such crooked or ungainly appearance as to disfigure 
the streets. 

"Par. 11. The trolley wires of the grantee may be suspended by span wires or 
brackets, shall have double insulation, and shall be strung at such heights above the 
ground as the municipal authorities shall direct. Feeder wires shall be of the 
insulated type known as 'triple braid weather proof,' and no overhead wire or con- 
ductor shall carry a potential greater than five hundred and fifty volts. 

"Par. 12. The grantee shall at all times keep its tracks, rolling stock, and other 
constructions in good condition. Two classes of cars shall be run, and at least sixty 
per cent of the cars run shall be second-class cars. The grantee hereof shall at all 
times furnish cars of both classes sufficient to satisfy the public demand and carry 
comfortably all the members of the public desiring to ride thereon: Provided, That 
after one year of operation the municipal board shall have the power, with the con- 
currence of the grantee of this franchise, to amend this paragraph so as to require 
that only one class of cars shall be run, upon which the lower rate of fare shall be 
charged. 

"Par. 13. Every motor car run by the grantee shall be equipped with a fender of 
a type to be approved by the municipal authorities. 

' ' Par. 14. The maximum rate of speed at which the grantee may operate its cars 
shall be fixed by the municipal authorities. 

"Par. 15. The fare charged by the grantee shall not exceed six cents in money of 
the United States on a first-class car, or five cents in money of the United States on 
a second-class car, for one continuous ride from one point to another on the railway 
system of the grantee within the city limits as now or hereafter established, 
whether it be necessary to transfer the passenger from one car or line of the 
grantee to another during said ride or not: Provided always, That where a change of 
cars is necessary there shall be established by the grantee a method of transfers 
not unreasonably burdensome in its restrictions to the transferred passengers; and 
in case of a failure to comply with the foregoing requirement as to transfers it 
may be enforced upon application of the municipal board by mandamus to the 
proper court of first instance or the supreme court: And provided further, That 
on lines running outside of the city limits an additional fare or fares may be 
charged at the rate of five cents in money of the United States on first-class cars, 
or three cents in money of the United States on second-class cars, for each two 
miles or fraction thereof beyond the then city limits: And provided further, That 
the grantee shall for four years from the date hereof accept local currency in 



678 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

lieu of money of the United States in payment for any ride or fare at the ratio of two 
cents local currency for one cent in money of the United States, until such time as 
there shall be established for these islands a gold standard coinage and money there- 
under shall be made legal tender, after which time the fares to be charged shall be 
the equivalent of those stated above in money of the United States: And provided 
further, That pending the adoption of the gold standard, if the official ratio existing 
between the money of the United States and local currency shall exceed two dollars 
and forty cents of local currency for one dollar of money of the United States, then 
and in that case, the grantee may require from the passengers the payment for fares 
of sufficient local currency to be the equivalent of the fares above fixed in money of 
the United States at the official ratio: And provided further, That at any time after 
twenty-five years from the date hereof, upon due notice from the city of Manila to 
the grantee, the fares charged by the grantee may be readjusted on a reasonable basis 
by three arbitrators, one to be chosen by the city, one by the grantee, and the third 
to be selected by the two so chosen if they can agree, but if not, then to be selected 
by the chief executive of the islands. The award of the majority of such arbitrators 
shall be final. 

' ' Par. 16. Members of the police and fire departments of the city of Manila wear- 
ing official badges shall be entitled to ride free upon the cars of the grantee, subject 
to such reasonable and proper restrictions as may be imposed. The fares charged 
children under seven years of age and children under sixteen years of age going to 
and from school shall not exceed half the ordinary rates of fare. Children in arms 
shall ride free. The grantee shall have the power to establish reasonable regulations 
for identifying those children going to and from school. 

"Par. 17. Until such time as the fares herein fixed shall be readjusted the grantee 
shall place on convenient sale lots of one hundred tickets at the rate of five dollars 
and fifty cents in money of the United States per one hundred, each of which shall 
be good for one first-class continuous ride on the cars of the grantee within the limits 
of the city of Manila; and lots of six tickets at the rate of twenty-four cents in money 
of the United States per six, each of which shall be good for one second-class con- 
tinuous ride on the cars of the grantee within the city limits: Provided, That the 
grantee may issue such tickets subject to such reasonable restrictions as to the grantee 
may seem proper. 

"Par. 18. In compliance with the franchise held by the Compania de los Tranvias 
de Filipinas, the grantee herein shall pay to said Compania de los Tranvias de Fili- 
pinas five per cent of one peseta per passenger for each kilometer of the line of said 
Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas, and a proportionate amount for each fraction 
of a kilometer of said line over which said passenger is transported. 

"Par. 19. The grantee shall be liable to pay the same taxes on its real estate, 
buildings, plant (not including roadbed and track, rolling stock, poles, and wires), 
machinery, and personal property as other persons are now or hereafter by law may 
be required to pay. The grantee shall further pay to the municipal government of 
the city of Manila two and a half per cent of the fares collected and tickets sold 
within the limits of the city of Manila, and the same percentage of fares collected 
and tickets sold without the said limits to the proper municipality or municipalities 
of the province of Rizal. Said percentage shall be due and payable by the grantee 
monthly, and shall be in lieu of all taxes and assessments of whatsoever nature, and 
by whatsoever authority, upon the privileges, earnings, income, franchises, roadbed, 
track, rolling stock, poles, and wires of the grantee, from which taxes and assessments 
the grantee is hereby expressly exempted. 

"Par. 20. The grantee shall keep a record of all fares collected and tickets sold, 
which shall be subject to the inspection of the municipal authorities, who shall audit 
and approve the accounts of the company at the end of each month before the pay- 
ment of the percentage tax. The accounts when audited and approved as herein 
provided shall be final and conclusive evidence of the liability of the company under 
the provisions of paragraph nineteen. 

"Par. 21. The grantee shall begin the construction of the road within the city of 
Manila within six months from the date of the granting of the franchise, and shall 
complete the construction of the road and commence the operation of the same 
within twenty months after the expiration of said period of six months, unless pre- 
vented by an act of God, or the public enemy, usurped or military power, martial 
law, riot, civil commotion, or inevitable cause, and shall thereafter maintain a first- 
class street railway service in every respect. The failure of the grantee to comply 
with the conditions of this paragraph shall render the franchise in this part described 
liable to forfeiture. 

' ' Par. 22. Upon the award of this electric street railway franchise and before the 
same is finally granted, the grantee shall pay to the treasurer of the Philippine 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION, 679 

Archipelago, to the credit of the city of Manila, the sum of one hundred and seventy- 
five thousand dollars, money of the United States, in securities to be approved by 
the civil governor of the Philippine Islands, as security for the performance of the 
bid : Provided, That the said sum shall be repaid by the said treasurer to the grantee 
in the event of the faithful performance by the grantee of all the conditions of this 
franchise and of all the obligations herein imposed on the grantee, whenever, within 
the period hereinbefore fixed, three-fourths of the mileage of the road covered by 
this franchise shall have been constructed. If, however, the grantee shall, within the 
time required, fail to perform the obligations of his contract, then the city may, by 
appropriate action, recover the sum so deposited as liquidated damages for the 
breach. If the deposit of one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars shall be 
invested in interest-bearing securities, the interest shall be collected by the treasurer 
and shall be turned over to the grantee as it accrues and is collected, until, and 
unless, the grantee shall fail to perform the obligation of his contract, when the 
thereafter accruing interest shall be regarded as part of the liquidated damages. 

"Par. 23. The grantee shall hold the city of Manila harmless from all claims, 
accounts, demands, or actions arising out of accidents or injuries, whether to property 
or persons, caused by the construction or operation of the road. 

' ' Par. 24. All reasonable or proper or necessary changes on the lines or routes of 
the grantee may be made by the grantee, with the approval of the municipal author- 
ities and the consent of the civil governor. 

' ' Par. 25. The violation or the infringement by the grantee of any of the conditions 
or the terms as above set forth in part one hereof shall not subject or render liable to 
forfeiture the franchise more particularly described in part two hereof. 

"Par. 26. Whenever any franchise or right of way is granted to any other street 
railway company, now or hereafter in existence, over portions of the lines and tracks 
of the grantee herein, the terms on which said other company shall use such right of 
way, and the compensation to be paid to the grantee herein by such other company 
for said use, shall be fixed by the members of the supreme court, sitting as a board 
of arbitrators, the decision of a majority of whom shall be final. 

' ' Par. 27. Failure by the grantee to maintain a first-class street railway service in 
every respect over any portion of its lines or tracks shall constitute an abandonment 
of such portion, and the grantee may be required by the city of Manila to remove 
the lines or tracks so abandoned, or the said city may cause such lines or tracks to 
be removed at the grantee's expense: Provided, That should any part of these lines be 
abandoned by the company without the consent of the municipal authorities such 
abandonment may constitute a ground of forfeiture of the entire street railway fran- 
chise herein conferred. 

"Par. 28. At anytime after twenty-five years from the date hereof the city of 
Manila may purchase and the grantee shall sell to the city of Manila all of its lines, 
tracks, cars, real estate, buildings, plant, rights under this franchise, and other 
property used by it in the operation of a street railway in the city of Manila, at a 
valuation based upon the net earnings of the grantee, the valuation to be deter- 
mined, after hearing evidence, by the supreme court of the islands, sitting as a board 
of arbitrators, whose decision, by a majority of the members thereof, shall be final. 

"Part Two. 

"Par. 1. The grantee shall have the further right and privilege, subject to the 
laws and ordinances now or hereafter in force, not inconsistent herewith, of erecting, 
extending, and maintaining in and along the streets, thoroughfares, bridges, and 
public places of the city of Manila and its suburbs the necessary poles, wires, cut-outs, 
transformers, and other appurtenances and overhead structures for the conducting 
and distributing of electric currents for light, heat, and^power, and the furnishing 
and selling the same to any person, corporation, or public authority: Provided, That 
such electric current for the furnishing of light, heat, and power shall be furnished 
under regulations of the municipal board to any person within the corporate limits 
of the city, residing or doing business within such distance from the main lines con- 
veying such current as the municipal board shall decide to be reasonable: And pro- 
vided further, That the municipal board may require the extension of the main lines 
of current in any direction within the city limits in its discretion. 

"Par. 2. The municipal board, with the approval of the advisory board and the 
commission, shall have authority to fix, from time to time by ordinance, the prices 
at which such current shall be furnished to private persons or corporations and to 
the city and the insular government: Provided always, That the prices so fixed shall 
be reasonable; and in case the municipal board shall disagree with the advisory board 
as to reasonable rates, then the commission shall fix them. 



680 BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

• 

"Par. 3. All poles erected by the grantee shall be of such height and shall be so 
located and painted as the municipal authorities shall direct. The poles shall not be 
of such crooked or ungainly appearance as to disfigure the streets. 

" Par. 4. All the wires of the grantee shall have double insulation and shall be 
strung at such heights above the ground as the municipal authorities shall direct. 
Feeder wires shall be of the insulated type known as 'triple-braid weatherproof.' 

"Par. 5. The system used by the grantee shall be that known as the 'alternating 
current system' : Provided, That where it is desired to furnish heat, power, or arc 
lighting, direct currents may be used: And provided further, That in the carrying of 
currents, stringing of wires, insulation, and in all other respects, the grantee shall 
comply with the rules and regulations adopted or hereafter to be adopted by the 
National Board of Underwriters of the United States for the safeguarding of the con- 
duct and use of electric currents in cities. 

' 'Par. 6. The plant and system of the grantee shall be erected, extended, and 
maintained according to the best and most approved type of modern electric light, 
heat, and power plants and systems, and shall conform in all respects to the laws 
and ordinances now or hereafter in force, not inconsistent herewith. 

"Par. 7. The grantee shall begin the construction of the system within the city of 
Manila within six months from the date of the granting of the franchise, and shall 
complete the construction of so much of the system as shall be coextensive with the 
lines of the street railway to be constructed under Part One hereof, and commence 
the operation of the same within twenty months thereafter, unless prevented by act 
of God, or the public enemy, usurped or military power, martial law, riot, civil 
commotion, or inevitable cause. The failure of the grantee to comply with the con- 
ditions of this paragraph shall render the franchise in this part described liable to 
forfeiture. 

' ' Par. 8. The city of Manila shall have the privilege, without compensation, of 
using the poles of the grantee for the purpose of installing, maintaining, and operat- 
ing a fire and police telegraph system. 

"Par. 9. The grantee shall be liable to pay the same taxes upon its real estate, 
buildings, plant (not including poles, wires, transformers, and insulators), machin- 
ery, and personal property as other persons are or may be hereafter required by law 
to pay. In consideration of Part Two of the franchise herein granted, to wit, the 
right to build and maintain in the city of Manila and its suburbs a plant for the con- 
veying and furnishing of electric current for light, heat, and power, and to charge 
for the same, the grantee shall pay to the citv of Manila not less than two and a half 
per cent of the gross earnings received from its business under this franchise in the 
city and its suburbs. Said percentage shall be due and payable at the time stated in 
paragraph nineteen of Part One hereof and after an audit like that provided in para- 
graph twenty of Part One hereof, and shall be in lieu of all taxes and assessments 
of whatsoever nature and by whatsoever authority upon the privileges, earnings, 
income, franchises, and poles, wires, transformers, and insulators of the grantee, from 
which taxes and assessments the grantee is hereby expressly exempted. 

' ' Par. 10. The violation or infringement by the grantee of any of the conditions 
or terms as above set forth in Part Two hereof shall not subject or render liable to 
forfeiture the franchise more particularly described in Part One. 

"Par. 11. Of the deposit of one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars of 
securities required in paragraph twenty-two of the first franchise, twenty-five thou- 
sand dollars shall be held by the treasurer of the Philippine Archipelago for the 
benefit of the city of Manila, to s?cure compliance with the second franchise herein 
granted, on the same terms as those contained in paragraph twenty-two above. 

"Part Three. 

"general provisions applying to both franchises. 

"Par. 1. The franchises here granted shall be subject to amendment, alteration, 
or repeal by the Congress of the United States, and the right to use and occupy the 
streets and other public lands herein granted shall revert to the city of Manila, the 
provincial government of Eizal, or to the insular government, as the case may be, upon 
the termination of these franchises by forfeiture, repeal, or expiration in due course. 

"Par. 2. It shall be a condition of the enjoyment of these franchises that the 
person or persons to whom they may be originally granted, under the provisions of 
this act, shall, before April first, nineteen hundred and three, form a corporation 
under the laws of the Philippine Islands, hereafter to be passed, or under the laws 
of the United States or of any State thereof and whose charter shall comply with the 
laws prevailing in these islands, to take over these franchises, and to perform the 
terms thereof to be performed by the grantee thereof, in which no stock shall be 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 681 

issued or bonds sold except in exchange for actual cash or for property at a fair 
valuation equal to the par value of the stocks or bonds so issued or sold, and in 
which no stock or bond dividends shall be declared 

" Pae. 3. The books and accounts of such corporation shall be subject to official 
inspection by the municipal authorities and by the auditor for the archipelago or his 
authorized deputies. 

" Par. 4. It shall not be lawful for the grantee of these franchises, or any vendee 
thereof, to use, employ, or contract for the labor of persons claimed or alleged to be 
held in involuntary servitude. 

"Par. 5. The corporation to be formed by the persons originally receiving the 
grant for the purpose of maintaining and operating these franchises under the laws 
of the Philippine Islands shall not have power to alienate the same except by con- 
sent of the municipal authorities and the approval of the civil governor." 

Sec. 2. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force on and after the twenty- 
fourth day of March, nineteen hundred and three. 

Enacted March 24, 1903. 



EXHIBIT W. 

REPORT OF THE OFFICER IN CHARGE OF THE IMPROVEMENT 
OF THE PORT OF MANILA FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING 
JUNE 30, 1903. 

Office Improvement of the Port of Manila, 

Santa Lucia Building, Malecon Drive, 

Manila, P. I., July 9, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report in connection with the 
improvement of the port of Manila for the fiscal year 1903. 

Deep-Water Harbor, 
conditions june 30, 1902. 

Pile and timber bulkhead. — The pile and timber bulkhead had been completed and 
estimated to the contractors for a total length of 2,093 feet; 17,715 tons (2,000 
pounds) of riprap stone had been placed in the completed timber work. 

East breakwater. — Four hundred and seventeen tons (2,240 pounds) of stone had 
been placed in extension of the east breakwater. No rock had been placed in west 
breakwater. A quarry had been opened at Mariveles, employing an average daily 
force of 140 men; 6,526 tons (2,000 pounds) of rock were furnished during the month 
of June. 

No dredging had been done, but an hydraulic dredge of an estimated capacity of 
1,000 cubic yards per hour was being constructed by the contractors. 

PROGRESS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1903. 

Pile and timber bulkhead. — The pile and timber bulkhead has been completed and 
estimated to the contractors for a total length of 4,189 feet. The remaining length 
to be completed is 502 feet, and as this part of the work is being carried forward as 
rapidly as possible, it is expected that in another month the bulkhead will be com- 
pleted and the area to be reclaimed will be surrounded by a water-tight inclosure. 

During the severe storms of July 26 to 31, 1902, 394 feet of the completed and 
accepted bulkhead were destroyed, owing to the fact that in this portion of the work 
the rock had not been brought up to the specified height. 

During the month of April about 190 feet of the bulkhead gave way from the 
pressure of the earth filled in behind. In other places the bulkhead was pushed 
outward a small distance, but was kept from going farther by placing additional rock 
in the outer slope. Careful watch will have to be kept upon the bulkhead as the 
elevation of the filling increases, and at signs of the giving way of any portion of 
the work additional rock will have to be placed to secure it. 

Eighty-five thousand two hundred and thirty-nine tons (2,000 pounds) of stone 
were placed along bulkhead, making a total of 102,954 tons. About 15,000 tons of 
rock will be required to bring it up to the required section the entire length of the 
bulkhead. 

East breakwater. — Twelve thousand three hundred and eleven tons (2,240 pounds) 
of rock were placed in east breakwater, making a total of 12,728 tons, bringing it up 
to mean low water in full section its entire length, except the outer end, where it will 
join the bulkhead. 

West breakwater. — Eighty-one thousand one hundred and five tons (2,240 pounds) 
of rock were placed in west breakwater in extension of the old Spanish work. The 
estimated amount of rock necessary to complete the substructure is 92,314 tons. 

682 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 683 

Quarry. — The quarry at Mariveles is running satisfactorily and is furnishing a good, 
clean quality of rock. A force of 47 Americans and 306 natives is employed. Four 
derricks and one cableway are used in loading the scows. As it is now running, the 
quarry has a capacity of about 25,000 tons (2,240 pounds) per month. 

Dredging. — The hydraulic dredge was completed and began work during the month 
of February, and since that time has dredged from the outer basin and deposited 
behind the" bulkhead 1,550,233 cubic yards of material. At first considerable time 
was lost in adjusting and repairing machinery, but the dredge is running more regu- 
larly at present. 

Since the dredge began operations the total time worked has been 1,529 hours, 
and the time lost 1,570 hours. The average amount of material removed for all time 
worked per hour has been 1,014 cubic yards. 

PROBABLE OPERATIONS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904. 

Pile and timber bulkhead. — With favorable weather the pile and timber bulkhead 
will be completed in another month, and the riprap in bulkhead will be completed 
in full section its entire length. Additional rock along the bulkhead will probably 
be necessary from time to time to strengthen it as the pressure from the fill increases. 

East breakwater. — As soon as the bulkhead is completed the remaining rock will be 
placed in east breakwater. One week will probably be sufficient to finish this work. 

The placing of the concrete blocks will begin soon after the riprap is completed, 
though an opening will probably be left for a spillway till the mud reaches the top 
of the riprap. 

West breakwater. — After the riprap work has been completed along the bulkhead 
and east breakwater, all of the rock brought over will be placed in the west break- 
water. With the increased plant, which the contractors expect to have in operation 
in another month, an average of 25,000 tons should be delivered monthly. 

The substructure should be completed in six months. The work upon the super- 
structure will probably begin immediately after the typhoon season and should be 
completed before June 30, 1904, with the exception of the end portion, where the 
superstructure will not have passed through one season of typhoons. 

Dredging. — If the present rate of progress is continued, the dredging should be 
nearly completed by the end of the fiscal year. 

Bridge Across the Pasig. 

condition june 30, 1902. 

Reports, plans, and designs had been rendered, surveys and maps made, and all 
necessary borings for determining the nature of the underlying strata completed. 

PROGRESS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1903. 

All details were completed and plans filed. 

Improvement of the Pasig Kiver. 

The Bridge of Spain, situated about 6,000 feet above the mouth of the Pasig River, 
with its stone arches and clearance of but 16 feet at low water, forms a serious obstacle 
to navigation and limits the wharf front for seagoing vessels to the portion of the 
river below it. There is, however, a large commerce onlthe upper Pasig, carried on 
in barges, cascos, and tugs, which have been constructed so as to pass under this 
bridge and three others which span the river above it. 

During the Spanish occupation of Manila extensive improvements of the river were 
inaugurated. The river banks below the Bridge of Spain had been faced with sub- 
stantial masonry walls founded about 12 feet below mean low water and capped by 
a granite coping extending about 7 feet above, and the channel of this portion of the 
river had been deepened to about 14 feet. On the upper Pasig numerous wharves had 
been constructed and the river straightened for a distance of 3,500 feet above the 
Mariquina River by what is known as Weyler Cut. 

The tributaries of the river during floods bring into it large amounts of sand and 
gravel, and storms in Manila Bay form a bar across its mouth. 



684 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The existing project proposes to maintain by dredging an 18-foot channel at mean 
low water across the bar and up to the Bridge of Spain, and a 6-foot channel through 
the upper river, the work to be done by Government plant and hired labor. 

The elevator dredges built for the Spanish Government have been repaired and 
are at work on the lower river. 

At the close of the last fiscal year a channel through the bar 17 feet deep, 4,000 
feet long, and 300 feet wide, with 325 feet width at the bend, had been completed, 
and the channel of the Pasig River had been deepened to 18 feet over a width of 250 
feet through a linear distance of completed channel equivalent to 3,000 feet. The 
canal connecting the river and harbor basin had been dredged to a depth of 15 feet. 
The total amount dredged was 472,804 cubic yards. 

During the present fiscal year the plant has been increased by three steel dump 
scows, built at the shops of the works of the port, and a small 30-foot launch con- 
structed. The old wall at the entrance to the canal has been removed to a depth of 
12 feet. The channel across the bar has been redredged to a depth of 20 feet below 
mean low water and a width of 300 feet. In the river a channel between 400 and 
500 feet wide to a depth of 19 feet at mean low water has been dredged to the Bridge 
of Spain; 696,264 cubic yards of dredged material were removed during the year. 

For dredging the upper Pasig River a dipper dredge of If yards' dipper capacity 
has been constructed, the hull having been built at the works of the port and the 
machinery purchased in the United States. Three wooden dump scows have also 
been built. Due to the difficulty of disposing of the dredged material, it was decided 
to place a centrifugal pump on one of the scows for the purpose of pumping the 
material on land. The pump has been ordered from the United States and is being 
set up. The dipper dredge is being tested, but is not yet in good working order. 

The shops of the works of the port and the dry dock have been run to their full 
capacity during the year and have accomplished a large amount of work. Whenever 
the dry dock has not been needed for the vessels employed on the works, vessels 
belonging to the quartermaster department, the coast-guard service, the customs 
service, and to the Marine-Hospital Service have been docked and charged the 
actual cost plus 10 per cent for wear, tear, and renewal. It has been used 128 days 
by these departments. 

THE NEW DRAWBRIDGE OVER THE PASIG RIVER. 

In connection with the improvements of the port which have been inaugurated, it 
is proposed to construct a drawbridge across the Pasig River near its mouth, to afford 
communication from the new harbor front to the business portion of the city. 
Surveys and maps of the site have been made, the necessary borings to determine 
the nature of the underlying strata completed, and details and plans for the bridge 
prepared and filed. 

Financial statement. 

United States 
currency. 

Balance on hand July 1, 1902 $65,537.82 

Received during the year (accountable warrants) 830, 636. 67 

Total funds received 896,174.49 

Expended during fiscal year: 

Salaries and wages $101, 304. 52 

Services not personal 4, 802. 51 

Supplies and material 89, 716. 49 

Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company (contract) 586, 018. 61 

Pun Lung (contract, scows) 20, 400. 00 

802, 242. 13 

Balance on hand 93,932.36 

Respectfully submitted. 

C. McD. Townsend, 
Major, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, in charge. 

The Civil Governor op the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 685 

KEPORT OF THE OFFICER IN CHARGE OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PORT OF 
MANILA FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1903. 

Office Improvement of the Port of Manila, 

Santa Lucia Building, Malecon Drive, 

Manila, P. I., November 9, 1903. 
Sir: In accordance with section 7, act No. 22, United States Philippine Commis- 
sion, I have the honor to submit the following report of operations in connection 
with the improvement of the port of Manila and the Pasig River for the month of 
October, 1903. 

Deep- Water Harbor. 

progress during october, 1903. 

Riprap along timber bulkhead. — Two thousand two hundred and eighteen tons (2,000 
pounds) of riprap were deposited along timber bulkhead in places where rock had 
settled; 3,744 tons (2,000 pounds) of riprap were placed along basin wall. 

East breakwater. — Four hundred and forty-nine tons (2,240 pounds) of rock were 
used in leveling off the top of the east breakwater. Nearly all of the concrete blocks 
for the east breakwater were delivered at the work, but none were placed. 

The placing of the concrete blocks on the east breakwater has .progressed slowly 
and in a very unsatisfactory manner. The work has not been under the charge of a 
competent foreman, and very poor judgment has been used by the contractors in the 
planning and execution of the work. 

West breakwater. — Seventeen thousand six hundred and sixty-six tons (2,240 pounds ) 
of rock were placed in west breakwater, in extension of the old Spanish work. 

Dredging. — On October 2 the dredge was moved to a place in the harbor 500 feet 
from the bulkhead and opposite the east breakwater, discharging the material dredged 
near the south end of the bulkhead, in order that the heavy material which remains 
near the outlet of the pipe line be deposited along the riprap wall, through which 
a large part of the softer material had been escaping. 

One hundred and forty-seven thousand four hundred and seventy-six cubic yards 
of material were paid for. A greater quantity than this had been dredged, but a 
material reduction was made in the estimate to cover the material which escaped 
over the uncompleted portion of the east breakwater. 

Work being done by the Government. — The work of building a bulkhead to protect 
the canal wall was begun this month. It is to be 75 feet from and parallel to the 
wall. The bulkhead will consist of two rows of sheet piling about 8 feet apart, sup- 
ported by piles and waling, and with an earth fill between the sheet piling. The 
supporting piles are nearly all in place. 

Seventeen concrete blocks taken from Engineer Island, near the site for the pro- 
posed marine railway, were placed on the riprap wall where the bulkhead was 
destroyed by the typhoon of July, 1903. 

PROBABLE OPERATIONS FOR NOVEMBER, 1903. 

A small quantity of rock is still necessary along the bulkhead and basin wall, and 
this portion of the work should be completed this month. 

The placing of the concrete blocks should be nearly completed this month. 

The dredge will continue its operations in the outer basin. 

The timberwork for the bulkhead to protect the canal wall should be completed 
this month and the earth filling begun. 

The portion of the bulkhead that was destroyed by the typhoon of July, 1902, will 
be repaired with concrete blocks and riprap. 

Lower Pasig River. — Dredge No. 2, working in lower Pasig, removed 52,000 cubic 
yards of material, at a cost of $0,068 per cubic yard. Total cost for month, $3,542.15. 
Eough weather somewhat retarded the work. 

Upper Pasig River. — Dredge No. 7, working in the upper Pasig, removed 11,694 
cubic yards of material at a cost of $0.1234 per cubic yard. Total cost for month, 
$1,447.65. 

Dry dock. — Tug Manila, October 1 to October 9, inclusive, nine days, was generally 
repaired; coast guard Scout, October 12 to October 18, inclusive; coast guard George 
Tilley, October 19 to October 21. Dredge No. 1, October 24 to October 31, inclusive, 
eight days, to be thoroughly overhauled, new boilers placed, and new sheathing 
placed on hull; will be in the dry dock for another month, at least. Launch Arc 
was beached and repaired. Three small pontoon scows were constructed for dredge 
No. 3. A new boiler has arrived for dredge No. 3 and is being set up. 



686 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Pasig River wall. — Two hundred feet of wall completed, at a cost of $289.29. 

Financial statement. 

Salaries and wages: 

Harbor work $2,574.14 

Pasig River 4,998.16 

Supplies and material: 

Harbor work 82.12 

Pasig River 1,433.88 

Services not personal: 

Harbor work : 54. 25 

Pasig River 54. 25 

Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company, harbor work 92, 694. 69 

Total expended during October, 1903 101, 891. 49 

Previously expended 1, 515, 116. 61 

Total expended from appropriation to October 31, 1903 1, 617, 008. 10 

Respectfully submitted. 

C. McD. Townsend, 
Major, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, in Charge. 

The Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 
(Through the Chief of Engineers, Division of the Philippines. ) 



EXHIBIT X. 

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY TO 
THE CIVIL GOVERNOR. 

Manila, P. L, October 1, 1903. 

Sik: I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of the executive 
bureau for the year ending September 30, 1903: 

The first annual report, which covered the period from the inauguration of the 
civil government, July 4, 1901, to September 30, 1902, recited the duties and func- 
tions of this bureau as provided by law and developed in practice during that period. 
A few more words upon thig subject may not be amiss, as throwing light upon the 
governmental machine that has been evolved and put in motion in these islands, 
patterned after, but differing in a considerable degree from, the great democratic 
mechanism known as the Government at Washington. 

Under the present organization of the insular government the jurisdiction of the 
executive bureau is in fact that of a department rather than a bureau, for in the per- 
formance of duties specifically fixed by law, as well as pursuant to the general pro- 
vision "to assist the civil governor in his executive duties," the executive bureau is 
required to discharge many of the functions of an executive department under the 
Federal Government of the United States. Like the Department of State, it pub- 
lishes the laws and resolutions of the central legislative authority and proclamations; 
grants and issues passports; has the custody of the great seal of the government; 
countersigns and affixes this seal to all executive proclamations to various commis- 
sions and to warrants for the extradition of fugitives from justice; and conducts cor- 
respondence with consular representatives of foreign powers accredited to the islands. 

The office of the improvement of the port of Manila falls within the jurisdiction 
of this Bureau, under the direction of the civil governor, and in this respect at least 
one of the functions of the War Department is discharged. The assignment, relief, 
and transfers of judges of courts of first instance, and, to a degree, of other officers of 
the judiciary of the islands, impose upon this office duties of a character which 
under the Federal Government devolve upon the Department of Justice. 

The constant increase in demands upon the time of the civil governor rendered it 
necessary for this office to assume, under his direction, the supervision of provincial 
and municipal governments, including that of the city of Manila, in which regard 
the executive bureau performs duties analogous to, though more extensive than, 
those of the Department of the Interior in its exercise of certain powers and duties 
in relation to the Territories of the United States. It has, as well, departmental 
control as exercised under the Federal Government of the United States by the office 
of the President, over independent and unassigned bureaus and offices which at this 
time are the bureaus of the Philippine civil-service board and insular purchasing 
agent, and the offices of the improvement of the port, the St. Louis Exposition board, 
and the collecting librarian for the Philippine Archipelago. Interdepartmental busi- 
ness is transacted through this office, so that in many ways it merits the designation 
recently given by one who termed it "the clearing house of the Government." 

During the absence of the secretary of commerce and police in the United States 
the bureaus of that department were attached for administrative purposes to this 
office, and from April 9, when the civil governor went to Baguio, Benguet, and 
while the Commission was in session there from May 11 to June 2, 1903, it became 
necessary for this bureau to act frequently upon important matters of an urgent char- 
acter falling within the jurisdiction of all the other departments and in respect of 
which it was impracticable to await instructions by post when telegraphic commu- 
nication was interrupted. 

The supervisory control and direction of provincial governments, referred to above, 
carries with it the obligation to solve countless problems of administrative organization 
and operations, and brings the bureau into closer contact with the nearly 7,000,000 
inhabitants of the Archipelago than any department or other office of the central gov- 
ernment. A great share of this work is in the form of original requests for decisions 

687 



688 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

upon matters not clearly falling within the purview of any department, and appeals 
to the civil governor and the Commission from decisions by those departments. 

Within the original jurisdiction of this office lies the review of proceedings in cases 
involving charges against government officials, including provincial and municipal 
officials and justices of the peace. The important work of translating, digesting, and 
preparing the voluminous records in these cases, with recommendations as to dispo- 
sition, is assigned to the law clerk of the bureau, whose report is herewith submitted 
(Appendix A), from which may be obtained a more adequate conception than may 
be here conveyed of the portion of the work of the office assigned to him. 

The formative period, so far as it relates to provincial administration — in many 
respects the most important factor in the work of the bureau — must necessarily 
extend over several years, and the necessity for consolidation and reorganization in 
the interest of economy and good administration has demanded and received action 
in several instances during the year. The following changes have been made in the 
boundaries of organized provinces during the year under review: By including that 
portion of Nueva Ecija which extended to the ocean and lay between what were under 
Spanish Government the districts of Infanta and Principe, the province of Tayabas 
was given continuity of territory on the Pacific coast and a slight extension to the 
northward by the addition of a portion of southern Isabela. By act of November 10, 
1902, the organization of the province of Marinduque was discontinued and its terri- 
tory, with the exception of the island of Mindoro, merged in the province of Tayabas. 
The province of Mindoro was then established, to consist of the island of Mindoro 
and small adjacent islands, including the island of Luban. The limits of the prov- 
ince of Paragua were extended by act of May 14, 1903, to include the entire island of 
Paragua, the islands of Dumaran and Balabac, the Calamianes Islands, the Cuyos 
Islands, the Cagayanes Islands, and all adjacent islands not included within the lim- 
its of any other province. 

By the creation of the Moro Province by act of June 1, 1903, which went into 
effect on July 15, from portions of the provinces of Misamis and Surigao, the there- 
tofore unorganized territory of the island of Mindanao, the Jolo and Tawi-tawi 
groups, and adjacent islands, the provincial organization of the entire Archipelago 
was completed. 

The government of the Philippine Islands now comprises 40 provinces and the 
city of Manila, the capital of the Archipelago, which is wholly independent of any 
provincial government. Thirty-four of the provinces are organized under the pro- 
vincial government act (Act 83) and elect their governor, of whom 31 are Filipinos 
and 3 Americans. The remaining 6 are organized under special acts, and their gov- 
ernors are appointed by the civil governor, with the advice and consent of the Phil- 
ippine Commission. Three of these are civilians and 3 commissioned officers of the 
United States Army. All are Americans. 

In addition to the review of proceedings against municipal officials before provin- 
cial boards on charges of official misconduct, many questions involving municipal 
administration reach this office for solution. At present there are 1,035 organized 
municipalities, but a material reduction will result from the consolidation now in 
progress, by which many of the smaller and financially weak are to be merged in 
adjacent stronger ones, with a view to better economic administration. As now con- 
stituted, the municipalities of the Archipelago, excepting the Moro Province and 
Lepanto-Bontoc, from which returns have not been received as yet, comprise 14,097 
barrios. 

In addition to the president, secretary, treasurer, and councilors who are elected 
by the people or otherwise selected by local authority as provided by law, there is 
in each municipality a justice and auxiliary justice of the peace, who are appointed 
by the civil governor, with the advice and consent of the Commission. Owing to 
the large number of these officials, together with the many others similarly appointed 
and the constant changes due to various causes, a considerable office force is required 
to keep the appointment correspondence and record work up to date. Corrected 
rosters are kept of provincial and municipal officers, justices and auxiliary justices of 
the peace, notaries public, as well as miscellaneous insular officials. 

Doubtless that which has taxed the resources of this bureau most during the past 
year has been the work of carrying out the details, pursuant to the direction of the 
civil governor and Commission, of relief provided by Congress in its appropriation 
of $3,000,000 by act approved March 3, 1903, in the distribution of rice to be used in 
payment for labor on roads and other public works and in the destruction of locusts, 
in connection with the importation of animals for agricultural work, and in other 
measures looking to the permanent as well as immediate relief and development of 
agriculture in the islands. 

In this connection orders have been issued from this bureau distributing 182,538 
piculs, or 25,098,975 pounds, of rice to the various provinces during the period from 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 689 

November 4, 1902, to September 30, 1903, inclusive, under authority of acts Nos. 495 
and 786 of the Philippine Commission, the distribution having been as follows: 

Piculs. 

For sale (Act 495) 79,717 

Destruction of locusts 31, 659 

Road work and other public improvements 70, 755 

182, 131 
Free 407 

Total 182, 538 

The plague of locusts in 23 of the provinces during the last year has been more 
severe than usual, the only provinces unaffected by it thus far being Bataan, Ben- 
guet, Bohol, Cebu, Masbate, Paragua, and Sorsogon. On August 3, 1903, the Philip- 
pine Commission, by Act No. 817, created a board to be made up of the provincial 
board and three agriculturists, to be appointed by the civil governor, to be known 
as the ' ' Locust board, ' ' which was empowered to issue regulations directing the conduct 
and controlling the operations of the able-bodied inhabitants in suppressing the plague 
of locusts in provinces threatened with the same. Incomplete reports (Appendix B) 
received from these locust boards show that in 23 of the provinces upward of 
17,003,252 pounds, or 8,501| tons, of locusts were destroyed between the date of the 
passage of the act mentioned and September 30, the greatest number having been 
destroyed in Occidental Negros (6,930,000 pounds), La Union (1,590,737 pounds), 
Bulacan (1,534,975 pounds), and Rizal (1,198,862 pounds). The reports from Abra, 
Antique, Capiz, and Isabela, dated subsequent to October 1, have been included in 
Appendix B, in order to have no bieak in the list of provinces. 

In order to ascertain the food situation in the provinces telegrams were addressed 
on June 16 last to all provincial governors and answers received from them, which 
are hereto appended. (Appendix C.) 

Hundreds of telegrams have been received and sent preliminary to the distribution 
of carabao, which is now about to commence. In the United States a special bureau 
undoubtedly would have been created for all this work. Here it is impracticable to 
create such'a bureau, and for many reasons the duty of central direction naturally 
devolved upon this office. 

Legislation passed by the Commission March 23, 1903, provided that the execu- 
tive secretary shall issue to government officials, employees, and members of their 
immediate families official transportation requests on commercial steamship and 
railway lines under the terms of an agreement entered into between such transpor- 
tation companies and the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department, army 
transport facilities having been practically withdrawn. The arrangement has been 
in effect less than seven months, and during that period there have been issued by 
the executive secretary to civil employees and members of their families, including 
fiancees, 169 steamship transportation requests and 68 railway transportation requests, 
providing for transportation from Manila to various points in the United States for 
209 persons, 42 per cent of whom were teachers. Sixteen of the above-mentioned 
official requests were issued at the expense of the insular government to officers or 
employees entitled to traveling expenses either by law or under their contracts. 
For those not so issued there has been paid into the executive bureau the sum of 
$20,162.50 United States currency, or an average of approximately $3,000 per month, 
which, in accordance with law, is deposited in the insular treasury to the credit of 
the appropriation "Insular salary and expense fund," from which the steamship and 
railway companies are paid by the government. 

Prior to February 2, 1903, there was no provision of law under which this govern- 
ment might issue passports to citizens of the Philippine Islands desiring to travel in 
foreign countries. It had been the practice to furnish such persons and citizens of 
the United States, upon request, letters of identification and introduction to diplo- 
matic and consular officers of the United States. 

On February 2, 1903, the Philippine Commission enacted the following law: 

[Act No. 611.] 

AN ACT authorizing the civil governor to issue passports to citizens of the Philippine Islands. 

By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that: 
Whereas the act of Congress approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, 
entitled ' 'An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil 

war 1903— vol 5 44 



690 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," provides in section 
four thereof "That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands continuing to reside 
therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred 
and ninety-nine, and then resided in said islands, and their children born subse- 
quent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands and 
as such entitled to the protection of the United States, except such as shall have 
elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the pro- 
visions of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain signed at Paris 
December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight:" 

Section 1. The civil governor is hereby authorized to issue passports to the persons 
thereby made citizens of the Philippine Islands, identifying said persons as such citi- 
zens and as entitled to the protection of the United States by virtue of the provision 
of law above set forth. 

Sec. 2. The civil governor shall prescribe the form of and rules governing the 
issuance of these documents, which shall be known and referred to as " Philippine 
passports." 

Sec. 3. A fee of two dollars in money of the United States shall be charged for 
each passport issued hereunder. Such fees shall be paid to the disbursing officer of 
the executive bureau, who shall keep an account of same and who shall forthwith 
deposit same in the insular treasury. 

Sec 4. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage of 
the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of "An act prescribing 
the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws," passed Septem- 
ber twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

Sec 5. This act shall take effect on its passage. 

Enacted, February 2, 1903. 

By executive order No. 13 the civil governor prescribed the form and rules govern- 
ing the issue of passports as follows: 

Executive Order \ The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 13. j Executive Bureau, Manila, April 7, 1903. 

The following regulations regarding issuance of passports are published for the 
guidance of all concerned in accordance with the provisions of act numbered six hun- 
dred and eleven, entitled ' ' An act authorizing the civil governor to issue passports to 
citizens of the Philippine Islands," enacted February second, nineteen hundred and 
three: 

I. 

Philippine passports may be issued to all the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands 
continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said islands, and their chil- 
dren born subsequent thereto, except such as shall have elected to preserve their 
allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of 
peace between the United States and Spain signed at Paris, December tenth, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-eight. 

II. 

Those applying for a Philippine passport must present their application, make an 
affidavit with respect to birth, and state that they were subjects of Spain as denned 
in Rule I. They must take the oath of allegiance and furnish an identification by a 
creditable person, in accordance with a form prescribed for such purpose. 

III. 

A passport expires two years after the date of its issuance and will not be renewed. 
A new passport may be issued upon a new application in accordance with the 
provisions of Rule II. 

IV. 

When a person applies for a new passport before his old passport has expired, the 
latter, coupled with proof that the person in whose behalf it is presented is the per- 
son named therein, may be taken two years from its date as prima facie evidence of 
the right of the person to obtain a passport under Rule I. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 691 

V. 

When the applicant for a passport is accompanied by his wife, minor children, or 
by a servant Avho is entitled to a passport under Rule I, it will be sufficient to state 
in the passport the names of such persons and their relationship to or connection 
with him. A separate passport must be issued to each person of full age not the 
wife or servant of another with whom he or she is traveling. 

VI. 

An official fee of two dollars, in money of the United States, shall be collected by 
the disbursing officer, executive bureau, for each passport issued, and the fee shall 
be deposited by him in the insular treasury. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

The foregoing branches of the bureau's work, together with many others — includ- 
ing particularly the preparation of appropriation bills, drawing of leases and contracts 
for supplies and construction, and firearms permits — are assigned to the administra- 
tion and finance division, the report of which is hereto attached (Appendix D). 
The high grade of work done by the clerks of this division and the excellent man- 
ner in which it has been performed have been the source of intense satisfaction to 
the chief of the bureau and merit special mention. 

In the interest of economy and the prompt dispatch of public business the office 
of the secretary of the Philippine Commission was abolished by act No. 609, Janu- 
ary 31, 1903, as recommended in the report of this bureau for last year, and the 
executive bureau so reorganized as to provide for the work of the abolished office. 
Aside from the enactment of laws the Commission has devoted much time to the 
consideration in executive sessions of important matters upon which the civil gov- 
ernor or heads of departments desired the benefit of joint discussion and determina- 
tion. The year's work of the Commission as a legislative and advisory body is 
admirably described by the recorder, Mr. C. W. Calvin, in his report (Appendix E), 
to which attention is invited. Great credit is due Mr. Calvin for the ability and 
industry with which he and his office force have dispatched an immense volume of 
important business with promptitude and marked efficiency. 

In the sessions of the Commission, and on practically all other occasions when the 
people generally, and particularly the non-English-speaking masses, are to be reached, 
or desire to communicate by interview with the civil governor or members of the 
Commission, the services of an interpreter are necessary; and the importance of 
matters discussed on these occasions demands a degree of expertness of interpretation 
possessed by but few persons. All acts of the Commission are translated in the 
Spanish language promptly after passage, and for this work of translation it is essen- 
tial that there be available trained personnel of a high grade. This is also true in 
respect of the vast amount of Spanish-English translation incident to the correspond- 
ence of this office and the executive departments. This work devolves upon the 
translating division of the bureau. 

Mr. Francisco J. Y anes, Spanish secretary to the Philippine Commission, was in 
charge of the division until May, 16, 1903, when he returned to the United States 
because of the continued ill health of his family in this climate. Mr. Yanes was 
appointed to this service from the Bureau of American Republics, in Washington, 
because of his special fitness, both by education and practical experience, and with 
great credit carried the burden of responsibility and to a very great degree that of 
the actual work under his charge. Every effort has been made to replace him, but 
as yet without result. Further losses of expert personnel from the translating divi- 
sion have seriously interfered with both the work of translating and interpreting as 
well. It has been necessary for the present acting chief of division to devote so 
much time to his regular work of interpreter for the Commission that there have 
been occasional unavoidable delays in the dispatch of translations of documents of 
importance. However, the work of the division is now practically up to date, by dint 
of work at night and on holidays. There seems to be an absolute lack of really 
expert Spanish-English translators, not only in these islands and the United States, 
but in practically every other country, as revealed by the ineffectual efforts of this 
Government to secure such employees. There is no difficulty in finding translators 
of mediocre ability, but men who know one language thoroughly and have a com- 
petent knowledge of one other are rare indeed. The report of the division is hereto 
attached. (Appendix F.) 

The Commission on March 17, 1903 (Act No. 688), authorized the appointment of 
a collecting librarian of the insular government, "whose duty it shall be, under the 



692 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

supervision and direction of the civil governor, to visit the countries of Europe, 
Mexico, and elsewhere for the purpose of purchasing books and manuscripts relating 
to the history of the Philippine Islands, making historical researches into said his- 
tory, procuring copies of official documents relating thereto, with the view to the 
foundation in Manila of a public historical library upon the subject of the Philippine 
Islands." 

For this appointment the civil governor selected Sefior D. Clemente J. Zulueta, a 
Filipino eminently fitted for the work by education and training. Senor Zulueta 
went at once to Spain, where he is now securing books and documents of historical 
and general value as contemplated by the act creating his position. Arrangements 
have been made for the custody and preservation of these papers upon their arrival 
here by the division having in charge the printed publications and documents of the 
Commission. There will soon be added to the files of printed documents several 
hundred selected Congressional publications recently received from Washington, 
which will be indexed and filed for reference. This division of the executive bureau 
has distributed during the past year 1,035,362 printed copies of acts of the Commis- 
sion, executive orders, and miscellaneous publications of a related character. (See 
Appendix G. ) 

The disbursing officer of the bureau, Mr. H. A. Lampman, also disburses for seven 
other bureaus and the secretaries of the four executive departments, the Philippine 
Commission, the trustees of the College of San Jose, and the Philippine Museum. 
He likewise is one of the two officers disbursing the $3,000,000 Congressional relief 
fund. The total amounts paid out by him during the period covered by this report 
were $936,876.06 Mexican, and $271,951.90 Philippine currency. Few public servants 
have greater responsibility resting upon them, and none discharges his duties more 
ably and intelligently. 

The mailing of correspondence, although nominally within the jurisdiction of the 
mailing division, has been conducted, for the sake of convenience, by the records 
division. Of such matter, which includes only written communications, there have 
been dispatched by messenger and post 53,717 separate papers during the year, an 
increase of 73 per cent over the preceding year. 

Provision has been made in the records division by the installation of substantial 
filing cases of improved pattern for the preservation of the archives of the military 
government and this office since its establishment. These records have been thor- 
oughly indexed and the typewritten indexes bound, thus making reference to them 
easy and in every way satisfactory. In addition to the work of indexing, recording, 
and mailing official correspondence in the records division, much work is done in the 
compilation of data required by the civil governor, the executive departments, and 
the Commission, and its personnel is drawn upon continually to fill temporary and 
permanent vacancies in the other divisions. (Appendix H. ) The work in this divi- 
sion is of such character, covering as it does the entire field of this office and of the 
executive departments as well, as to furnish an excellent opportunity for the training 
of employees for the other divisions, the functions of which are special. This has 
been particularly the case in respect of Filipino employees, several of whom, after a 
few months' service in this division, have been promoted elsewhere and have acquit- 
ted themselves creditably. 

Ever since the organization of the executive bureau strict adherence to civil-serv- 
ice rules has been observed in the matter of appointments and promotions, it being 
a fact meriting record that five out of the seven chiefs of divisions in the bureau came 
to the islands either as volunteers or as clerks at $1,200 per annum. The other two 
came as translators at $1,800 per annum. All are now receiving $2,250, with the 
exception of one, who receives $2,500 per annum. 

It has been the rule of this office during the past year to require that all Filipino 
appointees possess the equivalent of a grammar-school education, at least; a fair con- 
versational knowledge of the English language; ability to use the typewriting 
machine with some facility; and certificate of having passed the second-grade clerk 
examination or its equivalent as provided by the civil-service board's schedule. 
Upon reaching a salary rating of $600 per annum employees are required to pass the 
civil-service examinations in the English language as one requisite for promotion. 
Under this requirement one such employee has passed the first-grade examination, 
two failed by a very small percentage and will doubtless qualify on their next effort, 
and several have passed the second-grade examination. As a rule the native 
employees attend public night schools, and in the case of those who have little or no 
knowledge of the English language it is obligatory that they attend such schools. 

Due to the increase of business incident to the development of government, and in 
a degree to the merging of the office of the Commission, the personnel of this bureau 
has been more than doubled numerically during the past year. This increase has 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 693 

been in great measure in the number of positions in the lower grades, and therefore 
does not indicate a correspondingly increased expense. 

The force of 61 employees, of whom 32 were Americans and 29 Filipinos, which 
was employed at the date of the last report, has been gradually expanded, until at 
this time there are on duty in the bureau 123 employees, of whom 46 are classed as 
Americans and 77 as Filipinos, an increase of 44 per cent in the number of Americans 
and 166 per cent in Filipinos. 

Notwithstanding this marked increase in personnel — more than 100 per cent — it 
has been found wholly impracticable to dispatch the current business during the 
regular office hours. A large number of employees are required to work overtime, 
and some find it necessary to observe uniform hours of from 7.30 a. m. to 6 p. m. 
daily, with about a half -hour's intermission at midday. In order that a definite 
idea might be had as to the extent of overtime required, a record thereof has been 
kept. This shows an average of 325 days per month, or an actual shortage in the 
office force of approximately 12 clerks, and does not include the overtime of officials, 
the number of whom has not been increased since the organization of the bureau. Two 
deaths and the invaliding home of six employees during the year because of diseases 
probably due to excessively long hours and close application to work under existing 
climatic conditions indicate the necessity for shorter office hours and doubtless an 
obligatory annual vacation. 

The reports of the provincial governors are appended hereto, marked "Appen- 
dix I." Covering, as they do, the period from January 1, 1902, to January 1, 1903, 
they give no adequate idea of the present conditions prevailing in the provinces, and 
therefore I have not referred to them before in this report when treating of the 
political subdivisions of the islands. These reports, if they are to be really such a 
faithful protrayal of existing conditions as to furnish Congress and the authorities 
beyond seas that information upon which remedial or any other action could be 
based, ought to be brought down to a date not later than September 1 of each year. 
Since these reports were written the locust plague has visited a large number of the 
provinces with disastrous results to growing crops. Happily, later telegraphic infor- 
mation has brought the intelligence that the measures adopted under Act No. 817, 
hereinbefore referred to, have been successful in many provinces in exterminating 
the locusts, and the crop reports are much more encouraging than could have been 
expected under the circumstances. Many causes for complaint mentioned in the 
reports of the provincial governors for last year have been removed. The uprising on 
the island of Camiguin, off the coast of Misamis, in April and May last, was promptly 
and effectually quelled, and the leaders and a large number of their followers have 
received their just deserts. v ; The disturbed conditions in the province of Albay are 
about to be brought to an end, and an era of peace far more extensive and profound 
than has ever been known since American occupation will without doubt soon settle 
upon the Archipelago. The civil governor in his report for last year, referring to 
this same subject, suggested the wisdom of changing the time for submission of the 
annual reports of the provincial governors from January to September, but no change 
in the law has been made as yet, although it would seem that no good reason exists 
for longer delaying favorable action upon the suggestion. 

Appendix J, hereto attached, gives telegraphic reports from provinces received in 
response to a telegram from this office of September 28, 1903, requesting information 
as to the amount of work done on roads and bridges in each province and the amount 
of "relief- fund" rice paid therefor. Only such reports as were received up to and 
including the date of this report are annexed. 

During the first half of the period covered by this report the former assistant execu- 
tive secretary, Mr. Beekman Winthrop, was acting chief of the bureau, owing to 
absence on leave of the executive secretary. Upon the return of the latter, on March 
25, 1903, Mr. Winthrop went to the United States on a well-earned leave, resigning 
his office on the expiration thereof, much to the regret of the government authori- 
ties and his official associates, who had learned to appreciate his worth through daily 
contact with him. 

Mr. Frank W. Carpenter, then chief clerk of the bureau, was appointed assistant 
executive secretary on September 1, 1903, the promotion coming as a fitting reward 
to a most zealous, tireless, and able official. Mr. Carpenter, with a residence of 
nearly five years in these islands, occupying positions of trust calling for the exer- 
cise of administrative skill of a high order and technical knowledge of office work 
brings to his new position a ripe experience and good judgment which, added to his 
knowledge of the Spanish and Tagalog languages, make of him an ideal official and a 
broad-minded, tactful, and capable assistant. 

The fact that the work of the bureau has been kept up and dispatched with prompt- 
itude and thoroughness without addition to the number of its officials, notwithstand- 



694 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ing its continued and great increase, is due to the untiring zeal and uncommon ability 
of the chiefs of divisions and their immediate assistants who, under Mr. Carpenter's 
training and initiative, have cheerfully met requirements much greater than are 
ordinarily incident to the duties of such offices. The whole clerical force has shown 
so lively an interest in the work and has so heartily and uncomplainingly responded 
to the many calls for overtime duty that I would be ungrateful indeed were I to fail 
to record here my deep appreciation of their faithfulness and efficiency, which have so 
signally lightened the burden resting upon the chief of the bureau. 
Very respectfully, 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 
The honorable the Civil Governor. 



Appendix A. 



The Government of the Philippine Islands, Executive Bureau, 

Manila, October 1, 1903. 

Sir: Pursuant to instructions from you, I have the honor to submit the following 
report: 

The office of law clerk in the bureau was created in January of this year, duties of 
a legal nature having devolved upon the present incumbent for some time prior to 
that date. The present duties of the office are mainly as follows: (a) The supervision 
and preparation for final action, with recommendations, of cases involving charges 
against government officials, being mainly cases against municipal officers in the 
provinces and justices of the peace; (6) the rendering of statements on questions of 
law at the direction of the civil governor and the officers of the bureau; (c) the digest- 
ing of voluminous documents involving points of law; and (d) the drafting of bills 
for the consideration of the Philippine Commission. 

A statistical statement of the volume of the work is not possible, for the reason 
that the present duties of the office are partly administrative and partly legal in 
nature, and have no well-defined or fixed limits. In this general connection, how- 
ever, the following statistics may be of interest: 

Statement of provincial officers removed from office, or who resigned at request or under charges, 
from September 1, 1902, to September 1, 1903. 

Fiscals 3 

Treasurers '. 4 

Supervisors 3 

Secretaries 3 

Others 2 

Total 15 

The total number of .distinct cases against municipal officers and justices of the 
peace, resulting in suspension from office or an investigation by the provincial board, 
or both, for the twelve months ending September 1, 1903, was 106, involving 144 
officers, 76 of whom were dismissed. Of these 144 officers, 121 were municipal offi- 
cers — chiefly presidents — and 23 justices of the peace. Of the 135 officers suspended 
from office, 76 were removed, 12 reprimanded or disciplined, and 47 reinstated. Of 
the 98 distinct cases investigated by the provincial boards, the findings were approved 
by this bureau in 80 cases, modified in 9, and reversed in 9. 

Perhaps the most noteworthy deductions to be drawn from the above data are: 
(a) The large proportion of cases where a suspended officer (the matter of suspen- 
sion being almost entirely in the hands of the provincial governor) is acquitted after 
full investigation, being about 35 percent; and (b) the relatively large proportion 
of cases against justices of the peace. The records show that during the year 16 
justices have been dismissed from office and 2 reprimanded. When it is recalled 
that the technical knowledge and legal training usually possessed by an evilly dis- 
posed justice of the peace make it comparatively easy for him to escape detection 
and conviction, the figures are sufficiently striking. 

It should be noted that the above statistics represent only a portion of the total 
number of papers preferring charges against government officials received in this 
bureau. ^ The natives of these islands, especially those of the half-blood, are by nature 
contentious and fond of litigation; and a preliminary inquiry usually shows the charges 
preferred to be groundless. A comparison of the statistics of this year with those of 



REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 695 

the fourteen months preceding shows an increase in the number of removals of pro- 
vincial officials, being 13 removals for fourteen months, as against 15 for twelve 
months. In regard to municipal officers and justices of the peace, the figures are 
approximately the same. 

As indicating the improvements which have been introduced in the routine organi- 
zation of this bureau since the inauguration of civil government, may be noted the 
fact that during the first fourteen months of civil government the records show 54 
cases of suspended municipal officers (including justices of the peace) with no record 
of either acquittal, reinstatement, or removal, indicating that these cases were pigeon- 
holed or dropped without any decisive action being taken; while the records for 
the past twelve months show that in all cases involving charges against municipal 
officers or justices of the peace some final or decisive settlement of the case has been 
made. 

Very respectfully, Fred. F. Barker, 

Law Clerk. 

The Executive Secretary, Manila. 



Appendix B. 

ABRA. 

Bangued, Abra, October 2, 1903. 
The Civil Governor in the Philippines, 

Manila. 

Sir: In compliance with your telegraphic order of the 26th of September I have 
the honor to make the following report on the extermination of locusts in this prov- 
ince: On the 15th of August your telegram approving the appointment of the three 
agriculturalist members of the locust board proposed was received here. On the 19th 
of the same month the said board was organized and immediately resolved that the 
aforesaid agriculturalist members repair to the places invaded by the locusts to the end 
of studying and proposing to the board the most efficient means of destroying the 
plague, and also to the end of obtaining the data indispensable for drafting regula- 
tions provided for by section 2 of act No. 834. At the same meeting it was resolved 
to ask the civil governor for 1,000 piculs of rice and 400 pieces of sheet iron for the 
needs of the board, of which articles only the iron has been received until the pres- 
ent date. At another meeting, held on the 22d, the board approved the means of 
extirpation of the plague suggested by the agriculturalist members. Copies of these 
resolutions have been transmitted to the municipal presidents for compliance there- 
with. In the successive meetings of the 4th and 8th of September the regulations 
for the destruction of the locusts were discussed and approved and a copy thereof 
furnished to each municipal president for the publication and execution thereof, 
another copy being sent to the executive secretary for the printing of 250 copies 
thereof. 

On the 23d, 27th, 28th, and 30th of August operations were carried on against the 
hoppers under the direction and supervision of the provincial governor and the agri- 
culturalist members of the board at the places denominated Pudoca, Calaba, and 
Cabuluan, of Bangued; Ligtun, Palucana, and of Layun and Pudoc and Suyo, of 
Pidigan, the amount of hoppers destroyed in the operation being estimated at 120 
quintals. On the 28th of August a swarm of locusts which was passing over a rice 
field at the rancheria of Peflarubia was frightened away under the direction of the agri- 
culturalist member, Maximo Blanco, and the damage caused was very insignificant on 
account of this operation. On the 2d of September more operations against this plague 
were carried on in the barrios of Sapac and Paude, Bangued, under the direction 
of the president thereof, and at the sitio of Maquinao, of the rancheria Daglas, under 
the direction of the agriculturalist member, Hugo Baile. On these occasions about 
80 quintals of locusts were caught. On the 7th of September the president of Ded- 
magada reported the presence of locusts and hoppers in his municipality, and I 
directed Agriculturalist Guillermo Blancaflor to supervise the destruction of the 
plague, and three days later he reported that the hoppers, in a quanity of 80 quintals, 
were destroyed, but that it was possible to catch only 20 quintals of the locusts as 
they flew away in the direction of the province of Ilocos Norte. On the 26th of 
September a swarm of locusts descended upon rice fields around Bangued, and was 
frightened away under direction of the provincial governor and an agriculturalist 
member of the board without having been able to do damage to the crops. About 
40 quintals of this swarm were caught, but the majority arose and flew away 
toward the Bulagao Mountain, boundary line between Abra and Ilocos. 



696 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Juan Villamoe, Provincial Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 340 quintals, equal to 34,340 pounds. 



ALBAY. 

Albay, September 30, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

■ Complying with your telegram of 26th : The locusts appeared in this province in the 
early part of this month but did but very little damage. The locust fungus was at 
once used with apparently very excellent results. The swarm of locusts was prac- 
tically exterminated in five days. It was found, however, that the few days they 
were in the province they deposited a great many eggs, which since hatched. Of 
these small locusts about 300 bags were gathered and destroyed. The heavy rains 
during the past few days have apparently exterminated the remainder. This work 
accomplished at practically no expense. 

Betts, Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 20,000 pounds. 



AMBOS CAMAEINES. 

Nueva Caceres, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

The locust board held its first meeting on the 6th of August and adopted regulations, 
which were submitted to the civil governor for approval, but the first section of said 
regulations was amended in view of the telegram of the 21st of August. The addi- 
tional members have not been able to attend the meetings of the board regularly, as 
they are living in pueblos distant from this capital, but they have distinguished 
themselves by their work, traveling through and visiting the different municipalities 
of their districts, and explaining to the residents thereof the advisability that all 
should work in the destruction of the locusts, showing them the most practical man- 
ner of catching the same. The municipal presidents have in compliance with their 
duty kept the government informed of all the work done by the residents and of the 
number of sacks of locusts caught, which amount to 1,264 sacks, and the approxi- 
mate weight of which is 75,840 pounds. It is, however, impossible to calculate the 
quantity of locusts killed which were not gathered up, but burned in the ditches. 
The entire territory of this province is infested with locusts, and the presidents state 
in their letters that notwithstanding the great efforts made by the people for the pur- 
pose of destroying them, digging ditches without remuneration of any kind, all of 
the plantations of maize, camotes, paddy, sugar cane, and garden truck have been 
destroyed. The ditches dug by the people of the pueblos were not sufficient for the 
destruction of the small locusts on account of their large number. When they did 
not find anything left to destroy in the fields, they invaded the streets of the pueblos 
and entered the houses, to the extent that they did not leave the people rest by day 
or by night. The inhabitants of the pueblos of Pili, Nueva Caceres, Mnalabag, 
Nubua, and others had cultivated a considerable number of hectares of rice land and 
hoped to obtain a good harvest, but all they had planted was destroyed by the 
locusts. However, a good crop of maize was harvested in Baao and Nubua, and the 
inhabitants are now selling the shelled maize at 1 peso, Mexican, per sack. The 
rains commenced in this section on the 19th of September, and since then it has been 
noticed that the locusts have gradually disappeared. It is hoped that the hoppers 
which still remain will be destroyed by the continuous rains. The governor has 
issued neither rice nor money for the work of the extermination of locusts. A cir- 
cular letter has been addressed to the presidents enjoining them to recommend to 
the people the necessity of again planting rice, maize, camotes, and garden truck, 
and reminding them of the provisions of Act No. 517, relative to the prevention of 
famine. 

Pimental, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 75,840 pounds. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 697 

ANTIQUE. 

San Jose, October 2, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Locust board was convened August 20 and on August 22 rules for extermination of 
locusts were adopted. During the last fifteen days of September, nearly every town 
in the province was invaded and a total of 459 cavanes, 10 gantas and 6 chupas were 
caught as follows: San Jose, 7 cavanes, 22 gantas; San Pedro, 18 cavanes, 17 gantas, 
6 chupas; Bugason, 300 cavanes; Guisigan, 132 cavanes, 18 gantas; Tibiao, 3 gantas. 

Reports from other towns have not yet been received, but I believe that larger 
amounts were caught during the last days of September. Report of crops having 
been destroyed not yet received, except Guisigan where the crops were destroyed. 
Governor Fullon was directed to get this information while on tour of inspection 
throughout the province. 

Salazar, Acting Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 61,929 pounds. 



BATAAN. 

Balanga, Bataan, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In compliance with your telegram of September 25, 1903, 1 have the honor to state 
that the locust board of this province was organized on August 20, 1903. As there 
were no locusts throughout the province, as reported by presidents, no work has 
been done since the organization of the board. 

Zialiti, 
Secretary and Acting Governor. 



BATANGAS. 

Batangas, P. L, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In reply to your telegram of September 25 a detailed report will be rendered in 
a few days. The reports from 20 municipalities in which destruction work of locusts 
is being carried forward have not come, all having been asked for by telegrams. 

Luz, Governor. 



Baguio, Benguet, September 30, 1903. 
Hon. A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: I have the honor to report, in compliance with your telegram 25th instant, 
that there has been no work accomplished or demanded from the locust board as 
yet. The fact is it would be exceedingly difficult for the most enthusiastic sports- 
man to find one of these little birds, called locust, in my province. The cold rains 
since the 1st of July have effectually rid us of this pest. 
Yours, very respectfully, 

William F. Pack, Provincial Governor. 



BOHOL. 

Tag bil aran, October 1, 1903. 
Civil Governor, Manila: 

The locust board in my province was established on August 24, composed of the 
members of the provincial board and three agriculturists. Once established the first 
task of said locust board was to draw up regulations for its guidance, and a copy was 
given to all members and each one of the municipal presidents for their information 
and due observance by virtue of said regulations. The province of Bohol is divided 
into four inspection districts, namely: South district, north, interior, and west dis- 
tricts. The first three districts are in charge of the three agricultural members in the 
following form: South district, which is composed of the pueblos of Alburquerque, 



698 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Loylila, Dimiao, Palancia, Garcia, Hermiandez, Jagna, Duero, Guindulman, and 
Anad Candijay, is under the inspection of Senor Pedro Samson. North district, 
which is composed of the pueblos of Maribojoc, Loon, Calape, Tubigon, Ynaguni- 
gana, Getafe, Talibon, Ipil, and Ubay, is under the inspection of Senor Sevador 
Kodriguez. Interior district, which is composed of the pueblos of Carman, Batavan, 
Sierra Bullones, Calbigailin, Bilar, Antique, Balilijansevilla, and Loboc, is under the 
inspection of Senor Pedro Maceren. West district, composed of Tagbilaran, Davao, 
Panglao, Bacolian, Corella, and Cortes, is under the inspection of the provincial 
board. From August 24 to October 1, 1903, the plague of locusts has not given signs 
of life in the province. The letters that I have received periodically from the three 
agricultural members in their districts state there are no flying locusts nor jumping 
locusts in the pueblos of their respective districts to date. There has been no rice 
requisitioned for distribution to the poor, nor zinc sheets. The board believing it 
necessary, a copy of the above regulations will be furnished you by mail. 

Claein, Governor. 



Malolos, Bulacan, October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. L: 

Keplying to your wire of September 26, requesting report of work done by locust 
board, as follows: 

Regulation made. Local committees of locust organized. Province divided into 
three zones and three members appointed inspectors. Inspectors constantly inspect- 
ing towns within their zone. From organization of board and local committees 
locusts and loctones killed in different towns as follows: 



Towns. 



Angat 

Baliuag ..... 
Barasoain . . . 

Bigaa 

Bocaue 

Bulacan 

Bustos 

Marilao 

Meycauayan 

Malolos 

Norzagaray.. 



Locusts. 



Cavanes. 



290 

73 

1,530 

108 



297 
621 
483 
20 



Loctones. 



Cavanes. 
125 
219 



180 
200 
582 
92 
155 



72 



Towns. 



Polo 

Quingua 

San Rafael 

San Ildefonso . 
San Miguel . . . 

San JosC 

Santa Maria . . 
Santa Isabel . . 
Calumpit 



Total. 



Locusts. 



Cavanes. 
159 
371 
79 
829 
145 



1,168 

161 

14 



6,348 



Loctones. 



Cavanes. 
379 
381 
333 
394 
89 
121 
406 
146 
136 



4,390 



Rice sent for starving people. 

Piculs. 

Baliuag 15 

Norzagaray 15 

Marilao , 10 

San Rafael 15 

San Ildefonso , 25 

Angat , 25 

Total 105 

Every effort is taken for complete destruction of loctones now in the province. 

Pablo Tecson, Governor of Bulacan. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 1,476,475 pounds. 



CAGAYAN. 

Tuguegarao, October 1, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila: 

The locust board having been organized in accordance with act 817, it unani- 
mously adopted methods which were used in all the pueblos of the province invaded 
by the locusts and hoppers. Screens 6 feet long and 3 feet wide and covered with 
cloth were prepared, and several of these contrivances, each supported by one per- 
son, were placed at the edge of a ditch dug 3 or 4 feet deep and 20 or more meters 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



699 



long. The area infested was then surrounded on all sides by several persons pro- 
vided with branches, sticks, and brooms, with which they chased the hoppers toward 
the ditch and the screens. When the screens were full of hoppers who had saved 
themselves from the ditch, they were shaken and the hoppers caused to fall into 
the ditch, which was immediately covered with earth. For locusts in the flying 
stage netting or cloth was made into an open sack stretched on a bamboo hoop 
fastened to a stick. These were used where swarms of locusts had presented them- 
selves. This work was performed in all the pueblos of the province on the 9th and 
1.0th of September. It is estimated that the following amounts of locusts and hoppers 
have been caught: In Tuguegarao, 352 cavanes; Enrile, 42; Solana, 78; Piat, 11; 
Amulung, 75; Iguig, 30; Penablanca, 138, and none in Lalloc and Aparri, as no locusts 
have appeared in said pueblos. At its session of the 28th of September the board 
resolved that the work of exterminating the locusts be repeated in all the pueblos, 
designating the 15th and 16th of this month, without prejudice to carrying on this 
work sooner in the pueblos, barrios, and sitios where clouds of locusts may appear. 

Gonzaga, Provincial Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 99,825 pounds. 



CAPIZ. 

Capiz, October 1, 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor: 

The following work has been done since the organization of the locust board of 
this province: 



Municipalities. 



Matter destroyed. 



Quantity 



Rice used. 



Panay 

Loctugan.. 
Panitan ... 

Dao 

Mambusao 

Navas 

Calivo 

Ibajay 

Capiz 

Sigma 



Locusts, hoppers, and eggs 

Locusts 

Locusts of all classes 

Locusts and hoppers, large and small 

Locusts of all classes 

do 

Locusts and hoppers 

do 

Hoppers 

Small and large hoppers and a few locusts 



Cavanes. 

Hi 

6 

387 

57 

60 
219 

50 
140 

34 
199 



Piculs. 



In all these municipalities there is a large quantity of hoppers, especially in Pani- 
tan, Dao, Sigma, Ibajay, and Navas, and their extermination is actively continued. 
Information in regard to the result of the work in the municipalities of Pontevedra, 
Jamindan, Dumarao, Numancia, Macato, Tangalan, and Buruanga where there are 
locusts is expected and will be telegraphed immediately. 

Jugo Vidal, Provincial Governor. 

Capiz, October 2 t 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

Amplifying my telegram of yesterday: According to reports received from Member 
Soler, of Alcan, Calivo has been completely cleaned from locusts, 90 more cavanes of 
locusts having been destroyed. 



Municipalities. 



D s,\ r r d *»■ 



Numancia Sept. 6 

Lezo I do — 

Malinao j Sept. 7 

Banga do 

Madalag Sept. 10 

Ibajay j Sept. 16 



Cavanes. 
80 
70 
a 140 
80 
60 
&10 



Municipalities. 



Tangalan 
Macatao . . 
Buruanga 

Baleta 

Jimo 

Batan 



D SL 6d Quantity 



Sept. 21 

Sept. 24 

Sept. 18 

Sept. 27 

Sept. 28 

Sept. 29 



Cavanes. 
170 
190 
150 
50 
10 
15 



a In addition to the 60. 



b Besides 140, telegram of yesterday. 



Total number of cavanes of locusts destroyed until date in entire province amounts 
to 2,704£. 

Jugo Vidal, Governor. 

Total number of locusts and hoppers killed, 371,868 pounds. 



700 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

CAVITE. 

Cavite, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretaey, Manila: 

The province was divided into three districts, each under charge of one of the agri- 
cultural members of the locust board. Their work since August 14 has averaged 
about four days per week superintending the work. A consideration of their reports 
shows a total of 4,971 ca vanes of locusts and loctones destroyed. Crops have been 
damaged to a considerable extent. The number of locusts has been largely dimin- 
ished by the efforts made against them. Quantity of rice used in payment 1,000 
piculs. 

Shanks, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 4,971 cavanes, equal to 683,506 pounds. 



CEBU. 

Cebu, P. L, October 1, 1903. 
Hon. William Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

In compliance with the telegram which the executive secretary has addressed to 
me, I have the honor to report as follows: Since over a month I have not learned of 
the presence of locusts in the pueblos of this province, not having received a com- 
munication reporting this from any of the municipalities. I have, however, received 
private information that hoppers had been seen in the mountains of Toledo, and 
have immediately written to the president of that municipality, giving him instruc- 
tions for the extermination of those hoppers when they come down to the plains or 
suitable places, because at the places where they are now it is impossible to destroy 
them by any of the systems known, on account of the thickness of the underbrush. 
Prior to the time aforementioned I have only received communications in regard to 
locusts from the municipality of Poro, on the Camotes Islands, and from the munic- 
ipality of Segod; the former reporting that an immense swarm had invaded the 
pueblo and destroyed the majority of the maize planted, the latter reporting that 
another swarm had passed, but had not caused destruction of any importance to the 
plantations. Several municipalities inform me that the maize harvest has com- 
menced, and the general condition of the crops is good, with the exception of about 
eight pueblos of the south, where the crop is not abundant. For this reason the 
price of that grain has gone down. In view of the present crops the critical situation 
of this province has considerably improved. The board has not yet completed the 
work of drafting the regulations for the extermination of the locusts, which has been 
turned over to the members appointed, and is to be submitted for discussion after- 
wards. The work has been delayed during the twenty days that I was ill. The 
board asks for 2,000 sheets of zinc. 

Climaco, Governor. 



ILOCOS NORTE. 

Laoag, Ilocos Norte, October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Provincial locust board was organized on the 18th of August, and by virtue of its 
resolutions the regulations prescribed by Act No. 815 were drafted and adopted and 
copies remitted to all the municipal presidents. The most appropriate and cheapest 
implements for the destruction of locusts and hoppers were ordered to be made; 
instead of sheet iron, 1,000 piculs of rice were requested for issue to workmen, who 
lack food. There were hoppers in several municipalities, and then they appeared 
also in the others, with the exception of San Miguel, invading and destroying seed- 
ing plots of rice and plantations, especially of maize. The province was divided into 
zones, which are under the three agriculturist members. The invasions of the 
barrios by the locusts become less frequent now, the greatest damage caused by them 
consisting in the destruction of the early rice planted in the mountains or on high 
land. From the organization of the board until the 30th of September, 4,954 cavanes 
of these insects were destroyed, according to the data received so far, and the damage 
caused by them during the said period is estimated at 7,440 pesos. I am still ex- 
pecting data from several municipalities, and shall complete this report as soon as 
possible. 

Julio Agcaoili, Provincial Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 681,175 pounds. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 701 

ILOCOS SUE. 

Vigan, P. I., October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of September 25, the following is a compiled report from 
presidents of 16 municipalities covering period August 10 to September 30: Six hun- 
dred and forty-six cavanes of large locusts and 2,812 cavanes of small locusts de- 
stroyed; total number of pounds, 547,312. Reports of 5 municipalities not yet received. 
Plague has diminished considerably. 

Crtsologo, Governor. 



ILOILO. 

Iloilo, P. I., October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

After being organized the locust board drafted regulations, which have been dis- 
tributed to the pueblos, committees having been organized in each pueblo. At 
present the number of pueblos whose barrios have been invaded by the locusts is 
relatively small, and they have been invaded in a manner not alarming. We have 
received a report from the pueblos in regard to the destruction caused by those 
insects and the quantities of locusts and hoppers destroyed. The pueblos are actively 
working for the purpose of destroying the locusts. The rice and sheet zinc have 
been received here only a few days ago. It has not been possible to distribute same 
to the pueblos, but the board proposes to do this as soon as possible. With these 
means the board believes it will be able to comply with its mission as well as possible. 

Delgado, Governor. 



ISABELA. 

Ilagan, P. I., October 6, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Respectfully replying to your telegram received to-day: On the 1st of the present 
month I had the honor to address to you the following telegram : 

" Ilagan, October 1, 1903. 

1 ' Pursuant to the directions contained in your telegram of the 25th of September 
last, I have the honor to inform you that since the organization of the provincial 
locust board, on the 15th of August, and until date, 109 cavanes of locusts, which 
until now have been very scarce, were exterminated, as follows: At Cordon, 40; 
Mercedes, 50; Cauayan, 18, and Gamu, 1, according to data furnished by Member 
Generoso Cagayan, who went to said pueblos on the 25th of August and returned on 
the 4th of September. 

' ' I respectfully inform you that on account of the continuous rains the locusts are 
disappearing in this province, as reported by the presidents." 

I have sent you a telegram in regard to the proceedings of board on account of 
reappearance of hoppers in several pueblos of the province. 

Dichoso, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 109 cavanes, equal to 14,988 pounds. 



la laguna. 

Santa Cruz, October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

The locust board was organized on August 8 last, and has drafted resolutions in 
accordance with Act No. 817, and communicated the same to the municipal presi- 
dents. The province is divided into three districts, the first being in charge of 
Member Juan Osdeveza, the second of Jos6 de Leon, and the third of Gregorio Elbo 



702 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



who superintend the work for the extermination of the locusts in the pueblos of 
their respective districts. The following is a statement of the locusts caught: 

Cavanes. 

Santa Cruz 501 

Cabuyao 275 



Tunasan . . . 
Calamba . . . 
Pagsanjan . 
Siniloan ... 
Majayjav . . 
Bay...:... 
Mavitac . . . 

Lilio 

Santa Rosa. 



Cavanes. 
.. 173 

40 
.. 276 
.. 115 

34 

.. 100 

.. 141 

8 

8 



San Antonio 

Rizal 

Longos . 
Lumban 
Luisiana 



81 
25 
13 

381 

187 



Total 2,358 



All of which were buried. 

At a meeting of the 28th of September it was resolved to send, of the 320 piculs of 
rice shipped to the supervisor of the province, 30 cavanes to Pagsanjan and 20 cavanes 
each to Calamba, Bay, Binan, San Antonio, Cavinti, Majayjay, Santa Cruz, Lumban, 
Tunasan, Siniloan, Nagcarlan, Longos, Paete, and Cabuyao. Work continues. 

Juan Cailles, Provincial Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 311,163 pounds. 



LA UNION. 

San Fernando, P. I., October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Report of the locust board: (1) 136 barrios of the 15 pueblos of the province have 
been invaded by the locusts. (2) Locusts destroyed until September 30, 11,569 
cavanes. (3) 164 piculs of rice distributed for wages. (4) Statements of crops 
destroyed: The loss of mountain rice is estimated at 75 per cent and the loss of rice in 
the plains at 20 per cent, in proportion to the production of the barrios invaded. 
(5) Amount of locusts not destroyed, about 3,200 cavanes. (6) It is estimated that 
it will take a month to destroy them. I am informed that there are many hoppers 
in Benguet. If these are not destroyed it is probable that soon they will grow to be 
locusts and do damage to crops. The general outlook for crops in La Union is good, 
if the locusts do not reappear and the weather is favorable. The amount of rice 
necessary has not been distributed on account of difficulty of transportation, but it is 
expected in accordance with the list of daily wages prepared by the municipalities. 
The said rice has already been remitted to the pueblos. 

Ortega, Provincial Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 11,569 cavanes, equal to 1,590,737 
pounds. 



lepanto-bontoc. 

Cervantes, P. I., October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In compliance with your telegram September 25, there have been received at Cer- 
vantes 6£ tons of locusts, for which rice is being issued at the rate of 1 picul of rice 
for 500 pounds of locusts; inclusive dates are September 11 to 13. Reports from 
president of Angqui indicate that 17 tons of locusts have been killed in that district 
since the passing of regulations by locust board on September 10, but believes his 
figures are not accurate, although it is true that his district has been the center of 
plague and that active extermination has been going on constantly for three weeks. 
Only three districts complain of any trouble from locusts. The rest of the province 
up to date seems fairly free from their presence, crops being only slightly injured. 
Locusts have grown to flying stage. It has required some labor on part of inhabi- 
tants to scare them away from rice fields. People are now catching them in nets. 

Dinwiddie, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 46,500 pounds. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 703 

LEYTE. 

Tacloban, P. L, October 1, 1903. 
Fergusson, Manila: 

Tanauan, Dagmi, Pastrana, Palo, and Tabontabon and their jurisdictions have 
been affected with locusts. Tanauan has destroyed 1,070 sacks of locusts; Palo, 
1,036; Daganii, 1,308. Tabontabon and Pastrana have no record of amount, but peo- 
ple have destroyed all locusts in their station. In other parts of the province where 
locusts have appeared but have been destroyed are Inopacan, Cabalian and Mertida. 
Seiior Esperas has made an inspection and overseen the work on this coast, with 
Senors Floridelis and Dangangan on the west and east coasts of Leyte. Islands of 
Panauan and Deleran have no locusts. In jurisdiction of Dagami locusts are used 
for food. 

The means mostly used for destroying locusts are a pit made with a trench of 
banana leaves placed above. The locusts are then driven against the trench. As 
the locusts fall into the pit they are covered with dirt. They are in size from J to 2\ 
inches in length, black in color when small, but turn dark red when large. The 
locusts in this province, with the exception of Inopacan and partly in Palo, have 
done no harm to crops. In the places visited by locusts the farmers are keeping on 
with the planting of palay, corn, etc. The activity in this regard is very evident; 
merchants complain that this year only one-half the rice is sold compared with pre- 
vious years, notwithstanding the reduced prices. Considerable increase in planting 
has taken place in nearly all parts of the province, and large centers like Dagami, 
Baruen, and Hilongas have produced this year more corn than used for their own 
population. Fruit-producing plants, such as bananas, etc., are greatly increased 
from a year ago; a bunch of bananas which sold then for 50 cents sells now for 10 
cents. No free rice and no money have been used in destruction of locusts. The 
people are busy planting their crops, and, with the exception of Palo, there has been 
no trouble with the municipal authorities or the people to move them against the 
common enemy. To-day Tanauan has destroyed 197 sacks of locusts in the barrios 
affected. 

Borseth Acting Governor. 

Total number of locusts and hoppers killed, 3,611 sacks, equal to 72,220 pounds. 



masbate. 

Masbate, October 1, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila: 

Eef erring to the labors of the locust board. This was organized August 22, and the 
making of the regulations August 29. On September 30 I directed a circular to the 
municipalities urging upon the presidentes the due fulfillment of the law and regula- 
tions. For some days past hoppers or loctones have appeared in some of the munici- 
palities, but they were as small as flies. The work of their extermination is now 
beginning, and I shall wire you later the quantity destroyed. There is no lack of 
galvanized iron, for the leaves of badiang and bananas can be used very well instead. 

Serrano, Provincial Governor. 



Calapan, P. I., October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Eight thousand six hundred and fifteen pounds and 40 cavanes of locusts destroyed. 
No reports from Sablayan, Mangarin, Bulalacao, Mansalay, and Bongabon. 

Offley, Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 14,115 pounds. 



704 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



MISAMIS 



Cagayan, September 29, 1903. 
The Civil Governok, Manila: 
My report relative to extermination of locusts is as follows: 



Cavanes. 

Iponan 180 

Opol 75 

El Salvador 50 

Alubijid 8 

Total 735 



Cavanes. 

Cagayan 310 

Agusan 31 

Tagaloan 36 

Santa Ana 4 

Jasaan 17 

Balingasag 10 

Lagonlong 14 

equivalent to 101,062 J pounds of locusts exterminated. In this work 52 piculs of rice, 
which I obtained on credit from merchants, was used. • When the 500 piculs of Gov- 
ernment rice arrived the locusts had disappeared. At the present time the only 
locusts are those recently hatched at Tagoloan. It is possible that others may appear 
later on in other pueblos. Have issued orders to continue work of extermination. 

Coeeales, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 101, 062 J pounds. 



NEGEOS (OCCIDENTAL). 



Bacolod, October 1, 1903. 



The Executive Seceetaey, Manila: 

From the 24th of August until to-day, besides meetings of the provincial board for 
the same purpose, the locust board has held four meetings in Bacolod to the end of 
studying and adopting regulations, acting upon the petition of this municipality, and 
taking measures to secure activity in the extermination of hoppers. Vice-presidents 
and councilors appointed inspectors of their respective districts have gone out to 
supervise work of extermination, receive locusts and hoppers caught, and certify to 
bills of workmen. Local locust committees have been organized, composed of the 
municipal president, treasurer, and secretary, to cause regulations to be complied 
with, facilitate work, render accounts to locust board, and take measures and act 
upon cases not provided for by regulations until the locust board shall give its final 
decision. For direct supervision of work in this province the same has been divided 
into three sections, that of the north, center, and south, one of the agriculturalist 
members of the locust board taking charge of each. Member Montilla is visiting 
the pueblos of the south, inspecting the work; Member Gardalzos is inspecting the 
pueblos of the center, and Member Tecson has already visited several pueblos of his 
section and will in eight days undertake his voyage to the pueblos of the extreme 
north. According to reports received in this office from members of the locust board, 
presidentes, and private citizens, the work of extermination has been carried on 
since the month of August, when the locusts first appeared, but some planters had 
worked in a negligent manner, being satisfied with forcing the hoppers into the adja- 
cent fields, but generally they have worked. The regulations have stopped the pro- 
ceedings of a few negligent planters and the work has been actively promoted. The 
workmen all take part in the work of extermination, in which they find subsistence. 
On account of the increased work and the general high prices the provincial board 
has found that more sheet iron and rice are urgently needed, and has found it neces- 
sary to expend rice for road work for issue to workmen engaged in extermination of 
locusts, it being absolutely impossible to wait for shipment of rice. It is impossible 
to give exact and complete data, as to-day's news has not yet been received from 
several pueblos, but in view of official data and references the quantity of locusts can 
be estimated at 50,400 cavanes. Of this amount 21,000 cavanes were caught since the 
1st and until the 30th of September, under the direction and regulations of the locust 
board. 

Locsin, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 50,400 cavanes, equal to 6,930,000 
pounds. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



705 



NEGKOS (OEIENTAL). 

Dumaguete, October 1, 1903. 
Taft, Governor, Manila: 

In compliance with telegram of 25th of September last, I report as follows: Provin- 
cial locust board held first session August 10, with attendance of every agricultural 
member except Mr. Rotea, of Bais, on account of sickness. Following resolutions 
were approved on application by supervisor- treasurer of 4,000 piculs of rice and 500 
galvanized-iron sheets for extermination of locusts; second, to recommend the 
towns to proceed vigorously to the killing of locusts in same way as was done pursu- 
ant to former directions; meanwhile a copy of act No. 817 and the iron sheets ordered 
w r ere received here. In session of August 21 the board resolved the following: 
First, immediately enforce the above act in the province with penalties prescribed 
therein, recommending the presidents not to compel persons who are too poor and 
those w T ho have to work to earn their daily food; second, to exempt officials and 
employees of the provincial government from the destruction of locusts; which reso- 
lutions were communicated to the presidents of all municipalities in a circular from 
this office that same day. \ 

In session of August 29 I submitted to the board the regulations for the destruc- 
tion of the locusts as follows: 

First. To consult the local locust boards, consisting of the president, vice-president, 
and councilors, being jointly responsible for the compliance of the act and the 
instructions of the provincial board in accordance w T ith said act. 

Second. To divide each municipal jurisdiction into four sections for the destruction 
of locusts, being in charge of the direction in the extermination of the plague the 
councilors of the barrios comprised by section. 

Third. Duties of councilors to report daily to the president of the work and amount 
of dead locusts, and also the persons delinquent in the compliance with the law. 

Fourth. To go w T ith the people of their barrios to the immediate section when 
excessively inhabited by the plague. 

Fifth. Every person required by the law to kill locusts shall provide himself with 
a sack or "salibut" for the destruction of the grown locusts on passing his section. 

Sixth. Impressing on the councilors penalty prescribed in section 5, act 817, for 
not complying with these regulations. 

Seventh. To require municipal presidents to report to provincial board every three 
days of the work accomplished in the destruction of the plague, also the amount of 
fines collected. 

Eighth. To recommend to local board that in the administration of rice assigned 
for the poor people to adhere strictly to the instructions received from the supervisor- 
treasurer. 

These resolutions w T ere approved by the board in session on the 31st of August. 
The board approved the instructions presented by the supervisor-treasurer for the 
local boards in the distribution and administration of the rice assignment, the pounds 
of rice daily for each person Avorking one whole day. 

The amount of dead locusts so far is as follows: 





Locusts. 


Loctones. 




Locusts. 


Loctones. 




Cavanes. 
52 
26 
14 


Cavanes. 




Cavanes. 


Cavanes. 
90 


Siblas. 








300 










40 






160 


Total 










496 
908 


92 


1,994 








1 





From the other towns no communication has been received about the locusts. The 
crop of corn w T hich was commenced to be harvested in the last days of August has 
caused the rice to be not very much needed in the majority of the towns and only 50 
sacks have been sent to Guijualangan and 10 to Maria. The heavy rains which 
poured in here during September have contributed a great deal in the destruction of 
the locust plague. In the midst of said month it had disappeared almost entirely, 
reappearing in those days in intense clouds of locusts from the island of Cebu, caus- 
ing very little damage in the corn fields, penetrating the thickness of the plague in 
the interior of the mountains, where it is presumed they have laid eggs, the bal- 
ance, which passed through the towns of Sibulan, Dumaguete, and Bacong being 

war 1903 — vol 5 45 



706 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

destroyed in the last five days of September. The new planting of corn appears to 
be good and abundant and the general aspect of agriculture is high in favor. 

Larena,, Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 2,086 cavanes, equal to 286,825 pounds. 



NUEVA ECIJA. 

San Isidro, October 1, 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

Locust board was organized August 8, 1903, and regulations drafted and remitted 
to municipalities for compliance on the same date, although no locusts had at that 
time appeared at any pueblo. On September 14 the board met and resolved to regu- 
late distribution of rice to people engaged in catching locusts and larvse. Five hun- 
dred and thirty-six piculs of rice and 240 pieces of galvanized iron were distributed 
to municipalities. From August 27 to September 30, 1,296 cavanes and 15 gantas of 
larvae and 741 cavanes and 12 gantas of locusts have been caught, according to reports 
of presidents of Cuyapo, Gapan, Penaranda, San Leonardo, Jaen, Cabiao, San Isidro, 
Santa Rosa, and San Antonio. Rice distributed has not yet been accounted for by 
the presidents. Copy of acts by mail. 

Roque, Acting Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 2,038 cavanes, equal to 282,225 pounds 



NUEVA VIZCAYA. 

Bayombong, September 30, 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

Provincial locust board was organized August 22. Between that date and Septem- 
ber 7 nothing of importance was done, as there were no locusts reported in province. 
Locusts appeared on September 7 in townships of Bayombong, Solano, and Bagabag 
and active operations against them began at once. The natives obeyed the law and 
turned out in large numbers. Some 80 or 90 cavanes of locusts were destroyed up to 
September 24, when they disappeared after having deposited eggs. In various places 
work is now confined to destroying eggs and young locusts as they hatch. It was 
difficult to kill the locusts, because they did not come in dense droves as usual, but 
were scattered. 

Bennett, Governor. 

Bayombong, October 2, 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

Supplementary to my report on locusts September 30, locusts destroyed some corn, 
sugar cane, and garden truck. They attacked some of the newly planted rice fields, 
but did little damage, as natives flooded fields with water and locusts were only able 
to eat tops of new rice down to water's edge. This does not injure crop when rice is 
still young. 

Bennett, Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 11,688 pounds. 



PAMPANGA. 



Bacolor, October 1, 1903. 



The Civil Governor, Manila: 

Locusts have been killed under direction of the locust board, for the period ending 
September 30, as follows: 



Pounds. 

Apalit 33, 625 

Arayat 3, 700 

Bacolor 1, 250 

Candaba 72, 500 

Lubao 2, 500 

Macabebe 250 

Magalang 29, 450 

Mexico 67, 575 

Minalin 4, 075 



Pounds. 

Porac 5, 000 

San Fernando 50, 000 

San Luis 86, 400 

San Simon 52, 925 

Santa Ana 10, 800 

Santo Tomas 9, 000 

Total 429,050 

Joven, Governor. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 707 

PANGASINAN. 

Lingayen, October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Seceetaey, Manila: 

In compliance with your telegram of the 25th of September I would state that the 
board for the extermination of the locusts waa organized on the 14th day of August, 
and the province was divided into three districts, to each of which an agriculturalist 
member was assigned to the end of directing and inspecting the work. Suitable 
regulations were adopted for the execution of Act 817 and Act 834 amendatory 
thereto. The three agriculturalist members continually travel through the pueblos 
where hoppers appear; these are caught and exterminated by means of ditches, 
which give very good results. It has been tried once to use sheet iron, and it has 
been seen that it was not necessary. Hoppers have appeared in 24 of the 37 pueblos 
of the province. From the date of the organization of the board until -the 30th of 
September 1,189 ca vanes of hoppers have been exterminated. No lists of the work 
performed by poor people who should receive rice, none of which has been expended 
as yet, have been received so far. The people work with pleasure in the extermi- 
nation of the hoppers, and no fine has been imposed as yet. The destruction caused 
by the hoppers is of no importance, it amounts to little in the rice crop, and the rice 
is recovering, the leaves eaten by the locusts having grown again. The loss of sugar 
cane is estimated at 50 per cent. The general aspect of the rice crop is satisfactory 
at present, 

Favila, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 1,189 cavanes, equal to 163,487 pounds. 



PAEAGUA. 



Cuyo, October 1, 1903. 



The Executive Seceetaey, Manila: 

The locust board has had nothing to do in the province of Paragua except to be 
on the lookout for the coming of locusts. Early in August several small swarms of 
locusts were blown froni Panay or Mindoro during a northeast wind to the Cuyos and 
Calamanes groups. In each case the natives turned out and kept them moving 
until they were driven either into the mountains or the sea. Very little damage was 
done by the locusts. The strong monsoon winds prevented them from returning 
after once being driven away. The rice crop has suffered more from the rain this 
season, being late in coming, than from the locusts. 

Millee, Governor. 



Pasig, September 30, 1903. 
The Civil Goveexoe, 

Manila. 

Sie: In compliance with your orders I have the honor to inform you that the paddy 
and sugar-cane crops in the pueblos of Pasig, Mariquina, San Mateo, Montalbon, 
Cainta, Taytay, Antipolo, Bosoboso, and Teresa are at present in a very good condi- 
tion, but there is danger that the locusts will return and destroy them, as has happened 
before. 

In Bosoboso and Teresa there is at present a plentiful supply of corn, camotes, gabes, 
ubes, mangos, and other eatable tubers on hand, and it may be affirmed without 
exaggeration that the production will exceed the consumption. 

The locusts have again appeared in the pueblos of Taguig, San Mateo, Montalbon, 
Tanay, Jalajala, and Pasig, in this province, coming from Cavite and Laguna de Bay. 
The residents of the aforesaid pueblos have so far destroyed 4,354^ cavanes of hoppers 
in the stage known as "moscones," and alike amount of flying locusts and their larvae, 
which were also destroyed and burned. 

During my frequent excursions into the country the residents assured me that they 
had seen in the woods large amounts of dead locusts, and that they had seen large 
swarms of full-grown locusts fail down to the ground dead, stating that they did not 
know to what to attribute this strange phenomena. I then explained to them the 
marvelous results obtained by the use of the fungus, and told them not to use those 
insects for food after this. 

I believe that I have been to some extent successful by going daily from pueblo to 
pueblo and advising the inhabitants to be persevering and constant in their Avork, 
judging by the large areas of land now cultivated, although it is surprising how well 
the fields are tilled, as the absence of labor cattle is more to be noticed now than ever. 



708 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 

I have traveled with the provincial board through all the pueblos bordering on 
Manila, and the 3d instant is the day designated to visit the pueblos of the former 
district of Morong. I consider these visits to the pueblos very necessary, as it is 
essential to animate the patient farmer who has to struggle, first, with the lack of 
carabaos; second, with the lack of water; third, with the destructive locusts, and 
fourth, with the rats and little worms which attack and destroy the crops of paddy 
and sugar cane, leaving the stalks standing and useless. 

I should like to have on hand at my disposal about 400 piculs of rice for the 
purpose of succoring with the same the most needy of the people engaged in the 
extermination of the locusts and of alleviating to some extent the destitution of the 
inhabitants. 

Speaking of the work of the locust board, I can inform you that on the 20th of the 
current month an ordinance was passed making the work for the extermination of 
the locusts obligatory for all inhabitants with the exceptions provided by law. As 
soon as the preparatory work had been completed the members of the board scat- 
tered out among the following pueblos in order to make this ordinance more effect- 
ive: Messrs. Arturo Dancel and Manuel Jabson, in the pueblos of Pasig, Pateros, 
Taguig, Muntinlupa, San Pedro Macati, San Juan del Monte, San Felipe Neri, Cainta, 
Taytay, Antipolo, and Bosoboso; Mr. Matias Angeles, in the pueblos of Montalbon, 
San Mateo, Mariquina, Novaliches, Caloocan, Malabon, and Navotas; Mr. Estanislao 
Melendrez, in the pueblos of Teresa, Angono, Binangonan, Baras, Cardona, Morong, 
Tanay, Palila, Quisao, and Jalajala. 

The provincial supervisor has been designated for the work of distributing and 
shipping the material necessary for the destruction of the insects and of the period- 
ical issue of rice to all the pueblos. 

This is all that has been done so far in regard to the agriculture and the destruc- 
tion of the locusts. If it merits your approval, this will be considered a good reward 
by the undersigned, who respectfully greets you. 

A. Dancel, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 8,719 cavanes, equal to 1,198,862 
pounds. 



ROMBLON. 

Romblon, September 25, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following as a report on the suppression of 
locusts in this province: 

The board appointed by your office for this purpose held its first meeting at Looc, 
Tablas Island, on the 26th of August, 1903. Rules and regulations (copy inclosed) 
were adopted. 

The question of using iron sheets was brought before the board by the acting 
supervisor, and after discussion it was decided that inasmuch as the people of this 
province had been then engaged for a month in the suppression of the locusts and 
were using this method for catching the locusts with success, iron sheets were not 
thought to be necessary. ( Method used : Building trenches and covering the same 
with banana leaves and then driving the locusts into this trench when they were 
covered over with earth.) It was not thought necessary to supply rice unless 
application for the same was received, and therefore the civil governor was not 
requested to furnish any. Up to the present date not a single application has been 
received for assistance and it is not thought that any will be received, as the people 
seemed very willing to undertake this work for their own benefit. 

Reports have been received from the island of Sibuyan, where about 500 pounds of 
locusts have been exterminated. Owing to a misunderstanding the other pueblos 
have failed to send in their reports in the manner indicated by the board, and only 
report that the inhabitants are engaged in the work, but fail to state the amount of 
locusts caught. This fault will be remedied as soon as communication can be had 
with outlying towns. 

Owing to the scattered location of the pueblos and the fact that no launch is avail- 
able for use by the board, it is nearly impossible to properly oversee the work. 

As soon as corrected reports are received they will be forwarded to your office. 
Very respectfully, 

Francisco Sanz, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 709 

Romblon, September 30, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Report of board for suppression of locusts, Romblon Province. Board organized 
at Looc, Tablas Island, August 26. Assembly received instructions for extermination 
of locusts. Work has been carried on with great vigor since that date. Owing to 
scattered condition of province and no steam transportation members of board not 
able to get around province. Reports received to date show 6,825 pounds locusts 
exterminated on Tablas Island. They are supposed to be all of the small class and 
have not to date done much damage. On Sibuayan Island reports show 500 pounds 
exterminated. Report does not show size of locusts. As yet no application has 
been received for rice, and people all seem to realize that work is for their own ben- 
efit. Can not civil governor send a launch for about ten days in order to properly 
oversee this w T ork? Am of the opinion combined operations would be means of 
entirely exterminating locusts. No locusts on Banton or Romblon Island. 

Sanz, Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 7,325 pounds. 



Catbalogan, October 1, 1903. 
Governor Taft, Manila: 

Since organization of locust board circulars have been sent to all the pueblos giving 
thorough instructions for the killing of locusts and hoppers and the destruction of 
the eggs deposited by them. Pueblos invaded by locusts are Catbalogan, Paranas, 
Jiabong, San Julian, Sulat, Calbayog, Weyler. They have been instructed to com- 
ply with the circular orders of this board and the act passed. The governor and two 
members went to Paranas to push extermination of locusts and see the results of the 
measures employed. They took to the said pueblo 50 sheets of iron and 10 sacks of 
rice, as requested. Sixty sacks of hoppers were caught, and the aforesaid pueblo 
is now free from locusts. In Jiabong 25 sacks of locusts were caught and the swarm 
left for elsewhere. In Calbayog about 30 ca vanes of locusts have been killed. It is 
calculated that 10 cavanes of hoppers have been killed in Catbalogan. Calbayog, 
Calbiga, Catbalogan, and Paranas seem to be free from locusts now. Locust plague 
has destroyed many fields of paddy and sugar cane, and tubers are planted every- 
where in order to prevent famine. The launch of this province being in a bad con- 
dition, it is not possible to take rice and sheet iron to pueblos invaded by the locusts. 
I have no news from the pueblos of Weyler, San Julian, and Sulat, for lack of com- 
munication. I therefore would ask for another launch while the Guy Howard is 
being repaired, if this is possible, to the end of assisting pueblos invaded by locusts, 
where all render great assistance to work of this government. 

Singson, Governor. 

Manila, P. I., Octobers, 1903. 
Singson, Governor Catbalogan, Samar: 

Referring your telegram 1st instant, what was weight of sacks filled with hoppers 
and locusts? 

Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 

Catbalogan, October 3, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram dated yesterday, I would state that according to informa- 
tion received by this government 11,875 pounds of hoppers and 3,750 pounds of 
locusts have been killed in four pueblos. The work will, for the present, be rather 
impeded by the lack of a steamer, although the pueblos are very enthusiastic to cause 
the locust plague to disappear. 

Singson, Governor. 
Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 15,625 pounds. 



710 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

SORSOGON. 

Sorsogon, October 1, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila: 

Have visited a large part of the province, as I informed you in due time on my 
arrival, without hearing anything about locusts. However, in order to provide for 
future contingencies, I believe that in view of the topographical situation of this 
province it would be advisable to appoint at least four agriculturist members for this 
service, if your honor agrees. I salute you. 

Monreal, Governor. 



SURIGAO. 

Surigao, October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Locusts destroyed as follows: August 20, 1J sacks; August 25, 12 sacks; August 26, 
15 sacks; August 27, 4 sacks; August 28, 3 sacks; August 29, 7 sacks; September 1, 
3 sacks; September 3, 8 sacks; September 6, 6 sacks; September 7, 7 sacks; September 
9, 7 sacks; total, 73^ sacks. Approximate weight, 2,940 pounds; all mature locusts. 
No report from other towns. One agriculturist sent to Butuan reported no locusts in 
Juban. Scouts and constabulary called upon to enforce the orders of board in 
Surigao. 

Rafael Eliot, Acting Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 2,940 pounds. 



TARLAC. 

Tarlac, September 30, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary. 

Sir: I have the honor to inform you that during the second half of this month of 
September the situation of the province in regard to the locusts is the following, 
according to information furnished by the municipal presidents: 

At Pura, Meriones, Murcia, O'Donnell, Gerona, San Clemente, and La Paz neither 
locusts nor hoppers have made their appearance. 

At Paniqui none have appeared either, excepting a small quantity of hoppers 
which appeared on the field of a resident, whose tenants succeeded in exterminating 
them immediately. In the pueblo of Capas it has also been impossible to totally 
exterminate the hoppers which had appeared at three different places of that munic- 
ipality since the first half of the present month. 

At San Ignacio 499 cavanes of hoppers have been killed, and the residents are at 
work in order to exterminate what still remains. In Victoria the work of destruc- 
tion is still going on in the barrios where hoppers appear, although the plague has 
decreased considerably. In the barrios of San Jose, Burgos, andMaluac, of Moncada, 
368 persons have been engaged in the work during the last fifteen days and have 
exterminated 38 cavanes and 10 gantas. In Bamban 12 cavanes of hoppers were 
killed in the barrio of Culubasa, and only an insignificant quantity remains. In 
Tarlac, the capital, about 30 cavanes of hoppers have been exterminated, and the 
barrios are now free from them. In Concepcion the hoppers have appeared in large 
numbers during the last fifteen days in the barrios of Santiago, Santo Nino, San 
Francisco, and Telablanca, and the councilors of the said barrios have personally 
taken charge of the direction of the work, in which 10 persons from each of the 17 
barrios of that pueblo are engaged daily. During the period aforementioned they 
have succeeded in killing 405 cavanes of hoppers, of which so few are left that they 
do not constitute a menace or danger to the crops. 

The pueblos of Camiling and Anao have not sent their weekly reports during the 
last fifteen days, which indicates that nothing new has happened in the same. 

I would invite your attention to the fact that since the work of the extermination 
of this plague commenced, and notwithstanding all the work performed in all the 
municipalities of this province, none of the latter have asked the provincial govern- 
ment for rice, although I know personally that many of the residents are without 
this article and subsist on maize and tubers. This is an unselfish act and a sacrifice 
for which one must give credit to these people, who humbly obey the law and are 
ready to defend its interests. I therefore would ask the honorable the civil gov- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 711 

ernor for authority to dispose of at least 300 of the 5,000 piculs of rice on hand here, 
so that if the inhabitants state their needs and ask for succor I can immediately pro- 
vide relief, without prejudice to rendering a detailed report to you in regard to the 
application of the said article. 

Very respectfully, Alfonso Ramos, 

Provincial Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 135,354 pounds. 



TAYABAS. 

Lucena, September 30, 1903. 
The Executive Secretaey, Manila: 

During the period from the 26th to the 29th, 74 cavanes of locusts have been 
destroyed. The locust board record shows that during the period from August 3 to 
September 30 the following amount of locusts has been destroyed: Two hundred 
and sixty-seven sacks, 1,221 cavanes, and 3,950 pounds, including the 200 sacks and 
163 cavanes destroyed previous to the constitution of the board; during July, in Santa 
Cruz, Marinduque, 400, and in Torrijos, 45 cavanes. 

Paras, Governor. 

Total amount of locusts and hoppers killed, 270,953 pounds. 



ZAMBALES. 

Iba, October 15, 1903. 
Mr. A. W. FERGrssox, Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir : In compliance with my telegram of the 1st of October, I have the pleasure of 
sending you a detailed statement of the locusts destroyed in this province from May 
to September of this year, and a detailed tabulated statement of the crops destroyed 
by that plague in this province during the months of August and September of the 
same year. 

Respectfully, Potenciano Lesaca, 

Provincial Governor. 

Locusts destroyed in the several pueblos of Zambales by virtue of ordinances 
issued by the provincial board, during the period from May 2 to September 3, 1903, 
said ordinances being suspended on the latter date, 3, 541 h cavanes. The provincial 
treasurer owes therefor to local locusts boards the sum of $708.20 Mexican. 

Caught and destroyed by virtue of Act No. 817: In August, 1903, 2,246 cavanes, 
and in September, 155 J cavanes; total, 2, 401 J cavanes. 

The following is a detailed tabulated statement of the crops destroyed by the locusts 
and hoppers in the several pueblos of Zambales, and the amount of damage thus 
caused: 

August : Mexican. 

Paddy (39 quinones, 9 balitas, 2 loanes) $27, 389 

Maize (18 quinones, 3 balitas) 1,831 

Sugar cane (2 quinones, 2 balitas) 950 

30, 170 
Destroyed in Candelaria and Iba in September: 

Paddy ( 12 quinones, 9 balitas, 5 loanes) ." $4, 100 

Corn (1 balita).. 25 

4, 125 

34, 295 

Xote. — A considerable quantity of locust eggs were destroyed in the municipality 
of Castillejos on the 25th of August, 1903. Thanks to the zeal and activity of the 
municipal officials, who cooperated with the locust board, and especially to the 
patriotism of the inhabitants, who readily and enthusiastically responded to the 
invitation of the board to exterminate the locusts by the method known as "pinta- 
casi," it has been possible to exterminate the locusts almost entirely, and it can be 
affirmed that from September 20 to 25 last the province was free from that terrible 



712 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

plague. Of the government rice only 2 sacks have been used so far for the exter- 
mination of the locusts. The wealthy inhabitants of the pueblos, as honorary 
members of the locust board, took it upon themselves to furnish the poor with food. 
This report is in accordance with the data furnished by the municipalities and on 
file in the office of the provincial secretary. 



Appendix C. 

TELEGRAMS. 



Manila, June 16, 1903. 
Peovincial Govebnoe. (All provinces. ) 

Civil governor desires to know: How is food supply in your province? What is 
price of rice? When is your next crop, and what the prospect? Are there starving 
people in your province? Telegraph answer at once. 

Feegusson. 



REPLIES. 

ABEA. 

[Translation.] 

Bangued, Abea, June 18-19, 1903. 
Feegusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of the 16th instant as to price of rice and prospects 
of crop, I have the pleasure of transmitting to you the following painful data: The 
coming crop of corn in this province ought to be gathered during this month of June 
and July next, but these articles, as well as other food stuffs planted in March, owing 
to the locusts, will be nil in the towns of Bucay, Dolores, San Juan, La Paz, Dangtas, 
and part of San Gregorio, as well as in the settlements of non-Christian tribes in the 
north and east of the province; that is to say, in more than half of the same. The 
next crop of paddy will be in November and December, but the seed plats for this 
crop, owing to the same plague of locusts, have been likewise lost in the said towns 
and part of Tayum and Bangued. As the field hands had to sow new seed plats of 
paddy rather late because of the locusts, if there is any yield at all it will be very 
small, about a third smaller than usual. The highest present price of rice in the 
towns most attacked by the locusts is from 8 to 10 cents Mexican per pound, and 
the lowest price in Bangued and towns in the south of the province, where the 
locust, thank God, has not appeared in devastating numbers up to the present, the 
price of the article is from 5 to 6 cents per pound. Ever since the month of May 
the scarcity of cereals began to be felt here, and the scarcity has increased more and 
more, owing to the increasing damage caused by the locusts. 

By mail I shall send you the detailed communications of the municipal presidentes 
regarding the sad situation of the towns through lack of food. 

Juan Villamoe, Provincial Governor. 



Albay, June 17, 1903. 
Feegusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of 16th, there is plenty of rice in the almacenes in this 
province. Rice in seaport towns worth 7.40; towns center of province, 8.40; towns 
farthest from the ports, 9 pesos. This is the season for planting rice in this province. 
A very large acreage is now being prepared. Have just returned from the interior 
with Colonel Bandholtz, where we have extended the lines of reconcentration in the 
rice-producing pueblos to enable them to continue the further planting of rice. The 
dams in the streams that supply these plains with water for the rice fields and were 
destroyed a few years ago have all been reconstructed, and they now have abund- 
ance of water. There is some suffering in some of the reconcentrated pueblos. Up 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 713 

to the present all who desired work were given work on the public highway. Our 
road fund, however, is running very low, owing to the fact that the province has not 
been able to collect scarcely any taxes during the period of reconcentration. A con- 
tinuation of the reconcentration no doubt will compel us to ask the Commission for 
some assistance. I am opposed, however, to distributing relief gratuitously; those 
requiring assistance should be willing to give their labor in compensation for same. 
An inspection of the highways being constructed by the municipalities with the 
funds recently loaned them by the province to give work to those requiring assistance 
discloses the fact that the municipalities can secure a greater amount of work from 
their people with the same amount of money than can be accomplished by the prov- 
ince. All this work, however, is being done under the supervision cf the provincial 
supervisor through competent road foremen paid by the province. These highways 
are being constructed at about one-third the price they would cost in normal times. 
There is but little change in the ladrone situation. They apparently have gone into 
hiding. I have a great deal of faith in Colonel Bandholtz's ability to handle the 
situation. 

Betts, Governor. 



AMBOS CAMARINES. 

Nueva Caceres, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Price of rice, Nueva Caceres, this morning $7.60 and $7.70, local currency, per sack; 
at Iriga, 23 miles interior, $8.30 and $8.40. All local dealers report large supplies 
stocks on hand. Next crop from January to April, next year. While greater activ- 
ity in planting this year than any time since war, and several rice towns looking for 
good crops, the production of province will fall far short of consumption. A great 
deal of corn is under cultivation. Peaceful conditions of province enable us to work 
all hemp and cocoanut fields. Fisheries are doing well. No starving people or dan- 
ger of starvation. Employment available for all willing to work at fair wages. 

Ross. 



ANTIQUE. 

San Jose, June 23, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

There are approximately 15,000 cavanes of palay at prices as follows: In towns 
near the Siblom Valley, $3.10 per cavan; central towns, $4; $5 in towns south, and 
a few north. Next crops in north and south will be in September, and in Siblom 
Valley in December. Eice, Saigon, is sold by chinos in San Jose, Bugason, and 
Colasi at from 33 to 40 cents per ganta. There will be starvation to some extent in 
August and September, but the crop of corn, camote, and tubers will greatly help out. 

Salazar, Acting Governor. 



B a lang a, Bataan, June 18, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

People have harvested probably two months' supply of rice from second crop. First- 
class rice sells from $8 to $8.50 per picul. There is and will be no suffering for food, 
people always having sufficient money to purchase necessaries. Fishing supports 
over one-half of the population. 

Goldman, Governor. 



BATANGAS. 

Batangas, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food is somewhat scarce, but the relieving work of war emergency funds is of great 
relief for the people. Eice is sold at $6 Mexican per cavan, and some given away 
to the poorest people. No case of starvation has been reported to me yet, though 



714 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

great difficulty of getting employment is more and more felt for the poorer classes. 
Large clouds of locusts are hovering on the new rice plantations. Up to date the 
work of the experts in the management of fungus has not produced satisfactory 
results. Captain Boughton has extended his relieving work to destruction of locusts. 
Many towns are being given money for the purpose of buying dead locusts at 50 
cents Mexican per cavan. It relieves the poor people very much; at the same time 
affords employment to able-bodied men, women, and children. The next rice crop 
is for September next. The prospect is middlingly fair and if not destroyed the next 
rice crop would be satisfactory indeed. Despite the lack of laboring animals, the 
people have made every effort and large extent of lands are being planted with rice 
and corn. The lateness of rain in a few places impedes the completion of the planta- 
tions. 

Luz, Governor. 



BENGUET. 

Baguio, Benguet, June 17, 190S. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Just returned from northern part of province. Everything satisfactory. Just 
beginning to harvest rice. Larger yield than ever before. More land cultivated 
than during past. Conditions excellent. Will start for Kayapa on the 19th. 

Pack. 



Tagbilaran, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Answering your telegram of the 16th, majority coast towns have enough rice. 
Price from $6.75 Mexican to $8, interior pueblos. Carmen, Sierra Bullones, Balili- 
jan, and Baklayon have no rice. Principal shortage in Carmen and Sierra Bullones. 
The next crop of palay will be the end of November; of corn, the end of July and 
August. Much corn was sowed in the majority of the towns, but there were also 
clouds of locusts which I have ordered the presidentes to pursue and destroy. 
Recently there have been killed more than 400 cavanes of young grasshoppers in my 
province. There are very few starving people. 

Clarin, Provincial Governor. 



BULACAN. 

Malolos, June 17, 1908. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food supply in my province poor and scanty. The treasurer and I just came from 
a visit in north part, observing that famine hangs on the poor classes, with the fact 
that locusts, large and small, are stationed in those towns. During the time of five 
days 8,535 pounds of rice have been exchanged to people for 42,872 pounds of locusts. 
The price of rice varies accordingly in different towns, fluctuating between $7.50 and 
$10 local currency per cavan. Indian corn crop commences this month, lasting till 
August, and rice crop in November and December. Prospects not very good, for want 
of water. Five hundred dollars appropriated for extinction of locusts already expended. 
Now the board has appropriated $500 more for same purpose and perhaps another 
sum still will be needed. To-morrow will confer with you regarding condition of the 
province. 

Pablo Tecson, Governor Bulacan Province. 



CAGAYAN. 

[Translation.] 

Tuguegarao, June 19, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of the 16th of this month, I report price white Saigon 
rice $9.50 Mexican; second grade white, $7.75 to $8; ordinary, $7.50. Locust plague 
destroyed corn, paddy, and tuberous crop several times. Next crop will be poor 
and meager, if any at all. Up to present no starving people in this province. 

Gonzaga, Provincial Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 715 

CAPIZ. 

[Translation 

Capiz, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

All the rice fields were destroyed by the typhoon. Actual conditions relatively 
good, with little corn and paddy on hand. Within a month hunger will be felt in 
the interior towns, although they have again sown corn and paddy. Next crop will 
be in October. It promises to be abundant, as everybody endeavors to till the fields, 
even with his hands, owing to lack of carabao. This crop is the only hope of the 
province. Fortunately nobody dies of starvation, but I fear they will die of fevers, 
owing to lack of shelter and the humidity of the soil. Ordinary rice in this market 
and Calivo, 8 pesos per picul, and white second grade $9.50" Mexican per picul. 
Tapaz, Maayon, Macato, Molinao, piculs rice, ordinary, 9.50 to 10 pesos; second 
grade white, 12 pesos. Corn at Dao and Sigma, $3.75 Mexican per cavan. 

Jugo Vidal, Governor. 



CAVITE. 

Cavite, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila, P. L: 

Food supply in this province is very limited, and the small crops of rice which will 
be harvested will only last a few weeks. Rice now is worth from 8 to 12 pesos Mex- 
ican per cavan, depending upon the distance of the town from the seaport and 
quantity bought at one time, whether ganta or cavan. Next full crop will be in 
December or January, but the locusts have again appeared and threaten the rice 
crop of that date. There will be no starving in this province, but the people will 
be in sore circumstances, and I respectfully request that some arrangements be made 
to assist the people from the 1st of August to the rice crop in December. They will 
need 60,000 cavans of rice to be brought from outside. Some of the people are able 
to pay in full, though some will be able to pay not more than half price for their 



rice. 



M. Trias, Provincial Governor 



CEBU. 

[Translation.] 

Cebu, June 18, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

This province does not grow rice. Corn, which is the principal food of all these 
towns, can not be gathered before two or three months in those towns not destroyed 
by the cyclone of the 2d instant. Should no contretemps intervene a fair crop is 
expected. It is impossible to get at the number of persons suffering hunger, 
but it is estimated that two-thirds of the inhabitants of the towns of this prov- 
ince live only on bananas, tubercles, buri meal, and shellfish in small quantities. 
The price of corn per cavan is quoted at from 7 to 8 pesos, and a picul of rice, 
second grade, at this capital, at 7.25, and in the towns from 8 to 9 pesos. There is a 
sufficient supply of rice in this market. It is advisable that the repair of roads be 
entered on in those towns where hunger is most felt as a means of providing wages 
to their inhabitants. I proposed this to the provincial board at the beginning of the 
invasion of famine, but the provincial supervisor interposed some difficulties. 

Climaco, Governor. 



ILOCOS NORTE. 

[Translation.] 

Laoag, June 18, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food stuffs of this province very scarce now. Rice sold at §8.75 Mexican. New 
crop will begin coming in end of November and assuredly will be small, owing to 
locust plague and lack of rain. Many towns needing rice. 

Jugo Agcaoili, Provincial Governor. 



716 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ILOCOS SUR. 

[Translation.] 

Vigan, June 23, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Received your telegram of to-day as well as that of the 16th. Did not reply at 
once, because was awaiting data requested of the towns. Condition of province with 
respect to rice, according to reports: Scarcity noticeable already in several towns, but 
up to the present there is a sufficient supply of rice at Vigan, where it is purchased 
by inhabitants of other towns. All presidentes have been advised to report to me 
first symptom alarming scarcity. Sowing paddy just beginning. Many locusts, 
which have destroyed part corn fields. Shall request rice when towns need it and 
no supply at Vigan. 

Crisologo, Governor. 



[Translation.] 

Iloilo, June 19, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

The condition of the province as regards food supply is critical. Eice, second 
grade, white, is sold at $7 Mexican per picul wholesale, and $7. 06 J to $7.12|- retail. 
Ordinary quality at $6.43f per picul. There is a very small stock of paddy on 
hand, and that only in a few towns, and it is very dear. Eice in the interior 
towns is sold at 37J cents per ganta, and in some a little higher. For these reasons 
starvation, which is beginning to be felt, it is expected will increase and cause rav- 
ages. It is impossible now to foretell the condition of the new paddy crop, because 
the plowing is just beginning. Owing to late rains, the early paddy crop will be 
gathered in September and the regular crop in November and December. The 
latter is garnered in greater quantities, and it is the only one which serves as a basis 
for calculations, for the early crop is small in quantity. I beg you will inform me 
what government rice will cost, placed at Iloilo. 

Delgado. 



[Translation.] 

Ilagan, Isabela, June 18, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Eeplying to your courteous telegram of the 16th instant regarding the stock of rice 
on hand in this province, its price, prospects for next crop and its condition, and 
whether the people of the province are starving, I respectfully report that this prov- 
ince is well supplied with rice and its price is $8.50 to $9 Mexican per cavan of 
Saigon rice. As to the next crop, its conditions are good and will be abundant if all 
planted is garnered unless the fields should be desolated by the locusts, which abound 
throughout the province. At present no starvation is apparent. The municipal 
presidentes continue to give fortnightly reports of the condition of the fields plowed 
and planted in their various municipalities, as they were directed and urged to do, 
and the reports are satisfactory. 

Dichoso, Governor. 



LA LAGUNA. 

[Translation.] 

Santa Cruz, Laguna, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

By direction of the provincial governor: Food stuffs in this province are now 
cheaper than last year, 1902. Price of rice fluctuates between $6.80 Mexican and 
$7.50 per picul. It may be that these prices will rise should the next crop be small. 
The prospects are rather doubtful, owing to scarcity of carabaos and farm animals, 
and presence of clouds of locusts in the locality. No one in the province has died of 
starvation. What is feared will bring about scarcity of resources is numerous immi- 
gration of laborers from Bataan. 

Jose Eivera, Provincial Secretary. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 717 

LA UNION. 

San Fernando, Union, June 17, 1903. . 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

There is a reserve supply of government rice in all towns, except San Fernando, 
which is being held for emergency. When supply held by individuals is exhausted 
this will be put on sale. Private parties are selling bad class of rice for 8 pesos per 
cavan. The planting of rice is just being commenced, owing to lack of rain, not 
through neglect of people. Can not say what crop will be, but everything promises 
big harvest. Not one case of starvation has been reported, nor is it anticipated. 
We requested 10,000 piculs of rice for this province; have received about 2,000. 
Need more to carry the people through until crop is harvested. 

Ortega. 



lepanto-bontoc. 

Cervantes, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In reply to your telegram of June 16, would say that rice is selling at Cervantes for 
12.50 pesos per cavan; Bagnen and farther west at this price. New crop harvesting. 
Price breaking; sufficient camotes. No suffering, and outlook good. 

Dinwiddie, Governor. 



LEYTE. 

Tacloban, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Paddy, corn, palawan, gabe, ube, sweet potatoes, bananas, apari, coro, are food 
stuffs raised in province to feed about half the population. Fresh fish all through 
the year along the coast to feed two-thirds the population. Four-fifths of the people 
have hemp lands, where they produce yearly, I calculate, at least 5,000,000 pesos' 
worth, placed at a price of 20 pesos a picul. Last year 50 per cent of the crops of 
paddy and corn were lost. Next crop, which is in December, will have a loss of 75 
per cent on account of heat. Hemp and other products mentioned above in splendid 
condition. Eice selling at 8£ to 9 pesos a picul. There are no starving people in 



province. 



Borseth, Acting Governor. 



Masbate, June 19, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food supply limited. Rice selling §8.25 in Masbate, but $10 to $12 in outlying 
pueblos. No "prospects of next crop on account of drought. Much land in prepara- 
tion for sowing. No starving people in the province. 

Serrano, Provincial Governor. 



Calapan, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food supply in north side of island good; other side, no difficulties known. Price 
of rice per sack S7 Mexican. Next crop in October; prospect good. No starving 
people in province. Governor absent attending municipal elections. 

San Agustin, 
Provincial Secretary, Acting Governor. 



718 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



[Translation.] 

Cagayan, June 23, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

According to reports of presidentes of the towns, sufficient rice on hand for more 
than a month. Price of rice from $8 to $9 Mexican. Next corn crop will be har- 
vested about middle of September; of paddy, in November and December. Corn 
crop looks well, if locusts do not eat it. Can not judge of paddy, as just beginning 
to plant it. The inhabitants are not dying of starvation, but owing to lack of * * * 
they fare poorly, predisposing them to cholera, which caused several deaths. 

Corrales, Governor. 



NEGROS (OCCIDENTAL). 

[Translation.] 

Bacolod, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Rice comes from Iloilo, and the price is 7.50 to 8.50 pesos per picul of second- 
grade white. First crop of paddy small, will be in in October, and the second and 
larger in quantity in December and January next; general crop, it is expected, will 
be small. I have no news of any deaths from starvation, since rice shipped to the 
towns made it possible to meet the critical situation of several of them. Corn is 
being sowed, and I would request the shipment of seed corn. The winged and 
wingless locusts have appeared in several towns. I recommend shipment of fungus 
recently prepared. Circulars have been sent to the towns recommending the destruc- 
tion of these insects, and offering rewards in coin. 

Locsin. 



NEGROS (ORIENTAL). 

Dumaguete, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram I have to state: Rice, second grade, white, $7.50, Mexi- 
can, in this capital; in northern and southern towns from $8 to $10, Mexican, per 
picul. Almost every town has planted corn in the last days of May. The planting 
has been very good, but very little hopeful on account of two plagues, the locust and 
the worm "tagustus," which suddenly appeared inmost of the towns. It is esti- 
mated that 30 per cent of the people of this province feed on roots and tubers from 
the woods. No deaths have been reported from famine. Proper measures have 
been taken for the extinction of the plagues. The transplanting of the "palay" 
(rice seed) is usually made in the last days of the present month. This kind of seed 
is very scarce in some of the towns. 

Larena, Acting Governor. 



NUEVA ECU A. 

[Translation.] 

San Isidro, N. E., June 30, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila : 

Replying to your telegram of June 16, 1903, food stuffs among poorer classes are 
scarce. Price of rice, $7 to $8, Mexican, per cavan. Palay, $3 to $3.50 (pesos) per 
cavan. Crop not known because there are no seed plats sown owing to lack of rain 
and locust plague. It is expected that the yield will be poor. Up to date not known 
that anyone has died of starvation, but the majority of the poorer classes only eat 
once a day tubercles and substances extracted from palms, cane", and other vegetables. 

Santos, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 719 

NUEVA VIZCAYA. 

Bayombong, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food supply of this province sufficient until next crop. It is too early here to 
predict regarding next rice crop, which is only planted in July, August, and Septem- 
ber, but prospects are good excepting danger from locusts. There are no starving 
people in this province. We have more work animals this year than last, and they 
are free from disease so far. 

Bennett, Provincial Governor. 



PAMPANGA. 

Bacolor, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Food supply in this province in very bad condition. Price of rice No. 1, $8.50 per 
cavan. Crop of rice due in December. Prospects very poor. Famine is already felt 
and will become worse this coming month. 

Joven, Governor. 



PANGASINAN. 

[Translation.] 

Lingayen, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In replying to your telegram of 16th instant, at present sufficient supply food stuffs 
on hand. Eice fluctuates between 4 and 5 pesos; in some pueblos and in Dagupan 
6 pesos per cavan, by reason of large exports of rice from there to Union, Zam bales, 
Ilocos and Pampanga. Rice farmers are getting ready, and the sowing will begin 
next month. Crop will be gathered between November and and February. There 
is great drouth and many locusts. The latter are continually pursued and destroyed. 
There are not sufficient field animals. Laboring class not starving. 

Fa vila, Governor. 



PARAGUA. 

Cuyo, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

The food supply in province is abundant. Price of paddy is two-fifty, Mexican, per 
cavan. Price of rice is 5 cents, Mexican, per pound. Next crop will be in September 
and October. Prospects good. There are no starving people in province; on the 
contrary, people are in better condition in every respect than they have ever been 
before. 

Philipps, Governor, Paragua. 



Pasig, Rizal, June 17, 1903. 
Hon. A. W. Fergusson, Manila: 

Antipolo feasts gave and are still giving these towns large allotments of Mexican 
currency. Famine is not to be feared at present; moreover, district of Morong could 
furnish crop of rice for a time. Crop of rice and sugar cane looked well before now, 
with good prospects for husbandmen, but locusts again destroyed plantations. The 
campaign against bandits being over, I am now using all means to destroy the locusts. 
The market price of rice here is $9, Mexican, per picul. Scantiness of water prevents 
planting seed plot of rice. Conditions in province quietly improved. My respects 
to civil governor and you. 

Dancel, Provincial Governor. 



720 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ROMBLON. 

[Translation.] 

Eomblon, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In the matter of food stuffs my province, up to the present time, is supplied with 
everything. The price of rice at this time, prime, is 8 pesos per picul, and of Pan- 
gasinan rice, $6.50 per picul. The next crop will be gathered about the months of 
November and December. The prospects in case of starvation in this province will 
be to feed on sweet potatoes, corn, and other tubercles; and should the case arise the 
provincial government would request sufficient rice of your office beforehand to 
distribute. 

Sanz, Governor. 



SAMAR. 

[Translation.] 

Catbalogan, June 17, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of June 16, people of this province eat only rice and 
fish ; in default of rice or paddy they eat tubercles, which abound here. Price of 
rice: Saigon prime, $7.50 per picul; Rangoon, $7.62^ per picul. Northern and 
eastern coasts paddy now being sown, or, rather, sowing about to end. Southern 
and western coasts planting in September and October. Considerable paddy must 
have been harvested at Catubig, because great quantities sown. Locusts are begin- 
ning to appear and have done some damage; unable to learn extent of damage. No 
reports of people dying of starvation here; nevertheless, would be wise to send some 
2,000 sacks of rice to forestall any contingency. Of the shipment sent this province 
only few sacks left. I have just learned that on eastern coast rice is selling at $8.50 
per picul; retail price, 40 cents perganta, which is 10 pesos per picul. 

Llorente, Governor. 



SORSOGON. 

^. [Translation.] 

Sorsogon, June 17, 1903. 

I The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

f Commission houses, I understand, have sufficient supply of rice of very inferior 
quality on hand. Prices vary from 8 to 9 pesos per picul, according to location, and 
tendency is to rise. New paddy crop, owing to lack of animals, will be small. 
Wretchedness reigns in the reconcentrated pueblos like Donsol, Pilar, and points 
where the cholera caused such ravages, like Bulusan and Santa Magdalena. The 
rinderpest has reappeared in the pueblos of the east and south of the province with 
considerable intensity, carrying off the few carabaos remaining, and the horses suf- 
fered a loss of 90 per cent. 

\^. Monreal, Governor. 



[Translation.] 

Surigao, July 6, 1903. 
Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila: 

There is a sufficiency of edible roots and rice in the province. Rice costs $7.50 
Mexican per cavan in commercial houses and $8 Mexican in Chinese shops. Rice 
crop harvested in April and May. No famine felt in province at present. 

Garcia, Governor. 



[Translation.] 

Tarlac, Tarlac, June 17, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of this date, I have the honor to inform you that 
although paddy is becoming scarce in this province, owing to the small crop garnered 
last year, nevertheless the people continue to get food, and from no one have I heard 
that the actual terrors of starvation are felt, for if food is not to be found in one town 
it is sought or bought in another of this same province. The present price of ordi- 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 721 

nary rice is $6. 87 J Mexican per cavan. The next paddy crop will not be planted 
until this month or July, to be harvested in November and December of this year, 
but it is to be feared that it will be destroyed by the locusts and hoppers abounding 
in this province, as they nearly destroyed the early corn and paddy planted last 
May, as well as the sugar cane planted in December, January, and February last. 
The people of this province continue to subsist, thanks to the many who devoted 
themselves to the cutting and gathering of timber and firewood in the forests and to 
the daily wages they earn in their respective trades and occupations or as laborers on 
the general road work of the province. Many landowners here still have on hand 
a fair quantity of paddy of the last general crop and of the little which remains of 
the early paddy crop gathered in May last, to whom the laborers and people of the 
town apply when they desire to purchase it, the present price of which is $3 Mexi- 
can per cavan. In general terms, the outlook for the crops now planted is very 
poor, as they have been damaged by the locusts, and what is to be planted later on 
is also exposed to being destroyed by the latter unless other causes favor it. 
Very respectfully, 

Alfonso Ramos, 
Provincial Governor Tarlac. 



Lucena, June 18, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In answer to your telegram dated 16th instant: There is in this province a famine 
of food supply. Many towns are supplied with rice from Manila, and others can get 
such food as camote, 'bananas, etc. Price of rice in the coast towns, Marinduque, 
Island and Tiaon, 8.50 pesos per picul; in towns located on Pacific coast, viz, Atimo- 
nan, Gumaea, Lopez, Catuag, Mauban, Alabat, Kasiguran, etc., from 10 to 12 pesos. 
There is no harvest, on account of locusts. The beginning of plowing on the ( Caingin ) 
lands is in June and July. The harvest will be during next November and December. 
In several towns the people are starving where there was no harvest. The suffering 
among the people will be intense provided the coming harvest does not come up to 
expectations. 

Paras. 



zambales. 

[Translation.] 

Iba, Zambales, June 18, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila: 

"With the exception of seven towns that have totally lost their crops, all the rest 
have a sufficient stock of rice on hand until the next crop, M'hich will be in the 
month of November next, I am not acquainted with outlook for the next crop of 
rice, as the sowing has not yet begun, although some paddy plats have been dried up 
for want of rain. There has been no death from starvation. 

Lesaca, Governor. 

Appendix D. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, Executive Bureau, 

Manila, October 1, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with your verbal instructions, I have the honor to submit the 
following report, covering the period from October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903, 
for the administration and finance division of this bureau: 

Prior to January 31 of the present year this division was known as the " appoint- 
ment and finance division," and during the period from October 1, 1902, to the date 
first mentioned the character of the work was practically the same as during the 
period ending on the latter date. On January 31, 1903, upon the consolidation of 
the executive bureau and the office of the secretary to the Commission, the title of 
this division was changed to the "administration and finance division" and the 
scope of its labor correspondingly increased. This division took over the work of 
the former appointment and finance division in connection with all administrative 
matters pertaining to the office of the governor and the executive bureau, with the 
exception of the investigation of charges and complaints against municipal and pro- 
vincial officials, which were transferred to the law clerk of this bureau, whose position 
was provided for in the act of consolidation mentiond above. 

During the period from October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903, all executive 

war 1903— vol 5 46 



722 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



orders; proclamations of the civil governor; applications for pardon, with complete 
action thereon; reports in respect of the estates of deceased employees of this gov- 
ernment; firearm applications for the city of Manila and all the provinces, under the 
provisions of Act 610, Philippine Commission, and amendments thereto; cablegrams 
received and sent, including the making of official excerpts; resolutions of provincial 
boards with excerpts, and almost all the communications between the Bureau of 
Insular Affairs of the War Department and offices and bureaus of this government 
have been handled by the administrative section of this division. 

In the finance section all estimates of appropriations are prepared; general and 
special appropriation bills drafted, to be submitted to the Commission; extracts 
thereof furnished upon passage; all requisitions for accountable warrants and certifi- 
cates for settlement warrants handled, also all accountable and settlement warrants 
drawn and letters of transmittal prepared; committees appointed in matters of 
inspection of damaged and lost public civil property, and their reports prepared for 
approval and transmission; and all purchases, contracts, leases, and plans carefully 
and thoroughly reviewed before submission for the approval of the chief executive. 
Charges against officials and employees of this government under the provisions of 
Executive order No. 84, series 1902, covering removals, reductions, and reinstate- 
ments, and applications for leaves of absence, accrued and on account of illness, are also 
handled by this section, together -with all consular correspondence, acknowledg- 
ments, drafts of proposed miscellaneous acts and resolutions, and general miscella- 
neous action work. 

During the year mentioned there have also been handled by this division all 
appointments to insular, provincial, and municipal positions from that of the lowest 
under municipal governments to the highest under the insular government. This 
also includes all judicial appointments, covering those from judges of courts of first 
instance to auxiliary justices of the peace in the smallest municipalities. 

There are at present 40 organized provinces, containing 1,035 organized municipali- 
ties. It is impossible to give even a comparative estimate of the amount of w r ork 
connected with the supervision of the provincial and municipal governments. While 
the strictly formative period of government in the provinces and municipalities has 
been completed, there are still numberless administrative questions arising which 
require careful and thorough consideration before opinions or instructions can be 
issued, owing to their possible application in the future. 

It is the aim of every clerk of this division, in matters requiring the attention of 
the chief executive and secretaries of departments, to secure all the information 
obtainable to enable them to take comprehensive action without delay upon all ques- 
tions necessarily submitted to them. 

In conclusion, it might be stated that there are at present in this division 32 
employees, 12 of whom are Americans, the balance being natives of these islands, 
this report having been dictated to and written by one of the last mentioned, a young 
Filipino stenographer. 

Tabulated statements showing the appointments made by the Commission during 
the period covered by this report, as well as the number of persons, Americans and 
Filipinos, at present holding office, and certain statistical information in respect of 
the quantity of work performed in this division, are hereto attached. 

Respectfully submitted. 

George M. Swindell, Acting Chief. 

The Executive Secretary, Manila. 



Appointments by the Commission during the period October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903. 



Classification. 


Appoint- 
ments. 


Resigna- 
tions. 


Entire number holding office. 


American. 


Filipino. 


Total. 


Insular offices (including judges) 


77 
283 


13 
42 


109 
86 


40 
238 

2,906 
982 

8,159 
27 

1,708 
343 


149 


Provincial offices (including clerks of courts, mem- 
bers of boards of tax revision, locust boards, etc.) . 
Municipal offices: 

Secretaries, treasurers, etc 


324 
2,906 


Presidents 








982 


Councilors 








8,159 


City of Manila 


37 

468 


8 
273 


29 
4 
20 


56 


Justices and auxiliary— justices of the peace 


1,712 
363 










Total 


865 


336 


248 


14, 403 


14, 651 







Organized provinces: Under Act No. 83, 34; otherwise, 6. Organized municipalities, 1,035. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 723 

Work performed by the administration and finance division during the period October 1, 
1902, to September 30, 1903. 

ADMINISTRATION SECTION. 

Executive orders 94 

Proclamations 7 

Applications for pardon: 

Eeceived 333 

Granted 105 

Reports in re estates deceased employees 84 

Firearm permits: 

Issued by constabulary 1, 287 

Issued by provincial governors 655 

Issued by chief of police, Manila 515 

2, 457 

Cablegrams: 

Received 328 

Sent 330 

Official excerpts furnished 3, 073 

Resolutions of provincial boards, including resolutions of conventions of muni- 
cipal presidents 249 

Official excerpts furnished from resolutions of provincial boards, etc 747 

FINANCE SECTION. 

Estimates of appropriations and claims audited 239 

Bills drafted: 

General appropriation bills 4 

Special appropriation bills 21 

Bills authorizing loans to provinces 7 

Extracts of appropriation acts furnished 153 

Duplicates of claims furnished auditor for settlement 18 

Warrants: 

Requisitions for accountable warrants handled 1, 934 

Certificates for settlement warrants handled 1, 301 

Accountable warrants drawn 1, 934 

Settlement warrants drawn 1, 301 

Letters of transmittal of warrants prepared 3, 235 

Inspections: 

Inspection committees on damaged and lost public civil property 

appointed 79 

Inspectors on damaged and lost public civil property appointed 149 

Inspection reports prepared for approval and transmission 131 

Executive approval of purchases, contracts, leases, plans, etc. (approximately) . 720 

Cases acted upon which come under Executive Order No. 84 (1902): 

Removals and resignations 150 

Reductions 20 

Reinstatements 9 

Applications for leaves of absence 300 



Appendix E. 



The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, October 1, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report covering the work of the 
legislative division of the executive bureau for the period from February 1, 1903, to 
September 30, 1903, inclusive, and of the office of the secretary of the Philippine 
Commission from October 15, 1902, the date of the last report of the Commission, to 
February 1, 1903: 

By Act No. 609, enacted by the Commission January 31, 1903, in accordance with 
suggestions contained in the last annual report of the civil governor, the" office of 
secretary of the Philippine Commission and the executive bureau were consolidated 



724 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

under the name of the executive bureau, the duties which before that date had 
appertained to the secretary of the Commission being partly assumed by the execu- 
tive secretary but in a considerable measure assumed by the recorder of the Commis- 
sion and the legislative division of the executive bureau created by the act above 
referred to. Upon the consolidation of these offices as above mentioned, act No. 6 
of the Commission was so amended as to provide that the recorder should attest the 
acts of the Commission upon their enactment , The following resolution was also 
adopted by the Commission at its session of February 2: 

" The position of secretary of the Commission having been abolished by Act Num- 
bered Six hundred and nine and the position of recorder created, and that portion 
of the ' Regulations for the conduct of the business of the Philippine Commission,' 
adopted by the Commission at its session of June sixteenth, nineteen hundred, 
which provides for the attesting and custody of the records and official correspond- 
ence of the Commission by the secretary being no longer operative, it was, on motion, 

"Resolved, That from and after February first, nineteen hundred and three, the 
recorder of the Commission, authorized by Act Numbered Six hundred and nine, 
shall attend the sessions of the Commission, and shall prepare and attest its minutes 
and have custody of the same." 

Except as above set forth, the duties of the recorder and of the legislative division 
have not been fixed by law or resolution of the legislative body, but rather by orders 
of the Commission and of the executive secretary. These duties may be briefly 
summarized as follows: The attendance upon all sessions of the Commission, both 
executive and public; the recording of all actions by the Commission and of 
addresses made before it when same are required; the preparation, certification, 
indexing, binding, and custody of the Commission's minutes; the certification and 
printing of the Commission's acts, public resolutions, and appointments; the prep- 
aration for the signature of the executive secretary of correspondence based upon 
action of the Commission; the printing, proof reading, and indexing of the quarterly 
and annual volumes of the Commission's legislation in both English and Spanish, 
and such other duties as are from time to time assigned. It will be seen, therefore, 
that the work of the legislative division pertains exclusively, as its name would 
indicate, to that of the Commission. 

To this division is referred, for submission to the Commission, all proposed legislation 
repared by the different commissioners acting as committeemen and all correspondence 
of any nature calling for action by the legislative body. Such papers are submitted 
by the recorder to the Commission sitting in executive session. Upon the enactment 
of laws manifold typewritten copies are at once made and after certification are sent 
at once to the civil governor, the executive secretary, the auditor, the treasurer, the 
attorney-general, the commanding general of the Division of the Philippines, and all 
other officials or persons directly affected by the law, a letter being prepared for the 
signature of the executive secretary calling attention to the legislation. Typewritten 
copies of all such acts are forwarded to the Secretary of War, over the signature of 
the executive secretary, by the first mail leaving the islands after their enactment. 
Two printed certified copies are also forwarded to the Secretary of War at the close 
of each month. The acts of the Commission are not engrossed, as is the case with 
those of most State legislatures in the United States, but are carefully proof read, and 
several copies of each act are printed on heavy white ledger paper; one of which 
copies in the case of each act is signed by the president of the Commission and 
attested by the recorder. These certified copies are in the custody of the recorder, 
and form the official file of the Commission's legislation. In the legislative files in 
charge of the recorder there is also kept all correspondence, etc., which forms the 
basis of legislative action by the Commission, the same being filed with other papers 
relating to the acts passed by the Commission upon the respective subjects to which 
they relate. 

An important branch of the work of the division is the reporting of the public ses- 
sions of the Commission, which are held from time to time to discuss measures of gen- 
eral public interest under consideration by the Commission. Stenographic notes of 
all such discussions are taken in full and are kept on file in the division for future 
reference. When so ordered by the Commission, and in case of discussions of special 
importance, a verbatim transcript of the stenographic notes of such sessions is made, 
but ordinarily there is incorporated in the minutes merely a summary of the argu- 
ments presented, including all amendments and suggestions proposed by those address- 
ing the Commission or by the commissioners themselves. This work of reporting 
becomes rather difficult at times, due to the well-known policy of the Commission 
to grant a full hearing to anyone desiring to address it, no matter of what nationality, 
and the cosmopolitan character of Manila's population brings forth at times English 
which it is difficult for the reporter to follow. Of course, a large portion of the speak- 
ing is done in Spanish, and in such cases the record is made from the English inter- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 725 

pretation. During the past year there have been public sessions of the Commission 
upon the following subjects: 

Electric street railway franchise for Manila, one session, held on October 20, 1902. 

The land-registration bill, one session, October 20, 1902. 

The coastwise trade bill, two sessions, November 12 and 17, 1902. 

The granting of various franchises for the extension of the lines of the Manila 
Railway Company (Limited), seven sessions, November 12, 1902 (one session), 
November 17 (two sessions), December 2 (one session), December 8 (two sessions), 
and December 16 (one session). 

The bills providing for boards of tax revision, five sessions, December 10, 15, and 
16, 1902 (each one session), and January 8, 1903 (two sessions). 

The reception of provincial governors, three sessions, December 21, 23, and 24, 
1902. 

The seating of Commissioner Smith, one session, January 1, 1903. 

The bill regulating the practice of dentistry, one session, January 10, 1903. 

The bill regulating the practice of pharmacy, five sessions, January 10, 12, 23, 
24, and 26, 1903. 

Petition for a general hospital in Manila, one session, January 10, 1903. 

The trade-mark bill, four sessions, February 24, 25, and 26, and March 6, 1903. 

The bill forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquors near military reservations, three 
sessions, February 24 and 25, and March 6,~1903. 

The municipal franchise bill, three sessions, February 24 and 26, and March 6, 
1903. 

The Chinese registration bill, one session, March 10, 1903. 

The opium bill, three sessions, July 8, 9, and 15, 1903. 

The Filipino students bill, one session, July 29, 1903. 

The bill providing for inspection of hemp, three sessions, Julv 30 and August 10 
and 11, 1903. 

The purchase of the Oriente Hotel, one session, September 1, 1903. 

Making a total, counting each half-day session separately, of forty-six public ses- 
sions, verbatim reports of all of which were made. The public sessions of the Com- 
mission have been well attended for the most part, and at more than half of them 
practically every seat in the sessions hall, in which they are held, has been occupied. 

The year has-been a very busy one with the legislative body, and this activity has 
been naturally reflected by this division. There have been enacted since October 15, 
1902, down to October 1, 1903, 431 laws, Nos. 482 to 912, inclusive, nearly as many 
as were enacted by the Commission in the previous two years combined. Acts 482 
to 493, inclusive, were forwarded with the last report of the Commission, leaving 419 
acts which have been enacted subsequent to the last act forwarded with the Com- 
mission's report of last year. Of the 431 laws enacted, 90 have been those making 
appropriations; of the remaining 341, many have been measures which might per- 
haps be termed temporary or administrative in their character, affecting as they do 
only the administration of the government or of its branches. This work of admin- 
istrative legislation and of appropriations has occupied a very large portion of the 
Commission's attention during the past year. Time has been found, nevertheless, 
during this period to consider and enact a number of important laws of general inter- 
est to the whole public. Among the more important of these might be mentioned 
the following: 

No. 496. The land-registration act, enacted November 6, 1902. 

No. 518. Highway robbery and brigandage defined and penalties prescribed there- 
for, enacted November 12, 1902. 

No. 519. Vagrancy defined and penalty prescribed therefor, enacted November 12, 
1902. 

No. 520. An act authorizing the issuance of special coastwise trade licenses to 
foreign vessels, enacted November 17, 1902. 

Nos. 554, 555. Franchises to the Manila Railway Company (Limited), for railway 
extensions, enacted December 8, 1902. 

No. 556. An act authorizing the closing of insolvent banks by the insular treasurer, 
enacted December 9, 1902. 

No. 593. An act regulating the practice of dentistry, enacted January 10, 1903. 

. No. 597. An act regulating the practice of pharmacy, enacted January 26, 1903. 

No. 611. An act authorizing the issuance of passports to Philippine citizens, 
enacted February 2, 1903. 

No. 624. An act prescribing regulations to carry out the mining law, enacted Feb- 
ruary 7, 1903. 

No. 627. An act regulating the registration, branding, conveyance, and slaughter 
of large cattle, enacted February 9, 1903. 



726 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



No. 654. An act providing an appeal from decision of a single judge in habeas cor- 
pus proceedings, enacted March 4, 1903. 

No. 666. The trade-mark act, enacted March 6, 1903. 

No. 667. The municipal franchise act, enacted March 6, 1903. 

No. 701. An act regulating mutual benefit and benevolent associations, enacted 
March 27, 1903. 

No. 702. An act to carry out the Chinese registration law of Congress, enacted 
March 27, 1903. 

No. 703. Franchise to the Manila Railway Company (Limited), for railway exten- 
sion, enacted March 27, 1903. 

No. 780. Examination and licensing of officers of seagoing vessels, enacted May 29, 
1903. 

No. 787, 
1903. 

No. 849. 
August 24 

No. 854, 



An act providing a government for the Moro Province, enacted June 1, 



An act providing for the protection of sea buoys and beacons, enacted 

1903. 

An act providing for the education of Filipino students in the United 
States, enacted August 26, 1903. 

The number of sessions held by the Commission, the number of acts passed, of 
resolutions adopted, and of appointments made by the civil governor which have 
been confirmed, together with the number of pages in the minutes of the Commis- 
sion in charge of the recorder, during the year from October 15, 1902, to October 1, 
1903, may be conveniently set forth in the following table: 



Number of ses- 
sions. 



Execu- 
tive. 



Public. 



Number of acts, 



Execu- 
tive. 



Public 



Number of reso- 
lutions. 



Execu- 
tive. 



Public, 



Num- 
ber of 

ap- 
point- 
ments, 
execu- 
tive. 



Pages in min- 
utes. 



Execu- 
tive. 



Public. 



1902 

October 

November 

December 

1903 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

Total 



182 



33 

101 



52 
103 
153 

56 
156 

41 

66 
109 
128 



54 
155 
69 
27 
37 
59 
39 
177 
64 



852 



56 
87 

153 
56 

114 



102 
137 



20 

22 

111 



230 
23 
27 



565 



SUMMARY. 
Number of sessions held: 

Executive 182 

Public 31 

Total 213 

Number of acts passed: 

At executive sessions 421 

At public sessions : . . . 10 

Total 431 

Number of resolutions adopted: 

At executive sessions 1, 006 

At public sessions 2 

Total 1,008 

Number of appointments confirmed at executive sessions 852 



It will thus be seen that the Commission has held a total of 213 separate sessions 
during the year. This is hardly exact, however, in one sense, as in a great many 
instances two sessions are held in one day, in which case the minutes for that day 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 727 

are written up as if but one session had been held. It is estimated that the Com- 
mission has been formally convened for legislative work fully 275 times during the 
period covered by this report. 

With a total number of acts passed of 431, and with a total number of resolutions 
adopted of 1,008, and of appointments confirmed of 852, it will be seen that a total 
of 2,291 formal actions or decisions of a legislative character have been taken by the 
Commission during the period covered by this report. 

As a rule, a number of communications are considered by the Commission in con- 
nection with each action taken by it. While definite figures have not been prepared, 
it is believed that the number of papers to each decision will average between two 
and three, and upon this basis it is estimated that a total of approximately 6,000 
communications have been considered by the Commission as a legislative body, and 
handled by this division, during the period under consideration. In addition to 
this the Commission has been many times informally convened, or has informally 
discussed questions of an executive character brought to its attention by its members 
who are executive officials before taking definite executive action. These informal 
discussions naturally do not appear of record in the minutes of the legislative body. 
The total number of pages in the minutes of the Commission from the date of its 
appointment to October 1, 1903, including the index thereto, is 4,933. The minutes 
have been bound in typewritten legal pages, in volumes of convenient size, and care- 
fully indexed. A great portion of this index work has been done during the past 
year, and to keep the minutes indexed down to date occupies nearly the entire time 
of one of the clerks of the division. 

By direction of the Commission, the division has been engaged in making four 
duplicate copies of these minutes. As no additional help was provided for this extra 
work, it has been impossible, owing to the volume of current work, to complete this 
copying. About 3,000 pages have been completed, however, and it is hoped that the 
remainder may be copied in the very near future. 

By resolution of the Commission of September 2, 1902, the preparation of a revised 
edition of the Commission's laws down to September 1, 1902, was directed, the 
Spanish and the English texts to be issued in separate volumes. In conformity with 
this resolution, this office immediately proceeded to the preparation of copy for the 
edition authorized. In preparing copy for this volume it was early decided to make 
the edition somewhat similar to the statutes of the United States, bearing marginal 
annotations of the text of the laws and indicating amendments to the different acts 
and sections thereof which had been subsequently made by the Commission. A 
tabulated statement of acts which had been amended prior to the issue of the volume 
was also prepared. There was also inserted as an appendix the treaty of Paris, the 
acta of Congress affecting the Philippines approved prior to September 1, 1902, and 
several important general orders of the military governor which are still in force. 
The publication of this volume was considerably delayed on account of the press 
of other work in the public printing office. The English edition has just recently 
been issued and is now being distributed. The Spanish edition is being rapidly 
rushed to completion, and it is hoped that the same may be issued within the next 
few months. The Commission has decided, after inspecting the English edition of 
the volume referred to, to issue annually a volume in similar form, containing all of 
its legislation of the previous year, separate volumes of such editions in both lan- 
guages to be issued as in the case of the original volume. 

The necessity of preparing copy for these reprints of the Commission's legislation, 
as well as of issuing the regular quarterly volumes of the Commission's laws and 
resolutions, of proof reading same, and preparing the indexes thereto has evolved a 
subdivision or section of this division which might, perhaps, be termed the section 
of proof reading, printing, and indexing. This work has been in charge of Mr. 
David Lewis Cobb, of this division. As the work of annotation and indexing has 
progressed an increasingly large number of calls for information in regard to the 
Commission's legislation have been made on this division by the different members 
of the Commission and other officers of the Government. This section of the divi- 
sion has within the past year carefully proof read and indexed between six and seven 
thousand pages of printed legislation, about equally divided between the English 
and the Spanish languages. In the performance of this work, over 25,000 index and 
amendment cards have been used. In addition to this indexes have been prepared 
for the preliminary number of the Official Gazette and for the first half year of the 
same publication. This work consisted of the reading and indexing of 612 pages of 
matter. The native clerical staff of the Official Gazette was also instructed as to the 
manner of making future indexes for this publication. 



728 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



The office force of the legislative division on this date is as follows: 




Name. 


Present 
salary. 


Name. 


Present 
salary. 


C. W. Calvin 


$2, 250 
1,800 
1,800 
1,600 
1,600 


Julian M. Lacalle 


$1,400 

1,200 

1,200 

720 




A. James McDonald 




Natus J. Haynes 


H E Partridge 


A. 0. Zinn 




180 









The character of the work performed by this division is such as to demand a high 
degree of accuracy, and the employees of the division have not been found wanting 
in this respect. They have always been willing and have done a great deal of over- 
time work in order to keep up with the current work of the division, which at times 
is quite heavy, almost too much so, in fact, for the force employed. Numerous calls 
have been made for help in work not pertaining to the division by different mem- 
bers of the Commission and by other divisions of the executive bureau, and, while 
the same have frequently caused a great deal of overtime work, it has always been 
performed uncomplainingly. I can do no less than testify to the efficient and capable 
manner in which the division's staff has labored during the past year. 
Very respectfully, 



The honorable the Executive Secretary, 

Manila, P. I. 



C. W. Calvin, 
Recorder of the Commission. 



Appendix F. 

The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, October 1, 1903. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of the translating 
division of the executive bureau since its organization to September 30, 1903, inclusive. 

Prior to the passage of Act No. 609, enacted January 31, 1903, the work of transla- 
tion and interpretation for the executive bureau and the office of the secretary of the 
Philippine Commission was done under the supervision of a Spanish secretary in the 
latter office and in that of the executive secretary. Since its organization the entire 
force of translators and interpreters attached to the executive bureau and the former 
office of the secretary of the Commission has been reorganized and consolidated into 
one office, where all of the work is carried on with the exception of that of the trans- 
lator and interpreter, who is detailed for special work in connection with interpreta- 
tions for the civil governor, the translation of annual reports of provincial governors, 
and other work of a special character. 

The duties of the translating division may be summarized briefly as follows: 

The translation into Spanish of all acts of the Commission, executive orders, 
proclamations, and communications of the civil governor and the executive secretary 
addressed to Spanish-speaking people, and of all matter printed in the Official 
Gazette, other than that already mentioned, which consists principally of custom- 
house decisions and circulars, opinions of the attorney-general, reports of the board 
of health, of the bureaus of archives, agriculture, education, mining, and forestry, 
of advertisements for bids from the office of the insular purchasing agent and from 
that of the consulting engineer to the Commission and of the insular architect. The 
translations into English cover a very wide field, as they consist of all communications 
addressed in Spanish and the native dialects to the civil governor, to the Philippine 
Commission, and to the executive secretary, and of all bills drafted by the Filipino 
members of the Commission, as well as reports and recommendations made by them. 

The amount of work performed during the period covered by this report from 
October 1, 1902, to September 30, 1903, is as follows: 

Translations from — Folios. 

English to Spanish 10, 864 

Spanish to English 32, 560 

French to English 140 

Tagalog to English 44 

Italian to English 12 

German to English 7 

Total 43,627 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



729 



The division has furnished interpreters for public discussions held during the time 
covered by this report, extending over 46 public sessions of the Commission, and for 
all executive sessions of that body. An interpreter from the division has also accom- 
panied the civil governor in visits made to the provinces during January and March, 
1903, and the vice-governor in his visit of inspection to the province of Albay during 
last July, and upon all other occasions when an interpreter was required by the civil 
governor or any member of the Commission. 

Since the consolidation of the office of the secretary of the Commission with the 
executive bureau the translating division has had charge of the work of reviewing the 
native and Spanish press. This work, formerly carried on independently by Mr. 
Manuel Arguelles and one assistant, is still continued, although it is not as important at 
present as it formerly was, owing to the more settled condition of affairs in the islands. 
The amount of work turned out by Mr. Arguelles averages about four folios a day. 

The translating division has suffered very severely from casualties during the pres- 
ent year and its efficiency has been greatly impaired thereby. Its former chief, 
Senor Don Francisco J. Yanes, who held the office of Spanish secretary of the Com- 
mission, a gentleman of rare linguistic accomplishments and peculiarly fitted for the 
work intrusted to him, was obliged to resign in order that he might accompany his 
family to the United States, as his wife's health and his own had greatly suffered 
from the effects of this climate. Mr. Y&nes's resignation has been a distinct loss to 
the service. Mr. William E. Twight, who had been the interpreter of the military 
governor from 1899 until the establishment of civil government, and of the civil gov- 
ernor from February, 1903, was forced, because of his failing health, to leave the 
archipelago to recuperate. After spending several months in the United States and 
Europe in a vain search for health he returned to Manila and died a few days after, 
August 26 last. It was found necessary to relieve Mr. F. F. Barker from duty in 
the translating division prior to its reorganization, in order that he might devote his 
entire time as clerk to matters pertaining to provincial and municipal administration, 
which are, in a great part, necessarily transacted in the Spanish language. Mr. 
Sutherland, former expert translator, who had been brought from the United States, 
was selected to take charge of the Filipino students who are about to leave for the 
United States. In addition to these permanent losses in the personnel of this divi- 
sion, one translator has been severely ill for more than a month, while another is very 
ill, convalescing after an. attack of Asiatic cholera. Aside from all this, Mr. Leo 
Fischer, another expert translator, was absent during four months and a half on 
leave, so that the force of the division has always been reduced to a minimum, while 
the work has continued steadily to increase. 

The present force of the division is made up of experienced men, some of whom have 
been with the civil government since its organization, and they would be hard to replace. 

Every attempt possible has been made to secure competent translators, both here 
and in the United States, but without success. Some who have passed the civil- 
service examination have been deficient in practical work to the extent that their 
services could not be made use of by the division. 

The majority of translations from English to Spanish are of a strictly technical 
nature which require not only thorough proficiency in both languages but also legal 
training and a very wide and comprehensive academic education, and the transla- 
tions from Spanish to English are difficult in that the majority of the documents 
presented in the former language are so faulty in their construction that they are in 
many cases almost impossible to understand. 

The office force of the translating division on this date is as follows: 



Name. 


Present 
salary. 


Name. 


Present 
salary. 




$2, 250 
1,800 
1,800 
1,500 
1,200 
1,200 




81, 200 
900 










720 






420 




Mariano Rebaya 


180 













In a vain attempt to keep up with the current work of the division the employees 
have put in a great deal of overtime. The amount of work performed, taking into 
consideration its special character and the high standard required, testifies to the 
industry of the force, which has always worked when the exigencies of the case 
demanded it out of office hours uncomplainingly. 

Respectfully submitted. 

R. D. Fergusson, Chief Translator. 

The honorable the Executive Secretary. 



730 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Appendix G-. 

The Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, September SO, 1903. 
Sir: In compliance with your verbal instructions, I have the honor to submit a 
report of the affairs of this division, embraced in the property accountability of the 
entire bureau, for the period from October 1, 1902, to October 1, 1903, as follows: 

ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. 

Chief of division, Arthur K. Jones (from September 23, 1903); distribution clerk, 
J. Preysler (suspended September 23, 1903); mailing clerk, Antonio Munian; docu- 
ment clerk, Juan Cabahero, and six messengers. 

CORRESPONDENCE. 

Entire bureau (excluding printed matter), 54,117 papers. 

Philippine publications. 





Received. 


Distributed. 


Sold. 


Laws of the Commission, pamphlet 


1,338,000 

21, 000 

154, 500 

1,000 

20, 500 

2,250 


906, 901 

9,266 

102, 493 




Laws of the Commission, quarterly volumes 


2, 515 


Executive orders, pamphlet 




Executive orders, volumes 






14, 532 
1,200 












Total 


1, 537, 250 


1,035,362 


2, 515 





Keceipts from sales, $1,224.77, United States currency. 

UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS. 





Received. 


Distributed. 


Reports of the Philippine Commission, 1902, two parts (War Department).. 
Documents, Senate and H. R., United States 


1,740 

20, 000 

744 

50 


100 






Foreign publications 








Total 


22, 534 


100 







Copies. 
Philippine, United States, and foreign publications received during the period designated, 

grand total 1, 559, 784 

Philippine, United States, and foreign publications distributed and sold during that period. 1, 037, 977 



Balance 521, 807 

Publications not included in that'period 6, 000 

Old Spanish laws, translations 12, 000 



On hand, as per inventory. 



539, 807 



The increasing business of this division some months ago began to demand addi- 
tional office and storage space, which has been made available recently on the first 
floor of the ayuntamiento building. 

In addition to the printed public documents, there will be in the custody of this 
office the manuscripts and other documents and books which will be secured by the 
collecting librarian in Spain and elsewhere. Already a small consignment has been 
received, and it is understood that further shipments have been made and are en 
route here. Provisional arrangements have been made for the care of this valuable 
property which will meet present necessities. 

The personnel of the division consists of 1 American and 9 Filipino employees. 
This would be sufficient under normal conditions, but by reason of absences due to 
leave of absence in the United States, suspension, and illness it has been necessary 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 731 

to work much overtime in order that publications might be given the prompt distri- 
bution their character has demanded. 

In addition to the custody and distribution of printed public documents, the imme- 
diate charge of the furniture, supplies, and property of the executive bureau and 
ayuntamiento building has been assigned to this division. During the period covered 
by this report there has been a notable improvement, as compared with the preced- 
ing year, in both the quality of supplies and the promptitude with which they have 
been furnished by the insular purchasing agent and the local market. 
Very respectfully, 

Arthur K. Jones, Chief of Division. 

Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 



Appendix H. 



The Government of the Philippine Islands, 
Executive Bureau, 

Manila, October 1, 1903. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of the records 
division for the year ending September 30, 1903: 

During the period above mentioned there has been completed the organization of 
the division, and its equipment in respect of file cases. As now organized, the divi- 
sion comprises 6 sections, viz, briefing, searching, indexing, examining, recording, 
and filing. Its personnel consists of 25 clerks and 1 messenger. Of these employees 
14 are Americans and 12 are Filipinos. 

There has been a constant increase in the volume of work devolving upon this 
division, as is. apparent from the fact that there have been recorded during the year 
just ended more than 28,000 commmiications, as against 19,000 for the preceding 
twelve months. There have been used nearly 150,000 cards in indexing this year's 
records, and the card index of the preceding year has been transcribed on type- 
written sheets and bound for reference. 

By the consolidation of the office of the secretary of the Commission with this 
bureau on February 1 last, there came over to this division several thousand records, 
which are being indexed and filed as rapidly as the current work will permit. 

In addition to the work of recording, this division has performed an increasing 
amount of labor, which ordinarily does not come within the jurisdiction of a record 
office, but is closely related thereto. The work referred to is the preparation of 
memoranda and digests of records for the information of officials and other divisions 
of this bureau. 

The increase in work, together with casualties in the service, has made it at times 
very difficult to keep up the personnel of the division to a satisfactory standard, 
either as to numbers or quality, because of the scarcity of good material. It has 
seemed best, for sufficient reasons, to make this division a preparatory school from 
which clerks are drawn for other branches of the bureau, with the result that there 
have been on that account also many changes in personnel. The work of training 
Filipinos for office work in the English language has given encouraging results. 
Very respectfully, 

Sidney Thomas, Chief of Division. 

The Executive Secretary. 



Appendix I. 

ANNUAL REPORTS OF ALL PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS. 

Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Abra. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Abra, 

Bangued, January 14, 1903. 
Sir: The present annual report for the province of Abra for the year 1902 is divided 
into three parts. In the first the present condition of the province is described, the 
second part is a brief relation of the events of a general and local character which 
have occurred in the province, and the third contains the recommendations which I 
take the liberty of bringing to the notice of yourself and the Commission. 



732 BEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The province of Abra was created in the year 1854 by separation from the province 
of Ilocos Sur. It was governed subsequently by officers of the Spanish army, and 
the capital was located in the town of Bucay until it was transferred to the town of 
Bangued in 1861. 

The abundance of the natural pasturage for all classes of animals has been a great 
incentive to immigration and the greatest cause of the increase in the number of 
inhabitants of the province. 

Cattle and timber are the principal factors Which contribute to the present wealth 
and prosperity, because the resource of agriculture, despite the fact that the people 
are very fond of farming and are industrious in such labor, by reason of the small 
extent of the cultivable land, the rudimentary kind of farming tools, and the lack 
of irrigation on account of the scarcity of water, has become almost unworthy of 
consideration so far as the exportation of its product is concerned, excepting tobacco, 
which is exported from the province annually in the amount of from 15,000 to 25,000 
hundredweight. 

Rice and corn, the principal agricultural products, are scarcely sufficient even for 
local consumption, when they are not impaired in some manner by accidents of the 
weather or by insects, such as locusts and others. 

I calculate the present area of the province to be 140; 000 square kilometers, and of 
this 5 per cent is under cultivation and the remainder is occupied by forests and 
rivers. 

When this province was separated from Ilocos Sur it contained a population of 
18,000 Ilocanos and 7,000 members of non-Christian tribes. Of the latter, one-half 
were semicivilized by constant contact with the Ilocanos and the other half were can- 
nibals. There are at present in the province 32,949 Ilocanos and 11,680 of the non- 
Christian tribes, whose character and customs have been softened both by the constant 
application of governmental rule to them and still more by the boldness of the Ilo- 
canos in approaching their haunts, carrying to them articles of which they have need, 
such as salt and beads, and exchanging them for the tobacco leaf which they raise 
for honey produced by bees in their forests. The Catholic religion, implanted here 
by Spain, on account of the lack of zeal upon the part of the friar missionaries, has 
had no effect upon the improvement of the character of these savages. As for the 
military rigor with which the Spanish Government attempted to control them, it 
produced the opposite effect, for it caused many of the tribes to betake themselves 
farther into the interior. However, now due to the policy of attraction through con- 
stant and active solicitude for them during the past six years, the depredations of 
these people have greatly decreased, and to-day even Ilocano women dare to go to 
the most remote regions of the central mountain range, trafficking with these savage 
tribes. 

The Ilocano people of the province are truly hardworking. As a proof of this I 
will say that in spite of the smallness of their fields and the scarcity of work ani- 
mals there has never been felt here, within the memory of man, any of the effects 
of want or the scarcity of articles of food. The non-Christian tribes, naturally indo- 
lent, have become imbued with this spirit of industry of the Ilocanos, year by year, 
to such an extent that at present they engage in agriculture, cultivating in their fields 
rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and tobacco. 

In this spirit of industry, while foreseeing the want that will be felt this year, 
owing to the failure of the last rice crop, which was due to the plague of locusts and 
the lack of water at the proper season, this people feels no worry over the threat- 
ened famine, for the very reason that they are willing to work. 

To this diligence in labor is also due the fact that up to the present outlawry, as 
it is found in various other provinces, has been unknown in this province. The 
example of perseverance and industry furnished by the higher classes of people, as 
well as the interest which each one feels in keeping alive within the limits of duty 
and mutual respect a thoroughly public spirit, these also contribute to the present 
welfare of the people. 

Since the surrender of the forces here organized, and which fought for their inde- 
pendence against the United States, the state of peace has been perfect, and there is 
no fear that it will be disturbed. The loyalty and industry of the people guarantee 
this, as do the knowledge which I have of their aspirations and the confidence which 
I feel in the efforts of the Government in behalf of the moral and material progress 
of the country. 

The material progress of this province is much impeded by the lack of wagon roads 
to unite it with the markets and ports. The difficulties w T hich confront the exporta- 
tion of the products of this province deter capital which might otherwise be invested 
here. This results in the restraint of the natural energies of the people for lack of 
an advantageous outlet for the products which they raise over and above those neces- 
sary for their own consumption. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 733 

Vigan, the 'capital of Ilocos Sur, is the only point with which this province carries 
on an interchange of products, but with that place there is only one means of com- 
munication — the river Abra, which during half the year, the rainy season, it is 
impossible to navigate on account of the overflowing of the stream — so that it is but 
natural that in this isolated condition of the province with regard to the only market 
which we have the activities of the people are unavailing. This lack of passable 
roads also prevents those who would like to visit the province, and causes outsiders 
to have no accurate information as to the condition of the people, the soil, the means 
of livelihood, the wealth of the forests, the rivers, and the mountains. 

According to people with some knowledge in such matters, there are in the prov- 
ince deposits of gypsum and coal in great abundance, though this latter is of inferior 
quality to that of Australia. In the beds of some of the rivers gold in small particles 
has been found, which proves the existence in the vicinity of this precious metal in 
large quantities. The great weight, in proportion to their size, of rocks taken from 
the ground at certain places causes the supposition of the existence here in abundance 
of iron. The wealth of the forests, here displayed by divine providence, with pro- 
digious ostentation, is a source of incalculable riches. 

But all of these elements of so great value to industry and commerce are being 
wasted for lack of means of attracting the attention of men and capital. 

Professional and literary education is in a lamentable state, and as for scientific 
education, it is unknown in the province. This condition, though it is hard to say 
it, is due to the despotic rule which the friars desired to exercise in their attempts to 
exploit the country by means of the ignorance of the people. Although at present 
the department of public instruction and the teachers distributed throughout the 
pueblos, with an interest worthy of the highest praise, exert themselves in the effort 
to remedy the deficiencies of the public instruction, which, in their selfishness, the 
friars desired to strangle in blood by despising those who were distinguished on 
account of their learning, this people, intimidated by oppression, having experienced 
the horrors of the past government, are very prone to cling to their innate suspicions, 
the natural result of those times when learning and knowledge, as well as loyalty and 
integrity, were rewarded only with death and banishment and all their terrible con- 
sequences. This horrible state of mind, which can only be cured by the inspiration 
of confidence, is, in my opinion, one of the obstacles in the way of the success of the 
teacher here. 

This fear of learning engendered mistrust, and mistrust discouraged any desire 
that this people might have felt for science and art, though on account of natural 
fondness the art of music is cultivated here, but under the most unfavorable circum- 
stances. In proof of this I may mention a theater in the capital of the province 
built and maintained solely through the love of the natives for music, singing, 
declamation, and sociability. 

As for religion, the people of this province, in their majority, have never been 
fretted by the reforms and discussions which keep the supporters of the different 
religions in a perpetual ferment in the capital of the islands. This attitude is fos- 
tered by the great distance between the capital and this province, as well as by the 
conviction which these people feel that every principle of religion which is not so 
regulated as to adjust itself to the scope of the intelligence of the people is vain and 
useless. And moreover, through the liberty of thought which they to-day enjoy, 
and a comparison of the various sects, doctrines, and religions which have become 
established here as a result of individual liberty, having discovered the falsity and the 
incongruity of certain dogmas and rites imposed upon the people by the friars, who 
claimed to be the representatives and the sole depositaries of the Apostolic Roman 
Catholic religion, this people, I repeat, has come to a realization that all religions 
are defective, but that at the same time all are good when professed in good faith. 
The only worry that they have is the fear of the return of the friars to the pueblos 
through the influence of the Government, whereas their return, it is feared, would 
provoke some disorder. The friars are hated here, owing to the great injuries which 
they have caused to the natives in every phase of life — political, religious, and social. 

The precarious state of agriculture in this province, as a result of the conditions 
described in preceding paragraphs, has been aggravated in grievous measures by the 
rinderpest, which diminished by 80 per cent the number of carabaos and cattle, so 
absolutely necessary for the cultivation of the fields. 

Cattle, which constituted such a source of wealth before the year 1900, have been 
reduced in number to 20 per cent of the former stock of these animals. But thanks 
to the fact that surra has not as yet reached this place, horse stock is on the increase; 
but by having been decimated in the provinces of the south, as far as Union, these 
animals have increased in price to five times that paid before the year 1900. The 
fabulous price of these animals has of course awakened the activities of the thieves; 



734 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

but due to the energy of the constabulary forces stationed in this province and to the 
vigilance of the municipal authorities the cases of this stealing are on the decrease 
and it is certain that hereafter the increase in cattle will consequently be uninter- 
rupted. 

NOTEWOKTHY EVENTS. 

The occurrences worthy of mention in this report, which have taken place in this 
province, are the following: 

The establishment of a school of higher instruction, opened in the month of July, 
and also the opening of the night school, brought satisfaction to the anxious minds 
of many youths desirous of higher studies without large expenditures upon the part 
of their families, which would be the necessary result should these youths be obliged 
to attend those institutions of learning outside the province. 

The poor harvest of rice last year, owing to the lack of water at the proper season 
and the damages caused by locusts, and the drought still felt in the fields for lack of 
rain, and the continuous presence of locusts threatening to destroy what little corn, 
sweet potatoes, and beans have been planted, have caused an unexpected rise in the 
price of corn and rice. And while the poor are still able to reach this price up to 
the present time, should said commodities become still more scarce in the towns of 
Ilocos Sur, I am certain that the price will rise still more, in which case the poor 
will be unable to buy these necessities. 

With respect to the effect of Act No. 517, which has been very well received, I fore- 
see that it will be rendered ineffective for climatological reasons — that is, for lack of 
water — in which case, since the fields can not be cultivated, famine will aggravate 
the condition which in March and the months following will become frightful on 
account of its generality throughout all the Ilocano regions. 

Asiatic cholera appeared here also along in the months of August and September, 
and although the mortality was not great, as compared with the number of inhabi- 
tants, for in the whole province there were registered but 208 deaths from the dis- 
ease, it nevertheless left its indelible stamp, and most mournfully, upon some families 
which to-day are disconsolate. 

Acts Nos. 518 and 519 have produced very good results here by restraining the 
ladrones and evil doers in their depredations and restoring many workingmen to 
labor and honesty who were before in idleness. 

Last year certain of the municipal treasuries showed deficits; but as reforms have 
been made in the sources of revenue to cover the appropriations of the present year 
by increasing the taxes upon certain enterprises which are productive of vice, such 
as cockpits, the training of gamecocks, the conveyance of cattle, and certain others 
unnecessary to mention, the municipalities are promised larger revenues with which 
to cover the expenditures of the present year and the deficits of the last. 

The special act of the Tinguianes, of the province of Abra, enacted by the Commis- 
sion, has produced some difficulty in its administration in some of the settlements, 
owing to its novelty; but I expect to be able to overcome this difficulty by the exer- 
cise of constant and energetic care. 

This act will also cause a decrease in the revenues of the provincial treasury, owing 
to the following effects of its provisions: 

In the year 1902, by virtue of section 13 of Act No. 83, the provincial board imposed 
upon the real estate of those tribes for provincial purposes a tax of three-eighths per 
cent of the value thereof, which tax is abolished by section 43 of the special Act No. 
387 of the Tinguianes by declaring that the revenues of the pueblo shall be dedicated 
exclusively to purposes of the pueblo itself. This diminution in the provincial reve- 
nues, as well as that which results from the Philippine act of Congress, which pro- 
vides that the sums collected for the cubature of forest products shall belong to the 
insular treasury, will produce a further inability upon the part of the provincial 
treasury to meet its obligations in the present year of 1903. If assisted by these rev- 
enues during the past year the provincial treasury still showed a deficit and was 
obliged to seek, through the Commission, assistance from the insular treasury, which 
was granted in the sum of $2,000 gold. Without these revenues this year the pro- 
vincial treasury, instead of paying the indebtedness just mentioned, will be forced 
to ask another and greater loan. 

The fighting of cocks, authorized by law, has been suppressed in certain of the 
pueblos with the consent of the people, who, seeing in it a menace to honesty and a 
subversion of the morals of the individual and of the family, had the good sense to 
close their cockpits and to refuse to attend others. Appreciating this regenerate 
tendency, certain music lovers of Bangued, the capital of this province, erected a 
theater, which is attended by the residents with great pleasure, thus entertaining 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 735 

themselves in a more refined and acceptable manner than would be possible in the 
poultry combats. 

One of the signs of the awakened energy of the people against Chinese competition 
in the local trade is the opening of two bazaars in the provincial capital by Filipino 
subscription. 

A branch agency of a powerful lumber firm has also been established here, result- 
ing in the benefit to the pueblos of furnishing employment for some hundreds of 
laborers. 

SUGGESTED LEGISLATION. 

Executive. — I suggest the sending to this province of 10,000 piculs of rice, upon the 
account of the provincial treasury, to be sold to the people at cost; also the placing 
in this provincial capital of 300 carabaos, to be sold at cost to the farmers; also the 
establishment in this town of a practical school of arts and trades, teaching especially 
the trades of harness making, masonry in all of its branches, and the manufacture of 
tiles, bricks, earthenware, and other objects whose principal material is fine clay. 

Legislative. — On account of the lack of funds in the provincial treasury of Abra 
available for its needs, it is necessary to pass a law uniting in one person the offices 
of secretary and fiscal, with a salary of $100 gold per month; and to add to the duties 
of the treasurer those also of supervisor, with a like salary of $100 gold per month. I 
also recommend the increase of the salary paid the provincial governor to $100 gold. 

I recommend — 

A law providing for the opening of a wagon road joining the province of Abra with 
that of Ilocos Sur at the expense of the insular treasury. 

A law providing for the payment into the provincial treasury of the revenues 
derived from the cubature of forest products, as was practiced before the enactment 
of the Philippine bill. 

A law repealing section 43 of Act No. 387, in order that the real estate belonging to 
the non-Christian tribes shall pay a tax for provincial purposes, authorizing the pro- 
vincial board to levy the same tax of three-eighths per cent of the value of such 
property, as was done during the last year. (Sec. 12, paragraph (i), Act No. 83.) 

A law providing that the tax upon real estate be levied according to the value of 
the same in Mexican currency, as was the case at the beginning of the year — that is 
to say, at the rate of $2 Mexican currency for $1 United States currency, to avoid 
the complaints of the property owners, as set forth in my communication to you 
under date of January 8 of the present year. 

A law which shall" provide greater ease for obtaining free-timber license to be 
granted to the poor, and the increase to 1,500 cubic feet in the amount of timber 
which may be cut under each license, without distinction as to the class of timber, 
so that the limitation prescribed in section 28 of the regulations for the utilization of 
forest products, shall no longer be effective, since the classes of timber included in the 
superior and first groups of the official schedule as in vogue in this province are as 
abundant here as the kinds included in the other groups. 

And finally a law abolishing the right of provincial officials to receive their travel- 
ing expenses, when such travel shall be in pursuance of their duties as such official. 
Respectfully, 

Juan Villamor, Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Note. — In compliance with the recommendation contained in your favor of 
November 20, 1902, relative to photographic views, I have the honor to inclose 10 
pictures of different scenes. 



Report of the Provincial Governor Province of Albay to the Insular Gov- 
ernor Philippine Islands, for the Year Ending December 31, 1902. 

In compliance with that portion of section 7, act 83, United States Philippine 
Commission, the governor of the province of Albay has the honor to submit the 
following report of the conditions existing in this province for the year ending 
December 31, 1902: 

The year opened with everything in a very peaceful and prosperous condition. In 
compliance with section 4, act 83, United States Philippine Commission, there was 
held, at the capital at Albay, on the first Monday in February, an election to select a 
chief executive for this province. As a result of that election the present governor, 
then acting as governor under appointment of the United States Philippine Commis- 



736 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

sion, was elected for a term of two years. In compliance with this same act and 
section, the chief executive of the province was inaugurated on the first Monday in 
March, at the capital at Albay. 

In compliance with section 4, act 122, the presidentes throughout the province 
have been assembled at the capital twice during the year, and submitted to the pro- 
vincial board such recommendations as they had to make concerning the government 
of the province. These recommendations have usually been of very great benefit to 
the board in its endeavor to pass legislation that would be of benefit to the greatest 
number of people in the province. 

There have been two regular sessions of the court of first instance held at the capi- 
tal during the past year. It is very gratifying to note the great confidence these 
people display in the administration of justice by the court of first instance. 

HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. 

The supervisor has conducted the work of his department during the year just 
ended with the same energy that he has shown in the past. The road between 
Legazpi and Ligao, which passes through the center of the great hemp country lying 
to the south of the volcano Mayon, was practically completed during the early part 
of the year. The enormous traffic, however, passing over this highway makes it 
necessary to employ continually a large corps of roadmen to keep this highway in 
excellent condition. 

On the completion of this road it was found that in order to maintain it in any 
passable condition whatever it was absolutely necessary to eliminate from its use the 
antiquated bull cart. Therefore, in the early part of the year a law was passed by 
the provincial board prohibiting the old-style bull cart from passing over the Camino 
Real, and making it obligatory to use a cart with modern wheels, movable on the 
axle and with a 4-inch tread. Carts with wheels of less than a 4-inch tread were 
limited as to the amount of cargo they could carry, while those with a 4-inch or 
greater tread were practically unrestricted as to the weight of their cargo. As might 
have been expected, these restrictions crippled the transportation facilities of the 
province for a short time; but suitable wheels, conforming to this law T , were quickly 
imported and the inconvenience at first experienced by the enforcement of this act 
was readily compensated for by not only the preservation of the highways, but also 
by the amount of cargo the carts were able to carry, hauled by a less number of 
bulls. To illustrate this: It formerly required three days for a cart, drawn by three 
bulls, to make a trip over the full length of this highway, while with modern carts 
and on the new highway they are now able to make this trip in one day, using only 
two bulls and carrying 50 per cent more cargo. When these facts became evident 
no further argument was necessary to induce the cart owners to purchase modern 
equipage. 

Because of the great saving of time in transporting cargo over this highway, and 
to the fact that nearly 50 per cent more freight can be hauled with one-third less 
number of bulls, it has been estimated that the saving in the cost of transportation 
over this highway in one year only, as contrasted with former conditions, amounts 
to $720,000 local currency. This great saving to the people of the province has been 
effected in one vear through an expenditure for the maintenance of this highway of 
about $67,889.64, local currency. 

There have been imported into the province during the past year in the neighbor- 
hood of 5,000 wheels of modern construction, to take the place of those that had 
been used on the antiquated bull carts. This change has been brought about at an 
estimated expense to the cart owners of about $80,000, local currency. 

The lack of transportation facilities and the excessively high price at which avail- 
able means of transportation was held made it impossible for the province to con- 
tinue the road work as it would have done under normal conditions. In order to 
supply the supervisor's department with adequate means for continuing the road 
work it was found necessary to purchase a modern transportation equipment. An 
equipment consisting of 22 American draft horses, escort and rock wagons, and in 
fact all the accessories necessary for an adequate transportation equipment, was pur- 
chased at a cost of about $6,000, gold. The purchase of this equipment has proven 
to be a very great saving to the province, for the expense that would otherwise have 
been incurred for transportation in this construction work would have amounted to 
a sum several times in excess of that which was originally paid for this equipment. 

This Camino Real, when completed, had a temporary top dressing, to which w r as 
afterwards added 8 miles of permanent top dressing, 3 miles of it macadamized, and 
the remainder of the highway covered with oxide of iron, a material found between 
Ligao and Guinobatan, which has been found to make an exceedingly durable top 
dressing. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 737 

In order to maintain this highway it was found advisable to divide it into sections 
of one mile each, the repair work on each section being under the direct supervision 
of a section foreman, whose duty it is to make all small repairs and report any great 
break or washout that may occur on his section. This system of repairs has effected 
a great saving to the province; for a break in the highw T ay that can be repaired at 
once may be done at a very small cost, while if permitted to remain a few days it 
would necessitate an expenditure of a considerable sum to restore it to its original 
condition. Each roadman is provided with a badge showing the number of the sec- 
tion to which he is assigned, and he is authorized to make full report of any viola- 
tion of the rules of the road. 

Numerous bridges and culverts have been constructed, or are under construction, 
in various portions of the province, notably among the large bridges, the completion 
of the 200-foot suspension bridge across the Quinali River at Libon, the 60-foot Howe 
truss combination wood and iron bridge across the Guinobatan River, and the two- 
span combination wood and iron bridge across the San Jose River, in the Tabaco 
district, which is at present under construction. 

The total expenditures of the supervisor's department, including buildings and the 
repair of same, maintenance of provincial prison, etc., amount to $67,880.64. local 
currency. In addition to the sum mentioned before for the construction of public 
highways was that appropriated by the various municipalities for the construction 
and care of that portion of the public highway coming under their jurisdictions. 
These appropriations by the municipalities were always expended under the direc- 
tion of the provincial supervisor; these sums, however, are not included in the 
above-mentioned expenditures, they representing only that portion expended by 
the province. 

It is hoped that during the coming year some suitable legislation will be enacted by 
the Commission providing a road law or poll tax, something after the form now in 
force in the greater part of the United States. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The question of transportation still remains one of the most important problems to 
deal with in the province. The greater portion of this year the average price for a 
bull cart per day has been $40, local currency, while the average cost of a carromata 
has been $25 per day, local currency. The great demand on this transportation is 
for moving the hemp from the interior down to the seaports and taking the rice and 
merchandise from the ports back into the interior. 

Some idea of the enormous traffic passing over the Camino Real can be had from 
the fact that there was shipped from the port of Legazpi this year in the neighbor- 
hood of 344,270 piculs of hemp, the greater portion of which passed over the Camino 
Real; there entered the port at Legazpi 455,770 piculs of rice, the greater portion of 
which was transported to the interior over this road. There is no record of the great 
tonnage of package freight that passed into the interior from Legazpi, but the greater 
portion of the supplies necessary for the maintenance of 250,000 people was carried 
into the interior over this road. 

This great demand for transportation, and the excessively high prices paid for it, 
has induced outside capital to bring into the province other means of transportation, 
and, as a result, there are at present in the province two modern traction engines, with 
full equipment, for transporting products of the province. These engines have an 
18-inch tread, while the cars used in their trains have an 8-inch tread, and there- 
fore the use of these engines has resulted in but very little damage to the highways. 
One of these engines has been known to transport from the interior to the port in 
one trip 260 piculs of hemp, or the equivalent of what formerly required about 40 
bull carts to transport. It is hoped that by the introduction of this modern method 
of freight transportation the bulls will again be available in the fields and mountains 
for the purpose for which they had formerly been employed. 

A stage line has been introduced between the port of Legaspi and the towns of the 
interior, the stage making triweekly trips. Owing to the excessively high price of 
carromata hire, the stage line at once became very popular and is well patronized, 
being run on a time schedule very similar to stages run in the western portion of 
the United States. 

The difficulty in securing means of transportation and the high prices demanded 
for same have been instrumental in introducing numerous modern means of trans- 
portation, most prominent among these being the automobile and the bicycle. Auto- 
mobiles are now running on the public highway, and during the present year there 
have been imported into the province in the neighborhood of 400 bicycles. 

war 1903— yol 5 47 



738 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

COMMUNICATION. 

The only means of communication with the outside world in this province, so far 
as transportation is concerned, is by steamer. The mail, freight, and express des- 
tined for this province is brought to and forwarded from the ports of Legaspi, 
Tabaco, and Virac. 

An overland mail route has been established between Legaspi and the interior 
towns of the province, thus giving us triweekly communication with the towns in the 
interior. Telegraph and telephone communication has been established with sev- 
eral towns of the province. 

A cable connecting the mainland with the island of Catanduanes is very badly 
needed. The commercial importance of the island of Catanduanes has grown to such 
proportions that it is almost absolutely necessary that this island be brought into 
closer communication with the commercial world. It is sincerely hoped that the 
honorable Commissioners will take such action as is necessary to establish communi- 
cation between this island and the mainland. 

COMMERCE. 

The condition of trade from a business point of view has been most satisfactory 
throughout the province during the past year. At no time in the history of the 
province have affairs, from a business and financial view point, been in more pros- 
perous condition. 

While the province is exceedingly rich in many tropical products, the one excell- 
ing all others is, of course, the hemp plant, the production of the fiber of which 
forms its chief commercial interest. This product, not being limited to any partic- 
ular season, gives steady employment to the major portion of the inhabitants of the 
province throughout the year. The exceedingly high price of hemp during the year 
just closed has brought enormous sums of money into the province. Owing to the 
manner in which the hemp fields are worked, this money readily finds its way into 
the hands of the hemp worker, or day laborer, the hemp lates always being worked 
on shares. In other words, the beneficiador receives in compensation for his labor 
one-half of all the hemp he produces, the other half going to the owner of the late. 

The exportation of hemp from this province during the past year has been in the 
neighborhood of 500,000 piculs, for which the people in the province have received 
in the neighborhood of $12,500,000 local currency in payment. In other words, 
monthly clearances in hemp alone amount to a little over $1,000,000 local currency. 

Numerous other valuable fiber plants grow in abundance throughout the province, 
but the easy manner in which the hemp fiber is obtained and the little care and 
cultivation necessary during the growth of this plant gives to this fiber preference 
over all others. 

The production of ylang-ylang for the year just closed amounts in value to about 
$500,000 local currency. This flower grows in great abundance throughout the prov- 
ince. Copra was produced to the amount of about $300,000, and sinamay, $3,250,000 
local currency. The greater portion of the product of sinamay is consumed in the 
province, it being the fabric from which is chiefly made the clothing worn by the 
natives. Of this product there was exported to^ the value of about $1,000,000 local 
currency. 

The province produces a small amount of rice, though, when all the sementeras 
are cultivated — as they are in normal times — the percentage produced is very small 
in comparison with the consumption. The greater portion of the rice consumed in 
this province is imported from Saigon. 

Although apparently the identical plant from which the hemp fiber is extracted 
grows equally well in all portions of the province, yet the grade of this fiber varies 
in almost every pueblo, and those conversant with the classification can readily deter- 
mine from what particular district or pueblo a bale of hemp is produced the moment 
they examine the fiber. The greater portion of the hemp produced in this province 
is shipped to America, where, owing to its long, strong fiber, it finds a ready market 
in the rope industry. 

The highest grade of hemp produced in this province is in the district around 
Daraga, this hemp being famous, not only for its long, strong fiber, but for its white 
and silk-like appearance. A very large percentage of the hemp produced in the 
jurisdiction of Daraga is consumed in weaving the sinamay, this pueblo being famuos 
throughout the islands for this product. 

Complaints have been made that the hemp produced during the past two years has 
been of a much lower grade in general than that formerly produced. While this no 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 739 

doubt is true, the remedy for overcoming this lowering of the classification lies solely 
with the commercial houses dealing in this product. The difference between the 
prices paid for the higher and lower grade is comparatively slight, and so long as only 
this small difference in price between hemp of a higher and lower grade exists so 
long will the beneficiador produce a greater amount of the lower classification than 
he will of the higher. To produce the higher grade of hemp necessitates nearly one- 
third more labor on the part of the beneficiador than is required to produce an 
equal amount of hemp of the lower grade, so that unless the difference in price 
between the two grades will compensate him for the extra amount of labor necessary 
to produce the higher grade, he will continue to produce the one requiring the least 
amount of labor. 

The remedy lies solely in the commercial houses establishing a scale of prices for a 
fixed classification that will induce the beneficiador to produce the higher grade. As 
the beneficiador receives in compensatfon for his labor one-half of the hemp he pro- 
duces, it can readily be seen that he would be equally interested in producing the 
higher grades as he is now in producing the lower, as his compensation would be 
thus increased. 

Among the majority of the leading commercial houses dealing in hemp there is a 
fixed classification, each house having its own particular marks for a specific grade, 
and on those particular marks the market quotations are based. The classifying of 
the various grades of hemp is usually intrusted to the almacenero and his classifiers. 
If there has been a lowering of the grade under specific marks that have practically 
become standard, then the difficulty lies in the classifiers at the alamacenes; but in 
either event, as stated above, the remedy for correcting these evils lies solely within 
the power of the commercial houses themselves. 

Engineers of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey have completed, during 
the past year, surveys of the ports of Legaspi and Tabaco. Several important obstruc- 
tions to navigation have been developed, and a new channel has been found entering 
the port of Legaspi, which shortens the time of entering and clearing that port fully 
one hour and a half. By buoying two reefs near the center of Albay Bay and the 
erection of a suitable port light in Legaspi, this channel will be sufficiently marked 
to enable vessels to enter or clear from this port either by night or by day. By plac- 
ing a port light at the entrance of Tabaco Bay, vessels will be able to enter and clear 
from that part either by night or by day. As Virac, on the island of Catanduanes, 
has now become a port of considerable importance, it is sincerely hoped that a sur- 
vey of that harbor will be made during the coming year. 



The present system of taxation has supplied the province with sufficient revenues 
to conduct its affairs on a fairly progressive basis. 

During the year there was introduced a territorial or land tax, which at the time 
of its introduction was received apparently by a portion of the public with some dis- 
favor. Much of the unpopularity of this tax, however, can be attributed to the fluc- 
tuation in the rate of exchange. The average native not being able to understand 
the difference in exchange, always objected when his taxes could not be paid at 
the same rate of exchange prevalent at probably only a short time previous in another 
pueblo. 

Much confusion and a great deal of extra work was necessary in preparing the tax 
registers for the collecting of this tax, owing to the fact that under the Spanish regime 
there had been a very incomplete system of land registration. It is the opinion of the 
provincial governor that much of this complaint, as above mentioned, might have 
been avoided had we first introduced an adequate system of land registration, and 
after the property of the province had been properly registered and a fixed rate of 
exchange established there would have been but little difficulty in ascertaining what 
rate of taxation was necessary to produce a sufficient revenue to conduct the affairs 
of the province. 

The aggregate sum collected through the operation of the land tax during the past 
year amounted to about §75,494.73, which sum, without additional revenue, would 
be totally inadequate to conduct both the provincial and municipal affairs of this 
province. It is the opinion of the provincial governor, however, that the land tax 
will ultimately prove of very great benefit to the province, for it has already caused 
many owners "of uncultivated land to prepare this land for cultivation, that they may 
get some revenue from it. A complete but very simple system of land registration 
is very badly needed, and it is hoped that legislation to that end will be speedily 
enacted. 



740 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION 

FINANCES. 

The receipts of the provincial treasurer from all sources for the year just ended 
amounted to $359,095.48 local currency. Of this sum $131,959.82 was returned to 
the municipalities, that being their portion of the general tax. Owing to the few 
deputies in the service and the great number of pueblos to be visited, the entire land 
tax for the year has not been collected. By act of the Commission the municipali- 
ties whose taxes had not been collected at the close of the year were given until 
March of the following year in which to complete the payment of the taxes. .Reports 
from the deputies show that there has been scarcely any complaint as to the rate of 
taxation, and that they have found very little difficulty in collecting the taxes due. 
Many of the municipalities have made numerous expensive improvements, but 



It is very gratifying to note the great progress that has beerr made in the educa- 
tional department of the province during the past year. Numerous school buildings 
have been erected in all parts of the province, and some municipalities are deserving 
of special mention for the very excellent buildings constructed. This is particularly 
true of the town of Virac, on the island of Catanduanes, and of Legazpi, on the 
mainland, where very excellent buildings indeed have been constructed. A high 
school was opened in the town of Guinobatan during the latter part of the year, 
beginning with a very excellent attendance, and, from present indications, the popu- 
larity of the school will necessitate the province providing a much larger building 
in order to accommodate the pupils. At present we have in the province 1 high 
school, 38 schools directed by American teachers in which English is taught, 6 parochial 
schools, and about 700 private schools in which instruction is given in Spanish and 
Bicol. 

A great deal of credit is due the American teachers for the very excellent manner 
in which they have conducted the schools during the past year. 

MINERALS. 

The mineral resources of the province have received but very little attention in 
the past, although there are paying deposits of coal and quicksilver in several locali- 
ties. Coal is found on the island of Bataan in very large quantities in fact the 
entire island seems to be a field of coal. The very high price this article brings in 
the islands should be sufficient inducement for outside investors to explore the 
resources of this island and bring this product into the market. 

POLICE. 

Each municipality supports an organized police force, paid and equipped from the 
funds of the municipality. This force varies in number from 6 to 20, under the 
charge of lieutenants, sergeants, and corporals. The force is armed with revolvers, 
although in a few pueblos loans of rifles have been made by the constabulary. In 
most pueblos the police force is equipped with a prescribed uniform. 

This force has rendered some very excellent service, not only in guarding the 
peace of their pueblos, but by frequently assisting the constabulary in their opera- 
tions. After a more thorough organization of this force and a better comprehension 
of the importance of discipline, they no doubt will be able to render a still better 
account of their services. 

The province has a constabulary force consisting of five inspectors and 140 men. 
This force is distributed in various' portions of the province, wherever it is believed 
they will be able to render the best services to the general public. Ladrone bands 
have appeared in the province from time to time, and the constabulary force has been 
found very effective in cleaning the province of this troublesome element. I have 
great confidence in the future of the Philippine constabulary, and believe that after 
the body is more properly organized and the necessary amount of discipline has been 
installed into its men it will be able to render even still more effective service. 

UNITED STATES MILITARY FORCES. 

There is stationed in the province two companies of the Twenty-sixth United States 
Infantry. Plans are at present under way for the construction of a suitable barracks 
for these troops between the towns of Albay and Daraga. The officers and men of 
this force have conducted themselves during their stay in the province in a very 
gentlemanly and soldierly manner. The best of feeling exists between the citizens 
and the soldiers. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 741 



Preparations are being made to comply with the order of the central government 
to take an effective census of the province sometime during the coining year. The 
information obtainable through a census of this sort is very badly needed, and no 
doubt the information gained from this census will assist greatly in the work in 
several of the provincial departments. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The best of feeling exists between the natives and the American residents of the 
province, and it is extremely gratifying to note the readiness with which the people 
adopt new ideas and modern customs. 

This province opens a wonderful field for the introduction of American supplies 
and implements, and it is sincerely hoped that American manufacturers and mer- 
chants will take advantage of these new markets. The provincial officials will be 
very glad to render every possible assistance to American manufacturers in introduc- 
ing their goods and wares into this province. 

The wages paid for labor have steadily advanced, until the average price paid for 
ordinary day-labor is from $1 to $1.50 local currency per day. Hemp-press workers 
average $2 local currency per day; carpenters and stone masons, $2.50 local currency 
per day; longshoremen, who usually work by the piece, average from $3 to $7 local 
currency per day. The beneficiador of the hemp lates, with two members of his 
family, will average from $8 to $10 local currency per day. 

While the price of labor has risen several hundred per cent from what it formerly 
was, the cost of living has also increased greatly, the people consuming a greater 
variety of food than they had ever been accustomed to in the past. Rents have 
risen on an average of nearly 300 per cent throughout the province, this being partic- 
ularly true in the coast towns. The very large demand for living houses and suitable 
business rooms presents an excellent field for contractors and builders, who would 
do well to investigate the conditions existing here. 

A very excellent field presents itself here for the manufacture of paper, and it is 
hoped that those interested in the manufacture of this product will investigate the 
conditions existing in this province. Thousands of tons of short fiber, the residue 
from the hemp-cleaning machines in the lates, go to waste annually. This residue 
could be had for the mere hauling it away from the late, and there is probably not a 
finer product in the world for the manufacture of paper than this residue of hemp. 

The social conditions have been greatly improved, and the advance that has been 
made by the female sex is noteworthy and gratifying. In the effort to occupy a 
higher plane in the social world clubs have been formed in the more progressive 
pueblos by the leading women to assist one another in securing the respect and social 
position their sex is entitled to. 

Owing to the very rigid quarantine placed on the ports of this province by the pro- 
vincial medical board, we have so far been successful in keeping cholera from entering 
the province. No other disease of any importance exists here to any great extent. 
By subjecting the carabaos of the province to an injection of rinderpest serum every 
six months we have been practically successful in stamping that disease out of this 
territory. 

The report of the provincial medical board shows the province to be in a very 
healthy condition. 

In closing this report the provincial governor desires to commend the chiefs of 
departments and their subordinates for their very excellent work and untiring efforts 
to bring their offices to a high state of efficiency. To the other members of the pro- 
vincial board the governor desires to extend his sincere thanks for their great assist- 
ance in the effort to conduct the affairs of the province in a manner conducive to the 
greatest good to all. 

A. U. Betts, Provincial Governor. 

The Hon. William H. Taft, 

Governor of the Philipjnne Islands, Manilla. 



Report of the Governor of the Province of Ambos Camarines. 

Office of the Governor 
of the Province of Ambos Camarines, 

Nueva Caceres, P. I., January 14, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year ending Decem- 
ber 31, 1902: 
In my last annual report I stated: "Absolute peace prevails in all sections." I am 



742 REPORT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

very glad to now be able to repeat that statement and to report the peaceful condi- 
tions that have existed ever since the end of the insurrection unchanged. The 
people of this province evidently understand that the maintenance of peace and order 
is a condition precedent to progress and prosperity, and I desire to say that to the 
people of the province themselves belongs the credit for the very satisfactory condi- 
tions that exist within our borders, there having been at no time during the year 
necessity for any special effort or display of force by the insular or provincial authori- 
ties to maintain order, and the work of the constabulary has consisted almost 
entirely in guarding the borders and patroling mountain regions where the wild 
tribes were formerly considered more or less dangerous by the Christian inhabitants 
of neighboring barrios. Commercial houses are in the habit of sending large sums 
of money out to distant points by unarmed messengers. American prospectors and 
explorers have penetrated the most remote mountain regions in parties of two and 
three, or entirely alone, and none of these have ever been molested in the slightest 
degree. I doubt if there is a district of like territorial extent and population in the 
Philippine Islands, or elsewhere, that is so free from crime of all sorts as this prov- 
ince; and when it is remembered that the country has but recently emerged from 
war, that it has been ravaged by pestilence and disease and the patience of the people 
sorely tried in many ways, and that in some parts the people are still poor and are 
obliged to work very hard to gain an honest living, I believe the absolutely peaceful 
and orderly conditions that exist here are worthy of special mention and should be 
noted to the credit of our population. 

MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS. 

Since my last report municipal governments have been established in the following- 
named towns: Calasgasan, Capalanga, Gainza, Labo, Lupi, Kagay, and Sipocot. A 
demonstration of the incompetency of the officials, the small population, and scant 
resources of Calasgasan led to a recommendation from the provincial board that the 
town be disincorporated and annexed to the neighboring pueblo of Daet. This rec- 
ommendation received the approval of the honorable Philippine Commission, and on 
December 3, 1902, by act No. 544, Calasgasan was incorporated as a barrio of Daet. 
In the other recently organized towns municipal affairs are being administered in a 
satisfactory manner, which is generally true throughout the province, very few com- 
plaints against officials having been received during the year. The only cases of this 
character of any importance were lengthy sets of charges against the president of 
Nueva Caceres, who was tried by the provincial board and acquitted, and against the 
president, justice of the peace, and treasurer of Nabua, which latter charges were 
investigated and found without foundation. In the month of May Inocentes Aspe, 
president of Magarao, was tried by the provincial board on charges of having sup- 
pressed cholera reports from his town, was found guilty, and dismissed from office. 
Each of these cases has been made the subject of a special report to the executive 
department. 



The province suffered during the year from an epidemic of Asiatic cholera, which 
began on the 1st day of April and continued with some force until the end of May, 
during which time 895 persons were attacked, with 648 deaths. From the 1st of 
June to the end of the year occasional outbreaks and scattering cases occurred, with 
a total for the seven months of 476 attacked and 326 deaths. Total for the year, 
1,371 cases and 974 deaths, distributed as follows among the various races and 
nationalities: 



Died. 



Filipinos . . . 
Americans . 
Europeans . 
Chinese 



Immediately upon the appearance of the disease energetic measures were taken to 
prevent its spread. Dr. Shannon Richmond, then captain and assistant surgeon, 
United States Volunteers, was detailed by the military commander to assist the pro- 
vincial authorities, and to his able and energetic efforts is due the success with which 
the epidemic was combatted. Hospitals and detention camps were at once estab- 




REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 743 

•* 
lished under Doctor Richmond's direction, and he worked day and night adminis- 
tering treatment to the sick, examining cases, and enforcing sanitary regulations. 
Doctor Richmond is now president of the provincial board of health, and is a most 
able, active, and conscientious official. I desire at this time to gratefully acknowl- 
edge the valuable assistance rendered by the Medical Corps of the United States Army 
during the epidemic. 

Aside from the invasion of cholera, general health conditions were better during 
the year than at any time during my three years' experience in the province. The 
general and thorough system of vaccination which has been carried on has resulted 
in a material reduction in the number of smallpox cases, and the gradual adoption 
by the people of improved sanitary measures and a better manner of living is making 
itself felt in a marked decrease of fevers, beriberi, etc. At the close of the year the 
general health of the province was excellent, and cholera had practically disap- 
peared, with the exception of a small local outbreak at Daet, which, however, 
promised to be of but short duration. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The migration of laborers from the impoverished rice-land country to the rich 
hemp districts, mentioned in my last report, has continued during part of the year, 
and in this manner the demand'for labor in the hemp industry has been in part sup- 
plied, resulting in a material increase in hemp production. During the year the 
province exported 251,969 piculs of hemp, as follows: 

Lagonoy 73, 710 

NuevaCaceres 98,259 

Daet 80,000 

Total , 251, 969 

Other products exported are rattan, ilang-ilang, and copra. Of the latter 4,830 
piculs were shipped from the ports of Nueva Caceres and Daet during the year. I 
have no data as to the other two articles named, but both are very prosperous indus- 
tries in a small way and capaple of much further development. 

I have found that there exists a more or less general impression in Manila that 
Ambos Camarines is almost exclusively a rice-producing province, but this is far from 
correct. It is true the province in former years produced a large surplus of rice, which 
it shipped to Albay, Sorsogon, and other parts of the country, and that its rice fields 
were then regarded as its main source of wealth. Owing to the low prices which 
prevailed in those days, hemp was not so highly regarded as at present, and rice 
growing was doubtless more profitable in proportion to the capital and labor required 
for its production; but this province is one of many and varied resources, and the 
fact that hemp had not been entirely neglected became very evident when the loss 
of draft animals made the cultivation of the rice fields on a large scale impracticable, 
and the hemp industry at once took up the surplus laborers turned adrift from the 
rice fields and furnished them regular employment at a rate of wages hitherto unheard 
of in the country. At the present time no application for employment in the hemp- 
producing districts is denied, but, on the contrary, there is a demand for labor greater 
than the supply. 

The growth of the hemp industry last year was not solely along the lines of pro- 
duction from existing fields, but there was quite a boom in opening up new lands in 
localities where no effort has formerly been made to cultivate abaca. From all parts 
of the province we received information that almost every man fortunate enough to 
possess a tract of land large enough and suitable for the purpose was planting hemp. 
It will require from two to three years for these new fields to mature ,but when that 
time come Ambos Camarines may be looked to as a strong competitor for the first 
place as a hemp-producing province. There are but two or three towns that have no 
hemp fields, either existing or in prospect, and in those places, while money is not 
plentiful and the people are poor, there is no suffering or danger of famine, the 
inhabitants gaining a livelihood by fishing, weaving, boating, wood cutting, as 
laborers in neighboring large towns, and in cultivating small crops of rice, corn, sugar 
cane, potatoes, etc. 

As to hemp production, there is necessarily a limit fixed by the available supply 
of labor. How near we are now to the end of that supply is not to be definitely 
determined at the present time, but certainly the day can not be far distant when 
the local supply of labor will be fully taken up. This condition already exists in 
some places, and everywhere are to be seen signs of its approach in the constantly 
increasing demand for higher wages by laborers of all classes. 



744 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The agricultural possibilities of this province are practically unlimited, possessing 
a climate excelled by none in the Tropics (personally I believe by none^any where) 
with a rich and fertile soil that will grow almost anything, and with a population of 
the most peaceable and friendly people in the Archipelago, it seems to me that 
Ambos Camarines offers a most inviting field for the investment of American capital 
in agricultural enterprises, provided, of course, that some means can be found for 
supplying the necessary labor. The total area of the province is calculated to be, 
approximately, 3,000 square miles, about a third of which is mountainous and 
heavily timbered, a third foothills and low mountains perfectly adapted to hemp 
culture, and a third rich, low valley lands available for all sorts of agricultural pur- 
poses. Considerably less than half of the available area is now under cultivation. 

I mention the following as the principal agricultural and natural products of the 
province, most of them at present being produced on a small scale, but all success- 
fully: Hemp, rice, corn, coffee, cacao, sugar cane, cotton, cocoa (and copra product of 
same), ilang-ilang, and pineapples, oranges, mangoes, bananas, and a great variety of 
other tropical fruits. American potatoes, pumpkins, cabbages, and other vegetables 
and garden products have been grown successfully. 

The province contains large tracts of fine grazing lands, and in former times stock 
raising was one of the principal industries. I remember when I came through the 
northern end of tiie province with the army, in February, 1900, traveling for miles 
through a most beautiful country where the hills were covered with cattle as far as 
one could see. Now, however, there are practically no native cattle left in this part 
of the country, the "rinderpest" which began in July, 1900, having carried off about 
all the stock. During the past six months quite a number of foreign cattle have 
been brought in and have apparently thrived, and for a long time have been no 
reports of plague among the cattle or carabao. 

In this connection I desire to state that copies of Act No. 517, together with the 
proclamation of the honorable civil governor concerning the same, were sent out 
during the month of December to all the towns. All reports received in reply thereto 
are to the effect that no danger of famine exists; that all the people not engaged in 
trade or employed in wage-earning occupations are attending to their farms and have 
planted sufficient crops to provide for the necessities of themselves and families. 
There has been no unusual shortage in any crop, except, of course, rice, but fortu- 
nately there is an abundance of this staple on the market here at prices that make 
it easy for the inhabitants to purchase for cash or obtain in exchange for articles of 
local production. No request has been received for seeds. 

MINERALS. 

In regard to the mineral resources of the provinces, I am not able to furnish much 
information in addition to that already in the possession of the mining bureau.* It 
is certain that gold, cinnabar, and coal exist, but whether or not in paying quantities 
has not yet been demonstrated. A number of American miners and prospectors have 
been in the field during the past year, and most of these profess to have made valua- 
ble discoveries. Most of them have filed mining claims under the provisions of the 
1 ' Philippine bill ' ' and legislation of the Commission thereunder, but up to the present 
time no definite results have appeared from their work which would warrant one in 
expressing a positive opinion as to the exact nature and extent of the mining resources 
of the territory in which these men are working, especially as to gold and cinnabar. 
There is no doubt as to the existence of at least two large coal deposits, but it is 
asserted by many that the coal is too soft to have a commercial value, and I am not 
prepared to either confirm or deny this statement, as I am not aware of any analysis 
ever having been made of it. I have seen samples of this coal, which to my layman's 
eyes looked very good, indeed, and I believe it would be well worth while for a rep- 
resentative of the mining bureau to visit and report on these coal deposits, as well 
as the other mineral lands in this vicinity. 

FORESTRY. 

Most of the 1,000 square miles of the area of this province above classified as 
mountainous is covered by heavy growths of timber, including about every variety of 
wood known to the Philippines, and containing a large proportion of the valuable 
timbers of the superior group, as well as resinous and gum-producing trees of no 
small value. This great forest area, protected as it is by law and carefully watched 
over by the government, constitutes one of the strongest reserve resources of the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 745 

province, and will certainly in time, when developed within the limits of wise regu- 
lations, afford opportunities for the profitable employment of capital and labor and 
add much to the wealth of the country. An American company has for more than 
a year been operating at Delapaon, in the jurisdiction of Pasacao, on the west coast; 
employs a large force of workmen and reports excellent results. 

I am now engaged in making a collection of wood samples, which will be placed 
at the disposal of the insular government, and may be found useful by the exposi- 
tion board. 

POST-OFFICES, POSTAL ROUTES, AND TRANSPORTATION. 

During the year post-offices have been established in the towns of Buhi, Cala- 
banga, Daet, Iriga, Libmanan, Magarao, Nabua, Pamplona, Pasacao, San Jose de 
Lagonoy, and Tingaon, which, with the central office at Nueva Caceres, gives us a 
postal system quite sufficient for the present. As soon, however, as the people 
become better acquainted with the American postal system, and evince a desire to 
make use of it, I hope to be able to have an office opened in every town in the 
province. I have succeeded in making arrangements with the authorities of the 
towns where post-offices have been established to carry the mails to and from the 
capital without cost to the government, the only exception being the route to Iriga, 
which is a long one, where the expense would be too great to be borne by the muni- 
cipality, and Daet, which has no land communication with the capital and to which 
mails go direct from Manila and this city by steamer. I believe, however, that no 
charge is made by the steamship companies for this service. 

The postal system as now arranged is working very satisfactorily, with a semi- 
weekly service to Iriga and weekly to other towns, and touches every section of the 
province except the extreme northern end, with which land communication is im- 
possible part of the time and extremely difficult all the time on account of there 
being no roads through the rough, mountainous country north of Daet. The towns 
thus cut off from the center are Capalonga, Mambulao, and Paracale, places of con- 
siderable importance, to which the provincial authorities would like to give more 
attention and visit more frequently than is now possible. I would therefore request 
that one of the coast guard and transportation fleet be assigned to the east coast of 
this province for use in dispatching mails to and visiting the towns named. Such an 
arrangement would also be most advantageous in facilitating communication with 
the important district of Lagonoy, containing six populous towns, and which can 
now be reached only by a long journey over rough mountain trails. 

In this connection I desire to mention the Nueva Caceres-Pasacao railway project, 
which is being promoted by Capt. George Curry, ex-governor of this province. 
Captain Curry's plan is to build a line of railway from this city to Pasacao, on the 
west coast, a distance of about 14 miles, and operate a connecting line of steamers 
from Pasacao to Manila. Over such a route the trip from Nueva Caceres to Manila 
could be accomplished in about twenty-four hours, avoiding the dangers and delays 
of the long trip around the southern end of Luzon through the Straits of San Bernar- 
dino, a journey which now requires from three to ten days, depending on the weather. 
The east coast of Luzon, exposed as it is to the northeast winds and the heavy seas 
of the Pacific Ocean, is not an attractive place for small steamers, especially during 
the storm season from November to March, and navigation along this coast is at all 
seasons slow, expensive, and more or less dangerous. It seems to me that all con- 
ditions are most favorable for the success of a line of railway such as proposed by 
Captain Curry, and I know of no public improvement which would result in greater 
benefit to the commercial and general interests of the country, as well as to the inter- 
ests of the government and the military administration in furnishing a safe, direct, 
and speedy line of communication between Manila and the southern end of Luzon. 
I understand that Captain Curry expects to ask some concessions from the insular 
government in the way of franchises, timber-cutting privileges, and harbor improve- 
ment at Pasacao, and I take pleasure in recommending his plan to the consideration 
of the honorable civil governor and Commission. Captain Curry enjoys the unlim- 
ited confidence of the people of this province, and I consider that his connection with 
this railway enterprise insures for it the hearty approval of the inhabitants of the 
territory through which it is proposed to construct the road. 

SCHOOLS. 

The past year has been productive of most excellent results in school work. There 
are now in the province, under the direct control of American teachers, 28 schools, 



746 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

with a teaching staff of 27 American and 35 native teachers. The enrollment for the 
entire province in these schools is 3,079, with a an average daily attendance during 
the last school year of 2,142. The school system at present is mainly, of course, 
primary, as the English language is the essential point in the education of the native 
children until such time as they are able to grasp the other branches, and few schools 
have as yet been organized for a sufficient time for many of the pupils to have made 
much progress in other studies, as grammar, arithmetic, geography, etc. In some of 
the schools the more advanced pupils study these subjects, while in Nueva Caceres 
it has been found necessary to organize both a grammar and high school. The 
grammar school is on the same basis as those in the United States, being intermedi- 
ate to the primary and normal schools. It absorbs the more advanced pupils of the 
primary schools of Nueva Caceres and vicinity and prepares them for the classes in 
the high school. This grammar school is meeting with marked success, and although 
only organized a short time it already has a daily attendance of 39. The studies 
taught are reading, arithmetic, language, geography, and spelling, with some special 
instruction in singing, writing, and composition. 

A permanent provincial high school has been established under the able direction 
of Mr. Frank L. Crone. This school was opened July 15, with Mr. Crone and one 
lady assistant in charge, but Mr. Crone's marked ability, zeal, and energy, together 
with his kindness and patience as principal and teacher, at once made the school 
popular, and it has grown so rapidly that an increase in the teaching staff has already 
become necessary, and the end of its success is not yet. The attendance at the close 
of the year had reached the very gratifying daily average of 185, made up of some 
of the brightest and most intelligent and representative young men and women of the 
province. A number of towns, representing every section of the province, have taken 
advantage of the provisions of Act No. 446 to send students to this school, and through 
this means the educational department is reaching a class which I consider it most 
advantageous and important to have instructed in the English language and other 
subjects having a tendency to develop in their minds respect and regard for our 
American civilization and institutions. 

Mr. W. B. Freer, the present superintendent of the division of Ambos Camarines, 
is evidently the right man in the right place, and the schools have prospered under 
his direction as they never did before. He is a hard and conscientious worker and 
uses great tact and judgment in meeting and dealing with the native people, with 
whom he is exceedingly popular. Mr. Freer has under him a corps of teachers which 
I consider at least equal to any in the islands. They have not only displayed a high 
degree of energy, patience, and skill in the daily work of their schools, but I have 
been pleased to observe that they have come here evidently imbued with the idea 
which I consider the very essence of the American policy in these islands, viz, to get 
into as close touch as possible with the people, and by kind, courteous, and honor- 
able conduct in dealing with them to gain and hold their respect, confidence, and 
good will. The effect produced in the native mind by this line of conduct on the 
part of the American teachers has been excellent, and I find in every town that the 
American teacher enjoys the respect and esteem of the entire community. 

CONSTABULARY AND POLICE. 

The constabulary force in this province is a very efficient, well instructed and dis- 
ciplined organization, and is commanded by Capt. and Insp. Harry A. Porter, 
assisted by Lieut, and Insp. John Arthur, both able and worthy officers. Great 
care has been exercised in selecting men for enlistment, with the result that a good 
class of men have been secured, and there have been practically no complaints (none 
of a serious nature) from any source of misconduct or abuse of authority by members 
of the corps. On account of the peaceful condition of the province the demands 
upon the force have not been as great as they otherwise might have been. Never- 
theless the men have not been inactive by any means, but have been kept well 
occupied in the work of patroling mountain districts, guarding the borders and 
keeping watch of localities where disturbances might arise, and their work at all 
times has been most satisfactory. At the close of the year 2 inspectors and 51 enlisted 
men, out of a total force of 5 inspectors and 148 men were on detached service in a 
neighboring province. Captain Porter has at present only 2 inspectors for duty 
under him, one of these being stationed away up in Camarines Norte and the other 
acting as supply officer. In view of the large territorial extent of the province and 
the fact that important telephone lines are in charge of the senior inspector I would 
recommend that at least two additional inspectors be assigned to duty under his 
command. 



REPORT OE THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 747 

The municipal police are, as a rule, well organized and render satisfactory service, 
and in those sections bordering on disturbed districts in neighboring provinces effi- 
cient forces of volunteers have been organized for local protection. A system of com- 
munication and secret (volunteer) police has also been established in the outlying 
barrios of the districts above mentioned, by means of which a close watch is kept 
upon strangers and travelers and suspicious movements immediately reported. 



At the end of the year 1901 there remained in the treasury, unexpended, from the 
loan made the province by the insular government under Act No. 196, the sum of 
$23,216.18. Of this fund $20,059.46, together with $1,269.29 from provincial rev- 
enues, were expended in roads and bridges. The results accomplished by these 
expenditures have been satisfactory and beneficial so far as they have gone, but many 
needed improvements have been necessarily postponed owing to lack of funds, and 
there is no immediate prospect of their being made without some additional resources. 
If the ' ' road-tax law ' ' proposed by the recent assembly of provincial governors 
receives the approval of the Commission we shall be able to make many much-needed 
improvements which otherwise could not be made. 

I beg_ to submit the following extract taken from a recent report of the provincial 
supervisor: 

"There are about 135 miles of roads, of which 15 miles are in good condition; the 
remaining 120, part of which have been lately repaired, still need further repairs, at 
an estimated cost of about $400,000 local currency. 

"It is urgently recommended that an appropriation be made to build, as soon as 
practicable, a road from Pili to Lagonoy, via Mabatobato. At the present time only a 
very poor trail connects these two points, and during the rainy season communica- 
tion is almost impossible. Except in exceptional cases there is no communication 
by sea, as no boats ply between here and the Lagonoy district, and travel by smaller 
craft is out of the question. 

" Twenty-five more bridges are needed, of which at least 20 are an urgent neces- 
sity. With the exception of two large bridges, I estimate that the required number 
could be put in at a cost of about 100,000 pesos, with wood as the material. One 
large bridge over the Pauili River and one over the Argos River, which latter forms 
the boundary line between the provinces of Ambos Camarines and Albay, are badly 
needed, and when finished would complete a good continuous road between Nueva 
Caceres and Legaspi. Their construction from wood is impossible, and either iron 
or steel would have to be used. I also recommend the renewal of the smaller bridges 
with iron or steel, as observations during the last year have shown that wooden 
bridges do not last a reasonable time in this climate. For example, the double Howe- 
truss bridge of Oregon pine put in over the San Jose' River by a detachment of United 
States engineers under Lieutenant Kelly only a little more than a year ago, with 
every care and excellent work, thoroughly painted with wood preservative, etc., had 
to have the flooring repaired lately with new planking, and shows in parts of the 
trusses signs of decay. Good native timber of the required grade and dimensions 
would be preferable to pine, but can not be obtained except at a very high expense, 
owing to the lack of animal transportation at the present time. While the original 
cost of iron and steel bridges would be considerably more than that of wooden 
bridges, they would prove in time to be much more economical and would do away 
with continuous breaking down and repairs, as is now the case." 

The Pili-Lagonoy road, mentioned by the supervisor, is too large an undertaking 
for the province alone, even with the assistance of the road- tax law, but its impor- 
tance I believe sufficient to make it worthy the attention of the insular government. 
The "Partido de Lagonoy" contains 6 towns with an aggregate population of nearly 
40,000. It is a very rich hemp-producing district, having exported last year, as 
shown by figures hereinbefore quoted, 73,710 piculsof hemp. Being shut off as it is 
from communication with the center of the province and the outside world, places 
this district under a serious disadvantage and delays development of what would 
probably become, under favorable conditions, one of the richest sections of the 
Archipelago. I believe the benefits, not only to this province, but to the country 
at large, to be derived from the construction of such highway would be amply 
sufficient to warrant a liberal appropriation of insular funds for the work. If the 
Commission did not feel inclined to do the work entirely at the expense of the 
insular treasury, an arrangement might be made to divide the cost between the 
insular and provincial treasuries, or for the insular government to advance the nee- 



748 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

essary funds as a loan to the province, to be repaid in annual installments to be fixed 
in accordance with the financial condition and prospects of the province. If any- 
thing is found in this plan as here outlined to commend it to the attention of the 
Commission I would suggest that an engineer officer be sent here with instructions 
to, in company with the provincial supervisor, look over the ground, make prelimi- 
nary surveys, and estimates of the cost of constructing the road. 

FINANCES. 

The following statement, taken from the records of the provincial treasurer, shows 
the financial condition, in United States currency, of the province at the close of the 
year 1902: 

Balance on hand available for expenditure on December 13, 1901 $36, 897. 81 

Due to municipalities December 31, 1901 3, 807. 69 

Total cash on hand December 31, 1901 40,705.50 

Collections: 

Industrial tax $17, 926. 79 

Cedulatax 14,420.06 

Land tax 13, 045. 18 

Sales of stamps 1, 373. 03 

Registration fees 388. 49 

Cart tax 266. 98 

Rents 111.42 

Urbana tax 110. 42 

47,642.37 

Received from insular government for return of forestry and internal- 
revenue taxes 7, 841. 76 

Total 96,189.63 

The disbursements have been as follows: 

Paid to municipalities. 25, 973. 96 

Expended on roads and bridges 21, 328. 75 

Salaries $17,864.27 

Purchase of supplies 4,302.40 

Expenses of provincial board of health, including salaries. 2, 414. 56 

Traveling expenses 2, 022. 84 

Court and prison expenses 1, 745. 63 

Repairs of buildings „ 630. 85 

Rents 211.57 

Transportation 69. 09 

29,261.21 

Loss due to depreciation of silver currency 7, 496. 60 

Due to municipalities December 31, 1902 2, 658. 39 

Balance on hand available for expenditure on December 31, 1902 9, 470. 72 

Total 96, 189. 63 

Of the balance on hand December 31, 1901, $23,216.18 was the unexpended bal- 
ance of the loan made the province by the insular government under the provisions 
of Act No. 196. 

All departments are being administered in the most economical manner possible, 
and we believe we have succeeded in keeping the cost of running the provincial 
government down to the lowest possible figure consistent with efficiency. 

The affairs of all departments are in good condition, and complete harmony exists 
throughout the administration. The honesty, fidelity, and efficiency of the Filipino 
officials, which I took occasion to comment upon last year, I desire to again mention 
at this time, with special reference to Mr. Ramon Enrile, secretary, and Mr. Ful- 
gencio Contreras, fiscal. These gentlemen are in perfect accord with the policy of 
the government, are on the most friendly and confidential terms with the American 
officials, and the value of their services can not be too highly estimated. During 
the months of June, July, and August, while the writer was absent from the prov- 
ince, and again in December, Mr. Enrile was, according to law, acting governor, and 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 749 

performed his duties with most creditable tact, skill, and good judgment. In view 
of their past faithful services and of what is to be expected of them in the future, I 
recommend that the salaries of the secretary and fiscal be increased to $1,800 per 
annum, each. 

I have the honor to remain, very respectfully, 

James Ross, 
Governor, Ambos Camarines. 
The honorable the Civil Governok, 

Manila, P. L 



Report of the Provincial Governor op the Province op Antique. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Antique, 
San Jose de Buena Vista, P. I. , January 14, 1903. 
Sir: In compliance with section 7, Act No. 83 of the United States Philippine 
Commission, and in accordance with the provisions of section 8 thereof, I have the 
honor to present the following report upon the conditions of the province of Antique 
for the year ended December 31, 1902. 

POPULATION. 

The total population of the province is 121,376 souls, according to the census 
recently taken in each of the municipalities. It is distributed as follows: 

Antique 4, 761 

Anini-y 4, 426 

Barbaza 4, 174 

Bugason 11,412 

Caritan 3,123 

Cagayancillo 2, 351 

Culasi 11, 443 

Dao 7,765 

Engafia 3, 079 

Guintas 3, 536 

Guisijan 2,143 

Lauaan 2, 322 

Pandan 11, 020 

Patnongon 5, 818 

San Jose de Buena Vista 5, 403 

San Pedro 7, 450 

San Remigio 4, 372 

Sibalom 12, 218 

Sebaste 3, 270 

Tibiao 6, 097 

Valderrama 4, 693 

According to the previous census the population was about 114,000 inhabitants; 
therefore there has been an increase of 7,376 during the year 1902. It is true that 
cholera — which appeared here September 27 — and malaria both exist as yet in some 
of the pueblos of the province, and these caused many deaths, but this decrease has 
been offset by the births during the year 1901 and 1902, which, together with the 
great number of people who escaped enumeration in the year 1901, have caused this 
increase of 7,376 inhabitants. 

To the number 121,376, which is the present population of the province, there must 
be added certain members of the Ati or Negritos tribes, who live in savagery, scat- 
tered along the banks of the rivers of some of the pueblos of the province. The 
number of these will not at present reach more than 200, including men, women, and 
children, a great number of them having emigrated to the island of Negros during 
the last decade. They live in quasi-independence, without political connection with 
the Christian population, and govern themselves after their own fashion, ruled over 
by the captain or the elder of the tribe, which is composed of various families, usu- 
ally descended from a common source. 

The Buquidnons, or Mundos, also form a separate, semisavage population within 
the province of Antique, and these are located in the inaccessible regions of the 
mountains, without any political relations with the Christian population. They are 



750 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 



of the same race (Visaj^ans) as the Christians, and the larger part of them lives in 
one of the mountains of the pueblo of Valderrama, known as the Monte de Verdin, 
separated from the pueblo by a distance of four or five days' travel through dense 
forests. Their population is estimated at 300 — men, women, and children. 



PUBLIC HEALTH. 



During the year 1902 there have occurred in all the provinces about 4,523 births 
and 5,551 deaths, the latter caused largely by cholera and malaria, which were preva- 
lent in the latter half of the year, according to the following statistics : 



Pueblo. 



Births. 


Deaths. 


196 


352 


119 


147 


110 


65 


394 


275 


57 


36 


681 


214 


348 


269 


100 


314 


97 


246 


148 


111 


33 


18 


509 


344 


126 


196 


195 


419 


301 


352 


148 


146 


496 


1,268 


110 


418 


205 


135 


150 


167 



Remarks. 



Antique 

Anini-y 

Barbaza 

Bugason 

Cagayancillo 

Caritan 

Culasi 

Dao 

Engafia 

Guintas 

Guisijan 

Lauaan 

Pandan 

Patnongon 

San Jose de Buena Vista 

San Pedro 

San Remigio 

Sibalom 

Sebaste 

Tibiao 

Valderrama 



Up to November, 1902. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Up to September, 1902. 
Up to November, 1902. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Up to September, 1902. 
Up to November, 1902. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



During the period of the cholera epidemic, which, while unfortunately still exist- 
ing at the present time in certain of the pueblos, shows a tendency to disappear, it 
has been found that the municipal presidents of health were unable to cooperate 
with Doctor Montiola, provincial president of the board of health, because the great 
majority were incapable of appreciating the importance of their duties and were 
ignorant of the use of medicines in combatting the disease. Therefore, it resulted 
that nearly all sanitary measures that were taken in the pueblos were especially 
instigated by the provincial board of health. It may be stated that the efforts of 
Doctor Montiola and certain municipal presidentes, not the municipal health author- 
ities, were the cause of bringing about success in the campaign against the cholera, 
as shown by the relatively small mortality during the epidemic. It is therefore rec- 
ognized as a necessity to displace the present presidents of municipal boards of health 
and replace them with duly admitted physicians, and to intrust each of them with 
the sanitary care of five or more municipalities. 

Antique undoubtedly is one of the provinces of the Philippines which is favored 
with the most excellent climatological conditions. The mean temperature is 32° C, 
the highest during the hot season reaching 37. 7° C. The pueblos, which for the most 
part are situated along the seacoast, form a long and narrow strip, extending from 
north to south a distance of more than 90 miles. The interior pueblos are Simbalom, 
Engafia, and San Remigio, and in these, owing to the humidity of the soil, the health 
conditions are less favorable than are those of the other pueblos. Valderrama, 
though also an interior town, occupying the central portion of the province and 
separated from Bugason by a distance of 8 miles, like the coast pueblos, is of quite 
healthful conditions, owing to its considerable elevation above the sea level. 



There are numerous rivers bursting from the high mountains and falling in beau- 
tiful cascades. After irrigating the fields along the way they mingle with the waters 
of the sea. The largest, deepest, and most rapid rivers are the Dalanas, between 
Tibiao and Barbaza; the Paliwan, between Bugason and Guisijan; the Cangaranan, 
which runs through Valderrama and Bugason; and the Simbalom, in the pueblos of 
San Remigio, Simbalom, and San Pedro. 

During the season of heavy rains the rivers can not be forded, and all means of 
communication in the province are cut off. Frequently the rivers change their 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 751 

courses, causing much damage to the fields along their banks. On account of the 
precipitous course and the frequent variation of the rivers, it is difficult, if not indeed 
impossible, for the province to construct bridges over the rivers, though they are 
considered necessary at all times, in order to provide means of communication and 
transportation. 

RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES. 

The Filipino people of this province, as the majority of the people of the islands, 
are Christians, their religion until now being founded upon the Roman Apostolic 
doctrines; but it is believed that owing to the unjust attitude of the Vatican toward 
the Filipino people, the influence of Rome will soon cease to predominate in the 
consciences of the greater part of the inhabitants of the province of Antique, as 
shown by the fact that the secular clergy of this place seems to be favorably disposed 
toward the doctrines of Father Aglipay. This is to be expected, since in the rules 
of the new church the native clergy has found the consummation of their aspirations. 
"Without any doubt whatsoever, the leading, most intelligent citizens of this place 
sympathize with the attitude of the secular clergy. This loss of influence by the 
Pope is due to his uncompromising zeal in supporting the friars in these islands, 
while they are disliked on account of their history throughout the country as being 
the liberticides of the Philippines. The enlightened Filipinos of the province of 
Antique, loving their present political institutions, will compromise with any other 
form of Christian religion except the Roman, even at the risk of contradicting them- 
selves, if the Roman Pontiff persists in retaining the Spanish friars in this place, for 
it is believed that as long as there remains a friar in the Philippines there will always 
be some one to stir up strife between the people and their constituted authorities; 
there will always be some one trying to sow discord, to place obstacles in the way of 
the friendly relations of Americans with Filipinos, and then to gloat over the mis- 
fortunes of "the Filipino people and the embarrassments and difficulties of the Ameri- 
can Government in their administration of these islands. For these two peoples, 
Filipino and American, have accomplished here the destruction, in the interests of 
humanity and justice, of the secular dominion of the powerful friary. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Due to the former system of instruction, essentially sectarian, under the direction 
of the very reverend and learned parish priests, the education of the people is exceed- 
ingly imperfect in the province of Antique. There are more than 25 per cent who 
can neither read nor write; 20 per cent who can not write, and less than 5 per cent are 
educated. There is now among the young a great enthusiasm for learning, and certain 
youths who have attended the schools where American teachers were employed can 
already understand and read English. The improvement in this language here, 
while slow, is quite noticeable. So true is this that I do not think it too much to 
say that within a period of fifteen years there will be more Filipinos in Antique who 
speak English than at present speak Spanish. It would be desirable for the muni- 
cipalities to construct buildings for public schools in the barrios which are at some 
distance from the central municipality, in order that in this manner all the possible 
benefits of education might be disseminated. This could be accomplished by reduc- 
ing the number of municipalities, so that, with a reduction in the number of officials 
there might accrue a surplus to construct and maintain public schools, which are so 
necessary for the progress of the people. This is all the more practicable since there 
is here a superabundance of weak municipal organizations which serve only as a 
burden to the machinery of administration. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The principal resource of this province is agriculture. The most important product 
is rice, which is produced in all the pueblos and is the principal food of the people. 
This commodity is produced in ordinary seasons in sufficient quantity for the con- 
sumption of the residents in the pueblos of Pandan, Sebaste, Culasi, Tibiao, Barbaza, 
Guisijan, Bugason, Dao, and Valderrama; in a quantity sufficient for but two-thirds 
of the year in the pueblos of Caritan, Patnongon, and Guintas, and scarcely enough 
for three months in Anini-y and Cagayancillo. But Sibalom, Engana, San Pedro, San 
Remigio, and Antique, called the granary of Antique, are the pueblos which produce 
the greatest quantity of rice, and they are able to feed, in addition to the inhabitants 
of their own pueblos, the whole province. So it was that in former years rice was 
exported from this province to the provinces of Batangas and Iloilo. In the entire 



752 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

province a million and a half "cavanes" of rice, on an average, are produced annu- 
ally. But last year, 1902, owing to the scarcity of carabaos, on account of rinderpest, 
and to the drought, the harvest fell short in the pueblos to the northward, amounting 
to less than one-fourth of a crop, and in the plain of Sibalom and the neighboring 
fields one-third of the ordinary crop was gathered. 

In the pueblos to the north, from Bugason to Culasi, sugar is raised, but war and 
later, in 1902, the lack of work animals put an end to work upon the plantations, 
and now scarcely any sugar is raised. However, since 1901 and especially in 1902 
great quantities of hemp have been planted in the pueblos of Pandan, Sebaste, and 
Culasi, whose mountains present excellent conditions for the production of hemp of 
a superior grade. In San Remigio, Barbaza, and Dao small quantities of this fiber 
are also produced but of a poor quality. 

Copra is produced in all the coast towns, especially in Pandan and Cagayancillo, 
and the best mango of the Philippines is grown in the pueblo of Tibiao. 

Coffee and cocoa are raised also in all the pueblos, but in small quantities, which 
do not suffice for local consumption; this industry is capable of expansion, however. 
There are, further, produced corn, sweet potatoes, etc., to such an extent that even 
though relatively little rice has been gathered during the year 1902 there is a well- 
grounded hope that we can successfully cope with famine during the current year, 
1903, with the assistance of the grain stored up in 1901. 

In the whole province there are not 200 head of cattle, those left being the ones 
saved from the recent epidemic of rinderpest, thousands upon thousands having 
died in the pastures of Dao. It was possible to save one-third of the carabaos from 
the disease. At present there are innumerable horses dying from the surra. 

COMMERCE, FORESTRY, AND "iNDUSTRIA." 

Commerce and trading show no signs of life, undoubtedly due to the very bad 
condition of the means of communication, and the resources of the forests are not 
utilized for lack of transportation facilities. 

SUGGESTED LEGISLATION. 

(a) Roads and bridges. — The roads and bridges are in a deplorable condition, 
despite the efforts made to improve them. Throughout the province one is unable 
to avail himself of the comfort of traveling in a coach, and even carts and wagons 
which might be used to freight merchandise can with difficulty traverse these roads. 
From the year 1897 until after 1900 the roads and bridges were completely aban- 
doned, and by reason of such neglect they of course became destroyed, and nothing 
was preserved of them except the custom of calling them by the name of roads and 
bridges. Consequently, the best manner of traveling in the province at present is 
either on foot or horseback, at times it being necessary to go along the shore. 

The provincial government has provided for the repair of the roads from San Jose 
de Buena Vista to Sibalom, from San Jose de Buena Vista to Antique and Guintas, 
and from Antique to Engaha, under the direction of the former supervisor, T. Hodg- 
son, and they are now in much better condition, compared with former years. Simi- 
lar work was also done upon the road from San Jose de Buena Vista to Sibalom in 
1901. Also, though on a small scale, as the resources of the province permitted, like 
work has been done in Culasi, Tibiao, and other pueblos, and a force of about 50 
men has been constantly employed upon the provincial wagon road. 

About 15 bridges, both large and small, have been built throughout the province; 
and of these three were built at the expense of the military department, but under 
the supervision of the province. These are the bridges at Malandog and Bocboc, in 
the municipal jurisdiction of Antique, and at Calala, in the jurisdiction of Guintas. 
There is now in course of construction, also at the cost of the military department, 
another bridge over the river Bungol, in the municipality of Culasi, substituting the 
one proposed for the river Antique, in the municipality of Antique. 

It is not expected that it will be possible to put into good condition all the roads 
and bridges of the province with the resources of the province itself in a period of 
less than ten years. This certainly is an evil, and besides affecting agriculture and 
other prime necessities of the province in a serious manner, would be the cause for 
the prolongation of the commercial depression, while upon the development of com- 
merce the true success and prosperity of this people, essentially agricultural, justly 
depends. Wherefore it is urgent, with all the urgency of a great social and public 
necessity, that the roads and bridges here be put in good condition; and to accom- 
plish this two methods are offered as the most practical: to apply to the central gov- 
ernment for a loan, or to impose a special tax for roads and bridges. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 753 

But the idea of a loan would not provide in this matter a practical solution, for the 
reason that later, when the time for the repayment of the loan should have arrived, 
this obligation would absorb all the funds necessary for the care of the roads and 
bridges, and naturally the greatest and most substantial work would have to be post- 
poned until the debt should have been paid. In case the roads should be destroyed 
and the bridges lost, as they might be, in one day, it would be necessary to recon- 
struct them, contracting new debts. For this reason, between the two measures 
proposed, the tax for roads and bridges is more acceptable and more in conformity 
with the present early stage in the life of our provinces. True, such tax can not be 
imposed without rousing the opposition of many Filipinos, because it was the occa- 
sion, in the former regime of government, of great and punishable abuses. But 
fortunately those times have passed away and the employees of to-day are not those 
of yesterday. To-day the people have a voice in their own public administration, 
and the features which caused dislike for the road tax have been abolished. The tax 
for roads and bridges, like all taxes, is certainly a burden upon the taxpayer, because 
it serves to increase the load already heavy upon the shoulders of a people debilitated 
by a series of calamities which have recently befallen them. However, it is an evil 
that is necessary in order to avoid other evils far greater, which would occur as a 
result of a continuance of the present condition of distress due to the lack of easy 
means of communication. Therefore, all opposition to the imposition of this tax is 
wanting both in reason and foundation, particularly when it is remembered that this 
tax would be merely temporary or provisional in character, imposed for not more 
than two years, because it is to be used only for the purpose of hastening the build- 
ing of the roads and bridges, since the provinces, owing to their recent organization 
and lack of resources, are unable to carry out these enterprises promptly and thor- 
oughly. In order that the proposed tax may accomplish the purposes for which it 
is intended, and in order that its history, so odious to the minds of the people, shall 
be forgotten and no longer occasion opposition to this tax, it is recommended that 
authority be given the provincial boards in the respective provinces to impose a 
special tax for roads and bridges, fixing the rate and manner of collection, after 
securing the approval and consent of the municipal councils of all the municipalities 
of the province, which shall previously have been called together in assembly by 
the provincial board. Thus may the consent of the people to this class of taxation 
be assured through their immediate representatives. 

(6) The fusion of municipalities. — It is an axiom of government that the success of 
the provincial officials depends, in the greatest number of cases, upon the efficient 
assistance of the municipal officials. We have had this assistance from the majority 
of our municipalities, from those which have sufficient resources to maintain a munici- 
pal existence, and from those wherein men of capacity and integrity were raised by 
popular suffrage to the official positions. In a general way we may state that as time 
advances our hopes grow stronger in the success of our municipal administration, 
which should naturally follow upon the daily experience acquired in the perform- 
ance of municipal duties. 

But of the 21 municipalities which compose this province, it may be stated as a 
certainty that seven of them at least are still far removed from capacity for affording 
this efficient assistance, because they can not secure good and intelligent men to fill 
their offices. These municipalities are Caritan, Cagayancillo, Engana, Guintas, 
Guisijan, Lauaan, and Sebaste, and, in general, all those municipalities which con- 
tain less than 4,000 inhabitants. On account of their slender resources these munici- 
palities are unable to offer a moderately adequate salary to their officials, and for 
this reason men of intelligence, if there are any, refuse to be elected to the munici- 
pal offices, or when appointed to them refuse to accept them, thus making it possible 
for men of little sense, and, in most cases, office seekers, to fill the municipal positions 
for the profit they can obtain therefrom. Such men are the causes of much incon- 
venience, and their stupidity nearly always results in the interruption of improve- 
ment in public administration. 

During the last fiscal year the following were the total receipts in the municipali- 
ties named: Caritan, $368.39; Guintas, $348.73; Guisijan, $300.70, and Cagayancillo, 
$120.84 in United States currency, and in the same class are the municipalities of 
Sebaste, Lauaan, and Engana. With only such resources as these, it is impossible to 
believe that these municipalities can support a proper municipal organization, with 
police for the maintenance of public order, with officials to execute and enforce the 
laws, and with funds to pay for their public improvements. The facts that public 
administration encounters in these municipalities such an obstacle to ordinary prog- 
ress, and that people are living outside the pale of the law, unpunished because of 
the ignorance or negligence of the officials, suggest to us a remedy which is possibly 
the only paving measure, and this is the consolidation of these municipalities into 

war 1903— vol 5 48 



754 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

one, or their annexation as barrios to other municipalities. It is a fact that in Caga- 
yancillo, through the ignorance of the officials, the assassins of the presidente Bung- 
cag lived for more than four months in the most scandalous impunity. Since its 
organization the government at that place has been in the most complete chaos, and 
there is not a man there with even mediocre intelligence who is capable of applying 
the law. So in the seven pueblos mentioned we are unable to commend the effi- 
ciency of their public service. 

(c) Municipal police. — Each of the various pueblos of the province has a police force 
of from 4 to 16 men, according to its resources; Bugason and Sibalom having the 
largest number, and Guintas and Cagayancillo having the smallest. In certain of 
the pueblos which have less than 4,000 inhabitants the police service is of scarcely 
any value, because generally with the small salary, which, as a rule, they do not 
receive, men do not offer themselves to perform such delicate services, and there is of 
course no efficiency in this branch. For such reasons as these the chief inspector of 
the Philippine Constabulary has found himself obliged to disarm the police in Tibiao 
and Guisijan, and to refuse arms to the police of Cagayancillo. The municipal police 
is usually armed with revolvers; some, however, have "bolos," and very rarely, in 
two or three pueblos only, they have two or three shotguns, all furnished with a very 
small quantity of ammunition. 

With such arms it is not to be expected that the municipal police is able to defend 
their pueblos from the attacks of the bandits, and while it may be stated, in a gen- 
eral manner, that there is no outlawry in the province, nevertheless it is not certain 
that at some time, especially during the dry season — January, February, March, 
April, and May — bands from the provinces of Iloilo and Capiz will not attack the 
central and northern pueblos of the province. The pueblos, for lack of arms (which 
should be at least equally as good as, if not better than, those of the ladrones), have 
to fold their arms and abandon their property to the tender mercies of the bandits, 
allowing them to take possession of their few work animals, the only ones they have 
left from the ravages of the late pest. So that unless at least half of the municipal 
police are furnished with good guns, it is absolutely impossible to force them to fight 
in unequal combat, in the defense of the interests of their municipality against a band 
of outlaws who usually possess three or more guns, for it would be to require of them 
a duty which, considering their present organization and equipment, it is impossible 
for them to perform. Therefore, again we recommend the suppression of the afore- 
mentioned municipalities because the interests of the public welfare demand it, and 
that there shall not exist within the province any municipalities except such as are 
capable of managing and defending their own interests. In this manner shall muni- 
cipal autonomy not prove an illusion. 

(d) Justices of the peace. — There are 21 pueblos in the province, but there are only 
20 justices of the peace, as there has never been a justice of the peace in Cagayancillo, 
because no man capable of performing these duties has ever been found there. The 
great or small success of the administration of justice in these courts has always been 
in direct ratio to the great or small knowledge of law possessed by the justices of the 
peace. But unfortunately, there is but one lawyer in this province, and he is the 
present provincial fiscal, Sen or V. Gella, and there are not four men who have 
studied law. Consequently, in this province, the duties of justice of the peace 
devolve upon incompetent persons, as a rule. 

In order that the courts of the justices of the peace may be presided over by 
worthy men, it is recommended that three or more municipalities be grouped into 
one judicial district, and for each district a justice of the peace be appointed. This 
province should be divided into seven districts, and it would then be easy to find 
seven justices of the peace who were capable and who would, without doubt, perform 
the duties of their office more acceptably than the 20 who hold these offices in the 
province at present. In each municipality there should then be appointed an auxil- 
iary justice of the peace to take cognizance in matters within the jurisdiction of the 
municipality, and in the absence of the justice of the peace to hold preliminary 
examinations in criminal cases, and to perform temporarily the duties of the justice 
of the peace during the absence or disability of the latter, but always confining his 
acts to his own municipality. In this manner the justice of the peace, besides being 
a better man, will have more duties to perform, and the more business that comes 
before him the more fees he will receive, and he will thus be well paid. He might 
even be designated a salary by the government, not to exceed the probable fees which 
he would receive according to the schedule fixed in the code of procedure. The 
majority of the justices of the peace in our municipalities merely while away the 
time in their offices, and while they do this they suffer from hunger, so that it is 
unjust to expect greater assiduousness in attending their office waiting for the public. 

(e) Sheriff. — The performance of the duties of sheriff is also one of the unsettled 
questions in the affairs of the justice of the peace courts. This is because frequently 
after the judge of the court of first instance has closed the session, the acting or tern- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 755 

porary sheriff resigns from his office and no one will take his place. Consequently 
the orders of the justices of the peace are not executed, and the interests and the 
rights of the citizens who are parties, suffer. We recommend, therefore, that the 
authority of the sheriff be always conferred upon the provincial governor, as an addi- 
tion to his duties, and that all the municipal presidentes be made his deputies, ex 
officio. 

PUBLIC OEDEE. 

Peace and good order prevail throughout the whole province, and thanks to this 
condition, and despite the lack of capital and work animals, our fields have been cul- 
tivated and the farmer has always reaped his just reward. Petty thieving at times 
disquiets things, but this could be suppressed by the municipal police if each of the 
municipalities could dispose of half a dozen guns. 

There are in this province approximately 159 members of constabulary, and they 
have detachments in the pueblos of Pandan, Sebaste, Tibiao, Bugason, Patnongon, 
and San Kemigio, besides the general headquarters which are located at San Jose de 
Buena Vista. This body undoubtedly cooperates with the provincial government in 
the maintenance of good order and tranquillity in all the province; and it is therefore 
recommended, as a matter of public policy, that the constabulary should communi- 
cate a report to the provincial governor of their location and any change thereof, for 
his information and guidance, since he is made responsible for the peace and good 
order of the whole province. 

Before concluding this report I should state that the relations between the officials 
of the provincial government are of the most cordial nature, and courtesy distin- 
guishes all their intercourse. And as long as harmony and fraternity inspire them 
in the consideration and solution of the multiple duties of provincial government, 
the complete success of the public administration throughout all the province is 
assured. 

Respectfully, A. Salazae, 

Provincial Secretary, Acting Governor. 

The Civil Goveenoe, Manila, P. I. 



RePOET OF THE PEOVINCIAL GOVEENOE OP THE PEOVINCE OF BATAAN. 

Peovincial Goveenment of Bataan, 

Office of the Goveenoe, 
Balanga, P. I., January 20, 1903. 

Sie: Under the provisions of act No. 83, of the United States Philippine Commis- 
sion, I have the honor to make the following report for the year 1902: 

The province has not been disturbed during the year by "tulisans," and there are 
only few instances of particular localities being interrupted by this class of outlaws, 
the casualties resulting therefrom during the whole year being one policeman killed 
in Orani, and five shotguns of the municipal police taken from Hermosa. In the 
west part of the province, in the territory of the naval reservation, one Gregorio 
Gonzales, with a following of three or four men, having four or five rifles, appeared 
among the people claiming to be insurrectionists, the reservation being abandoned 
by order of the President of the United States. The naval garrison at Moron was 
withdrawn and the constabulary substituted the latter part of November, when, on 
December 11, Gregorio Gonzales and his brother, Maximo, were killed and their 
guns captured. Some other captures have since been made, and it is believed that 
none of this band is left. This, in brief, is the history of ladronism in Bataan Prov- 
ince for one year. 

The record of convictions for crimes by the court of first instance during the year 
would seem to indicate that the people are law abiding and a very small per cent 
commit acts of violence. There have been only 7 convicted in said court and 
sentenced to prison for terms longer than one year. The daily average number of 
prisoners confined in the provincial jail during the year, serving sentence and await- 
ing trial, has been 8 T V 

The Asiatic cholera broke out in the province on March 27, a few days after its 
appearance in Manila — the first cases in Port Rivas, a barrio, the landing between 
Balanga and Manila. The spread of the disease was held in check at this place, but 
a few cases continued to develop each day for several weeks. Afterwards Orion 
was attacked by the disease and then Orani, and finally all the towns became more 
or less infected, but during all the time the disease was held in check and in a few 
weeks was stamped out. The towns that suffered the worst were Orion and Orani, 
each of which lost about 500 people, and the total deaths in the province were from 



756 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

1,800 to 2,000, among which were two white Americans and one colored American 
and one Spaniard. 

The resources of the province are agriculture, fishing, and timber business. The 
main products from agriculture are rice and sugar. The production of rice during 
the year has not been sufficient to feed the entire people, and it is estimated that 
only about 75 per cent of the amount necessary has been raised. Of the rice lands 
heretofore cultivated the people were only able to plant about two-thirds in rice, and 
of this about 20 per cent was destroyed by locusts. The second crop of rice planted 
by the people under the impetus of the proclamation of the honorable Civil Gov- 
ernor, dated November 19, 1902, will, I believe, more than make up the amount 
destroyed by locusts. Of the area of land usually devoted to the production of sugar 
probably not more than 20 per cent has been planted and the production will not 
equal much more than 10 per cent of the amount produced prior to 1896. The loss 
in the area in rice and sugar planted is on account of the insufficiency of work ani- 
mals, and the loss of the growing crops was caused by the invasion of locusts. 

Raising and catching fish is one of the most profitable businesses in the province and 
a great many people are dedicated to this business. At the town of Orion it is stated 
that it is difficult to get farm laborers for the lands, because nearly all the men are 
engaged in fishing. 

The cutting of timber has not been very extensive during the year on account of 
the limited number of licenses, and the further fact that the military and naval 
reservation has covered a great part of the best forestry of the province. The resci- 
sion of the order setting aside the naval reservation by the President of the United 
States has thrown back to the province the towns of Bagac and Moron, which adds 
greatly to the timber resources of the province. 

The constabulary force in the province is a well-disciplined body of men, and has 
been very successful in keeping the province free from outlaws. 

The town governments have been well administered. The extra expense caused 
the towns by the invasion of cholera has prevented and retarded some public improve- 
ments. Complaints against officials of abuses have indeed been rare. 
Very respectfully, 

J. H. Goldman, Governor of Bataan. 

Mr. Beekman Wintheop, 

Acting Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Batangas, 1902. 

Office of the Provincial Governor of Batangas, 

Batangas, June 25, 1903. 

Sir: In having the honor to submit to you the following report relative to the con- 
ditions of this province during the year ending December 31, 1902, I would take the 
liberty to recommend certain measures that in my judgment should be adopted for 
the improvement of the conditions described. 

Having already referred to some of these measures in former reports, I shall deal 
only with those that during the short period of my incumbency experience has sug- 
gested and which I have not yet had an opportunity to mention to you. 

I will start in with those affecting the organization of the provincial government, 
composed of the following officials: Simeon Luz, provincial governor; Florencio 
Caedo, provincial secretary; R. D. Blanchard, provincial treasurer; Charles Kendall, 
provincial supervisor; Diego Gloria, provincial fiscal. 

Since the inauguration of provincial government in Batangas on May 12, 1901, no 
changes other than that in the office of governor have occurred. The present gov- 
ernor was appointed on June 23, 1902, and assumed charge upon July 3 of the same 
year. 

The offices of the governor and secretary have 3 clerks, 1 messenger, 1 servant, and 
a jailer, who has charge of the prisoners in the provincial jail and who was appointed 
by the governor. 

The office of the provincial treasurer has 4 deputies, 1 chief clerk, and 3 clerks; that 
of the provincial supervisor has 1 clerk; that of the provincial fiscal, 1 clerk. 

Military control having ended July 4, 1902, upon peace being restored throughout 
the province, order is now complete and tranquillity established and the provincial 
government is running smoothly though work is increasing in all offices. 

The supervisor and fiscal, who had no clerks, were authorized by the provincial 
board to have the assistance corresponding to them, but this authorization was in 
part disapproved by the insular treasurer, the appointment of one clerk for each being 
approved. 



BEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 757 

The accumulation of work consequent upon the removal of military control has 
placed too much of a burden upon the provincial fiscal. The explanation of this is 
to be found in the fact that the fiscal acts as prosecuting attorney and that formerly 
during the Spanish regime there were two courts of first instance, one at Lipa and 
the other at Batangas, in each of which there was a prosecuting attorney. 



The provincial board of health began its operations in Batangas in August, 1902, 
at which time Doctor Losada assumed charge as president. During the said month 
municipal boards of health were established in the pueblos of Nasugbu, Balayan, 
Lemery, Taal, Bauan, Cuenca, Batangas, San Jose, Lipa, Tanauan, Santo Tomds, 
San Juan, and Taysan. Municipal boards of health have not been established in 
those of San Luis, Calaca, Liang, Calatagan, Tuy, Talisay, Lobo, Rosario, and Ibaan, 
for lack of funds in their respective municipal treasuries with which to pay the 
salaries of the presidents of such organizations. 

I will make no mention of the sanitary conditions of the province as the president 
of the provincial board of health must have already forwarded his report to the 
commissioner of public health. 

PUBLIC EDUCATION. 

In addition to the primary schools established in nearly all of the municipalities, 
the majority of which have American teachers, there is a high school for secondary 
instruction in this provincial capital. 

A division superintendent of schools has just arrived and taken up his work here. 
As the superintendent has no doubt sent in his report to the secretary of public 
instruction I shall not dwell upon the matter of the progress of education. I desire 
to state, however, that in all of the pueblos, the strides made in learning English 
have been truly remarkable, and I think that I may safely affirm that more persons 
understand and speak a little English at the present time in the pueblos throughout 
the province than the number who understand and talk Spanish. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. 

Besides the judge of the seventh judicial district, in which this province is included, 
the personnel of the court of first instance is composed of 2 clerks, 1 stenographer, 
and a messenger. The office of sheriff was provided for by the judge. 

With relation to the administration of justice, I would recommend, to the end 
that litigants, and more especially witnesses in criminal cases, may be saved wasteful 
expenditures, that the court be ordered to sit also in other provincial towns, such 
for example as Balayan and Lipa. This measure I believe would not result in much 
expense to the government, while it would greatly facilitate and expedite the admin- 
istration of justice, besides saving State's witnesses expenses that in the majority of 
instances they could not bear. 

I must also call your attention to the courts of the justices of the peace, that under 
their present organization do not answer the purpose of the government to provide 
an efficient local administration of justice for this country. 

Unfortunately the ignorant masses in the Philippines are more easily impressed 
by external forms than by the substance of things. A justice's court invested with 
a certain amount of formality and show befitting the mission it is called upon to 
perform in the administration of public affairs would most impress men who have 
been accustomed most frequently to be guided in their appreciations by the senses. 

From my observations of justices' courts in the municipalities, I can state that they 
are so poorly furnished that they are not only unable to maintain the dignity proper 
to the administration of justice, but not even that demanded by a due regard for 
appearances, and for this reason this important branch of the government will never 
be able to inspire respect with the masses, nor will the lower classes have that respect 
for justice which it would deserve. Hence I would recommend that the Govern- 
ment provide reasonable salaries for justices of the peace in each municipality in 
accordance with the importance of the latter. 

One of the difficulties met by justices of the peace in cases of homicide, assault, and 
others of like character which require expert medical testimony, is the lack of persons 
skilled in medical jurisprudence, who would be called upon to make the examina- 
tion. This difficulty could be overcome if the Commission were to enact a law 
authorizing justices of the peace to demand the professional services of presidents of 
municipal boards of health in all cases where examinations have to be made and in 
municipalities where no such official exists, those of the local physician or of any 
expert in the locality. If the financial condition of the municipality would net per- 



758 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

mit the payment of a reasonable salary to justices of the peace it would be advisable 
to divide the province into districts, each with a justice of the peace charged with 
the duty of trying all cases, criminal and civil, within his jurisdiction, arising in the 
municipalities forming part of his district, and of holding of preliminary examina- 
tions in those held over for trial in the court of first instance. The municipalities 
comprehended in each district would be called upon to pay pro rata the salaiy of the 
district justice and expenses of his court. 

AGRICULTURE. 

In dealing with this subject I regret to inform you that this important branch, the 
sole source of wealth in the province of Batangas, is in a state of complete depression 
at the present time as the result of innumerable disasters befalling it in the period 
embraced between the year 1896 and the present time. The loss of more than 90 
per cent of its draft animals used in agricultural labor has caused a steady falling off 
in the amount of the products of the soil of this formerly rich province, that has con- 
tinued to increase during the past few years to such an extent that it may now be 
said that they are but a twentieth part of what they were in the years prior to 1896. 
The small crops of rice, sugar, and other products harvested this year have scarcely 
been sufficient for the wants of the inhabitants in two or three months. Thanks to 
sale of rice at cost price by the military authorities and a free distribution of this 
article to those persons unable to pay for same, the pinch of poverty was not so 
severely felt, nor have there been any deaths from famine recorded. 

To restore agriculture to its former condition in this province with the local ele- 
ments at hand as factors is a problem very difficult of solution. As stated, 90 per 
cent of the work animals perished by pestilence, and money — a great deal of money — 
is needed to restock the province, owing to the fact that their cost has been more 
than doubled. On the other hand, more than nine-tenths of the landed proprietors 
have not the means to purchase new animals unless they resort to money lenders 
and borrow at very high rates of interest and on short loans. This recourse is not 
only a very venturesome one, but positively foolhardy, as one bad crop for the land- 
owner would mean the loss of his property, that would surely pass to the hands of 
the money lender. Hence, until agricultural loan and mortgage banks are established, 
where owners of land can borrow on their holdings and for unlimited periods, it is 
the general opinion throughout the province that little or nothing can be done to 
bring about an improvement in the prevailing conditions. The importation of 
immunized cattle, to be sold at cost price, will benefit only those persons who have 
sufficient money to buy them, that is to say, about one-tenth of the landholders. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 

Due to the crisis in agriculture — of this there can be no doubt — commerce is almost 
completely paralyzed, being reduced to the importation of rice and other staple 
articles of food. Local exports are at the lowest ebb, consisting of hemp, hogs, 
chickens, eggs, and some other articles of but moderate importance. 

Industry consists in the manufacture, on a small scale, of sugar, textiles of hemp, 
silk, and jusi, and the weaving of sugar sacks and mats of the buri palm, and of 
other articles of small value. 

The political aspect of the province is to-day satisfactory. There are no organized 
bands of armed ladrones, and though some cases have been recorded of theft of ani- 
mals, it has not been to such a large extent as in the past. 

The people are beginning to appreciate the benefits derived from the new order of 
things, and I think I am justified in hoping that they will sincerely acknowledge 
the sovereignty of the United States and devote themselves peacefully to the work 
of restoring to this province its former fame of a rich, industrious, and peaceful com- 
munity. 

I can not finish this report without mentioning the canalization of the Pansipit 
River, uniting the lake of Taal Volcano with the harbor of Taal. By opening of 
this canal to navigation coasting steamers will be within easy access of the most 
important of the towns in the interior that will be able to place their product in any 
market. The work on the canal will give employment to many poor people, who 
are so situated to-day that they have no means of livelihood. 

I would recommend the enactment of a law by the Commission appropriating 
sufficient funds to carry out this work, which will be of so much benefit to this 
province of Batangas. 

Very respectfully, 

Simeon Luz, 
Provincial Governor. 

The honorable the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands. 



BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 759 

Government op the Province of Benguet, 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 
Baguio, Benguet, P. I., February 1, 1903. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit a report to you on the general condition of affairs 
in the province of Benguet during the past year. 

I am pleased to be able to state that with the natives my administration has been 
marked by a hearty and continuous cooperation on the part of the officials, and mani- 
fest contentment on the part of the people. In many respects conditions have arisen 
within the past year that would try the constancy of the people more than ordinarily 
occurs in a decade. 

The requirements of the province necessitated more labor from its limited popu- 
lation than they have ever been asked to perform within the life of the present 
generation. 

I reported a year ago that the best roads were but trails, and most of the trails 
were impassable paths for mounted travelers. The several pueblos constituting the 
province have repaired old roads and constructed new ones, involving thousands of 
days' labor, until to-day I can ride over at least 200 miles of road within the province 
with perfect safety and comparative ease. This work was done without cost to the 
government, the project of which at first astounded the native officials, but, being 
done, brought with it a feeling of content among the laborers which amounts to almost 
a sentiment of pride, if I may apply the term to so humble a people as the Igor- 
rotes of Benguet. In addition to this labor there were continually employed on the 
Benguet wagon road from 250 to 500 Igorrotes from this province. These laborers 
received from 40 cents a day up, insular currency. It was to be feared that they 
would view with disfavor a change to a government that required so much work, and 
I looked forward to the rainy season as a period of rest and recuperation preparatory 
to another season of hard labor. 

Just at this time the cholera attacked our borders, swept through the road camp, 
and from there spread with astonishing rapidity throughout the province. The 
Igorrotes, having no knowledge of medicine and having no medicine men among 
them, have always resorted in time of sickness to gathering about the afflicted and 
holding a feast, sacrificing birds or animals, and believing that in the blood thereof, 
externally applied to the sick and their relatives, there were curative properties. 
They took no sanitary precautions whatever, and what they did in this way, thinking 
it was for their good, resulted in spreading the pestilence. It was, however, a 
custom — I might say a religious custom — which they had held sacred for ages, and 
which Spanish rule of centuries had never suspended. 

I deemed it most essential for the welfare of the province to stop all such gather- 
ings, to stop the people from traveling from one pueblo to another, from one barrio to 
another, even from one house to another, and called the presidentes and the cabezas 
of the different pueblos and the chiefs and headmen of the province at La Trinidad, 
explained the causes of the spread of the disease, of the sanitary precautions to be 
taken, of the quarantine to be effected, and promised in the time in which danger 
was passed to resume for them the customs of the Igorrotes pertaining to disease and 
death, which were then and there ordered suspended. The promptness and thorough- 
ness with which these natives, and through them the natives of the province, complied 
with this order, was a most satisfactory proof of their confidence and regard for the 
American Government, which seemed to be endeavoring to protect the lives of its 
subjects. 

Then ensued a long and tedious fight against the cholera; and when the smallpox 
broke out, leaving43 dead in one barrio, it seemed as though the fates were opposing the 
province and pestilence was victor. During this time 692 men, women, and children 
died, and not until Thanksgiving Day was the edict against fiestas annulled. During 
the time that the people were ordered to remain at home they were further ordered 
to employ their time by breaking more ground for cultivation, and when the order 
from the governor-general was published to guard against the time of famine, it was 
a simple matter for the natives of Benguet to continue their labors with good results. 

All these conditions have interfered with many plans for the development of the 
province, and postponed the completion of enterprises already begun. For instance, 
it has become a positive belief to the Igorrotes — we call it superstition — that the valley 
of the Bued River is a habitation of evil spirits, and the natives will not even visit 
it of their own free will, and, except by compulsion, refuse to labor therein. So, 
while a year ago over 400 Igorrote workmen were employed there, satisfied with 
their pay and treatment, to-day there are only about a hundred, and this force is kept 
to that number only by continual effort. 

The repairs on the Sablan road, under the charge of Mr. O'Neill, have been made 
at small expense, entirely with Igorrote labor, with surprising results. About $1,000 



760 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

has been expended thereon, and when complete this will be only a trail for horses 
and packers, and not in any sense a wagon road. From Sablan there is a perfectly 
feasible route through the foothills, following the channels of the Sablan River to 
Naguilian, by which a good road with an easy grade could be made for wagons. 
Sablan is only about 1,000 feet above the sea, and by this route there is no point at 
which you would have to change an even and continual grade. So far as this is in 
the province of Benguet, the ground over which it would pass is easily moved, and 
yet heavy enough to hold its formation. There would be no difficulties with slides, 
washouts, or bridges. 

With a wagon road to Sablan, our base of supplies for the province would be within 
an easy ride of four hours from Baguio, with the upper trail in its present condition. 

In traveling about the province I find new houses, new rice fields, new coffee 
plantations, larger gardens, and clean yards, all of which indicate that my people 
consider themselves safe in property and. life and content to again begin accumulating 
property to repay the losses of the last seven years. Again, it is a gratifying novelty 
to the Igorrote that the white man, especially if it be an official, pays for what he 
gets, be it produce, curios, or labor. 

All the pueblos of the province are in good financial condition; five are building 
new tribunals. As soon as the others accumulate a sufficient amount of money in 
their treasuries they will likewise spend it first in this manner. During the time of 
the revolution these public buildings throughout the province were all partially or 
totally destroyed, and they have been occupying, since the establishment of the civil 
government here, only temporary places for their public offices. 

As justice of the peace I have had occasion to try only 32 cases, and have been 
appealed to as arbitrator only eight times by Igorrotes, who were not satisfied with 
the findings of their native tribunals. Of course, this does not represent the entire 
criminal calendar of the province, for each pueblo has its council, which sits as a 
court over petty difficulties arising between individuals in their jurisdiction. From 
these councils the Igorrote seldom appeals, accepting the decision of their own head- 
men as just and final. 

The border difficulties which confronted us a year ago between the natives and the 
Busoles have almost entirely disappeared, but new troubles have arisen on the bor- 
der line of Benguet and Union, in which there is developing more and more rapidly 
a spirit of robbery and theft. In fact, unless more strict methods are taken to check 
them this little section of country will be the nesting place for ladrones. They are 
mostly Igorrotes, and a large percentage of my small criminal calendar comes from 
this section. 

In general, however, all is peace within the borders of Benguet, and there is no 
necessity, nor is there any sense, in any man going armed among these natives, for, 
as a rule, they are trustworthy, faithful, and honest. 
Respectfully, 

William F. Pack, Governor of Benguet. 

Hon. Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 



Report op the Provincial Governor op the Province op Bohol. 

[Translation.] 

Tagbilaran, Bohol, May 14, 1903. 
I have the honor to transmit herewith to you the annual report of my province. 
As for the data which I secured concerning the mortality of the cattle and horses, I 
regret to inform you that they are far from accurate, due to the fact that little care 
was taken by the municipal presidente9 of the pueblos of this province to keep a 
daily record of the cattle which died during the prevalence of the rinderpest, and ; fur- 
ther, to the carelessness of the owners of the cattle in appearing at the municipal 
offices of the pueblos to report to the municipal presidente relative to the deaths of 
the cattle during each day while the rinderpest was at its height. As for the pres- 
ervation of public order, I have the great satisfaction of stating that peace and tran- 
quillity reign throughout the province. It is a fact, however, that certain wicked per- 
sons, carried away by their vices, have committed numerous'offenses in certain of the 
barrios of some of the pueblos, but they have been unable to organize even a single 
band of ladrones, properly speaking, and I have the consolation that the pueblos of 
the province, far from seconding the efforts of these evil doers, report them to the 
authorities without doing anything to protect them. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



761 



Before closing this letter I raise before heaven rny fervent prayer for the early 
and complete restoration of yourself from the illness which you suffer, and that we 
may have the consolation and satisfaction of again seeing you engaged in the duties 
of your truly paternal government in these islands. 

I believe that I am not mistaken when I assure you that these are the desires of 
all the provincial governors and of the whole Archipelago in general. 
Yours, very sincerely, 

Aniceto Clarin, Provincial Governor. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Bohol, 

Tagbilaran, January 31, 1903. 

Sir: In the first place, I shall speak in this report, though merely in a general 
way, of the prostrated condition of agriculture in this province at the present time. 
This is the chief source of wealth, and flourished in former times in those fields 
which are to-day barren and abandoned because of the multiplied calamities which 
this province of Bohol has been called upon to suffer from year to year in the past. 

The fields were left desolate by locusts and war; rinderpest destroyed the cattle, at 
that time very abundant upon the island; and the towns have been little less than 
decimated by the cholera. 

Never before in the history of the island have conditions been so precarious. The 
cultivated fields, formerly so rich and productive, will this year yield scarcely 30 
per cent of the ordinary crops. Of work and other kinds of animals, there are but 
a few left, and these are regarded by their owners as precious as a favorite child. In 
order that some conception of the number of animals that the province has lost 
through the rinderpest may be gained, I copy herewith a statement of the approxi- 
mate number of those that have died on account of this disease, and of the number 
of those that remain in the pueblos at the present time. 

Number of deaths of animals from rinderpest, and of those which exist in the various 
pueblos at the present time. 



Pueblo. 



Died. 



Carabaos. 



Cattle. 



Swine. 



Living. 



Carabaos. 


Cattle. 


173 


256 


103 


420 


289 


181 


582 


52 


262 


8 


142 


96 


292 


25 


615 


48 


501 


106 


414 


9 


726 


18 


157 


56 


270 


82 


109 


53 


248 


37 


32 


45 


470 


938 


33 


40 


378 


43 


892 


227 


301 


111 


693 


22 


716 


42 


529 


53 


377 


37 


300 


10 


563 


72 


461 


58 


176 


46 


159 


63 


710 


43 


412 


48 


642 


52 


302 


50 


372 


27 



Swine. 



Tagbilaran 

Dauis 

Panglao 

Baclayon 

Alburquerque 

Loay 

Lila 

Dimiao 

Valencia 

Garcia Hernandez 

Jagna 

Duero 

Guindulman 

Candijay 

Anda 

Batuanan 

Ubav 

Ipil. 

Talibong 

lnabanga 

Getafe 

Tubigon 

Calape 

Loon 

Maribojoc 

Cortes 

Antequera 

Corella 

Baliiijan 

Catigbian 

Loboc 

csevilla 

Bilar 

Carmen 

Sierra Bullones ... 



153 

352 

328 

586 

461 

700 

370 

1, 127 

1,089 

969 

1, 345 

785 

764 

325 

143 

153 

5,483 

257 

1,421 

3,004 

1,210 

1,952 

2,563 

1. 342 

1, 223 

711 

1 586 

387 

936 

729 

2,208 

2, 576 

3, 075 

4,847 

326 



166 

420 

433 

82 

67 

83 

187 

158 

637 

405 

578 

126 

246 

98 

24 

152 

8,121 

393 

1,136 

4,103 

1,754 

186 

731 

96 

159 

72 

213 

93 

1,385 

642 

360 

531 

2,101 

8,900 

420 



1,458 

1,049 

1,532 

785 

614 

300 

477 

633 

1,385 

1,563 

2,583 

579 

864 

578 

351 

311 

200 

531 

1,046 

875 

183 

3,267 

2,783 

2,100 

928 

4,000 

2,041 

643 

932 

261 

1,797 

1,472 

1,322 

825 

564 



942 
855 
552 
409 
944 

1,467 

2, 342 
875 
988 
190 

2,561 
974 

1,635 
683 

1,048 
735 
352 
81 
320 
814 
436 
977 

1,860 

2.092 

2,795 
998 
729 
863 

1,275 
726 

1,024 
687 

1,675 
100 

1,267 



762 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

If the loss which agriculture has suffered on account of so many calamities is great, 
the want which is threatening and which the people of this province will suffer at no 
distant date will not be less. 

While the people are to-day in a state that may be said to be still a little short of 
needy, it is due to the other agricultural products which furnish them with suffi- 
cient food for their sustenance, but this will unhappily not be the case long, because 
as soon as the season of curing copra and hemp has passed (and it is now nearly 
ended) the poor people will find themselves lacking in every resource, and into their 
homes will stalk the blackest of all wants — the specter of hunger. 

It may not be said that the misery which will be felt is due to the laziness of the 
people, for in the season of planting rice and corn groups of workmen were organized 
in this province who worked first on one farm and then on another for lack of cara- 
baos with which to plow the soil. So the farmers helped each other to supply the 
lack of work animals with the labor of their own hands. But all has been in vain. 
The fields which were not scorched by the drought which followed the planting have 
been visited by the devastating locusts with a frequency hitherto unknown, and 
despite all measures taken by the provincial board of health to exterminate them 
have not been destroyed nor even driven from the island. 

To provide against the famine which is approaching, I proposed to the provincial 
board, of which I am a member, to purchase a certain amount of rice from the out- 
side through the insular purchasing agent. But the other members of the board, 
confiding solely in the reports they had received from persons without knowledge of 
nor interest in the fortunes and life of these people rather than in those made by the 
municipal presidentes, were so strongly opposed that the undersigned had to aban- 
don his purpose. 

Although the pueblos have not asked for it until the present, I believe it to be 
necessary to introduce into this province American or foreign work animals to sub- 
stitute the native ones for working in the fields, which for lack of work animals are 
and for the most part must remain abandoned. The former will at the same time 
tend to improve the grade of native stock now here. 

One of the calamities which has contributed to the condition of depression and 
decadence of this province of Bohol, formerly so prosperous and so happy, is the 
cholera, which since July of 1902 has been claiming its victims in all the pueblos, 
bringing panic to the minds of the people and mourning into their homes. It has 
made impossible every commercial enterprise, and this is the sole means of livelihood 
left to these people because of the loss of their crops, upon which their best hopes were 
founded. 

PUBLIC ORDER. 

In spite of the want which threatens so many of the pueblos and is declaring its 
presence in them, public order is maintained in a most tranquil state, with the sole 
exception of certain persons of Cebu, and other outside places, who succeed in enter- 
ing the poorly guarded points of this island. They begin immediately to engage 
themselves in depredations upon the inhabitants of the interior pueblos and to steal 
from them the few carabaos which they have left. The Philippine Constabulary 
would be unnecessary were it not for those people, and expeditions in pursuit of 
offenders (who, fortunately, with the exception of these few vagrants are virtually 
unknown in this province) would become unnecessary. 

COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION. 

Notwithstanding all the calamities which have afflicted and do afflict the inhabi- 
tants of this province of Bohol, the spirit of association seems to have awakened in 
the minds of all; for during the past year the commercial enthusiasm displayed by 
everybody in securing one or more shares, has been responsible for the formation, in 
the pueblos of Jagna, Loay, Cortes, and Tagbilaran, and others, of commercial com- 
panies, which issue shares within the reach of every grade of fortune. These com- 
panies all have a fair capital which they employ, owing to the scarcity of articles of 
prime necessity in this province, in buying rice and corn, which they sell to the peo- 
ple at prices relatively lower than those of the Chinos, who have monopolized the 
traffic of this province up to the present time. 

This impetus which is being felt for the moral and material betterment of the 
pueblos of this province would soon be crowned with the greatest success if the peo- 
ple were provided with that principal element of agriculture, the carabao. The 
transportation of produce from one pueblo to another, that is, to the trading places, 
becomes more and more difficult and defective; in the first place on account of the 
lack of means of transportation, and then because of the deplorable state of the 
communication at this time. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 763 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

While considering this subject I shall not limit myself to those works which, on 
account of their class and nature, are under the Government itself, but I shall also 
treat of those for whose preservation and support each municipality is responsible; or 
rather, I shall speak in a general way, though somewhat obscurely, of all public 
improvements. 

In the visits of inspection which I have made to each of the pueblos of this prov- 
ince, I have seen that the majority of the coast towns of the province preserve in 
good condition the public roads, but not the bridges, the larger part of which have 
fallen down, due, of course, to the fact that the material which they contain has 
decayed. The pueblos of the interior are truly in a lamentable state, for nearly all 
the bridges are actually dangerous to travelers, some of them being in such a ruined 
condition that they threaten to fall at the first carelessness, and some because of 
having their floor built of a flimsy mass of bamboos are passable only for foot travel- 
ers, and even they have to go carefully and slowly, and in the daytime, for at night 
it would be temerity to attempt to cross over. 

This unprecedented condition of neglect into which the roads and bridges of the 
province of Bohol are to be found at present is due to the fact that owing to the 
many occupations which claim the attention of the provincial supervisor at the 
offices of the provincial government, we have been unable to set apart sums, up to 
the present time, for repairs on roads and bridges which should be cared for by the 
province, and further to the fact that the condition of the municipal funds has 
never been favorable. 

In former days it was possible to travel from this provincial capital as far as the 
pueblo of Anda, in the extreme south of the island, in a vehicle, without encounter- 
ing any difficulty along the whole road; and likewise as far as Inabanga in the north. 
Todays to go from this capital to the nearest pueblo in the manner that I have indi- 
cated— i. e. , in a vehicle, would be to expose the passenger to being left in the middle 
of the road. 

One of the most important enterprises that the Spanish Government had under- 
taken in this province was to construct an iron bridge over the river Abatan, which 
flows between the towns of Cortes and Maribojoc, and is some 12 kilometers distant 
from the provincial capital. The necessary materials were already prepared and the 
construction begun, when the Spaniards who lived in the island at the time evacu- 
ated the same, leaving that work unaccomplished, and the material, through having 
been exposed to the weather since the time of the change of government has been 
rendered for the most part unserviceable. 

In addition to this Abatan River there are others no less important which can not 
be crossed without great difficulty, some for lack of bridges, and others, while they 
have bridges, can not be crossed with any security to the traveler. In this province 
before the last war there were good bridges, but the war tactics of those who were 
in arms against the Government of the United States were to burn the bridges, thus 
causing an injury to their more pacific fellow-citizens, as well as to themselves at the 
same time. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

The intellectual development of the people here, without any question, progresses 
at a rate never before experienced in this province. _ Children and young men and 
women are eager to learn in the schools under the direction of competent American 
teachers, whose method of teaching and above all their sweetness of treatment of the 
pupils and everyone else have gained for them the confidence and sympathy of 
those who have come to know them. 

In the pueblos where those teachers are located, notwithstanding the short time 
that they have been at the head of the schools, it is easy to note the advance in the 
learning of English and the other branches that are taught. It is astounding the num- 
ber of children and young people who, though in former times were unable to edu- 
cate themselves, even after many years of continuous attendance upon the schools, or 
even halfway, to talk the language in which they were instructed, yet at the present 
time their progress is so excellent that those who are now of mature years feel them- 
selves surprised and at the same time proud upon contemplating the progress of this 
rising generation. This is a circumstance which augurs well for the future happiness 
of this province, and is a condition almost unknown on account of its backwardness 
in all the realms of human knowledge. 

The normal school is well attended by young people of both sexes from the various 
pueblos of the province. It is held in a private house of this provincial capital until 
the government shall have a building of its own. 



764 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

For the reasons stated in the paragraphs treating of public improvements, the con- 
struction of the college which it is proposed to build has not begun yet; but since 
the work on the government building is so far advanced the supervisor, at no distant 
day, will be able to turn his attention to building a college. 

REDUCTION OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE PROVINCE. 

The provincial board of Bohol, believing that the greater part of the pueblos were 
unable (as in reality is the fact) to support themselves, or as a consequence to under- 
take any kind of improvements in their respective pueblos by reason of their present 
precarious condition, thought it advisable to recommend to the honorable Commission, 
by a resolution of October 28, 1901, that a law be passed reducing the number of 
municipalities composing this province from 35 to 16. This law, number 370, was 
passed and approved on March 6, 1902, by the aforementioned legislative body. 
But when its provisions became known to the pueblos which were by it joined 
to others there were a great number of protests filed, which were founded, among 
others, upon the reason that since the provincial board recommended such a measure 
to the Commission because of the belief that the municipalities, owing to the scarcity 
of their funds, could not provide for their respective personnel and other matters sub- 
ject to their care; that they would practice the most rigid economy and content them- 
selves with the small revenues produced by their municipality should they be allowed 
to retain their separate governments. With the exception of two pueblos, all those 
which were to be consolidated with others under act No. 370 protested in so energetic 
a manner that the provincial board, in view of the very pronounced opposition of the 
majority to the provisions of the said act No. 370, thought it best to await a more 
propitious time, and finding impracticable the proposed consolidation on account of 
the unfavorable opinion of the pueblos concerned and the opinions expressed by each 
member of the assembly held by the provincial board on November 6 of last year, 
1902, resolved to recommend to the Commission the repeal of act No. 370, as amended 
by act No. 390. 

Herewith I transcribe copies of the opinions filed upon this subject by each 
member of the provincial board. 

"Office of the Provincial Governor of Bohol, 

"Tagbilaran, Bohol, P. I., October 28, 1902. 
"The Provincial Board of Bohol. 

"Gentlemen: Theoretically there are great advantages to be derived from the con- 
solidation of the pueblos, but practically nothing could be more disastrous, and as a 
consequence more undesirable, for the reasons which I now state: 

"By the fusion of one pueblo to another the first would be completely abandoned, 
for while there would remain a councillor in each pueblo reduced to a barrio, yet the 
said councillor would not suffice to attend to the local interests of his respective 
barrio (formerly a pueblo) , for even now while the pueblo is a municipality the 
presidentes, some on account of apathy, some on account of lamentable negligence, 
and others for lack of funds, are scarcely able to perform satisfactorily the duties of 
their office in the matters of cleanliness, embellishment, and the general care and 
welfare of the same. Furthermore, the distance there would be between the pueblos 
reduced to barrios and their central municipality would give rise to many abuses, 
especially in such offenses as prohibited games and cattle stealing, for the councillors 
of the barrios, formerly pueblos, not having at their disposal armed forces to exe- 
cute their orders with regard to offenders their authority would be weakened and 
ineffective. 

"Therefore, I am of the opinion that the pueblos of this province should continue 
as at present and that the provincial board of Bohol should request of the Commis- 
sion the enactment of a law repealing act No. 370, prescribing the fusion of pueblos 
in this province and reducing the number from 35 to 16. 
"Very respectfully, 

"Aniceto Clarin, Governor" 



"Office of the Provincial Treasurer of Bohol, 

"Tagbilaran, Bohol, P. L, November 5, 1902. 
"The Provincial Board of Bohol. 

"Gentlemen: My opinion concerning the proposed reduction in number of 
municipalities, as prescribed in act No. 370 and amended by act No. 390, is that it 
would prove a very costly experiment and one which this province can not at present 
afford to undertake. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 765 

"If it is carried out as proposed the province should pay the cost of fixing the 
boundaries, estimated at $4,680 in money of the United States, it would lose the 
services of the supervisor for a year, and cause a reduction of about 25 per cent in 
the taxes, according to my estimate. And not only this, but the change would entail 
the loss of the services now furnished by the municipal officers, which, in my opinion, 
can not be furnished by councillors. 

"Even if the province could afford to lose the revenues and expenses, it would 
probably have this result: During the first year of its existence the revenues of the 
province in taxes exceeded the expenses only by $676.53. At the end of the first 
eleven months the expenses exceeded the revenues in taxes by the sum of $2,631.52 
in money of the United States. Large collections which were made during the last 
month of the year explains the difference between these two statements. 

"During the past year not one costly work was undertaken, and the amount spent 
may be considered as very small. 

f ' The only advantage that would result from the reduction of the provinces, speaking 
speculatively, would be the economy. I doubt if it would result in any economy. 
So, also, the only advantage that would result to the municipalities themselves 
would be, in theory, the economy. For instead of two officials to do the work, there 
would be only one. But we should not fail to consider the fact that the territory 
governed would then be more extensive than could be cared for, notwithstanding 
the increase in clerks, police, the salaries of officials, etc., for the probability is that 
the present municipalities of the first class will be passed into a higher grade. 

"The pueblos at the present time support themselves, or ought to do so, since the 
law provides that their expenses shall not exceed their income. They have lived 
through the insurrection and hard times, and from now on they ought to improve 
and advance. But if they are to be reduced to barrios it would' be a blow to their 
ambitions, which, instead of making them better, would have the opposite effect. I 
believe that there are very few pueblos that would gain by being added to others, 
but, taking them as a whole, the reduction would be a real injury to the province, 
without corresponding benefit to themselves. 

1 ' Very respectfully, C. D. Upington, 

"Treasurer." 



"Office of the Provincial Supervisor of Bohol, 

"Tagbilaran, Bohol, P. I., October 9, 1902. 
"The Provincial Board of Bohol. 

"Gentlemen: My opinion concerning the proposed reduction in municipalities of 
this province is that based upon the probable cost of surveying the dividing boun- 
daries of the new municipalities of Bohol proposed under acts numbered 370 and 390. 

"Just at present it is impossible for me to make an exact estimate of the cost of this 
survey. What I have seen of the island causes me to believe that this work would be 
as difficult as the survey of the mountainous districts of America. For such surveys 
the American Government pays at the rate of $18 gold per mile. It will certainly not 
cost less here. The total distance to be measured will be approximately 600 miles. 
At $18 per mile the cost will be approximately $4,680 gold. The time necessary to 
complete the work will be approximately one year, taking into consideration the fact 
that I can not do the work. 

"Very respectfully, Jacob C. Mulder, Supervisor." 

Up to the date of presenting this report the resolution of the provincial board (a 
copy of which, as well as of the above opinions transcribed concerning this matter, 
were sent to the honorable civil governor through the executive secretary) had not 
been acted upon and answered. 

In February, 1902 (I do not recall the exact date), and without the knowledge 
of the officials of this government, I was informed by the provincial secretary that 
Eichard H. Sutherland, who was acting provincial treasurer at that time, as super- 
visor and at the instigation of one of the employees in his office (as was afterwards 
determined), without the consent of or consultation with any official of this govern- 
ment, ordered the destruction of the records, which contained nothing less than all 
the papers referring to this province of Bohol subsequent to the time the Spanish 
Government was implanted here, and so now the provincial government has only 
such information as relates to the time subsequent to the evacuation of this island 
by the Spaniards. 

The officials who issued this order respected only one case in which were deposited 
certain papers relating to unappropriated lands. Everything else was thrown into 
the sea. 



766 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Before concluding the present report I take it upon myself to inform you, as a mat- 
ter of some moment, that I have noticed that some of the officials of the provincial 
government, though they have made no complaint as yet, are somewhat dissatisfied 
on account of the fact that the fixing of salaries has not been made with entire jus- 
tice; for one of the provincial officials receives a smaller salary than an American 
clerk in one of the offices of the provincial government, which in truth is somewhat 
of an anomaly. 

With the exception of one who is at present employed in the office of the provin- 
cial treasurer, all the Americans who are employed in this province have been per- 
fectly satisfactory up to the present, as far as concerns their treatment of the natives, 
whoare by nature polite and peace loving, and who lavish their noble sentiments 
upon all, foreign or native, who by their upright demeanor are worthy of them. 
Respectfully, 

Aniceto Clarin, Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Report op the Provincial Governor op the Province of Bulacan. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Bulacan, 
Malolos, January 15, 1903. 
Sir: Since assuming charge of this office, on March 3, 1902, to which I was elected 
by ballot on February 3 of the same year, 1902, I have been observing with satis- 
faction the political condition of the province, as well as the favorable progress of 
governmental affairs in all branches of administration. 

public order. 

The political situation of the province could not be more satisfactory than it is at 
the present time. Since I took possession of the government there has not been 
noted the least perturbation of public order, but, on the other hand, I have observed 
that American sovereignty is now so firmly established that it is reflected in the con- 
fidence and faith which the inhabitants feel when they see the efforts which the 
government makes in carrying out their exceedingly favorable promises. 

As an eloquent proof of this we cite the case with which the taxes were collected, 
especially the land tax, which is so new in this country, and to the payment of which 
the province responded with such patriotism without offering the least opposition, 
notwithstanding the agricultural crisis through which it has passed and is now pass- 
ing; for the province was not slow to appreciate the fact that the government has a 
heavy burden upon its treasury in carrying out the work of restoring the moral and 
material welfare in this province. We also mention the frequent surrenders of 
ladrones with, their arms; the vile assassination of the presidente of Meycauyan, on 
account of his persistence and zeal in performing the duty of maintaining order within 
his municipal jurisdiction, and who was murdered by the enemies of his country; 
the discovery of unlawful associations (Katipunan) in certain pueblos of the province, 
effected by the people themselves. These associations were being carried on by 
certain impostors from Manila, who, by taking advantage of the simplicity of some of 
the more ignorant people, wished to make their living by revolutionary measures. 
Among these men were the so-called Supreme President Sakay, who, with his staff, 
was apprehended in the barrio of Borol, in the municipality of Bigaa, and also the 
so-called Minister of War Balahadia, who, with his followers, the lieutenant-colonel 
and major, were captured also by the police of Baliuag and San Rafael under the 
command of the presidente. 

Nevertheless, quite small bands of ladrones, the remains of the past revolution, 
still exist in the province, engaged in stealing animals, making highway assaults upon 
isolated roads and settlements, but having, however, no political significance. These 
small bands are fast disappearing owing to the constant persecution of the constabu- 
lary, local police, and the provincial volunteers. A large band from the province of 
Rizal succeeded one day in penetrating into some of the isolated settlements along 
the borders of the province, so that I was moved to organize the provincial volun- 
teers to prevent them from overrunning this province. But owing, undoubtedly, to 
the attitude of the pueblos which refuse to be imposed upon or to give them the least 
encouragement, those bands have been unable to trespass further upon the limits of 
the province under my jurisdiction. 

To secure the surrender of several evil doers, who with their misdeeds were inspir- 
ing terror in the various pueblos, I have adopted the policy of attraction as well as 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 767 

active operations against them; and in a like manner I have also been able to bring 
under my authority those poor, ignorant persons who were miserably seduced into 
associating themselves with the new Katipunan, persuading them not to take to the 
field with arms, though their so-called chiefs and the documents which had been 
captured, implicated them. 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

The economic condition of the province has not been flourishing, the same general 
causes having arisen which have placed all the provinces of the island of Luzon in a 
precarious and sorrowful condition. 

Agriculture, the sole resource of this province, has suffered greatly, and such a 
state has been reached that the fields present a sad view with their poor and sparse 
products. Extensive lands whose production gave evidence of their fertility are 
converted now into barren wastes by scarcity of water, the cholera, lack of work 
animals, which are the only means we have up to the present for the cultivation of 
our fields. 

As is already known, the lack of animals is due to the continued plague of rinder- 
pest, which destroyed the cattle, causing the death of 50 or 60 per cent and which is 
also the reason why they are now so exorbitant in price as to make it impossible for 
landowners to purchase them for distribution among their tenants or associates for 
tilling the land. 

To these grave causes we must also add the constant presence of locusts, for fields 
upon which were centered the hopes of the farmers for partially reimbursing them 
for the lands which were left uncultivated were devastated in such a manner that 
the unwearied efforts of the farmers and people in every locality were unavailing to 
stop that destructive plague of locusts and grasshoppers. These insects have not yet 
disappeared from the province and constantly inspire with fear the farmers who at 
this time of the year are preparing in the highlands for the planting of sugar cane 
and corn, which this province of my jurisdiction also raises. 

To restore agriculture, which, as I stated above, is the only resource which this 
province enjoys, in my private opinion, never before has it been as important as it is 
to-day to establish agricultural banks, either private or government, so that through 
them, the farmers w T ho are now exhausted in resources on account of their losses, 
may be enabled again to take up the cultivation of their lands and not be obliged to 
have recourse to usurers who take advantage of the present circumstances to exploit 
the people selfishly. 

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 

These branches which have languished on account of past conditions in the prov- 
ince, have to-day gained new strength and are found to be in a more flourishing con- 
dition than during last year, 1901. This is proved by the larger number of licenses 
issued by the provincial treasury. 

Notwithstanding the sad economic state which is described in the foregoing par- 
agraphs, the provincial government has been able without great effort, to secure the 
collection of all taxes, imposts, etc., especially the land tax, and even the smallest 
details have been attended to. A report of the provincial treasurer is included with 
the present report. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

Bridges. — The Calante bridge, over the river of the same name, which divides 
Malolos and Paombong, is 90 feet long and cost $1,103 Mexican. 

The bridge of Santo Nino (Tulay na bato) barrio of Paombong, over the river 
Paombong, is 126 feet long and cost $1,500. 

The San Isidro bridge (Pantalan), barrio of Paombong, over the river of this barrio, 
is 190 feet long and cost $2,690. 

These bridges are constructed with timbers of cedar and lumber from Oregon, 
which, with proper care, should be lasting, notwithstanding the material used. 
(Opinion of the provincial supervisor.) 

In addition to the bridges mentioned, there are at present in course of construc- 
tion one of timbers, 200 feet long, and three bridges with abutments of stone and 
braces of timber, each of which bridges is 40 feet long. 

These bridges are on the road which runs from this capital (Malolos) to Hagonoy, 
and when they shall have been completed they will supply greatly needed commu- 
nication between the pueblos of Malolos, Paombong, and Hagonoy, and will open 
up land communication between these pueblos, which have long been without com- 
munication by land. 



768 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The urgency for communication between these towns was the reason for which the 
bridges already constructed and those in course of construction were not built of 
first-class material or lumber of the country, or of iron with abutments of stone, so 
that they would be more durable; otherwise they would have taken more time, in 
view of the funds which the province had at its disposal. 

Besides the bridges named, two bridges with stone arches, in the municipality of 
Marilao, have been repaired, at a cost of $800 Mexican. 

Roads. — The roads situated in the following municipalities have also been repaired: 

From the station of Malolos to Quingua, about a thousand feet in length, has been 
repaired, at a cost of $1,985 Mexican. 

From the same station toward the town of Malolos, about 1,100 feet, at a cost of 
$2,399 Mexican. 

From the station of Guiguinto to Bulacan, some 5,000 feet has been repaired, at a 
cost of $6,292 Mexican. 

Stone from Angeles, in the province of Pampanga, and gravel from the municipal- 
ity of Bocaue, in this province, have been employed in these works, and on account 
of the great distance of these materials the cost of the construction of roads has been 
very great owing to the high expense of transportation. (Opinion of the provincial 
supervisor.) 

MUNICIPALITIES. 

The local governments have been operating in a very satisfactory manner, and it 
may be said that they are now acquainted with their attributes and duties, which 
the municipal code to which they owe their organization confers upon them, and 
while certain of the presidentes and vice-presidentes have been suspended from their 
offices, they have owed their suspensions to the rigorous sanitary measures which 
were adopted during the recent cholera epidemic, and those who have been dismissed 
for infraction of the law were laboring under a misapprehension of the law, not 
malice, regulating the days for cockfighting and which repealed the Spanish law 
upon this subject, to which the people were accustomed. 

During the recent calamities of the cholera epidemic and the plague of locusts, 
which have stricken this province, each municipality has striven to furnish complete 
cooperation in the measures adopted by this government to stay these evils, now by 
organizing volunteer unpaid sanitary inspectors, under the supervision of their 
municipal inspectors, also unpaid, now by inciting the patriotism of all the residents 
in the extinction of the locusts, to which the people responded without accepting 
the payment offered them by this government. 

The municipal treasuries have also been able to satisfy all claims made upon them. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

The education of the people, which is the most important and necessary thing in 
the present evolution and regeneration of the Philippine Islands, I have noticed has 
not developed as it should during the year 1902, owing to the following reasons 
which, after close observation, have suggested themselves to me: 

1. The scarcity of Filipino teachers, who should naturally be paid by the munici- 
palities. Those which have no funds for this purpose, such as San Jose, San Ildefonso, 
and San Rafael w r ere the whole year without a Filipino teacher or an American one. 

2. The lack of a law compelling the attendance of children upon the public schools 
when their parents, through apathy or ancient custom, do not wish to send their 
children to the said schools, or are unable to provide them instruction at some pri- 
vate school. 

3. The continuous calamities which have befallen this province during the year 
1902, whereby a great part of the time which might have been dedicated to instruc- 
tion was lost. 

4. That by not knowing the language of the locality, and some of them not even 
Spanish, the greater part of the American teachers which have been distributed 
among the several pueblos of this province, and who constitute the educators of the 
children, have so instructed the children, who, as a rule, are but beginning in 
Spanish or Filipino letters, that except in very rare cases they have not been taught 
to understand English in any appreciable degree. 

In view then of the reasons set forth the attendance of children should be made 
compulsory, and Filipino teachers should be assigned to assist the Americans in their 
task of teaching English, especially in those pueblos where they have no funds to 
provide the proper support. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 769 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

The hygienic condition of the province is highly satisfactory, and this is due 
doubtless to the persevering and intelligent efforts of the president of the provincial 
board of health, seconded by the municipalities who enforce the sanitary laws in 
their respective jurisdictions. In the cholera epidemic just passed the provincial 
president was found lending his personal aid in the most infected pueblos of the 
province. There occurred but 1,520 deaths from cholera in the whole province 
under my jurisdiction, which contains approximately 214,000 inhabitants. 
Respectfully, 

Pablo TecsOn, Provincial Governor. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Cagayan. 

[Translation.] 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Cagayan, 
Tuguegarao, January 2, 1903. 

Sir : The province of Cagayan, situated in the extreme northern part of the island 
of Luzon, has continued in a peaceful and tranquil condition since the establishment 
therein of civil government, which was accomplished without the least disturbance 
or occasion of disorder in September of 1901, when the provincial government became 
effective, and throughout the time covered by this report, up to December 31, 1902, 
the most complete peace has reigned, clear and evident proof of the sincere and loyal 
adherance to the sovereignty of North America and of satisfaction with the present 
governmental system, tinder this peace the people of this province would most 
surely have enjoyed such prosperity as peace affords, had not unhappy events com- 
bined to prevent it, such as the mortality of carabaos, the work animal of the Phil- 
ippines, by epizooty and other diseases of cattle and horses, diseases which prevail 
unremittingly throughout the pueblos of the province, in which they seem to have 
taken up permanent residence, as they have refused to abandon the province since 
making their first appearance here some years ago. This calamity was followed by 
unexpected overflows of the river, which inundated lands planted in corn and 
tobacco; then came the smallpox epidemic, and in its turn the plague of locusts; and, 
to cap it all, the cholera, which, while it has not wrought great havoc, has greatly 
unsettled the minds of the people. 

The dire calamities already mentioned together with the depression in tobacco, 
which is the principal product of this soil, place the inhabitants of the tobacco-raising 
pueblos of the province in a most deplorable condition; for the low price obtained 
for the little tobacco which is gathered will not suffice for the purchase of the rice 
necessary for consumption until corn is gathered; and corn, owing to the scarcity of 
water, has not yet been planted. Furthermore, the price of rice is increasing every 
day, and not only those pueblos which do not raise rice, but even those which do, their 
crops having been made food for the locusts, are obliged to buy rice. There is no 
way to extirpate these locusts after they have laid in a growing field the eggs which 
produce these insects from which it is impossible to escape. This is proved to-day in 
certain localiteis where they have laid waste whole fields of rice. The locust fungus, 
which the board of health sent for experimentation, would be an efficacious remedy 
for the extermination of this plague of insects had it obtained the result hoped for 
by the president of the provincial board of health of this province. But he ceased 
his experiments for fear of poisoning the people who eat those insects, for they are 
a dainty morsel for the majority of the country people, who can not be restrained 
from eating them by any restrictive measures of the local authorities. 

Despite the succession of calamities which have befallen the inhabitants of this 
province and the grave crisis through which they are passing, threatened on all sides 
with famine, they remain firm and loyal to their sovereign, manifesting their submis- 
sion by the efforts which they put forth to pay their taxes without so much as a 
breath of complaint, awaiting that day of complete redemption promised the Filipino 
people by their sovereign. 

AVAR 1903— VOL 5 49 



770 BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

CONDITION OF THE MUNICIPALITIES. 

Through the visits to all the municipalities of the province made by the under- 
signed, in compliance with the provisions of section 7, act No. 83, he has become 
convinced of the complete tranquillity which exists throughout all the province, not- 
withstanding that there has not completely disappeared the hateful despotism which 
the higher classes observe toward the lower classes in nearly all the pueblos, due to 
the ignorance of the latter. To destroy this power, the education of the lower 
classes becomes necessary, if not of all of them, at any rate the children and the young, 
by multiplying the schools. To this end the undersigned has directed his special 
attention, without neglect of those measures which, owing to circumstances, he may 
be compelled to adopt, either for the suppression of abuses or for the protection of 
the downtrodden, that all the pueblos of the province shall be given American 
teachers, and there shall be established institutions of higher learning, of agricul- 
ture, arts, and trades in the provincial capital, for the education of the youth of 
Cagayan, eager to learn and endowed with that same capacity and intellect with 
which all the sons of the Philippines are blessed, as may be seen by the aptitude for 
English of those living in pueblos which already have American teachers. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

The piovince of Cagayan, situated in the extreme north of the island of Luzon 
and protected by a triple range of mountains covered with exuberant vegetation, 
enjoys a more benign climate than the other provinces upon the same island, but 
this favorable condition has not been enough to preserve unbroken the public health. 
Atmospheric changes have caused the province to fall a victim to the diseases which 
afflict the other provinces, though in less degree. We may mention the smallpox, 
which appeared in this capital and in some of the pueblos during the first four 
months of the year 1902, doing some damage in its gradual progress, but nothing 
appalling considering its long duration and the inefncacy of the means for arresting 
it. Vaccination was employed promptly and thoroughly, but without the desired 
result, owing to the poor quality of the vaccine continuously and upon various occa- 
sions received by the president of the provincial board of health, which thus turned 
out useless as a preventative of the smallpox, which overran all the pueblos and 
still appears in certain localities. 

The plague of cholera, which was brought in from China, infested Manila and spread 
from province to province, finally reaching this one, but it has been comparatively 
slight in comparison with its effect in the other provinces, in spite of the extreme unfit- 
ness of many of the pueblos to combat the epidemic. In many cases the cooking 
and application of an herb was sufficient to cure a patient, and it may be almost 
taken as a certainty that the greater part of those attacked had cholera nostras and 
not cholera morbo. An indication of this is that with a change of weather and the 
disappearance of harmful fruits these cholera-like diseases have ceased, though in 
some places they reappear at times. 

AGEICULTURE. 

This source of wealth, in continuous decadence for the past two years, has reached 
the point where, unless energy and capital afford prompt relief, death may be 
expected with certainty. 

Numerous circumstances have combined to bring about this critical condition. In 
the first place, we may consider the dearth of work animals owing to rinderpest and 
other diseases, which cause in a very few days the death of carabaos, cattle, and 
horses. These diseases have been prevalent for several years in the pueblos of this 
province, and deprive the most industrious farmers of their only means for the cul- 
tivation of their fields and the diligent stock raisers of their cattle. To such an 
extent have these diseases raged that there are towns in which not a horse or a 
carabao has been left. In the second place may be mentioned the plague of locusts, 
which in a short time lays bare the fields of rice and corn, blasting the hopes of the 
farmer, who is surely left desperate through the destruction in a day of the fruits of 
his labor and toil for many months. In the third place, the continuous epidemic 
diseases which have appeared and terrorized the people to such an extent as to cause 
them to abandon their fields. And finally, owing to the lack of water just at the 
plowing season, the soil resists the plow, and when this difficulty is overcome the 
seed does not develop for lack of water; if it should sprout it is parched by the 
excessive heat. These are all causes contributing to the agricultural depression. 

Two alternatives are suggested as powerful means with which to counteract these 
evils: The establishment of an agricultural bank or the intervention of capital. The 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 771 

bank would provide the farmers with the capital necessary to acquire work animals 
and to undertake irrigation enterprises. Capitalists would do this work with steam 
plows and irrigation pumps, contracting with the owner oi the land to pay for such 
services a salary or remuneration in produce if money can not be obtained. 

SMALL TRADING. 

Owing to the depressed and weakened condition of agriculture, small trading is 
practically discontinued. 

COMMERCE. 

It is not necessary to dwell upon this branch in order that its deplorable condition 
may be understood, for in this province, whose resources are wholly agricultural, all 
business and mercantile transactions are based upon these products according to their 
quantity and quality. Consequently when these products are scarce and of poor 
quality their depreciation reduces the transactions, as is the case with tobacco, which 
is the principal product of this province. The depression in price of this commodity 
is due not only to the low price of the same upon the market of Manila for the last 
two years, for which there is no explanation except that it was done by the intrigues 
of the great manufacturers of cigarettes in Manila, who had combined to lower the 
price of this article in order to weed out the small capitalists who were engaged in 
buying tobacco in this province and selling it in Manila, or to monopolize the gath- 
ering of tobacco in the provinces which produce it to the prejudice of the planters, 
which it may be said they have accomplished, since only these great manufacturers 
are buying at the present time; but it is also due to the excessive tariff duties upon 
the importation of this article, which prevent American merchants from purchasing 
the same, despite the opening of the port of Aparri. Or it may be due to the poor 
quality of the tobacco, which, however, is unlikely, or those manufacturers would 
not come here with their capital to buy tobacco which would serve only to bring dis- 
credit upon the products of their factories. In order to combat this monopoly, so 
highly injurious to the inhabitants of this province, we suggest the remedy of lower- 
ing the tariff of import duty upon tobacco to 25 per cent instead of 75 per cent, as it 
is at present. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

The density of the population in the two Ilocos provinces, especially in Ilocos 
Norte, makes their extensive territory insufficient for many of those who have no 
land to be able to acquire, through energy and labor, or by clearing and breaking up 
the land, any parcel of land for cultivation by means of which they may end their 
serfdom and slavery, freeing themselves from the cruelty and unrestrained avarice of 
the owner of the land which they work on shares, in accordance with the general 
custom of the country, or under a lease the terms of which are rarely complied with. 
The contrary is the case with the provinces in the valley of the Cagayan, in which, 
owing to the small number of inhabitants as compared with the extent of territory, 
there is everywhere to be found virgin soil which lacks labor only to cultivate it. 
Well might all those who desire to do so come from the provinces of Ilocos to culti- 
vate these lands, but the difficulty lies in the means of communication, for at present 
there is no other way than by sea, which is costly whether by sail or by steam ves- 
sels, and unfortunately this expense is beyond the means and possibilities of those 
families whose fortunes would necessarily depend upon such emigration. In order 
to remedy this difficulty, at present insuperable, a wagon road should be built from 
Bangui, the nearest pueblo in Ilocos Norte, to Claveria, the first pueblo in the prov- 
ince of Cagayan. With the use of drill and dynamite it would be neither difficult 
nor expensive to open this wagon road through the mountains which lie between the 
two pueblos, utilizing the provincial funds of both the provinces of Ilocos Norte and 
Cagayan and under the supervision of the respective provincial supervisors Cer- 
tainly in a short time this road could be opened to use. The opening up of this road 
would prove a great encouragement to all the people of the Ilocano regions as an incen- 
tive to immigration into the Cagayan Valley, and the result would be beneficial to 
the emigrants, for in a short time they would be liberated from serfdom and become 
landowners, as it would also be beneficial to these provinces which in a brief period 
would find their population, wealth, and prosperity considerably increased. 

The river is the most frequented route of communication, and, until the road by 
land is built, will continue to be, and even afterwards, owing to the difficulty of 
travel upon land during the rainy season. Consequently, the river route will be the 
more used on account of its efficiency and comfort for passengers, aside from its econ- 



772 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

omy for the transportation of merchandise. The river route consists of the great 
river of Cagayan, which flows through nearly all the province of that name and a 
large part of the province of Isabela, and, owing to the width of the river channel, it 
forms in many places bars or banks, which increase the force and velocity of the 
current in the rainy season, as well as present an obstacle during the dry season to the 
passage of small boats, which are the only ones which can navigate during all sea- 
sons of the year. These obstacles would be removed, and the river left free for pas- 
sage by dredging, since cutting a canal would not be practicable on account of its 
excessive cost. Two dredges with their scows could keep this river open to naviga- 
tion throughout the whole year. One located at the municipality of Alcala, to oper- 
ate as far as Tuguegarao, and the other at Iligan, the capital of the province of 
Isabela, to operate as far as Cabagan Nuevo, cleaning out those places where bars are 
forming or have already formed. 

SUGGESTED LEGISLATION. 

The organization of certain of the pueblos into municipalities, far from being of 
benefit to them, is in most cases prejudicial. Many of the pueblos which contain 
some 2,000 or more inhabitants, in order to meet the expenses of the municipality, 
levy unjust "arbitrios" (taxes by. the municipality upon articles of trades) or 
employ some other means, such as indirectly obliging the people to pay a fixed tax 
in lieu of all the "arbitrios" which the municipality might levy. These are taxes 
upon markets, the slaughter of animals, ferry toll, and others, without having 
markets, slaughterhouses, or ferries. Even in cases where these do exist, since few 
oi the people are in a condition to make use of them, or are bound to pay such taxes, 
they also have thus to pay "arbitrios." It also happens that owing to the lack of 
funds for taking care of the streets and the public buildings, they oblige the people 
to perform such work gratis or for a very small stipend, usually the half of that 
customarily paid in the neighborhood for such work. Yet all these acts are unlaw- 
ful for they require service from a citizen who has paid his legal municipal and 
provincial taxes. Notwithstanding all this, certain of the municipalities of small 
population are unable to cover their expenditures with their receipts, however eco- 
nomical they may be. 

The difference between the number of inhabitants in some municipalities and in 
others causes inequality of taxation and forces the residents of one municipality to 
pay higher taxes than those of other municipalities. This inequality causes dissatis- 
faction and frequent removals from one municipality to another, and these result in 
damage both to the municipalities themselves and to the provincial treasury. To 
remedy this evil, the undersigned suggests uniting the small municipalities to other 
larger ones, and to this end recommends the annexation of the municipality of Pena- 
blanca to this capital, Tuguegarao; the municipalities of Iguig and Bagao to Amu- 
lung; that of Nisiping to Alcala; those of Gataran and Camalaniugan to Lalo; that 
ot Buguey and the islands composing the group called Babuyanes, known as Dalu- 
pirL Fuga Camiguing, Calayan, and Claro Babuyan, to the municipality of Aparri. 
These island were formerly a part of the municipality of Aparri under the Spanish 
regime, but during the social disturbances which have occurred those islanders have 
tried, in a peaceable manner, however, to separate themselves from the municipality 
of Aparri, and the latter says nothing, acquiescing in order to escape what may pos- 
sibly be a burden to them. The municipalities of Pamplona and Claveria should be 
united to Sanchez Mira, situated between said municipalities; the municipality of 
Santo Nino and that of Cordova to Piat; and the municipalities of Mauanan and 
Malaueg to that of Tuao. 

In all the municipalities such municipal revenues as are derived from cockpits, 
markets, slaughterhouses, ferries, and others, will unquestionably always suffer great 
diminution, to the detriment of the municipal treasuries, as long as the "arbitrios" 
are collected by the authorities; for they are not collected by the municipal treas- 
urers but by employees appointed either by the treasurer or by the municipal presi- 
dents, and it is difficult to believe that these employees are satisfied with their small 
compensation and that they do not dishonestly withhold the money collected. In 
the opinion of the undersigned it would be advisable to authorize the municipalities 
to let these privileges of "arbitrios," and thus the sums appropriated would be 
assured, effective, and collectible, and not, as they now are, uncertain and reaching 
less than the amount estimated. 

The islands composing the Batanes group, in the China Sea, which were a separate 
province during the Spanish domination, are to-day a part of the province of Cagayan, 
though separated from the mainland by more than 60 miles of water. Three of these 
inlands are inhabited and organized — subsequent to the Spanish regime — into six 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 773 

pueblos, which, together, contain from 8,000 to 9,000 inhabitants. These islands 
should have an official, resident therein, to administer their affairs, subordinate to 
this provincial government, watching over said islands and protecting and defending 
the inhabitants thereof from any invasion of the pirates. This official should be 
called lieutenant-governor, and should also be a deputy of the treasurer. He may 
be designated a salary ranging from GOO to 800 pesos per annum, with two clerks, one 
at 300 pesos, and the other at 180 pesos per annum, aggregating the sum of 1,080 to 
1.280 pesos per annum in salaries. This amount certainly can be paid from the funds 
of the provincial treasury, at least in greater part, if not wholly, from the taxes col- 
lected from those islanders, as soon as their present pueblos shall be organized into . 
municipalities under the municipal code. 

As the governor is the head of the municipal police, in all the municipalities of his 
province, it is his duty to dismiss or discharge the members of this force. This at 
present is the duty of the inspectors of Philippines Constabulary, and that it should 
be thus is derogatory to the authority of the governor, the rights of the members of 
the municipal police, and to the residents of the municipalities. Let the inspectors 
retain the inspection of the municipal police, their equipment, discipline, and the 
recommendation of rewards and punishments, but without power to impose these 
punishments and much less to discharge the police. 

The constabulary, whose chief duty is to watch over the good order and security, 
whenever their services are not required, should limit their operations to the prose- 
cutions of brigands and thieves, and the guarding of the towns in their district from 
such evil-doers, leaving the protection of the pueblos to the efforts of the municipal 
police. 

With reference to volunteers, in view of the peace which reigns throughout this 
province, in which there does not exist the least suspicion of revolution nor of insur- 
rection to menace good order, nor any band of brigands operating therein, though at 
times the non-Christian tribes do commit depredations in the Christian pueblos, the 
undersigned deems it advisable to keep said volunteers stationed at places in prox- 
imity to the localities occupied by the tribes referred to. It was properly decided to 
station a company of volunteers in the pueblo of Abulug to withstand the iipayan 
Igorrotes in their incursions against the pueblos of Abulug, Pamplona, and Claveria. 
It would now be in order to have the other company at present on duty in this cap- 
ital of Tuguegarao transferred to the pueblo of Tuao, to oppose the Igorrotes of 
Magogao, who often make assaults upon that town, and upon Mauanan and Malaueg, 
making thus another wise reform. 

It is provided in the seventh section of Act No. 83, relative to the organization of 
provincial governments, that the governor shall visit all the municipalities at least 
once in every six months. This is practicable in those provinces where the muni- 
cipalities are in close proximity or connected by wagon roads or other convenient 
means of communication, such as is the case in the provinces which are contiguous 
to Manila and in the Ilocos provinces. But in the province there are municipalities 
60 miles from the capital, with bad roads, and no matter how hurriedly made, the 
visit takes from thirty-five to forty-five days, to say nothing of the Babuyanes and 
Batanes islands. 

This obliges the governor while making but these two visits to be absent from the 
capital three months in each year without visiting the aforementioned islands. Not 
only should the time taken up in these visits be considered, but also the expendi- 
tures which they occasion. 

The purposes which make necessary these visits to the municipalities can be served 
with one visit, because of the essentially agricultural occupations of the province 
which imbue the people with a character at once simple and peaceful and with cus- 
toms that are temperate. They have great respect for the laws and submission to 
the authorities, as well as loyalty to their sovereign. Therefore the undersigned 
takes it upon himself to recommend an amendment to the seventh section of said 
Act No. 83, relating to the creation and organization of provincial governments, 
wherein same refers to the number of visits to be made by the governor to the munici- 
palities of the province, so that it shall be left to the discretion of the governor as to 
the number of the visits which he shall make each year to the municipalities of the 
province. 

Some doubt arises as to the substitution of the secretary in the office of the gov- 
ernor during the absence of the latter from the provinciarcapital on official business 
within the province itself, because section 8 of Act No. 83 and the related section 21 
speak of the vacancy or absence of the governor from the province, therefore +he 
undersigned suggests, for the sake of clearness, an addition to the provisions of said 
section be made to the effect that the provincial secretary shall perform the duties 
of the governor and sign warrants in event of the sickness or the absence from the 



774 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

capital of the province of the provincial governor, the clerk of the highest rank in 
the government taking the place of the secretary without receiving any additional 
remuneration for such service. 

Should this badly written memorial be accepted by the civil government of the 
Philippine Islands, and should the improvements and amendments therein proposed 
result in the progress and prosperity of this province of Cagayan, the desires and 
aspirations of the undersigned would be fully accomplished. 
Respectfully, 

G. Gonzaga, Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Capiz, 1902. 

Capiz, Panay, August 9, 1903. 

The events which have transpired in this province during the year 1902 have been 
all of a deplorable character. 

The inhabitants had scarcely recovered from the effects of the famine of the year 
1901 when malarial fevers and the grippe caused such great ravages among them that 
in some pueblos, like Sigma and Macato, large families fell victims to disease, and 
there were days when there were not enough people in a town who were strong 
enough to bury the dead. 

During this year an animal plague took away 90 per cent of the carabaos, pigs, and 
chickens; and in the interior dead bodies of monkeys, deer, and wild boar were 
observed floating in the rivers and streams, so that these species, as well as carnivo- 
rous birds, such as buzzards and what are known as eagles in this country (hawks), 
disappeared. Subsequently a disease unknown in this country, but known to the 
Americans as surra, took away 95 per cent of the horses, many of the municipalities 
being left entirely without these animals. In this provincial capital more than 300 
head, including mares and foals, perished. 

Such a state of affairs could not but affect the province in an economic sense, 
making the collection of taxes very difficult, and also making communication between 
municipalities extremely arduous, the undersigned having been compelled in many 
instances to travel on foot in his visits of inspection over the worst kind of roads. 

This picture of misfortune was darkened by the appearance of cholera during the 
month of September. From its virulence it is to be feared that it will claim a con- 
siderable number of victims during the year 1903. 

Skillful measures taken in this provincial capital, where the Asiatic cholera first 
made its appearance, prevented a recurrence of the great mortality attendant upon 
the epidemics of the years 1882-83 and 1889-90. 

A few months prior to the time when news was received of the appearance of 
cholera in Manila, a society of the most distinguished ladies of this community was 
formed, and, thanks to its efforts, 1,600 pesos Mexican were collected, a part of which 
was invested in the construction of a hospital on an adequate site and the balance used 
for its maintenance during the months of September, October, and December, the 
average number of patients being 60 a day. All of the native physicians residing in 
this provincial capital lent their services to the said hospital, and thanks to their skill 
in the treatment of the disease the maximum death rate was kept at less than 49, this 
figure being reached for one day only, after which there was a steady decrease. 

The great interest shown by the Commission in combating the disease in all of 
the provinces where it appeared greatly assisted in the extinction of the epidemic. 
This province received help, not only in medicines but in the cooperation of a mem- 
ber of the board of health of the islands, who personally lent his valuable aid and 
counsel in the suppression of the disease. 

Once more it was seen that even during times of public affliction persons are not 
wanting who take advantage of the situation to create a disturbance of the public 
order so as to reflect discredit upon the civil government in force in these islands and 
work injury therein. False reports were circulated to the effect that the cholera had 
been brought about by the poisoning of wells and rivers by the monastic orders. Sub- 
sequently the poisoning was laid to the Americans, especially to officers and teachers. 

Fortunately, thanks to the active and efficient measures adopted and to the advice 
given by this government to the people during my visits of inspection to the munic- 
ipalities, such infamous slanders, which had gained currency among the ignorant 
people, were checked; but not in time, however, to prevent several acts of cruelty 
committed against persons seized by the people as poisoners with or without reason. 
It was generally believed among the lower classes that some 200 persons had come 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 775 

from the neighboring province of Iloilo with orders to place certain white powders in 
wells and in cisterns where rain water was kept for domestic purposes. Many 
averred that they had seen said powders and caught these persons in the act of 
criminally using them. 

But the undersigned is able to say positively that of the substances sent to this 
office as evidences of the crime of poisoning, not one was proven to be a poison, all 
of them being simple bicarbonate of soda and other harmless powders. 

The belief that the wells and streams were poisoned or might be poisoned served 
as a very useful purpose to the committee of public health of this provincial capital 
in combating the epidemic, as the committee was able to tell the people that the 
only efficient manner of avoiding said poisons (which, as a matter of fact, were 
really micro-organism of the virgulate bacilli and not harmless powders) was by boil- 
ing the water before using it, a practice greatly recommended in such cases. 

At the same time the closing of all wells was recommended and the opening of 
new ones in adequate sites and under favorable conditions at a distance from dwell- 
ing houses which would avoid surface water from draining deleterious matter into 
them. In all municipalities wells were dug in the center of the public square sur- 
rounded by a fence of cana espina and guarded day and night by the municipal 
police in order to avoid criminal acts. 

By taking such precautions and by abstaining from any substance not well cooked, 
and the use of the anticholera specifics best known to science, such as that of Doctor 
Bautista and Doctor Rojas, as well as of other medicines recommended for this dis- 
ease, the mortality during the epidemic of 1902 was kept below that of former ones, 
so that it can be confidently asserted that the number of deaths did not reach 50 per 
cent of those attacked. 

The assistance received from the Civil Commission in the shape of a loan of $25,000 
gold, secured by the provincial board, somewhat relieved the deplorable situation of 
many municipalities, but unfortunately not all of them were able to get the benefit 
of the same. The municipalities of Yuisan, Sapian, Jimeno, Balete, Nanga, Malinao, 
and Pilar were favored with this assistance, for their roads underwent great improve- 
ment, but the extent of the work undertaken at such different and distinct places 
resulted in that none of the work was finished, many of the roads being commenced 
but not carried through so as to connect any two municipalities. The work was 
therefore useless, with the exception of that done at Yuisan, which was carried 
through so as to connect that town with this city. Banga was not connected with 
Calida nor with Balete, nor the latter with Jimeno, nor Jimeno with Sapian, nor this 
latter with Yuisan, and the same thing occurred with relation to Pilar, where work 
was commenced and some five bridges and ten culverts were constructed without the 
road having reached Pontevedra. This was due, in my opinion, to the bad manage- 
ment and lack of a general plan for the work undertaken by the at that time pro- 
vincial supervisor, Mr. Thomas Leonard. Unfortunately, the $25,000 gold was 
invested in this way, and if the work is now to be abandoned in its unfinished con- 
dition it would be "a great pity, for the bridges built of unpainted bakhaw timber 
and which are left without the protection of the nipa roof will be destroyed within 
three years, and the roads that are to-day clean and graded will be converted into 
carabao holes and overgrown with vegetation. It is therefore urgent that the hon- 
orable Civil Commission, always attentive to the progress of these pueblos, once more 
extend its assistance to this unfortunate, but always obedient and loyal province, so 
that the work begun by Mr. Leonard may be continued and a general road uniting 
this provincial capital with the pueblos of the east as far as Pilar and those of the 
west as far as Malanao may be finished and business benefited over a large extent of 
territory. Once this work is completed the road uniting this province with Iloilo 
and going as far as Passi, as well as the branch roads between Dao, Tapaz, and Jamin- 
dan, and the one connecting with Maayon and Pontevedra, may be started. 

By doing this a double political purpose would be served: First, the province 
would be indirectly succored and its inhabitants would learn habits of work, and, 
second, agriculture would be developed and banditism would be suppressed, it having 
been observed that so long as people were given work in the several municipalities 
ladrones and petty thieves disappeared and many people living in the hills came down 
to the valleys and built their houses. 

Fifty thousand dollars gold would be a sufficient sum to finish this work and pro- 
vide the province with good roads as well as to alleviate all this misfortune and misery. 

DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS. 

The following statistics of births and deaths, during the years 1901 and 1902, will 
give an idea of the mortality of the inhabitants of this province due to malarial 
fevers, dengue, cholera, and famine. 



776 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

For the year 1901, from June 1 to the end of December (the provincial govern- 
ment was constituted April 15, 1901), the statistics were as follows: 

Births 1 1,819 

Deaths 9, 782 

Difference, deaths over births 7, 963 

For the year 1902. 

Births 6,670 

Deaths 13,695 

Difference, deaths over births 7, 025 

It must be borne in mind that the statistics for the year 1901 cover only six 
months; that is to say, from the 1st of June to the end of December, hence the 
great difference in the number of deaths as compared with this year, in spite of the 
fact that during the year 1902 there was cholera; this is due to the fact that in 1901 
ravages were made not only by malarial fevers, smallpox, and dengue, but famine 
was also very prevalent. 

CRIMINAL STATISTICS — COUET OF THE FIRST INSTANCE. 

During the year 1902 the court of first instance sat from February to April and 
from August to December, the judge being Mr. Bates and his assistant Mr. Norris. 

At the beginning of the year there were 830 cases originating in the time of the 
Spanish Government in the clerk's office, which were disposed of, the majority of 
them being dismissed because of the fact that the defendants were not in jail. 

Of the new cases, that is, those begun since the institution of civil government in 
this province, 93 were disposed of as follows: 

Manslaughter 27 

Parricide 3 

Assault 12 

Highway robbery 8 

Robbery 14 

Abduction 7 

Theft 12 

Arson 2 

Illegal detention 1 

Arbitrary detention 1 

Housebreaking „ . . 1 

Rape 2 

Breaking oath of allegiance 1 

Perjury 1 

Trespass 1 

At the beginning of January, 1902, there were 51 prisoners in the public jail; from 
that time to December 277 entered, making a total of 328, of whom 252 were released, 
there remaining 72 in jail on December 31, 1902, and of this number 39 were sen- 
tenced and 37 were awaiting sentence. 

The judicial procedure followed has demonstrated the great deficiency existing 
with relation to the summoning of witnesses. The law authorizes the judge to pro- 
ceed against witnesses by apprehension if they do not appear after the first subpoena 
has been sent. During the period of the sitting of the court of first instance 
the sheriff's office summoned 1,591 witnesses, some of them from the farthermost 
pueblos, such as Tapaz, Jamindan, and Buruanga, and no witness received indem- 
nity of any sort whatsoever. The majority of these people belonged to the poorer 
working classes, so that during the fifteen or twenty days that they were absent 
from their homes and attending court they were liable to die of hunger on the 
road or their families would suffer from the same fate because of lack of support, 
for in the absence of a father they are left to live on public charity. 

It would also occur that during the trip, generally made on foot, many would 
sicken and others would fall victims of cholera. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 777 

During the month of December one witness, a woman, was attacked with cholera 
at the door of the court and died three hours afterwards. 

If the process were to capture or apprehend the witnesses they would willingly 
come, if well accompanied, but this system would result in greater expense to the 
government, and would take the constabulary away from the work of cleaning up 
the province of ladrones. 

It would be highly advisable and more humane to allow each witness 40 cents 
Mexican per day for traveling expenses and during his stay in this town 20 cents 
Mexican a day. which for the poor people is sufficient and not a burden to the 
insular or provincial treasury. The amount should be delivered to the witness when 
he presents himself in order that he may attend to his wants during his stay in the 
provincial capital. A certificate from the clerk of the court of first instance should 
be sufficient for him to collect. 

Under the present system, though it is true that the amount for this purpose which 
would have been paid to witnesses has been saved, on the other hand the govern- 
ment has spent a good deal in the delay of the court of first instance in the disposi- 
tion of criminal and civil matters. There have been cases which could have been 
disposed of in three days that have dragged along for a month or more because of 
the lack of witnesses, to the great detriment of the public service. 

FINANCES. 

During the year 1902 the finances of this province diminished considerably because 
of the fact that the people had scarcely recovered from the epidemic of cholera and 
from the losses caused by rinderpest when the former broke out afresh. But in 
spite of all these calamities there was a good crop harvested of palay, corn, mongo, 
camote, abaca, copra and nipa spirits, besides those of other tubers necessary for 
the support of the poorer classes, such as hube, caba, kayus, etc. 

During the months of April, May, June, and July, the time for planting palay, the 
industry and perseverance of the country people was to be admired, for in spite of 
the lack of carabaos they made every endeavor possible to obtain good crops by the 
cultivation of their fields. 

For the first time the experiment was made of trying to raise palay without plowing 
the ground. The experiment consisted in cutting off all the weeds and other growths, 
such as zacate and baki-baki (known to the Tagalogs under the names of balangot 
and cogon), etc., level with the ground during the latter part of May, allowing same 
to remain upon the ground until dry. At the same time the seed was sown in the 
land thus cleared and prepared, the pilapiles, which are a sort of small embankments 
thrown up around the cultivated plots for the purpose of retaining the water when 
the land is flooded, were constructed; these enbankments are generally about a half 
a yard high and a foot and a half at the base. 

Having arrived at this stage the rains of June were awaited and the lands sur- 
rounded by pilapiles were covered over with the half-rotted vegetation spread over the 
entire area and the seed was allowed to germinate. When the plants have grown to 
a height of about 1 foot they are called bonton, and transplanted to ground pre- 
pared to receive them, which is flooded to a depth of about 1 foot. The water and the 
rotting vegetation so favor the growth of the rice that two weeks after transplanting 
a breach is made in the pilapiles to allow the water to drain off and in another two 
weeks the land is again cleared of the growth of weeds, which are cut down with 
bolos. 

This system, although it does not give as good results as when the plow is used, 
has exceeded the hopes of the country people who were able to harvest twentyfold 
of the seed planted; that is to say, that each cavan of seed yielded 20 cavanes of 
palay. 

The system known in this country as pugas was also employed. This system con- 
sists in clearing off the ground by fire and putting in the seed during the first rains 
in the month of May. Holes are made with a stake a foot apart at equal distances 
and five or more grains of palay are dropped into each hole. This system is the one 
generally used on uplands not irrigated for crops of white or Visayan rice. 

To form an idea of the industry and extreme eagerness of the "country people in 
this work of seeding their lands so as to provide against a recurrence of the famine 
suffered by them in 1901, of terrible memory, it is well to consider cases like the one 
which occurred at the pueblo of Cuartero, where a poor farmer, not having the cara- 
baos to plow his land, ordered his son to take hold of the plow while he placed a yoke 
upon his own shoulders and performed the labor of the animal ; m this manner he 
attempted to plow his land, and when overcome by fatigue and covered with sweat 



778 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



he jumped into the river and he died in consequence of the shock thus received. 
It is also recorded that a woman 45 years of age in the pueblo of Dao, alone and 
with the help of a bolo planted and cultivated a piece of ground, gathering a crop of 
150 ca vanes of palay. 

Corn, which used to be sown but once a year, during 1902 was planted as often as 
a crop was gathered, so that there have been pueblos where three crops of corn have 
been gathered something never done before. 

Owing to the lack of carabaos many have devoted their attention to the planting 
of cocoanuts and hemp and subsequently of maguey, a large extent of ground in the 
municipalities of Tapaz, Jamindan, Sigma, Dao, Mambusao, Banga, Madalag, Libacao, 
Pangalan, and Ybajay having been planted to cocoanuts and hemp, and it is hoped 
that in two years the production of copra will be greatly increased in this province. 

Considering the favorable disposition of the inhabitants of this province toward 
agriculture, its chief source of wealth, a decided protection on the part of the Gov- 
ernment would increase the resources of the same. Unfortunately, the provincial 
board being deprived of possible revenues until the revival of agriculture will find it 
impossible to assist, and it is hoped that the honorable Civil Commission will give its 
attention to this matter, and, so far as practicable, help by furnishing cattle or the 
most modern agricultural machinery for the purpose of developing farms. 

A model grange, where a practical test of steam machinery for plowing and for 
other agricultural labor could be made, ought to be established. At such a place the 
handling of this machinery should be taught, as once learned it would do away with 
the primitive methods of cultivation and the use of the carabao to-day employed 
by even the richest agriculturists. So long as the agriculturists can not see with 
their own eyes the benefits from the use of these modern inventions it is useless to 
hope for a prompt revival of agriculture, which is at present time in a depressed 
condition. 

There are large tracts of land in the municipalities of Tapaz, Dao, and Jamindan 
where this model grange could be established, and it is not too much to say that the 
result would be that the products would cover all expenses of running same. 

During the year 1902 the revenues and expenses of this government were as 
follows, according to figures furnished by the provincial treasurer, Mr. William 0. 
Thornton : 



1902. 


Local currency. 


United States currency. 


Revenues. 


Expenses. 


Revenues. 


Expenses. 


Balance, January 1 






$25, 940. 225 
2, 371. 939 
1,019.613 
682. 053 
1,833.837 
1,937.557 
1,383.016 
4, 145, 031 
2, 700. 006 
4, 902. 080 
1, 031. 051 




January 






$4, 988. 336 
1, 991. 565 


February 






March , 






4,715.901 


April 






2, 357. 086 
7, 405. 44 


May 






June 






5, 025. 07 


July 






4, 159 034 


August 






3, 397. 067 


September 






6, 646. 043 


October 






3, 732. 019 










Total 






21,464.69 


17, 935. 63 


Reduction of amounts received and paid out in 
Mexican currency and United States currency 






3, 529. 06 












Total 






21,464.69 


21, 464. 69 










October 


$5, 208. 11 

5,773.35 

629. 63 




1,411.94 
263. 40 
41.42 




November 


$3, 846. 99 
2,543.92 


1, 453. 40 


December 






Total 


11,611.09 


6, 390. 91 
5, 220. 18 


1, 716. 76 


1, 453. 40 




263. 36 










Grand total 


11,611.09 


11,611.09 


1, 716. 76 


1,716.76 







As can be seen from this table, all revenues and expenses were kept in gold from 
January to October; from November on, accounts were kept in both United States 
and Mexican currency as received and expended. At the end of the year there was 
a cash balance of $5,220.18 Mexican and $283.36 United States currency. Scarcely 
any revenues were obtained this year from personal registration certificates, and not 
even half of the land tax was collected. 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



779 



The following table shows the total area of land assessed in the province and the 
value of each parcel: 



Pueblos. 



Hectares. 



Number 
of pieces. 



Balete 

Bauga 

Batan 

Buruanga . 

Calivo 

Capiz 

Casanayan 
Cuartero... 

Dao 

Dumalag . . 
Durnarao . . 
Jagnaya . . . 
Jamindan . 

Jimeno 

Lezo 

Libacao . . . 
Loctugan . . 
Ma a yon ... 

Macato 

Madalag... 
Malinao . . . 
Mambusao 

Navas 

Numancia. 

Panay 

Panitan ... 
Pontevedra 

Sapian 

Sigma 

Tangalan. . 

Tapaz 

Ybajay 

Yuisan 

Total 



3,454.8555 
3,052.3205 
2, 546. 9638 

975. 49 
2,549.0695 
4,900.7833 
1,146.3908 
1,663.4532 
4, 195. 2185 
5,334.6512 
4,576.5490 
1,424.26 
1, 513. 6763 
2, 740. 1620 
1,303.0801 
3,600.9740 
1,484.1359 
8, 344. 9572 
1,562.6574 

938. 8572 
1, 578. 3354 
3, 720. 9652 
1, 665. 16 
1, 541. 6129 
6,316.4737 
6, 123. 4408 
4,363.2131 
1,374.2161 
4, 349. 7026 

743. 5871 
1,542.6088 
3,807.8986 
2,351.8176 



$21, 833. 00 
62, 169. 46 
29, 692. 54 
25,203.00 

134,268.12 

415, 348. 00 
20, 197. 85 
42,885.00 
99, 593. 50 
40, 610. 26 
38, 400. 93 
20, 800. 08 
15, 967. 80 
23,407.50 
33, 810. 50 
57,890.12 
43, 959. 50 
35,881.50 
36, 792. 60 
19, 585. 50 

105, 011. 00 

105,876.00 
35,675.94 
59,756.25 

221, 769. 34 
94,931.47 

102,491.90 
21,882.50 
96, 851. 50 
18, 718. 37 
62, 845. 70 

107,820.01 
48, 280. 00 



451 
1,405 
1,245 

860 
2,861 
2,031 

382 

920 
1,817 
2,007 
1, 023 

438 



1,539 

544 

724 

606 

1,295 

679 

2,087 

1,570 

1,346 

1,814 

2,604 

1,550 

604 

380 

1,635 

441 

545 

4,558 

704 



100,430.3803 



2,361,265.74 



42, 220 



Making a total of 100,430.3803 hectares, valued at 
rency, divided into 42,220 holdings. 



J, 361, 265. 74 United States cur- 



PUBLIC OEDEB. 



During the year 1902 this province has not suffered as much as others from the 
depredations of ladrones, although it is true that bands existed under Julian in the 
hills of Pontevedra and Pilar, under Firmalino and Simeon Paduga at Dumalag and 
Tapaz, under Laureano Luces at Mambusao, Jagnaya, and Jamindan, and under 
Omopong at Malinao and Macato. In spite of their presence but few assaults accom- 
panied by murder have been committed in this province. The only cases of robbery 
recorded have been in the barrios of the municipalities of Batan, Pontevedra, Maayon, 
Cuartero, Pilar, and Malinao Last April this government was authorized by the 
acting governor, Hon. Luke E. Wright, to extend pardon to all those presenting 
themselves, taking the oath of allegiance to the constituted authorities, and sur- 
rendering their arms, and as a result of active negotiations carried on by this Office 
the following surrendered to the undersigned: Donato Jamison and six other ladrones 
under him at the municipality of Sigma, with one Mauser rifle, at the hills near 
Jagnaya, where he had to present himself unarmed and unattended, except by a 
guide, and negotiate with Laureano Luces, who surrendered with his companions 
Pedro Lacana, Policarpo Llorente, Aquilino Aquino, Ciriaco Dapetillo, Estanislao 
Lopez, Pedro Luces, and Gregorio Llorente; and Maximo Lopez in Mambusao, 
together with six companions with all their arms. 

These measures, coupled with the active operations of the constabulary of this 
province, who worked unceasingly, resulted in that the inhabitants were not troubled 
in their agricultural labor by the said bands of ladrones. 

It also happened that while the constabulary were bringing in a notorious bandit 
to this provincial capital he was killed in attempting to escape. The same thing 
happened with regard to five ladrones who were being conducted by a constabulary 
control to Dao and who attempted to escape by running into the woods. In this 
latter case three were killed and two of them recaptured. This proved a good lesson 
to the ladrones, who retired to the mountains of Iloilo and very rarely came over to 



780 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

this province, fearful of like punishment. There is one lamentable incident which 
occurred in this province in connection with the operations of troops. On November 
31 a body of American soldiers, constabulary, and municipal police from Iloilo came 
over to the district of Dumarao in pursuit of a band of ladrones and upon perceiving 
a group of men, women, and children working in the rice fields, fired upon them, 
mistaking them for ladrones, and killed the owner of the field, who was shot through 
the head. 

The above are the principal events and the general condition of the province at the 
close of the year 1902. 

Before finishing I must state the principal reasons for the delay in the making of 
this report, trusting that the honorable Commission may pardon same in view of the 
following causes: 

In October of this year I received instructions from the honorable civil governor 
to make municipal maps and give a statement of the personnel suitable for enumera- 
tion of the census which was to be taken in these islands during the following April. 

In December I was obliged to go to Manila to receive instructions from the director 
of the census, General Sanger. 

Upon my return to the province my time till the end of June was entirely taken 
up by the census, fearing that same might be a failure — which, I thank God, was un- 
founded, as our work won the applause of our worthy chief, General Sanger. 

From June to date I have been busy in collecting exhibits for the St. Louis exposi- 
tion, have had to act as president of the assessment board, attend to the accumulation 
of work in my office, to the licensing of arms, etc., all of which have contributed to 
the delay in sending this report. 

Respectfully, S. Jugo Vidal, 

Provincial Governor of Capiz. 



Annual Report op the Provincial Governor of Cavite. 

Office of the Governor, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. J., October 15, 1903. 
Sir: In accordance with instructions contained in your telegram of the 9th instant, 
I have the honor to submit the following report: 
I assumed the duties of provincial governor on the 17th of July, 1903. 
The history of events of the current year prior to that date is such as furnished 
by the office records or established by statements of those having personal knowledge. 

RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS. 

The new Aglipay movement has made considerable headway in the province, 
notably in the towns of Cavite, San Roque, Caridad, Bacoor, Imus, Maragondong, 
Ternate, and some others. The development of this new church party has brought 
with it a certain bitterness of feeling between the adherents of the new church and 
those ot the Roman Catholic faith. This feeling has shown itself in the management 
of municipal affairs when the majority of the municipal council, actuated by religious 
differences has sought to impose restrictions upon the church of opposite faith. Some- 
times this has taken the form of ordinances closing cemeteries; sometimes it has taken 
the form of placards threatening bodily harm In one case the municipal president 
of Bacoor was suspended for having arrested a number of natives who were attending 
a meeting conducted by some natives of the Presbyterian faith. After investigation 
the president was removed from office. 

The census work was completed in the month of June. The total population of 
the province is 135,243, distributed as follows 

Naio 9,235 



Amadeo 3, 771 

Alfonso 3, 692 

Bacoor 10,998 

Bailen 2, 505 

Caridad 4, 917 

Cavite 4 495 

Cavite-Viejo 6, 173 

Perez Damarinas 3, 047 

Imus 12, 970 

Indan 11, 973 

Magallanes 3, 503 

Maragondong 7, 201 

Mendez IS unez 3' 741 



Novalete 2, 362 

Rosario 6, 608 

San Francisco de Malabon 9, 673 

San Roque 6, 158 

Santa Cruz de Malabon 8, 801 

Silang - * 5, 643 

Ternate 2, 460 

Corregidor 703 

Carmona 2, 609 



Total 135,243 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 781 

ROADS. 

The roads of the province, with a few exceptions, are in bad condition . In the 
six years from 1896 to January 1, 1903, there has been little work done toward 
repairing roads and bridges except that done by the military through necessity for 
transportation of supplies. 

During the current year the roads from Naic to Indan and from Naic to Maragondong 
have been repaired and are now in fairly good shape. The roads from Indan to 
Silang and from Silang to Imus are now being repaired. The road from lmus to 
Bacoor is already in pretty fair condition. These, together with the road from 
Cavite to San Francisco de Malabon, are the principal roads of the province. All 
told, there has been expended during the current year on road work about 34,000 
pesos in cash and rice from the Congressional relief fund to the value of 3,000 pesos. 
There remains approximately 30,000 pesos in rice to be paid out for work on roads. 
The work is now being pressed as much as possible at this season of year. In 
regard to road work in general, I believe that it will be impossible to keep the roads 
in proper repair with the allowance for that purpose now provided by law. 
Apparently the only practicable solution is to require from each able-bodied male 
inhabitant a certain number of days work each year, say five days, or, in lieu thereof, 
an assessment of one-half peso for each day of failure to perform the required work. 
The ordinary annual income of the road fund would scarcely avail to purchase the 
material necessary to repair bridges, etc., and is wholly inadequate to employ the 
labor necessary to keep the roads in serviceable state. 

ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION. 

The work of obtaining exhibits for the St. Louis Exposition has been under charge 
of a committee headed by Senor Leonardo Ossorio of San Roque. Up to the present 
time the committee has obtained 255 exhibits of various kinds. The province is 
one that depends almost entirely on agriculture. It has few manufactures of any 
kind; therefore the work of Senor Ossorio and his fellow committeemen has been 
difficult, but they have made up for lack of resources by a surplus of energy and 
persistence. 



In accordance Avith telegraphic instructions from the civil governor, based upon 
Act 817 of the Philippine Commission,. a locust board was convened on August 7, 
consisting of the provincial board and in addition Sefiores D. Severino de las Alas, 
D. Feliz Cuenca, and D. Mariano Trias. 

The board discussed the method to be pursued and agreed upon the resolution, a 
copy of which is hereto attached, marked "A." 

The people of the province have generally evinced great interest in this work. A 
consolidation of weekly reports from the agricultural members of the board shows 
the destruction of more than 5,000 cavanes of locusts since the organization of the 
locust board. Locusts are still to be found in the province, buf in greatly diminished 
numbers One thousand piculs of rice from the Congressional relief fund were 
allowed the province for distribution to natives not able to subsist themselves while 
employed in destruction of locusts. A part of this still remains on hand tor con- 
tinuing the work. 

MUNICIPAL POLICE. 

In accordance with the provisions of Act 781, the provincial board on June 24 
adopted resolutions providing for the organization of a municipal police force and 
fixing the pay of policemen and number of guns for each town in accordance with 
the schedule hereto attached, marked "B." At the same time the board requested 
a loan of $35,000 gold from the insular government to be used in assisting the 
municipal government in the organization and payment of the municipal police 
force. This loan could not be granted, and as the towns could not pay the 
entire expenses of maintaining a police force of the prescribed strength, very con- 
siderable modifications in the original scheme w r ere necessary. However, the guns 
have been obtained and issued to the towns under the prescribed bond. The towns 
have been required to provide a police force such as they are able to maintain at 
their own expense. The extra guns have been required to be placed in the presi- 
dencia and a volunteer force designated to assist in protection of town or to operate 
against ladrones when they appeared in the vicinity. Up to this time three police- 
men have deserted with their guns and joined the ladrones — ail of them from the 
town of San Francisco de Malabon. One of these policemen returned with his gun 
and presented himself to the president of Malabon. He was tried by the court 



782 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

of first instance and acquitted on the ground that he had been captured by the 
lad rones and carried off as a prisoner. A few of the towns, where the president is 
of exceptional efficiency, have a fairly effective police force. Owing to lack of funds 
it does not seem possible to greatly improve their condition. On the whole, it can not 
be doubted that the municipal police have been of assistance in protecting the towns 
against roving bands of ladrones. In some cases the municipal police have rendered 
valuable assistance. Since their organization two policemen, one from Mendez Nunez 
and one from Maragondong, have been killed while operating against ladrones. 

It would be well if the government could in some way provide for the families of 
those policemen who may be killed or disabled in active service. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The province of Cavite, under normal conditions, is rich. It has a large area of 
fertile rice lands. The hemp raised in the vicinity of the mountain towns of Amadeo, 
Alfonso, and Indan is of superior quality. Coffee and chocolate were formerly 
grown near Indan, and the fruits of the province, such as mangoes, bananas, and 
pineapples, are a source of considerable income. Much of the rice land is unculti- 
vated, owing to lack of carabao and the dry weather prevailing during August and 
September. In the irrigated lands around Naic one very good crop has already been 
reaped and another is now growing. Around Rosario, Santa Cruz de Malabon, and 
Imus, as well as in the mountain towns toward the southern boundary, the prospects 
are much better than they were last year. Within the past few days the increase 
in rainfall has served to encourage the people over the outlook for crops, and a con- 
siderable additional area is now being planted. The order of the civil governor 
directing the planting of quick-growing crops was very generally complied with, so 
that the shortage of last year's rice crop did not so seriously affect the people as 
would otherwise have been the case. The shortage in the rice crop for several suc- 
cessive seasons has served to show the people the advantage of having more than one 
crop to rely upon. In the hemp-growing district around Indan and Amadeo there 
have been during the past two years many new plantations of hemp, so that there 
should be a considerable increase in the hemp crop within the next two or three 
years. The extensive coast line of the province makes fishing a means of livelihood 
for many natives who live in the towns and barrios along the coast. The United 
States naval-yard at Cavite and the private shipbuilding yards at Canacau and San 
Roque furnish employment to a great many natives. Their aggregate native pay 
rolls probably exceed 60,000 pesos per month. This, of course, goes a long way 
toward sustaining a large part of the population. 

During the current year there have been a few sporadic cases of cholera, but there 
has been no general outbreak, and the provincial board of health has been able to 
successfully deal with the matter so as to prevent any general spreading of the disease. 

In this province there are estates comprising some of the most valuable lands of 
the province in dispute between the people and the religious orders; whatever the 
final decision in regard to the ownership of this property, it can not be doubted that 
the settlement of this matter would go far toward removing a very vexing question, 
and one that gives rise to much irritating discussion. 

The assessments made by the board of tax revision increased the value of the tax- 
able real estate of the province from $4,400,000, United States currency, to $5,971,000. 
There has been considerable discontent manifested over some of the assessments, and 
of the land tax for the current year only one half has been collected to date. There 
are doubtless some inequalities in the assessment and the provincial board has 
referred the matter to the Civil Commission, with recommendation that a new board 
be appointed to begin work January 1, 1904. 

The industrial tax fell from $10,000, United States currency, last year to about 
$6,000 during the current year. The amount received from the cedula tax increased 
from about $20,000, Mexican, in 1902 to approximately $30,000 during current year. 

Perhaps the time will never arrive when the people will receive without protest 
any assessment making an increase. In the present case, however, some of the sub- 
stantial provisions of law were not complied with, and I believe it would be only fair 
that the whole matter be brought under review of a new board, when all the require- 
ments of the law should be observed. 

LADRON SITUATION. 

The province of Cavite for generations past has been notorious for the ladron bands 
that have preyed upon its people. The terrain of the province has much to do with 
the difficulty of stamping out the pest. Its numerous jungles and ravines make it 
difficult for troops to move quickly from one point to another, while they offer 
numerous hiding places for the robber bands. During the months of January and 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 783 

February of the current year active operations against the ladrones were conducted 
by the constabulary under Captain Hayson, and volunteers under Governor 
Trias. Immunity from punishment had been promised to some of the ladrones. 
Many surrendered under this promise, bringing in a considerable number of guns and 
revolvers, and a good many ladrones and arms were captured. 

At a meeting of presidentes, held about the close of February, the province was 
declared to be in a pacified condition. When the volunteers had been disbanded 
and active operations partially suspended the ladrones again appeared in force and 
became active and troublesome. Several towns were robbed. Animals and other 
property were stolen and taken away. Early in September the number of scouts and 
constabulary in the province was increased. An office of secret information was 
established at Imus, and has proven very valuable. The first assistant chief of con- 
stabulary, Colonel Scott, has divided the province into subdistricts, each under con- 
trol of an officer of constabulary or scouts. This has enabled a far more thorough 
system of patrol than was possible formerly. The effect has been to distinctly 
improve conditions. The ladrones are now mostly disbanded and hidden away in 
the jungles. A good many of them have been caught and are awaiting trial. Since 
September 1 about a dozen guns have been captured or surrendered. During the 
past six weeks only a few small bands have been seen, and scarcely any thefts or 
depredations have been committed. 

As long as their leaders remain uncaptured, however, no permanent peace can be 
expected. New bands under the old leaders will spring up whenever opportunity 
offers. The disposition of the people is an important factor in the work of suppres- 
sion. Of late there has been some noticeable improvement in this respect. Some of 
the presidents, with their municipal police, have actively cooperated in the work, 
but in the barrios and sitios in the mountains and jungles, where the ladrones have 
their hiding places, it is not yet possible to get the people to give the information 
necessary to ferret out the robbers. Some of these paisanos are influenced through 
fear of the robbers, others through friendship for members of the gangs that live in 
the vicinity. In my judgment, the course now pursued is that most likely to bring 
good results. Activity, hard work, and persistence ought eventually to clean up the 
pest of ladronism and convince the people that the government does not intend to 
permit this plague to continue. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

The collections on account of the Bizal monument fund have been small, due to a 
scarcity of money, and not to lack of disposition of the people to contribute toward 
this object. 

The school attendance has been large; total attendance at public schools of towns 
and barrios, 3,214; attendance at high school, 166; amount turned over to school 
fund, $7,000 gold. 

A schedule showing municipal officers is attached, marked "C," and a similar 
schedule showing officers and employees is attached, marked "D." 

On June 21, fourteen prisoners escaped from the provincial jail by bending the 
iron bars placed across one of the windows. On August 24, the provincial jail, by 
direction of the civil governor, was placed under administration of the senior 
inspector of constabulary of the province. On the night of October 2, eight prisoners 
escaped from the jail, through negligence of the guard placed over them. Some of 
these prisoners who escaped on these two occasions have been recaptured. There 
are now in confinement awaiting trial 51 prisoners. 

The cost of feeding these prisoners is considerable. Judge Villamor has promised 
to hold a special term of court within a short time and he hopes to entirely clean up 
the docket at this extra session. 

The shortage of carabaos has materially interfered with agriculture iri the province. 
It will require a long time for natural increase to supply the demand for work animals. 

The provincial board has submitted an estimate for 300 carabaos, to be sold under 
the law providing for their sale at auction. Many more than this will eventually be 
required to supply the demand, but the board was governed in its first estimate by 
the knowledge that the demand for these animals would be great throughout the 
Archipelago. 

A provincial pound is being established at Imus, under requirements of the recent 
act. There are a number of animals to be disposed of under this law — probably 
more than one hundred — and the number is being constantly increased by addition 
of animals recovered through operations of constabulary or scouts. 

Very respectfully, D c gnANKS) 

The honorable Executive Secretary, Governor, Province of Cavite. 

Manila, P. I. 



784 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



A. 

LOCUSTS. 

At a special meeting of the provincial board of Cavite, P. I., held at Cavite, P. L, 
on the 7th day of August, 1903, the provincial governor read Act 817 of the Philip- 
pine Commission and the telegram of the honorable civil governor, regarding the 
destruction of the locusts in the province, to Messrs. D. Mariano Trias, Severino de 
las Alas, and Felix Cuenca, members of the provincial board appointed by the 
honorable Civil Commission for this object, and after considering the measures that 
should be adopted for the destruction of said insects, resolved as follows: 

"First. The towns of the province are hereby divided into districts as follows: 



District of Sefior Trias. 



District of Sefior S. de Alas. 



District of Sefior 
Cuenca. 



San Francisco de Malabon Indan j Bacoor. 

Santa Cruz de Malabon Amadeo : Imus. 

Rosario Alfonso Perez Dasrnarifias. 

Noveleta Bailen Cavite- Viejo. 

Ternate Mendez Nunez Carmona. 

Naic Magallanes Silang. 

\ Maragondon 



"Second. The members of the locust board will have general supervision over their 
districts and will see that the requirements of the law referring to the subject are 
enforced. 

"Third. Upon appearance of loctones, or locusts, in any barrio, it shall be the duty 
of the teniente of the same barrio and also the councilman to inform the municipal 
president, and he will at once call out all of the able-bodied inhabitants of that barrio 
and as many adjacent barrios as may be necessary for the destruction of the locusts. 
Any inhabitant who having received such notice fails to comply shall be punished, 
after due investigation by the municipal president, with a fine not greater than $10 
gold, or imprisonment not exceeding ten days, or both; provided, that until further 
notice no citizen shall be required to perform without pay more than six days' labor 
in this connection; and provided further, that in cases of necessity the municipal 
president may be authorized to issue 3 chupas of rice per day to each laborer from 
the rice provided for this purpose, keeping a list of names, residence, and date of 
such issue. 

"Any failure of a municipal officer to comply with the requirements of this law, or 
failure to help the municipal president, shall also be punished with the same penal- 
ties as above expressed." 



B. 

MUNICIPAL POLICE FOECE, CAVITE PROVINCE. 

Resolution of the provincial board on the 24th day of June, 1903. — The board, after 
consultation with the chief of constabulary of this province, and in accordance with 
Act No. 781, resolved to fix the number of police for the towns as below and with 
the following salaries: 



Alfonso 

Amadeo 

Bacoor 

Bailen 

Caridad 

Carmona 

Cavite 

Cavite-Viejo 

Perez Dasrnarifias 

Imus 

Indang 

Magallanes 



Police 




and 


Salarv. 


rifles. 




20 


$15. 00 


20 


15.00 


25 


20.00 


20 


15.00 


10 


20. 00 


20 


15.00 


26 




20 


20. 00 


20 


15. 00 


30 


20.00 • 


30 


16.00 


20 


15.00 



Town. 



Maragondon 

Mendez-Nufiez 

Noveleta 

Naic 

Rosario 

San Francisco de Malabon 

San Roque 

Santa Cruz de Malabon . . . 

Silang 

Ternate 

Isla de Corregidor 



Police 
and 

rifles. 



Salary 



§18.00 
15.00 
18.00 
20.00 
18.00 
20.00 
20.00 
20.00 
20.00 
18.00 
20.00 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 785 



C. 

Office of the Secretary, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. L, October 14, 1908. 

List of the -present municipal officers of the 23 pueblos of the province of Cavite, according 
to records existing at this date in the office of the provincial secretary of Cavite, P. I. 

Municipality of Aruadeo: 

Justice "of the peace, Santiago Bayot. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Prinio Villanuevp. 

Presidente, Feliciano Mediran. 

Vice-presidente, Antonio Ramos. 

Secretary, Melecio Crisostomo. 

Treasurer, Geronimo Bayot. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Doroteo Bayot. 

2. Macario Bay bay. 

3. Calixto Bedan. 

4. Abdon Am bat. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Prudencio Batino. 

2. Guillermo Hicaro. 

3. Maximiano Villanueva. 

4. Sotero Bayot. 
Municipality of Alfonso: 

Justice of the peace, Lorenzo Angeles. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Severino Rosanes. 

Presidente, Miguel Pereda. 

Vice-presidente, Andres Herrera. 

Secretary, Narciso Pereda. 

Treasurer, Gregorio Avinante. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Francisco Avinante. 

2. Hermenegildo Cron. 

3. Amado Pegi. 

4. Gabriel Mogica. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Nazario Liuanag. 

2. Agapito Esguerra. 

3. Maximino Giron. 

4. Francisco Rolle. 
Municipality of Bacoor: 

Justice of the peace, Segundo Francisco. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Romualdo Nazarino. 

Presidente, Gregorio de Guia. 

Vice-presidente, Elias Guinto. 

Secretary, Andres Costaneda. 

Treasurer, Alipo Locao. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Paulino Narvaez. 

2. Catalino Pagtachan. 

3. Pedro Cabiac. 

4. Bernardino Miranda. 

5. Doroteo de Ocampo. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1 . Marcelo Cuenca. 

2. Pio Javier. 

3. Romualdo Sarino. 

4. Gil Ignacio. 

5. Dionisio Mascardo. 
Municipality of Bailen: 

Justice of peace, Bartolome" Angat. 
Auxiliary justice of peace, Aquilino Gloriani. 
Presidente, Cirilo Gloriani. 
Vice-presidente, Santiago Velustrino. 

VOL 5 50 



786 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Municipality of Bailen — Continued. 
Secretary, Domingo Ponano. 
Treasurer, Espiridion Gloriano 
Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Francisco Climaco. 

2. Daniel Bautista. 

3. Eegino Javier. 

4. Tito Diaz. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Bonifacio Glorioso. 

2. Francisco Andaya. 

3. Gregorio Malimban. 

4. Eusebio Dingco. 
Municipality of Cavite: 

Justice of peace, Jose A. Eeyes. 

Auxiliary justice of peace, Jose" Rivera. 

Presidente, Catalino Nicolas. 

Vice-presidente, Vicente Zalazar. 

Secretary, Pedro Lipana. 

Treasurer, Nicasio Desiderio. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Jose Rivera. 

2. Felipe Cabezas. 

3. Coferino Lorenzana. 

4. Juan Marcias. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Manuel Arco. 

2. Julian Felipe. 

3. Ramon Maceo. 

4. Juan N. Santos. 
Municipality of Cavite-Viejo: 

Justice of the peace, Claudio Tria Tirona. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Pastor Santi. 

Presidente, Benfgno Santi. 

Vice-presidente, Tomas Vales. 

Secretary, Estanislao Reyes. 

Treasurer, Julian Legaspi. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Pedro Villaneuva. 

2. Canuto Samaniego. 

3. Victorio Torres. 

4. Esteban Camandang. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Ciriaco Ronquillo. 

2. Agustin Rieta. 

3. Pedro Arigo. 

4. Eusebio de Castro. 
Municipality of Carmona: 

Justice of the peace, Damian Ermitano. 

Auxiliary justice of peace, Perfecto Mapanco. 

Presidente, Juan Papa. 

Vice-presidente, Bonifacio Tenedero. 

Secretary, Teodoro Quiamson. 

Treasurer, Ludovico Realon. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Ruperto Loyola. 

2. Demetrio Tenedero. 

3. Segudo Anulat. 

4. Ignacio Mapanoo. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Perfecto Mapanco. 

2. Evansto Diaz. 

3. Santiago Medina. 

4. Pedro Espiritu. 
Municipality of Corregidor: 

Justice of the peace, lsabelo Aguilar. 
Auxiliary justice of peace, Mariano Aguilar. 
Presidente, Simeon de los Reyes. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 787 

Municipality of Corregidor — Continued. 
Vice-presidente, Teodorico Javier. 
Secretary, Juan Medina. 
Treasurer, Gabriel Camilo. 
Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Gervacio Garrido. 

2. Fernando de la Cruz. 

3. Nicasio Crisostomo. 

4. Isabelo Garcia. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Vicente Magtira. 

2. Gonzalo Saenz. 

3. Ciriaco Alejo. 

4. Pedro Patinas. 
Municipality of Imus: 

Justice of the peace, Jose Eliseo. 

Auxiliary justice of peace, Inocencio E. Santos. 

Presidente, Juan Fajardo. 

Vice-presidente, Cecilio Camantiguo. 

Secretary, Maximo Abad. 

Treasurer, Epifanio Paredes. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Felipe Reyes. 

2. Candido Sayac. 

3. Mariano Dominguez. 

4. JoseTaglo. 

5. Doroteo Paredes. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Luis Virata. 

2. Felipe Topacio. 

3. Pastor Monzon. 

4. Ignacio Bella. 

5. Donato Virata. 
Municipality of Indan: 

Justice of the peace, Jose Pio de Roda. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Numeriano Zalazar. 

Presidente, Eugenio Zalazar. 

Vicepresidente, Francisco Pio de Roda. 

Secretary, Fernando Diacno. 

Treasurer, Pio Costa. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Apolonio Cruzate. 

2. Vicente Jociel. 

3. Jose Coronel. 

4. Andres Vida. 

5. Jose Moxica. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Juan Moxica. 

2. Corvacio del Rosario. 

3. Marcelo Basa. 

4. Benito Ocampo. 

5. Gregorio Moxica. 
Municipality of La Caridad: 

Justice of the peace, Angel de Leon. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Gregorio Medina. 

Presidente, Jose" R. Bautista. 

Vicepresidente, Felipe Custodio. 

Secretary, Catalino R. Bautista. 

Treasurer, Antonio Rivero. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Teodorico Gomez. 

2. Marcelino Reyes. 

3. Rafael Bautista. 

4. Juan Mendoza. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Catalino Santos. 

2. Augustin de la Cruz. 

3. Jose Simplicio. 

4. Mateo Santos. 



788 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Municipality of Mendez Nunez: 

Justice of the peace, Ernesto Ruiz. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Delfin Aure. 

Presidente, Marcelino Aure. 

Vicepresidente, Delfin Aure. 

Secretary, Balbino Crucillo. 

Treasurer, Vanenuto Ruiz. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Esteban Aure. 

2. Ambrosio Noceda. 

3. Roman Rollan. 

4. Damaso Panganiban. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Bonifacio Aure. 

2. Andres Perey. 

3. Modesto Dimapili. 

4. Bernardo Olivo. 
Municipality of Maragondon: 

Justice of the peace, Vicente Riego. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Manuel Angeles. 

Presidente, Joaquin Angeles. 

Vicepresidente, Gregorio Francisco. 

Secretary, Vicente Cuajungoo. 

Treasurer, Exequiel Gimenez. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Bibiano Angeles. 

2. Filomeno M. Angeles. 

3. Augustin Rillo. 

4. Eugenio Pareja. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Jose Quisquis. 

2. Ananias Mendonez. 

3. Isabelo Angeles. 

4. Benigno Malimbang. 
Municipality of Magallanes: 

Justice of the peace, Francisco Espinoli. 
Auxiliary justice of the peace, Marcelo Villafranca. 
Presidente, Juan Bello. 
Vicepresidente, Teodoro Moxica. 
Secretary, Patronilo Gutierrez. 
Treasurer, Agapito Espineli. 
- Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Anastacio Dionis. 

2. Pastor Balugan. 

3. Eusebio Panganiban. 

4. Quirico Ogot. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Lanbero Ocsit. 

2. Antonio Espineli'. 

3. Canon Bello. 

4. Clodoaldo Bello. 
Municipality of Naic: 

Justice of the peace, Nicolas Santos. 
Auxiliary justice of the peace, Telesforo Oles. 
Presidente, Pedro Valenzuela. 
Vicepresidente, Pedro Papa. 
Secretary, Nicolas Guevara. 
Treasurer, Cristobal Bustamante. 
Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Potenciano Papa. 

2. Simson Arenas. 

3. Martin Astuart. 

4. Andres Gonzales. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Leoncio Velazco. 

2. Marcial Vazquez. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 789 

Municipality of Naic — Continued. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — Continued. 

3. Cipriano Benedict o. 

4. Vicente Jeco. 
Municipality of Novaleta: 

Justice of the peace: Andres Diaz. 
Auxiliary justice of the peace, Macario Olaez. 
Presidente, Pascual Alvarez. 
Vicepresidente, Nicolas Ricafrente. 
Secretary, Aquilino Cajonera. 
Treasurer, Tranquilino Angquico. 
Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Lorenzo Cafuir. 

2. Florentino Alvarez. 

3. Gabino Mediran. 

4. Epifanio Agrava. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Benito Ignacio. 

2. Inocencio Salud. 

3. Adriano Olaez. 

4. Celedonio Santa Maria. 
Municipality of Perez Dasruarinas: 

Justice of the peace, Felipe Tirona. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Francisco Cantinbujan. 

Presidente, Placido Campos. 

Vicepresidente, Domingo Mallari. 

Secretary, Esteban Quiogue. 

Treasurer, Francisco Barazaga. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Simon Alcantara. 

2. Francisco Cantinbujan. 

3. Dalmacio Ramirez. 

4. Rufino Antonio. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Ciriaco Aledia. 

2. Marcelo Montemayor. 

3. Felipe Tirona. 

4. Doroteo Mangubat. 
Municipality of Rosario: 

Justice of the peace, Felipe Abueg. 
Auxiliary justice of the peace, Felix Gonzales. 
Presidente municipal, Catalino Abueg. 
Vicepresidente, Severino Abueg. 
Secretary, Ramon Prodigalidad. 
Treasurer, Fernando Ricafrente. 
Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Tomas Mata. 

2. Dionisio Carrillo. 

3. Andres Gionco. 

4. Regino Garcia. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Esteban Gonzalez. 

2. Eleutorio Baza. 

3. Florentino Encarnacion. 

4. Esteban de la Cruz. 
Municipality of San Francisco de Malabon: 

Justice of the peace, Domingo Colmenar. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Jacinto Genuino. 

Presidente, Luis Ferrer. 

Vice-presidente, Nicolas Portilla. 

Secretary, Celestino Aragon. 

Treasurer, Vicente Viniegra. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Modesto San Augustin. 

2. Antonio Brosas. 

3. Quiterio Olimpo. 

4. Estanislao Arnaldo. 



790 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Municipality of San Francisco de Malabon — Continued. 
Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Modesto Morente. 

2. GilPotente. 

3. Manuel Sison. 

4. Jenigno Sarayba. 
Municipality of San Koque: 

Justice of the peace, Nicolas Nava. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Mariano de Vega. 

Presidente, Lucio Torres. 

Vice-presidente, Basilio San Jose. 

Secretary, Cipriano Arona. 

Treasurer, Ladislao Afable Jose. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Teodoro Plata. 

2. Simon Litongjua. 

3. Gervasio Santos. 

4. Juan Martinez. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Quiterio Advincula. 

2. Macario Ballestero Santos. 

3. Julian Jimenez. 

4. Nicolas Aguilar. 
Municipality of Silan: 

Justice of the peace, Jose" Quiamson. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Epifanio Montoja. 

Presidente, Isaias Benjamin. 

Vice-presidente, Engracio Zalazar. 

Secretary, Nicolas Madlansacay. 

Treasurer, Ignacio Ambalada. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Francisco Reyes. 

2. Severino Gonzales. 

3. Bonifacio Fernandez. 

4. Marcelo Benitez. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Jose Quiamson. 

2. Hipolito Giron. 

3. Gregorio Ermitano. 

4. Francisco Giron. 
Municipality of Santa Cruz de Malabon: 

Justice of the peace, Proceso Pulido. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Adriano Soriano. 

Presidente, Jose" del Rosario. 

Vice-presidente, Ciriaco Montano. 

Secretary, Eduardo Imson. 

Treasurer, Juan Dones. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Damaso Fojas. 

2. Macario Solis. 

3. Aquilino Arenal. 

4. Valeriano Nocon. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Pio Fojas. 

2. Benigno Pulido. 

3. Prudencio Cabujat. 

4. Raimundo Cenizal. 
Municipality of Ternate: 

Justice of the peace, Anastasio Ramos. 

Auxiliary justice of the peace, Ambrosio Nigosa. 

Presidente, Agaton Zapanta. 

Vice-presidente, Bernardo Ramos. 

Secretary, Valentin Nigosa. 

Treasurer, Valentin Clano. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903) — 

1. Hermenegildo Dinglas. 

2. Nicolas Islabon. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



791 



Municipality of Ternate — Continued. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1903)— Continued. 

3. Nicomedes Ibailez. 

4. Eustaquio Velazco. 

Councilors (term expires January 1, 1904) — 

1. Lucio Ramos. 

2. Marcelino Zapata. 

3. Pelagio Ninon. 

4. Emeterio Reyes. 

Office of the Provincial Secretary of Cavite, P. I., 

October 14, 



1903. 



D. 

Officers and employees in provincial government of Cavite. 



Name. 



David C. Shanks, captain, U. S. Army 

Percy M. Moir 

Russel Suter 

Francisco Santamaria 

Daniel Tirona 

Arturo Howard y Bernardo 



Office of the governor. 



Jose Salamanca.. 
Sulpicio Antoni . 
Jesus "Victoriano 
Gaspar Arido 



Office of the treasurer, 

J. R. Shaw 

Valentin Banares 

Antonio Javier y Centcno 

Casimiro de la Cruz 

Antonio Gardune 

Feliciano Alarcon 

Hilarion Somonte 

Florencio Minas 

Julian Bautista 

Luis Palmero 

Atanasio Paig 



Office of the supervisor. 



Lucas Agrava 



Office of the fiscal. 



Esteban Torres. 



Office of the secretary. 
Andres Trias Tirona 



Office. 



Governor 

Provincial treasurer. . . 
Provincial supervisor . 

Provincial fiscal 

Provincial secretary. . . 
Provincial interpreter. 



Clerk 

do 

Doorkeeper 
Messenger.. 



Chief deputy 

Deputy 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Temporary deputy 

"Y'.do'.Y "."'.'.'. ... 

Registrar clerk 



Clerk. 



Clerk . 



Clerk. 



Annua) 
salary. 



U. S, cur- 
rency. 



$2, 200, 00 

1.800.00 

1 , 500. 00 

1, 200. 00 

600. 00 



360. 00 
240. 00 
120. 00 
120.00 



1,200.00 
300. 00 
300. 00 
300. 00 
300. 00 
300. 00 
240. 00 
288. 00 
288. 00 
288, 00 
240. 00 



240. 00 



192.00 



240. 00 



E. 

Circular No. 1180.] 

Office of the Governor, Province of Cavite, 

Cavite, P. L, August 8, 1903. 
The Municipal Presidente of . 

Sir: The honorable civil governor has again called attention to the requirements 
of Law No. 517, a copy of which is inclosed in Spanish and also in Tagalo. After 
acquainting yourself with the provisions of this law you are directed to at once call 
a meeting of the people of your municipality and explain to them its meaning. It 
will be the duty of yourself personally and also of your councilmen to direct the 
people of your municipality in such a way that every family shall have some crop or 
other adequate visible means of subsistence. 

The prompt fulfillment of the requirements of this order is one of the greatest 
importance. Each president will make a report within one week from receipt of 
this stating action taken, and a similar report will be rendered thereafter not later 
than the loth of each month. 



792 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

It will be the duty of the provincial governor during his trips through the province 
to personally investigate the progress made, and to take action in any case where the 
requirements of this law have been neglected. 

Dr. T. H. Stephens, dentist at Cavite, offers to give rubber plants and seeds to any 
one wishing to grow them. He is about to plant some on the land of Senor Trias, 
near Malabon. If any of the people desire to grow these trees, presidentes are 
requested to report that fact in order that the request may be referred to Doctor 
Stephens. 

I am, very respectfully, 

D. C. Shanks, 
Governor Province of Cavite. 



MEMORANDUM. 



The attached report was not received until August 14, 1903, and the complaints 
therein against constabulary and other officials are undergoing a thorough 
investigation. 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Annual Report op the Provincial Governor op Cebu for the period January 

1 to December 31, 1902. 

[Translation.] 

political aspect and public order. 

Since the day that the revolutionary forces in this province surrendered their arms, 
by virtue of a pact entered into between them and General Hughes, when the last of 
guerillas, under the command of Senor Melquiades Lasala, gave up their arms at Danao, 
December 3, 1901, peace and tranquillity have been completely restored throughout 
this island. This is due to the fact that neither dissensions nor any intents which 
in the future might have constituted a menace to public tranquillity and order 
existed in the organized masses of the revolutionists to cause any portion of them to 
remain in the field, as the discipline to which they had been amenable was ade- 
quate, under the circumstances, and had succeeded in inculcating them with a spirit 
of amalgamation, which effectually unified all of their ideals. 

The revolution in Cebu voluntarily surrendered on its own initiative upon being 
convinced of the straightforward purposes and good faith of the American Govern- 
ment with relation to the Filipino people, which had been demonstrated in the course 
of political events since the beginning of civil rule to be none other than a steady 
evolution toward self-government, culminating ultimately in the ideal espoused by 
them. 

The frank and open policy of the sovereign Nation extirpated any misgivings that 
might have remained in the breasts of those constituting the revolutionary element, 
who, without reservation of any sort, and with equal frankness and sincerity, responded 
to that policy by surrendering their arms and willingly acknowledging that sovereignty 
in a spirit of the most absolute trust. 

Unfortunately, certain persons who by the nature of the offices they held would be 
expected to be the first to labor for the stability of peace recently restored have not 
taken this view of the matter, or, either through pusillanimity or to w T ork out their 
own ends, have not wished to take it, and instead of tightening the bonds of fellow- 
ship and harmony by reciprocating the sincerity and confidence on the part of those 
who voluntarily surrendered their arms, and whom it was their duty to protect from 
any attempt upon their rights or personal security, in their dealings with them did 
just the reverse. It appeared that the advent of peace, an event as happy as it was 
unexpected, was counter to their own interests, or rather that it had somewhat upset 
their nervous system, for their heated imaginations seemed to be peopled with fan- 
tastic silhouettes of insurgents, and it even at times must have appeared to them that 
their own shadows had " insurrected " precisely at a period, too, when the insurrec- 
tion was dead. They imagined hundreds of guns hidden in the bowels of the Cebuan 
Mountains, although the quondam revolutionary forces had scarcely 200 in all. Under 
the influence of this aberration of judgment many abuses were committed under the 
most flimsy suspicion, either with relation to the hiding of arms or of disloyalty to 
the constituted government. Such acts, as blameworthy as they were impolitic, per- 
petrated on no grounds other than those concocted by illegitimate desires, produced, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 793 

as a natural consequence, alarm and uneasiness in the minds of all people, introduc- 
ing intranquillity and fear in the family circle, so that many unable to find refuge in 
the hills because of the injury such a course would bring to their property interests 
remained at home in apparent resignation, but secretly nursing in their hearts bitter 
resentment for the injuries which they had unjustly received. 

The stability of a government is founded upon the confidence, satisfaction, and a 
feeling of sympathy for it on the part of the people, and this foundation is more or 
less solid in accordance with the degree of reciprocal confidence between the govern- 
ment and the governed. Thus we see that from the very moment the people are 
provoked to mistrust the government and from the moment that the tranquillity of 
their homes is disturbed and their dignity offended, they are inwardly vexed and 
thenceforth must needs hide beneath the mask of hypocrisy that hatred which time 
increases until it bursts forth under the influence of desperation; when this point 
is reached the state of insecurity can only be compared to that of a house built on 
the top of a volcano. 

This is a matter that should be borne in mind by all those who by virtue of their 
office must take a hand in the government of a country in which it is desired to 
establish peace, order and progress. 

The facts upon which the above comments are based follow hereunder. Only 
those on record in this office are related, no mention being made of others coming 
from unofficial sources. 

"When I took charge of the government of this province the corps of Constabulary 
Police were quartered in the provincial jail, of which they had control. Upon my 
first visit of inspection I found that two brothers named Mateo and Dionicio Rosauro 
were locked up in separate dark cells or bartolinas (very small rooms lacking all 
ventilation) in the said prison, and that they were not allowed to communicate with 
any one by order of the senior of constabulary in the province. These menverbally 
made their complaints to me stating that they had been undergoing that process of 
torment for six days already, and that the purpose was to extort a confession from 
them as to the hiding place of a revolver. This happened on March 14, 1902. I 
brought this matter to the attention of the court of first instance, which ordered the 
removal of the brothers from the dark cells to the rooms occupied by the other 
prisoners, and prohibited their being kept "incommunicado." 

On April 25, 1902, Victor Cugay, a resident of Liloan, filed a petition with this 
government asking that the senior inspector of constabulary be made to return to 
the petitioner a bay horse captured by some of his men from a warehouse belong- 
ing to Mr. Custodio Mendosa, where it was feeding, on the pretext that the said 
horse was the property of an insurgent officer. The animal, it was stated, had been 
in the possession of the senior inspector for three months, and in spite of repeated 
demands he had refused to return it. The petition further stated that the said 
inspector had more recently required the petitioner to show his bill of sale. This he 
could not do, as he had sold the animal to Mr. Custodio Mendosa some time ago, 
and the only interest he had in his recovery grew out of the fact that Mendosa had 
demanded the return of his money. 

A few days after the receipt of the petition Victor Cugay personally appeared 
before the provincial governor, accompanied by Mr. Custodio Mendosa and pre- 
sented the bill of sale of said horse together with a report of the president of Liloan 
certifying that the animal belonged to the claimant. 

All of these papers were sent to the senior inspector together with an official com- 
munication recommending the return of the horse, the parties interested being the 
bearers of both in view of the fact that they possessed all legal and necessary proof 
justifying ownership. But the former, far from atttending to the right on their side, 
only considered his pwn interests, and made a proposition to the owners to buy the 
horse for 50 pesos Mexican, which was one-half of its real value. This proposition 
was made in the presence of the provincial secretary and in view of the fact that it 
was not accepted, the inspector made some frivolous excuse for not returning the 
horse, and coolly took it upon himself to confiscate the animal. One word more: 
Days before the claim in question was presented, in a conversation with Judge Car- 
lock and the undersigned the said inspector, reference having been made to the 
horse, stated that he had returned it to its owner, and as this statement was after- 
wards proven false it is clear that he acted in bad faith in this matter. 

On April 12, 1902, the house of Pablo Sosobrado in the pueblo of Dumanjug was 
twice raided by the constabulary accompanied by enlisted men of the native scouts, 
named Zoilo Bailon and Lauro Casino. The house was entered for the first time 
between 9 and 10 o'clock at night and a careful search was made under the pretense 
of looking for arms belonging to Nicolas Godinez. Unable to find any they seized 
and carried off several articles of some value belonging to the said Godinez. The 
second time the thing happened, at about 2 or 3 o'clock in the morning, when the 



794 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

same parties again entered the house, while the inspector in command ordered the son 
of the owner, named Andres Sosobrado, and a councilor in the muicipality, to come 
down, which he did and was immediately set upon and cruelly mistreated by sergeant 
of scouts, Zoilo Bailon. A few minutes after this happened the party went away 
taking a horse, saddled and bridled, with them. 

The same morning and about the same hour the houses of Gervasio Alpuerto and 
Pio Godinez were also entered and searched. The first of the two named was the 
victim of an assault at the moment he opened the door of his house for having delayed 
in doing so. As for Pio Godinez he was taken to the constabulary barracks and after- 
wards locked up in the municipal jail by order of the inspector. 

In the pueblo of Moalboal the house of Norberta Kacho was also searched by 
the said constabulary who carried away a lot of valuable jewelry belonging to Godinez 
that was deposited with her, according to the story told by the woman. 

With respect to these events, the president of Dumanjug, under date of August 4, 
1902, sent copies of two resolutions passed by the council of that municipality, which 
were as follows: 

[Resolution No. 20.] 

Dumanjug, May 9, 1902. 

"At an extra session called by the president at the request of Councilor Andres 
Sosobrado, said gentleman, after the session was called to order, took the floor and 
spoke as follows: 

" On April 11 of this year and at about 2 o'clock in the morning, I was the victim 
of an assault. A constabulary inspector said to be of the name of Ross, accompanied 
by Sergt. Pascual Zafra of the same organization, two Americans and Zoilo Bailon, 
sergeant of the native scouts garrisoned in the town, came up to my father's house 
where I lived and asked me for a certain sabre belonging to Nicolas Godines which they 
said I was keeping; as this was false I so stated to them. The inspector, not being 
satisfied with my denial, ordered me to come down with the said Zolio Bailon while 
he remained behind searching the house. I suspected that they were merely going 
to imprison me, but when I came down from the house they put a great many ques- 
tions which were strange to me, and every time I answered, though I spoke the truth, 
I was struck on the chest, stomach, and back, for not acknowledging the act w T hich 
had falsely been imputed to me. These blows were continued so long as I continued 
to deny the imputations against me. Being tortured in this manner, I w r as obliged to 
cry out loudly so that my mother and especially my little sisters became apprised of 
what was taking place in spite of the obscurity of the night and broke into tears, 
kneeling before the constabulary inspector and crying out for pity. Upon this the 
inspector came down from the house and toward Zoilo and appeared to reprimand 
him, and yet this to me seemed but make believe, for as soon as he turned his back 
and entered the house Zoilo continued his questioning and torture, until after more 
than an hour of this sort of treatment the entire party tired of it and left our house. 

"The council, after having heard the statement of Mr. Andres, in consideration of 
the decorum and dignity of the office by him held resolved immediately to send a 
communication to the commanding officer of the garrison, petitioning that if it were 
in his power he permit Zoilo to present himself at once before the council and give 
his testimony in relation to the case, and that such testimony taken should be made 
a part of the minutes of this session, a copy of which was to be sent to the provincial 
governor. 

"Until nearly 12 o'clock that day no answer w T as received from the commanding 
officer, nor did the party summoned appear. For this reason the session was 
adjourned and these minutes were entered. 

" Signed by the president and attested by the secretary." 

"Dumanjug, July 29, 1902. 

"At a meeting of the municipal council held this day, among others, the follow- 
ing resolution was passed : 

"First. That the provincial governor of this island be apprised of the protest 
formulated before the council by the vice-president of the municipality, Mr. Fabio 
Beltran, against the inexplicable act which constituted the attack upon his dwelling 
by an American soldier of the company detached in this locality named Baker, on 
the night of the 26th instant, at about 10 o'clock, when, as is known to everybody, 
several shots were heard at short intervals lasting for about a quarter of an hour, more 
or less, and producing an alarm among the peaceful citizens which w T as felt even by 
the company of American soldiers, who had retired a few moments before, and who, 
upon hearing the firing, quickly distributed themselves at the street corners of the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 795 

town as if expecting an enemy. It was soon discovered, however, that the cause of 
the fear was none other than the said Baker, who was drunk at the time and had 
been the cause of the alarm by firing several shots from his rifle. Mr. Beltran states 
that three of the bullets passed through his house, breaking a lantern and a lamp 
and also grazing the chin of a boy named Antonio Resurrection; that the said Amer- 
ican had been calling in a loud voice outside of the house for some time prior to the 
shooting, demanding an entrance, and that upon it being denied to him because of 
his apparently hostile attitude he became infuriated and tired upon the house. 

"Second. That the statements of Mr. Andres Sosobrado recorded in the proceed- 
ings of the session of the council held on May 9 of this year he also communicated 
to the provincial governor, notwithstanding the fact that the testimony of Zoilo 
Bailon has not yet been heard because of his failure to appear as expected in the 
' tribunal ' the day that he was summoned." 

Gregorio Padilla, a resident of this city living in the suburbs of San Nicolas, was 
driving one afternoon in his carriage, and in passing through a certain street saw 
that Luis Garcia, a corporal of the constabulary, was standing just in the middle of 
the road, for which reason he shouted to him several times in order to avoid any 
injury to him, as the horse had become unmanageable; but Garcia remained firm, 
and, luckily, Padilla was able to pass him without doing any damage. 

That night, while Padilla was attending the theater, he was approached by a mem- 
ber of the constabulary and requested to come out and see Garcia, who was waiting 
for him. He immediately obeyed, and as soon as he saw Garcia, Walter Ray, who 
accompanied the latter, seized him and snapped a pair of handcuffs on his wrists, 
taking him immediately to the constabulary barracks, where he remained a pris- 
oner until the morning of the following day, when he was released. 

The president of Carcar sent a communication, dated May 5, 1902, to this govern- 
ment, stating that about half past 8 in the morning of the same day a sergeant 
of the Signal Corps named Collins entered his dwelling and in a loud and angry 
voice demanded to know where the presidente was. Upon being answered that he 
was the presidente and awaited his orders, the sergeant started into reprehend him, 
insulting him, and calling him a bad presidente and in a rude manner, while kicking 
the floor in his anger, he said that he wanted to know immediately where the people 
were who were to work putting up the telegraph poles. To this the presidente replied 
that he knew nothing whatever about the matter, and, as the sergeant continued 
vociferating, he was told to apply to the town hall and that he (the presidente) 
would follow him soon and have the matter properly arranged. Thereupon the ser- 
geant left grumbling. 

The presidente of Damanjug, under date of March 20, 1902, reported to this gov- 
ernment that a certain Damaso Icong and his wife, residents of that municipality, 
had appeared before him and asked for his protection for their daughter, named 
Juliana, a minor, whose presence at home was desired. It appears that this girl 
had been seduced by Eulogio Emia, an enlisted man belonging to the Filipino 
Scouts, and that she had obstinately made up her mind to follow him to another 
place where he had been ordered to go. As a consequence, the presidente sent two 
municipal police to get the girl and bring her to his house, but while they were tak- 
ing her and had nearly reached the office of the presidente 8 men belonging to the 
constabulary captured the girl at the point of their rifles, and the municipal police 
were unable, because of their inferiority in numbers, to prevent them from doing so. 

The last two events above related were subjected to an investigation for the pur- 
pose of fixing the responsibility where it belonged and of applying the law, but the 
procedure started by the military authorities did not result satisfactorily to the per- 
sons interested and for that reason they filed their protests with this government. 

The municipal president of Talisay reported the death of a person named Matias 
Baguio. as the result of gunshot wounds, during the month of June, 1902. An 
account of this case, taken from the records, follows hereunder: 

"Matias Baguio died on the 4th of June, 1902, at the age of 20. He was a single 
man and a native and resident of this town, being the natural son of Damiana Baguio, 
resident in the barrio of Tanque, and was by occupation a day laborer. Apparently 
death was caused as the result of a gunshot wound. He was taken at about half 
past 11 o'clock at night to the municipal building by some residents of the town 
acting under the orders of Sergeant of Police Alejandro Rosales, and was then in a 
serious condition. Upon being asked by the municipal secretary why he was in so 
grave a condition the wounded man replied that while he was by himself sitting in a 
boat at anchor, his companions having left him to get provisions, he was called by 
one of the constabulary who was standing on the beach, and upon disembarking the 
constabulary addressed these words to him: 'You are an insurgent,' to which he 
replied, 'Sir, lam no insurgent.' Another member of the constabulary standing 
by then ordered him to run, and as he was loath to do so he was shoved, and 



796 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

had scarcely started to run, not having gone barely 20 feet, when he was fired upon 
and shot, the bullet going through his body from the hips to the navel. Five min- 
utes after the taking of this declaration the wounded man expired. 

"Testimony: Eusebio Cana, a member of the municipal police, stated that when 
he heard the shot he ran in the direction of the firing and encountered eight con- 
stabulary, one of whom told him that they were under the command of an American 
named Ross, who was with them. They asked the policeman for the house of the 
presidente, and as it was quite a distance away they wanted to know where the vice- 
president lived. The information having been given, the said Eusebio accompanied 
the constabulary there, and upon their arrival the vice-president was asked by the 
commanding officer of the party if the president had published an order warning 
the citizens not to run when they met the constabulary at night, and that they 
should always carry a light with them on the road when out after nightfall. The 
vice-president answered that such an order had been issued and published some days 
ago. Having received this answer the constabulary took leave and went off toward 
Cebu." 

On June 23, 1902, the municipal president of Carcar reported to this government 
that Inspector of Constabulary Hunt had appeared before him and stated that while 
coming from the pueblo of Barili he had lost his way, and at a place between Barili 
and Carcar he had met a native in the field who apparently intended to assassinate 
and rob him, as he had a bolo in his hand, and that for this reason he was obliged 
to fire several shots from his revolver at him, and that he had laid him out. The 
president, upon hearing this, immediately repaired to the scene of the encounter 
where he found the man stretched out on the ground, face downward, showing some 
signs of life, though wounded in the calf of the right leg and on the hip. When the 
wounded man was able to speak he declared that while he was working in the corn- 
field he was approached by an American on horseback, who, without giving him time 
to think, fired several shots at him, and that immediately afterwards he was left 
insensible and had scarcely felt his wounds. 

The president of Tabogon, in an official communication dated May 11, reported to 
this government that a resident of that municipality named Mariano Abayon, who 
was a prisoner in the constabulary barracks, had been killed by a shot fired by one 
of the constabulary on guard. In view of a recommendation of this government to 
the said president to hold an investigation relative to the motives leading up to this 
event, the justice of the peace of that municipality held a preliminary examination, 
which showed from the testimony given by the wife of the deceased that her husband 
had been ordered under arrest by Inspector of Constabulary Mr. Javier for having 
issued to his laborers, whose names appeared in the license for the industrial tax on 
the manufacture of tuba, certain papers or certificates, upon complaint of Modesto Gahi, 
and that on the following day she had been told that he had been shot on the night 
of his capture. The inspector explained what had occurred, saying that the prisoner 
had attempted to escape, and for that reason the sentries had been compelled to fire. 

The municipal president, as well as the justice of the peace, further explained to this 
government that the inspector of constabulary overstepped his powers with relation 
to the municipality and to the court, having constituted himself as the sole and exclu- 
sive authority of the pueblo, and that several of the prominent residents of the town 
had been forced to leave the locality in order to avoid trouble. 

On September 30 the president of Danao filed a complaint in the justice's court 
against the constabulary men named Zoilo Florida, Florentino Ramos, Mariano 
Cabarrubias, and Leoncio Galan upon the following grounds: That on the morning 
of the 26th of said month, after there had been an altercation between a member of- 
the constabulary and a Chino shopkeeper named Go-Tenco, the president of the 
municipality had advised Corporal Alpiche, who was then present in the municipal 
building, to correct his subordinates, but the latter answered insolently that he could 
go ahead and complain hereafter as much as he desired. That same night some of 
the constabulary committed abuses in various Chinese shops throughout the town, 
stealing bolts of cloth and beating the shopkeepers, at the same time that four others 
of their number, named Zolio Florida, Florentino Ramos, Mariano Cabarrubias, and 
Leoncio Galen, were at the public market talking about their intention to murder the 
president. The next day the president became aware of this fact, which was told 
him by some friends. 

On the 29th of October of the said year a communication was received by this 
office from the president of the municipality of Toledo stating that on the 27th of 
that month two members of the constabulary who were passing through the barrio 
of Bato made a request upon one of the councilors that they be furnished with saddle 
horses, and as the councilor of the barrio answered that it was impossible for him to 
secure the horses, owing to the fact that he was obliged to keep to his bed on account 
of sickness, he was cruelly assaulted by the said constabulary. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 797 

The account of that class of cases which in themselves are characterized by abuses 
ends here, no mention having been made of those which have not been brought 
officially to the attention of the authorities, because of the fact that they have been 
kept secret by the very parties who should have been most interested in denouncing 
them, owing to the fear that such complaints might bring upon them the vengeance 
of those whom they had denounced. Such abuses may in time lead to fatal conse- 
quences, and the only practical way of curing them and putting a radical stop to 
them is to be found in increasing the powers of provincial governors in the super- 
vision of all official organizations operating in the provinces. 

"We present hereunder other cases which though coming under the cover of the 
law, yet disclose that there are certain prejudices striving to accomplish an end 
which can not but result badly. 

On the 18th of March Mr. Arcadio Maxilom, an ex-general of the revolution, was 
apprehended by Lieutenant McCarthy of the detachment stationed at Tuburan as 
the result of charges brought by some of the residents of that town to the effect that 
the said Maxilom had some guns hidden away. The motive of these denunciations 
was to be found in the old feeling of enmity against Maxilom, nurtured by certain 
families in the town who desired to conserve their ascendency as caciques, so long 
enjoyed by them under the old regime and which had been taken away from them 
during the revolution. As a matter of fact, nine or ten guns had been found hidden 
away in the bibs and this was sufficient to make the enemies of Maxilom stir them- 
selves in seeking some means, with the aid of Lieutenant McCarthy, of fastening upon 
the former the crime of sedition; and in this they were successful to the extent 
that the court agreed with them. At the same time that the apprehension of Arcadio 
Maxilom was effected, or a few hours afterwards, his brother Enemisio was also 
arrested- This latter stoutly protested his innocence. On the 25th the two brothers 
were taken on board of a steam launch, under a guard of regulars, and shortly after 
it was noted that Enemisio was suffering from some mental affection which was 
revealed in his manner of speech and was caused, perhaps, by the extreme feeling of 
despair which had taken possession of him and which did not take long in making 
itself more strongly manifest, for without anyone knowing it he threw himself upon 
one of the guards, and, wrenching his bayonet from his hands, immediately proceeded 
to make an attack upon every one on board. So furious was his onslaught that 
some jumped overboard and others hid themselves or ran about the deck followed 
by the now furious aggressor, whom the shouts of his brother Arcadio could no 
longer control. The incident finally ended in the death of Enemisio who was shot 
after having been fired at several times by some of the soldiers who made up the 
guard, but prior to this he had succeeded in wounding some of the crew. On the 23d of 
the same month another brother of Arcadio Maxilom, named Samuel, was captured a 
few minutes after his arrival from Bantayan in a boat belonging to him and in which 
he used to make frequent trips for business. While this man was held prisoner by 
Lieutenant McCarthy he was shot and killed in the jail. According to the statement 
of the said lieutenant the cause of his having been killed was his having overstepped 
the dead line which was traced on the floor of the prison, the sentry on guard having 
thought it his duty to fire at him for so doing. This, notwithstanding public opinion 
declared him innocent and adjudged his death as having been premeditated. The 
persecution did not end with these three brothers but was continued to their rela- 
tives and even to some persons to whom they were bound by ties of affection. For- 
tunately amnesty was promulgated and formed an impassible barrier between the 
present and the past against which prejudice and passion could do nothing. 

During the first days of April Nicolas Godinez was apprehended in this city, in 
accordance with all due legal formalities by the senior inspector of constabulary, and 
taken to Dumanjug by sea in a steam launch where he was kept handcuffed during 
the entire trip. Upon his arrival at Dumanjug he was made to mount a horse with- 
out having had the handcuffs taken off, for the purpose of taking him to the pueblo of 
Moalboal. The motive of this capture was his having been suspected of hiding guns 
and cannons at the time of his surrender. It seems strange that having no proof of 
the crime imputed to him they should have proceeded against him with so much rigor 
and animosity, he being treated perhaps worse than a convicted criminal. In connec- 
tion with this matter it is well to state that Mr. P. E. deftosario, deputy of the provin- 
cial governor, was approached by the senior inspector of constabulary who desired 
that he testify against Godinez. This proposition was rejected by Rosario for the 
reason that he had no grounds for accusing him. The above is simply an instance 
which reveals the zeal of some persons in seeking the crime to fit the law instead of 
the law to apply to the crime. 

On the night of February 27, 1902, during a performance at the Junquera Theater;, 
a fight occurred between the municipal police and the Spanish consul, Senor Leyra, 
who for some time past had made himself very much disliked by the Filipino 



798 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

element that used to frequent that place of amusement, owing to his brusque man- 
ners and pedantic arrogance to such an extent that whenever he found a group of 
persons in any of the aisles and passages of the theater while going out he would 
make his way through them by pushing people aside and crying out ' ' Make way 
for the consul of Spain!" That night there was a dispute between Mr. Vicente 
Soto, a Filipino, and Senor Moas, a Spanish subject, which came to blows and in 
which the police intervened, striving to pacify the contendents and take them to the 
municipal building under arrest, when just at this moment there appeared Senor 
Leyra, the Spanish consul, accompanied by others of his nationality, and, according 
to the testimony given at the trial, the said consul interfered by assaulting the police 
in his attempt to prevent Senor Moas from being taken to jail. 

The municipal president, Mr. Florentino Rallos, who was in the theater at that 
time, came out into the vestibule in order to find out the cause of the tumult, and on 
being appraised of what was going on ordered, shouting almost at the top of his voice, 
in view of the difficulty of making himself heard on account of the people who had 
been attracted to the scene, that the police should take Senor Moas to the municipal 
building as well as anybody else who attempted to interfere. The question then 
assumed a political aspect. The Spanish colony went over to the side of their consul 
and the Filipinos to that of the municipal president, at the same time that the crowd 
were flourishing sticks, cudgels, and some few revolvers. The conflict was on, some 
say that the said consul assaulted the police, while others are sure that the police 
were the first to act, but the result of it all was that the consul fell wounded by the 
onslaught of the latter. Some American soldiers and foreigners took up the defense of 
the consul, according to the account given by several persons who are sure that all 
hands were more or less under the influence of liquor that night. 

During the melee Governor Llorente appeared, notifying Mr. Rallos that he was 
suspended from office. 

An institution as important from any point of view as is the insular police, either 
in a political or in a social sense, and whose mission places it in contact with the people 
and with the government, must in the nature of things greatly influence by its con- 
duct in a direct manner the prestige of the latter. From this standpoint strict dis- 
cipline in this institution, more than in any other, should be insisted upon. There 
should be strict penalties attached to all delinquencies on the part of any member of 
the constabulary and the personnel of this corps should be selected with extreme 
care. Such selection should be made solely upon the proven merits and personal 
qualifications of applicants, and all sorts of favoritism and partiality should be abso- 
lutely eliminated, for if it is introduced into this body it undoubtedly would be sufficient 
to corrupt its entire organization. 

We started in by saying that pacification was complete, as it is our opinion that 
the existence of the few insignificant evil doers who are given to cattle stealing more 
than to any other crime should not be taken into account. These bands, who for- 
merly were pursued by the revolutionists, were not exterminated because of the 
fact that soon after this work was started the revolutionary arms were surrendered. 
Even during the times of Spain, in periods of lethargic peace, when any man could 
safely travel through the most deserted and isolated spot without taking any pre- 
caution whatsoever, cattle thieves were not wanting; but they have never caused any 
disturbance of public order by their exploits, and their importance is no greater than 
it formerly was. 

In the mountains of the central part of this island a small band of confirmed cattle 
thieves led by the Tabal brothers and composed of the dregs of the country folk are 
the constant nightmare of small farmers and stockmen. They have about five guns 
but, it is thought, no ammunition. The band has never been able to become regu- 
larly organized as each member lives separately and in the most inaccessible part of 
the forests, and only meet in small numbers when called upon by their leaders. 
Their operations are restricted to the central portion of the province as they are 
unacquainted with the lay of the ground to the north and south of them. This band 
has been actively pursued by Inspector Luga and the municipal police of the pueb- 
los of Tuburan and Balambam on the west coast and those of Naga, Minglanilla, 
Pardo, Mandaue, Mabolo, and Consolaci6n on the east coast. 

In the mountains of the extreme north where are situated the pueblos of Tuburan, 
Asturias, Borbon, and Sogod, and as far south as Carmen and Danao the bands of 
the fanatics who are the deluded followers of a certain Roberto Caballero, known 
among the people as Mintong, have so far been taken in by this fellow who claims 
to be one sent by God and a supernatural being able to perform all sorts of miracles, 
that he does a good business with them in the sale of stamped images to which they 
attribute extraordinary virtues. The sale of these images has also been a source of 
profit to vagabonds and people of evil lives who peddle them from town to town, 
finding that it is amazingly easy to deceive the country folk and who are nearly 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 799 

always able to escape prosecution in the municipalities which have lately initiated an 
active campaign against these impostors and peddlers. These stamps, when first 
placed on sale were much larger than the present ones, as may be seen from copies 
annexed to this report. The latter are of two kinds, printed in blue and black ink. 
The first are known by the name of "itmnan," and the second by that of "pulahan," 
and this probably signifies that of the sect which it is the purpose of these people to 
establish. There will be two divisions or groups, to be known by the above names. 
The said Roberto Caballero, during the time of the revolution was hunted by the 
guerrilla forces for similar misdeeds in the exploitation of the country people and had 
to take refuge in the island of Negros, where he remained until shortly after pacifi- 
cation, when he returned to his old stamping ground to begin anew his work of 
fanaticising the people. This was about the middle of June of the year 1902, and 
during the same month he began the sale of his first stamped images, together with 
amulets against cholera and plague, taking advantage of the circumstances that the 
majority of the Pueblos were at that time suffering from an epidemic of Asiatic cholera. 

In the mountains of Bogo and Tabogon some groups are to be found under the com- 
mand of Pitong or Petronilo Esnarto, who acknowledges the leadership of Roberto 
Caballero. This individual formerly lived in tranquility and peace the life of a tiller 
of the soil and was compelled to take to the hills in order to escape from the active 
persecution of the enemies of Maxilom on account of his friendly relations with him, 
it being their purpose to implicate him in the crimes imputed to Maxilom. This 
persecution was not confined to one single individual but was made extensive to many 
other friends of the said Maxilom, the motive being the maintenance of caciquism in 
the pueblo of Tuburan by their persecutors, and for this reason, among others, many 
discontented have joined the bands of Roberto Caballero. 

Extracts of communications from several municipalities relating to the misdeeds 
of these bands which may perhaps be termed a sect on account of their character- 
istics are given hereunder. 

Mr. Bard, the division superintendent of schools, appeared before this Govern- 
ment on June 17, 1902, stating that four American teachers, named Clyde 0. 
Tranes, Ernest Hager, Louis A. Thomas, and John Wells, had gone out on an expe- 
dition to the hills of Gaudalupe on the 10th of the month, and that nothing had 
been heard of them or their whereabouts, in spite of the fact that the senior 
inspector of constabulary had sent out search parties to the said hills. I immediately 
communicated the facts to the municipal president of this city, to the jurisdiction of 
which Gaudalupe belonged, and also sent telegraphic dispatches to all of the pueblos 
requesting that they take active measures to find out the whereabouts of the said teach- 
ers and to send out search parties to the hills in their respective jurisdiction. I 
further summoned the tenientes of the pueblos situated in the hills belonging to the 
pueblos of Talisay, Pardo and Mabolo, all of whom appeared before me accompanied 
by their respective municipal presidents, and stated upon being questioned that they 
knew nothing whatever relating to the teachers, nor had they any knowledge as to 
their whereabouts. • In view of the fact that their respective barrios were near the 
place where the missing teachers had gone, I gave them instructions relative to 
measures which they should take in order to procure information regarding them 
and asking them at the same time that they communicate with me immediately any 
information which they might thus obtain. After a few days had passed without 
results, in spite of the efforts of the detectives and other police, I requested the senior 
inspector of constabulary to place Inspector Luga at my disposal, which was imme- 
diately done. When Luga appeared before me, which he did without delay, I came 
to an understanding with him relative to the manner in which he should carry out 
his explorations in the mountains, as it was suspected that the teachers might have 
fallen into the hands of the band under Damaso Tablada maraudering in the vicinity 
of this city. Inspector Luga immediately began operations, and one night surprised 
the said Tablada in a small house situated in the Guadalupe Mountains while he was 
taking supper with some companions. Being requested to surrender, he drew his 
revolver from its holster and fired one shot, which did no damage, while his compan- 
ions got away through the window. His shot was immediately answered, and 
resulted in the almost instantaneous death of Tablada. A search being made of the 
house, several articles were found in it belonging to the missing teachers, which set 
at rest all doubts relative to their having fallen into the hands of the said Tablada. 
A few days afterwards the bodies of the teachers were found by spies near the house 
wmere Tablada had been surprised. The bodies were taken up and buried with due 
solemnity in the flat lands of Guadalupe. Some of the persons implicated in the 
crime were apprehended and turned over to the court for trial. 

Damaso Tablada had figured in the revolutionary ranks as a lieutenant of guerillas 
under Luga. He surrendered and took the oath of allegiance along with the others 
and had resided since that time in the pueblo of Mandaue, but having gotten into an 



800 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

altercation with one of his neighbors he assaulted him, and for that reason an order 
for his arrest was issued by the municipal president which was carried out and Tab- 
lada was imprisoned. He succeeded in escaping, however, and then took to the hills 
with a following that he armed with some guns which he had in hiding. 

The senior inspector of constabulary, who apparently was not friendly disposed 
toward me on account of my action in bringing to the notice of the court the abuses 
committed by the constabulary, took advantage of this matter by placing me in a 
very bad light before the civil governor in his report. 

The municipal president of Catmon, under date of May 16, 1902, sent me the fol- 
lowing communication: 

"Catmon, Cebu, May 16, 1902. 
"The Provincial Governor of Cebu. 

"Sir: I have the honor to turn over to the Government under your worthy charge 
the individuals whose names appear in the annexed statement who were captured 
yesterday in this municipality as the result of a private complaint filed by Tomas 
JDuop to the effect that these people had formed an association which was of a purely 
fraudulent character. When I examined the accused relative to the charges brought 
against them they all stated that their only aspiration was a desire to pray to God 
that they might not be contaminated by the cholera and that they had fallen victims 
to impostures practiced upon them by Mauro and Simeon, residents of Danao, who 
are still at large, who had given them several pieces of paper with the sign of the 
cross and asked them formalins to the extent of 1 real for each one of the said papers, 
assuring them that by keeping the said devices in their possession they would never 
be attacked by cholera. 

"Being aware that in the pueblo of Danao the constabulary had made arrests in 
connection with similar instances and the persons thus arrested have already been 
sent to the provincial government, I have the honor to send you the said individuals 
and papers above mentioned for your action, begging that you will be good enough 
to acknowledge receipt thereof. 
' ' Very respectfully, 

"Pantaleon Montecillo, President." 

Note. — The persons sent, to which the above communication referred, were 19 in 
number. I attach hereto a copy of the stamped papers taken from them which were 
afterwards reduced in size as their sale increased and they- came to be regarded as sort 
of personal registration certificates which identified the partisans of the "pulahan" 
society. 

' ' Asturias, June 12, 1902. 
"The Civil Governor of the Province of Cebu. 

" Sir: I regret to have to communicate to you that I have just received from the 
municipal president of Tuburan a communication stating that night before last the 
tulisanes under the captaincy of Koberto Caballero, alias Mintong, came into the 
barrio of La Colonia, and that the teniente of the said barrio, his son, and another 
resident were ignominously put to death by the said Tulisanes, and that several other 
people were wounded, and the perpetrators up to the present time have not been 
captured. As this place is quite near here, and the Tulisanes must have taken refuge in 
the mountains and will probably resort to rapine for their subsistence, as I understand 
the band is a very numerous one and easily able to swoop down on any of the settlements, 
hereabouts, in view of the fact that none of them are provided with arms with which to 
make a defense, I earnestly request that we be furnished arms in order that we may 
avoid a reoccurrence of the above-mentioned deplorable event. I would esteem it a 
favor if the municipal police of this pueblo were furnished with rifles or revolvers 
in order to be able to withstand their onslaught, and if they should ravage the dis- 
trict of this town that they might effect their capture. Not doubting that the men 
making up the police force of this pueblo will merit your entire confidence because 
of their irreproachable conduct in the past, I send them to you in order that you may 
know them and provide them with the above-mentioned arms. 

' ' With all due regard and consideration, I place myself at your orders. 
' ' Very respectfully, 

"Glicerio Aguanta, President." 

"Asturias, September 7, 1902. 
"The Provincial Governor. 

"Sir: The municipal president of Asturias, who subscribes hereto, has the honor 
to inform you that a policeman named Andres Masayon, belonging to Granada, in 
this jurisdiction, has appeared before me stating that late last night his house was 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 801 

surrounded by a band of more than 50 armed men who were there for the purpose 
of kidnapping him. Said band was under the captaincy of a certain Efren. Witness 
said that he did not know the motive for their desire to kidnap him, and that he 
supposed that these men were henchmen of Roberto Caballero, alias Mintong, with 
his further statement that he had heard that the said band had the intention of 
making a descent upon the town. In view of all of the above the undersigned munic- 
ipal president would beg and implore of you that you be kind enough to furnish 
this municipality with such guns as you may deem proper for its defense. 
"Very respectfully, yours, 

"Glicerio Aguanta, President." 

[Telegram.] 

"Tuburan, Cebu, September 29, 1902. 
"Governor, Cebu: 

" Information that at Capayas and Pandong mountains there are hostile people 
prepared to descend on puebio under leaders [four names illegible] . Other infor- 
mation received states said bands are under leadership of Roberto Caballero, alias 
Mintong, and Leon Bato. This office has been requested by citizens to offer you 
organization local volunteers. Await your resolution. 

"President." 

(Copy of original text of telegram garbled in transmission. ) 

"Tuburan, October 2, 1902. 
"Provincial Governor, Cebu. 

"Sir: After long continued and judicious investigation for the purpose of discover- 
ing the secret and origin of certain disturbances that have altered the tranquility of 
the residents of this place, I have found, to the best of my knowledge and under- 
standing, that disturbances noted are the result of the folly of certain people maraud- 
ing in the hills, who go from place to place taking other people's money in exchange 
for the promise given to their dupes that they are never to be attacked by any sick- 
ness. This is simply a ruse on their part to cover their real intentions, which are 
to make of each of their dupes a sort of a partisan of one of their own number, who 
is given to them as their leader and whom they obey with the greatest respect and 
assiduity. It has also been discovered that several residents of the barrio of Carmelo 
and of the place called Antolayan of this municipality have been cajoled into paying 
a tax of 1 real apiece. This fact has been confessed by the dupes themselves who, 
no doubt, have done so through the pressure brought to bear upon them by the 
active investigation which has been held, and in order to avoid their being further 
taxed in the future. 

"All of which I have the honor to communicate to you for your knowledge and 
other legal purposes. 

" Very respectfully, yours, 

"Bonifacio Alburo, Municipal President." 

POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION. 

On February 5, 1902, the date set by law, election for the office of governor of 
this province was held in this capitol by 394 electors. Three days after the result 
of the election was given out the undersigned found he had been elected by a 
majority of 249 against 122 in favor of Mr. Julio Llorente, my predecessor. On 
March 3 of the same year I was sworn in and took charge of the provincial govern- 
ment in the presence of a very large number of people and delivered the following 
speech: 

" Gentlemen: I have this day taken possession of an office given to me by virtue 
of your suffrage, and I realize that I have merited it only through your benevolence, 
and have no other personal qualifications than those that your friendship for me has 
created. First of all, I wish to perform the pleasant duty of greeting you with all 
of the fervor of my heart. 

"At this moment, more than at any other time during my life, I deplore my meagre 
ability, but I am consoled by the confidence that your acknowledged learning will 
know how to interpret the profuse gratitude which I feel for your most distinguished 
regard, and I would that I were able to express with the force and allurement of an 
eloquent speaker my feelings of gratitude, or that I could depict it with the vivid 
colors seen in the paintings of a skillful artist. 

war 1903 — vol 5 51 



802 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

' ' There is little or nothing that I can point out to you with relation to our duties, 
individually and collectively, toward the people and toward the sovereign nation, 
growing out of our oath of allegiance and fidelity, as we have wise and just laws 
that regulate these duties, and we have also municipal governments made up of the 
most eminent men in the community who, on account of their knowledge, educa- 
tion, and learning, are in a better position to tell you of them than myself. 

" We are celebrating, gentlemen, an act that not only solemnizes the inaugura- 
tion of a government official, but we are also celebrating the consecration of the 
rights of a people made by the American nation as sovereign of the people, who for 
the first time are exercising one of their dearest rights — the right of free suffrage. 
Aside from the significance of this act, in which the law of the people is obeyed and 
respected, the intentions and desires of our present sovereign country are made 
patent; the desire to shortly lift us to the first stage to which we aspire — self-govern- 
ment in its true form — in order that afterwards it may take us still higher, until we 
shall have reached that point where all of our hopes are centered. 

" We must therefore engrave in our hearts that confidence and faith in the prom- 
ises of the American nation to lead us to the goal of our liberties, for they are sacred 
promises, formulated by the conscience of its own people and before all civilized 
nations. They are moreover promises that are intimately bound and firmly united 
with our oath of allegiance and fidelity, so that it will be impossible to break any 
of these promises without destroying the whole fabric. From this point of view 
our loyalty and fidelity are, then, not a matter of convenience, but rather one of 
conviction. 

' ' In gratefully accepting the administrative powers which your confidence in me 
has placed in my hands, I am influenced by no other aim or ambition than to 
respect your will and to be able to comply satisfactorily with your just, worthy, and 
noble desires, as are all those which are directed to the regeneration and welfare of 
our people. The path which we must tread will not be free, however, from thorns 
and roughness to make the journey all the more trying, owing to the prevailing con- 
ditions that are to-day similar to those that have always been identified with the 
first period of regeneration. We find ourselves in a critical condition, because evo- 
lution is always laborious and difficult when it takes place under the fatal influence 
of illegitimate and inflamed passions of opposing and violent ideas. Lest the con- 
templation of these considerations should to any extent prove a source of preoccupa- 
tion, we fortunately rely upon the hope that the spirit of the people of this long-suf- 
fering and, with very few exceptions, loyal province is still for solidarity, in spite ot 
adversity and misfortune, and that the union and fraternity growing out of that 
solidarity will assuredly constitute a sure and safe support for the governor, into 
whose hands the community have confidently reposed their trust so that he might 
exercise his power by the people and for the people in accordance with the spirit of 
the broadest democracy, so as to lead them along the path of their aspirations, sub- 
ject to the restrictions of the law. 

"So that, if union and fraternity are necessary to the prosperity of all large under- 
takings, so also is the maintenance of peace, of a peace that does not offend our honor 
and our dignity, for without order and tranquility all of our efforts would come to 
naught. 

"By keeping within the law, by its observance and disinterested application, it 
can be made a protection to the poor and helpless instead of subserving the ignoble 
ambitions of the powerful, thus doing away with favoritism and nepotism, and for- 
ever exterminating caciquismand all of the immoralities and vice reminiscent of the 
late sovereignty. Favored, as we are, by the protection extended by American insti- 
tutions, we can be sure of prompt regeneration. Above all, it is our first duty to 
lift our province from the state of depression, in a material sense, into which it has 
fallen as a result of past events, and to stimulate its mental development in order 
that the foundation may be laid for our future social welfare and advancement. 

"Public works, especially the building of roads assuring safe, easy, and cheap com- 
munication; all industries tending directly or indirectly to favor the development of 
agriculture that as the source of all wealth in our province demands our undivided 
attention; the introduction and adoption of modern agricultural machinery apparatus 
and tools; an adequate postal service in the interior which shall keep pace with the 
progress of the country, are things, in my opinion, to which we must devote our 
earnest attention, as they are the principal factors of our future progress. On the 
other hand we must pay equal attention to the establishment and maintenance of 
primary and secondary schools, as well as trade schools, where a practical rather 
than theoretical education may be acquired. The first named should be organized 
in all the barrios of each pueblo. These remarks can be applied with equal force to 
..scientific and artistic academies and to the press that in their character of propagan- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 803 

dists are the most efficacious educational agents among that class of people who are 
unable to attend schools and centers of learning. 

"To realize all that I have sketched out depends solely on the depth of our patriot- 
ism, on our steadfast will and the strength of our efforts in contributing to the noble 
and very excellent purposes of our sovereign country in its desire to grant us the 
same liberties and equal rights to those of its own citizens until we shall have been 
elevated to the plane of the most cultured and civilized nations. 

"Before I finish, gentlemen, I wish to thank my honorable, worthy, sincere and 
affectionate friend Mr. Julio Llorente for his attentions and gentlemanly conduct 
during the elections which have culminated in this act, and of whom we ought to 
preserve greatful memories because of his having deserved the glory 5£ inaugurating 
the civil regime in this province. 

"The same thing should be said of Messrs. Holcomb and Young, provincial super- 
visor and treasurer (this latter who has just resigned) for the interest, zeal and solici- 
tude displayed by them during the late elections contributing powerfully to their 
having been held strictly in accordance with the conditions required by law. 

"I also particularly acknowledge a debt of gratitude to the municipality of this 
city whose ordinances and initiative have increased greatly the solemnity of this act. 

"To the festival committee composed of a group of my most cordial friends I wish 
to express my most profound thanks. I am well aware of the value of its work and 
of the worth of its generous and enthusiastic attitude, and I find no words in which 
to express my gratitude to them. 

' ' I also desire to thank all the official representatives who have honored this meet- 
ing with their presence. 

"People of Cebu, your kindly feelings toward me have given me added courage; 
your adhesion will make me all the more solicitous of your welfare and advancement. 
Worthy people your enthusiasm has stimulated me, guided by the best desires I 
would have you progress onward; if in complying with my duty I succeed in satisfy- 
ing you, may I count upon your support; but if, as an illustrious Filipino once said, 
your governor should fall into error, if he deviates from the right path, and does so 
knowingly, judge him without complaisance, exact strict responsibility of him, and 
demand that he be punished." 

During the present year five municipal presidents were suspended from office for 
the following reasons: 

Mr. Florentino Rallos, of Cebu, was suspended by Governor Llorente on account 
of certain charges brought against him in connection with the assault committed on 
the Spanish consul at the Junquera Theater by the municipal police. This suspension 
took effect February 27 ; 1902. In the investigation held by the provincial board 
none of the charges against the president were sustained, and therefore that body 
recommended to the civil governor that he be reinstated, which was done October 1, 
1902. Mr. Rallos was so notified, and took possession of his office on the 9th of the 
said month. 

Mr. Antonio Mangubat, president of Opon, was suspended May 2, 1902, for illegal 
conduct in the administration of his office. In view of the result of the investigation 
the provincial board recommended his dismissal, which recommendation was approved 
by the honorable the civil governor. 

Mr. Gorgonio Sagarino, president of Santa Rosa, was suspended May 26, 1902, for 
a similar offense, and as a result of the investigation held the provincial board recom- 
mended his reinstatement to the honorable civil governor, but up to date no decision 
has been had. 

Mr. Justo Lumbab, president of Borbon, was suspended May 26, 1902, for certain 
illegal acts committed in the discharge of his duties, upon the complaint of several 
councilors. Up to the present writing no final decision has been arrived at in this 
case on account of the nonappearance of the accused and his witnesses. 

Mr. Onofre Noyano, president of Baljoom, was suspended September 17, 1902, 
charges having been brought against him by several residents of his town for illegal 
acts and abuses committed in the discharge of his office, all of them tending to favor 
the parish friar curate. No decision has been arrived at in this case, either, up to 
the present time. 

In like manner the following municipal treasurers were suspended: 

Mr. Montano Lumungsod, treasurer of Opon, was suspended May 2, 1902, at the 
same time as the president, for complicity in the irregularities causing the suspension 
of the latter. 

Mr. Gregorio Sagarino, treasurer of Santa Rosa, was suspended May 26, 1902, 
together with the president of said municipality, for a like offense. 

The municipal secretary of Opon, Mr. Pedro Putot, was also suspended, May 2, 
1902, for having been implicated, with the president and treasurer of the said munic- 



804 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ipality, in the offense with which they had been charged. He was removed from 
office by the honorable the civil governor upon recommendation of the provincial 
board. 

On September 19, 1902, as a result of certain private complaints of irregularities 
committed by the municipal government of this city with relation to the use and sale 
of opium, a case was started against President Florentino Rallos which has not been 
decided up to the present day owing to the fact that all of the evidence has not yet 
been taken. 

In view of a suit brought in the court of first instance of this district by Mr. 
Escolastico Duterte against the said president of this city, claiming a certain amount 
of money which was his share as one of the partners of the defendant in the cockpit 
business in this city (the defendant's name did not figure as a partner he being rep- 
resented by another person), and which business had prospered for the reason that 
no competition could be made to it owing to the influence of the president and his 
copartners in the municipality who were easily able to destroy all competition and 
did so without considering the harm occasioned to the municipal revenues; and in 
view also that the municipal treasurer, either to favor the partnership or because 
he had a share in it, did not close up its accounts within the period fixed by law and 
the partnership did not pay fees for license which it ought to have done to avoid 
payment of a surtax. Now, having become aware of all these facts privately, the 
idea suggested itself to me to recommend to the civil governor at the first opportunity 
which I might have for an interview, to amend subsection (a), section 28, of act 82, 
so that its language might be more clear and a greater restriction might be imposed 
upon those who attempt to make use of their offices for gain. The said amendment 
might be drawn up as follows : 

' ' No municipal officer shall be, directly or indirectly, interested in any contract 
work or business of the municipality, including cockpits and other permitted games 
or amusements, or in the purchase of any real estate or other property belonging to 
the corporation." 

During the period embraced by this report the following municipal officers have 
died: Cristino Morre, councillor of Compostela, on January 20; Filomeno Veloso, 
councillor of Cebu, August 15; Licerio Alcomosa, vice-president of Mabolo, August 
15; Juan Paciencio, councillor of Tabogon, September 13; Bruno Villarino, vice- 
president of Aloguinsan, September 19; Feliciano Precillas, councillor of Sogod, 
December 24. 

Two conventions of municipal presidents were held on January 20 and on April 21, 
1902. 

The following resolutions were adopted at the first convention: 

(I) That copies of resolutions adopted at the convention held in October, 1901, be 
sent to the municipalities. 

(2} That the municipal code be translated into the Visayan language. 

(3) That the municipal presidents be appointed customs inspectors. 

(4) That municipalities be authorized to set aside 2 per cent of their revenues to 
pay for the education of young men either in Manila, America, or Europe, and that 
each municipality be entitled to send one or two whose fitness shall be approved by 
a board after competitive examination. 

(5) To reconcentrate all the lepers of the province. 

(6) To make clear the powers of municipalities with relation to schools, in view 
of the fact that municipalities are obliged to maintain them, while on the other hand 
the division superintendent has all the power with regard to their management. 

(7) The teaching of the official language as well as English in the public schools. 

(8) The sending of rat poison to the pueblos for the purpose of exterminating 
rodents. 

(9) That gambling and the use of opium be heavily taxed in view of the difficulty, 
if not the impossibility, of exercising due vigilance over both. 

(10) That the petitions made at the former convention be taken into account. 

(II) That authority be given for the imposition of the 50-cent tax payable by 
every individual obliged to secure a personal certificate of registration, under the 
provisions of General Order No. 40, and that the amount collected from this source 
be applied to the maintenance of roads outside of inhabited districts but in the 
pueblo where such tax is paid, and that the expenditure be made in accordance with 
the recommendations of the provincial supervisor. 

(12) That the tax for the sealing of weights and measures be revived, and that the 
superior authorities be petitioned to suspend the land tax for some further time in 
view of the critical state of the province. 

(13) That all of the pueblos be united by telephone, and that all operators be 
Filipinos, or, at least, skilled employees. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 805 

(14) That the provincial supervisor shall supply stationery and other necessary 
office supplies to the municipalities. 
At the second convention the following recommendations were passed: 

(1) For the establishment of an agricultural loan and mortgage bank. 

(2) For the establishment of a high school to be maintained by the municipalities 
of the province if possible, and, if there are not sufficient funds, to negotiate a loan 
in order to carry out the plan. 

(3) For the establishment of a university in Cebii. 

(4) To allow the municipalities power to dispose of their funds as they see fit in 
times of public distress. 

(5) To prohibit mother-of-pearl fishery at Bantayan by the use of the diving dress. 

(6) For the repair and arrangement of roads in the northern part of Ihe province. 

(7) For the suspension for the present of the land tax, and if this is not possi- 
ble, that only cultivated lands be taxed. 

(8) To prevent the return of the friars to their former parishes. 

None of these recommendations have been acted upon yet by the superior author- 
ities, not even those recommended by the provincial board. It has been observed 
that the presidents are loath to attend these conventions, their disinclination to do 
so being augmented through the fact that they have experienced great delay in get- 
ting back their traveling expenses. 

The introduction of the new system of municipal government in the pueblos has 
worked a radical change in their administration and it is for this reason that the 
municipalities have acted in the first few days of the regime in the hesitating and 
uncertain manner, as is the case with every novelty; they are not, even at the pres- 
ent writing, fully cognisant of the system as organized. It has been for this reason 
that many irregularities in administration have been noted. Many ordinances have 
been passed which were an encroachment upon the rights of the people, instead of 
a protection to them. They are deficient and at times contradictory to the existing 
laws. The people as well as the municipal government should be imbued with the 
spirit of the law regulating their rights and duties in order to avoid deplorable con- 
sequences. If the people are ignorant the municipality will be despotic and arbi- 
trary, converted into an autocrat by the great autonomy which the law concedes to 
it, and vice versa. If the municipality does not know its rights and duties the people 
will be given free rein and sink into anarchy, and will be split up into as many fac- 
tions as there are caciques to impose their will. 

In this city, under the presidency of Mr. Florentino Rallos, we have seen a practical 
example of the first condition — that is, of the municipality made up of councilors w T ho 
were bent to his will, some through complacency and for the sake of comradeship 
existing during the late sovereignty, and others through apathy and lack of strength 
of character. This state of affairs resulted in that all of the propositions extended 
by the president were always approved by the former and tacitly by these latter. 
Although it is true that the masses here are not ignorant — they are an excessively 
prudent people, of the prudence that borders on pusillanimity — they prefer to suffer 
abuses of power than to m^ke themselves liable to become the victims of vengeance. 
In the first case it would be necessary to seek out measures w T hich would restrict the 
actions of the municipality in order to protect the people; in the second, an equal 
measure that would back and direct the municipality in its government of the people. 
Bearing in mind these circumstances it would be advisable to pass a law compelling 
municipalities to submit ordinances or resolutions approved by them to the provin- 
cial board before being put in force, leaving the matter open to the civil governor in 
case of disapproval by the provincial board. It is true that this would be a measure 
restricting the autonomy enjoyed by the municipality, but it is necessary to defend 
the interests of the people when we find that they are the victims of their repre- 
sentatives. 

FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION. 

The depression of agriculture, which is the chief source of wealth in this province, 
has deeply affected its present economical condition. Its evil influence is to be seen 
in all of the pueblos, so that taxes, however light they may be, are an oppressive 
burden — a force that saps the little strength they have left after having passed through 
the terrible pangs of famine. 

However, the people have paid their taxes, though it has been to them extortion 
and anguish equivalent to the taking of bread from the mouths of their children, 
who perhaps are lying in a critical condition with the mortal and icy breath of 
famine upon them. They pay their taxes on land that is both uncultivated and bad 
without a hope of having all the sacrifices which they may make recompensed by 
its product, and they are therefore obliged in order not to die of hunger to wander 



806 



"REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



about the forests and mountains in search of roots with which to feed their families. 
What other recourse is left to poor people in a locality where the landed proprietors 
can give them no work because of the lack of money and cattle? Nor can they emi- 
grate to other points in search of work, as in order to do this it would be necessary 
for them to have a little money to leave with their families and for traveling expenses 
in case that they take them with them in their migration. 

It has been for these reasons that collections have been delayed, and this has also 
been the motive of the government having adopted a good political measure and at 
the same time done an act of charity in having postponed the date when taxes are 
delinquent, as often it has been necessary in view of the fact that intransigency and 
rigor under such circumstances would be equivalent to driving the people to despair. 

Municipal revenues and expenses during the year 1902 have been as follows: 





United States 
currency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 


EEVENUES. 


$27, 954. 71 
48, 067. 29 


$16, 670. 52 
36, 464. 43 


Land tax and cedulas, part corresponding 




Total 


76, 022. 00 


53,134.95 




EXPENSES. 




278,795.20 
7, 218. 00 


Schools, including construction and repair of buildings 




Public works, including material 




29,275.27 






Total 




315, 288. 47 







Of this sum total but $29,275.27, local currency, have been used for public works, 
while the amount employed for the payment of salaries absorbed nearly the entire 
balance. We ought, therefore, not be surprised at the deplorable state of the roads 
in the pueblos, nor can we hope to secure an improvement of same with such small 
revenues. 

By comparing the total of revenues with that for expenses a deficit will be noted 
which represents delay in the collection of taxes or delinquency on the part of tax- 
payers. 

The provincial revenues and expenses during the same period are those following 
hereunder: 





United States 
currency. 


Local cur- 
rency. 


EEVENTJES. 

For personal cedulas, part corresponding to province and land tax at 


$27,836.74J 
12, 605. 99 


$238, 666. 64£ 




1,419.51 






Total 


40, 442. 73J 


240, 086. 15* 






EXPENSES. 


40,136.57* 

13,433.30 

1,809.251 


25, 951. 73 








1, 373. 44 






Total 


55, 379. 12f 


27, 325. 17 







Here, as in municipal expenses, the greater part of the revenues was absorbed by 
salaries, particularly by those connected with the provincial treasury which has 33 
employees, with salaries ranging from $15 to $100 gold, while the office of the gov- 
ernor and of the secretary have only 4 clerks, with salaries ranging from $12.50 to $20 
gold. _ These latter clerks work eight hours nearly every day on account of the many 
and divers duties to which they have to attend. 

The system of bookkeeping and accounting used by the provincial treasurer has 
proved very deficient on account of its complexity, due to the excessive amount of 
red tape which an almost absolute centralization imposes. For this reason people 
are rather shy about entering into contracts or accepting any sort of work from the 
province, and if they do it is nearly always at an exorbitant price on account of the 
long time they have to wait for their money. Even the employees of the govern- 



JfcEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 80 7 

ment themselves have to wait three or four months before they are reimbursed for 
traveling expenses incurred when traveling on official business, and this constitutes 
a real hardship to those who receive only from $25 to $30 a month and who are com- 
pelled to invest the greater part of these small salaries in their trip, which the 
character of their duties makes them take very frequently; specially is this true of 
collectors and deputies of provincial treasurers, whose families are often left in want. 

The method pursued in the collection of provincial and municipal taxes results in 
great detriment, as much to the municipality and the province as to the taxpayers' 
interests. The reason of this is to be found in the fact that the provincial treasurer 
alone is empowered to collect taxes, a share of which goes to the provincial treasury, 
for example, as those for personal registration certificates, the land tax, etc., 
and to the further fact that this power can not be deputized to the municipal treas- 
urers, but only to expressly appointed agents. The provincial treasurer appoints his 
own deputies, each one of whom has a certain number of pueblos and certain dates 
set for visiting in order that he may be able to visit all of those in his jurisdiction 
prior to the last day before taxes become delinquent. Suppose, that under these cir- 
cumstances a deputy is obliged to remain four or five days, which is the maximum 
period that can be fixed for making collections, in a town of some importance, and 
that the pueblo covers a very large extent of territory, some of its barrios being one 
or two leagues distant from the municipality. This, taken in connection with the bad 
state of the roads, especially during the rainy season, generally results in that all of 
the inhabitants of that pueblo either are not notified or do not hear of the presence 
of the tax collector in the municipality until after he has gone to another pueblo, or 
until he is just about to leave. In this latter instance, if the residents of the outly- 
ing barrios go to the municipality with an earnest desire to pay their taxes, even 
if they have the good fortune to arrive there before the departure of the tax collector, 
they may find that there are such a lot of people waiting their turn to pay that in 
spite of all the collector can do to attend to all it very often happens that the date 
set for his departure arrives before he can do so, and then these people who have 
been waiting so long are obliged to return to their homes without having been able 
to pay their taxes and with the disagreeable prospect of having to make another trip 
to the municipality when the collectors come around again. 

Practical results could not be any worse for the taxpayer, for after having traveled 
over one or two leagues of bad roads and of having to wait and pay out for his sub- 
sistence for the two or three days he remains in the town and of having to leave his 
interests he is, moreover, liable to have to pay a fine for delinquency in spite of the 
fact that it has been through no fault of his that he is delinquent. The system works 
an equal harm on the municipality and on the province by reducing their revenues, 
for if all of the taxpayers willing to pay their taxes had been able to do so at the time 
that they first presented themselves they may not, when the tax collector returns, 
having spent the money they had laid aside for the purpose for other necessities of 
an urgent character at a time like this, which is one of scarcity and of famine. The 
provincial treasury suffers the most because of the fact that the salaries of deputies 
and collectors and their traveling expenses amount to a large figure, and to increase 
them would be an impossibility, because an increase would mean that they would 
absorb most of the collection. 

This system could be reformed and cured of all of its defects by appointing the 
municipal treasurers, the deputies of the provincial treasurer exacting a larger bond 
from them and giving them a percentage on collections. This plan would be very much 
more economical than to have to pay deputies and their traveling expenses, and it 
would have the added advantage that taxpayers could pay their taxes at any time. 
If this plan would be adopted, the provincial treasurer would simply have to pay for 
two deputies for purposes of inspection in a province of this size, the most populous 
in the Archipelago. These deputies could make more frequent trips to the munici- 
palities for the purpose of turning over to them the part^of the taxes corresponding 
to the municipalities under the law, in order that they might better be able to com- 
ply regularly with their obligations than as now happens, when two or more months 
often pass without the possibility of the municipalities meeting their obligations, 
specially those with relation to the payment of salaries, on account of having no 
money in the treasury through the delay experienced in the transfer of funds belong- 
ing to' them from the provincial treasurer. 

PUBLIC WORKS AND IMPROVEMENTS. 

In none of the pueblos of this province have there been any considerable public 
works started, either in the erection of buildings or the opening of roads or repairing 
same. For this reason all of the roads are in a very bad state, and the same thing 
may be said with regard to schoolhouses in the municipalities. 



808 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The cause of all this is to be found in the meager revenues of the municipalities 
that are not permitted to include larger appropriations in their budgets. 

The municipality of this provincial capital is almost the only one that has been 
able to invest a little money in the repair of streets, and yet there are many that are 
in a very deplorable state. The dust of many of the streets during the dry season is 
almost choking, and during the rainy spell the streets are flooded, owing to the fact 
that most of the sewers are choked up and that the sewerage system is very defective. 
There is an estuary which crosses this city and which is nearly filled up, and that it 
would be advisable to fill up altogether when a good sewerage system could be put 
in, as it is a danger to the public health. 

The sum of $4,830.53 gold and $21,787.83 Mexican has been used from provincial 
funds in the repair of the wagon roads leading from this provincial capital to the 
pueblo of Carmen, on the north part of the east coast, and from there to Carcar, a 
distance of some 60 kilometers. The work has not been very satisfactory to the 
public, as there have been a great many complaints that wagons sink almost to the 
axle into the mud, which has been formed of the loose dirt which was used for the 
said road, which was not macadamized, and that therefore the road is converted 
during the rainy season into a spongy, loose, and glutinous mass. 

Many pueblos in this province are not yet connected by wagon roads, there being 
simply bridle paths between them. Of the roads running across the island —that is 
to say, from coast to coast — there are but two which ought properly to be termed 
bridle paths. One of them connects Silbonga with Dumanjug and the other Carcar 
with Barili. The rest, of which no mention is made, are nothing more or less than 
trails. 

The agricultural lands of the west coast are very much more fertile and extensive 
than those of the east, but only one-fourth of their area is cultivated owing to the bad 
roads. Once that good crossroads are established, we would say between Naga and 
Toledo and another from Sogod to Taburan, agriculture would prosper greatly in that 
region owing to the ease and cheapness of transporting the products of the soil to the 
markets of this provincial capital. An appropriation of $25,000 gold would be suffi- 
cient to open these roads. 

With regard to the improvements, the only progress which has been noted in the 
municipalities is the establishment in the central part of this city of the electric light 
and the neatness in the construction of fences, which have greatly improved the 
appearance of the streets. In this city a considerable advance is to be noted in the 
construction of private buildings, their architecture being modeled upon the modern 
style. The increase in building is due to the high rents, which have been quadru- 
plicated in the last few years. The appearance of the city would be greatly improved 
by finishing the construction of Lutaw street, and at the same time it would be a 
great benefit to commerce, as it is in the central part. But a great many difficulties 
have been found in carrying out this plan, which consists in the question as to 
whether the municipality has a right to dispose of property which it has reclaimed 
in exchange for that which it acquired by condemnation, resorted to in widening the 
street. On the 7th of December, 1902, there was a fire on Alcarazo street, which is 
parallel and contiguous to that of Lutaw or Escolta, which was a great loss to busi- 
ness men of this community for the reason that it was the business center of the town 
for the Chinese. 

When the proposed works of the port shall have been completed and the two above- 
mentioned streets shall have been finished, this capital will indisputably be the 
second in the Archipelago in commercial importance. 

HEALTH. 

The sanitary condition of the majority of the towns is good, although there are 
some pueblos, especially those far removed from the seacoast, where intermittent 
fevers are prevalent. In spite of this fact, after the ravages caused by the rinderpest, 
malarial fevers appeared in nearly all of the pueblos, even in those where this disease 
had never been known, and in some localities caused as many deaths, if not more, 
during the yearl902 than the cholera. At the provincial capital many cases of malaria 
were recorded in spite of the comparative dryness, but, on the other hand, there were 
but few cases of rinderpest, which up to that time had never been known in this 
province. 

On July 9, 1902, cholera appeared in the city of Cebu and a few days after was 
prevalent in nearly all of the pueblos. At first the number of cases per day numbered 
between 10 and 15 up until August, when they increased, reaching a maximum of 
from 30 to 43, which lasted for one week. The mortality was from 40 to 50 per cent. 

The measures adopted by the provincial board of health, and which were put in 
force without there having been others for putting same into practice determined 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 809 

upon, with relation to the compulsory quarantine of houses and removal of cholera 
patients to the hospitals, provoked the animosity of the people against Mr. Mascu- 
nana, at that time the president of the said board, because these rigorous means 
brought a great deal of suffering and hardship upon them, especially upon the work- 
ing class. As an example, when a case of cholera occurred in any house the patient 
was carried to the hospital and the police kept a strict watch over his house with 
instructions to allow none of the inhabitants to pass out nor anyone to enter from 
outside for a period of five days. It is true that the municipality furnished rice and 
meat at 12f cents Mexican for each person, but water, fuel, and other articles abso- 
lutely indispensable for the preparation of this food, and as they could not be secured, 
owing to the impossibility of any person leaving a quarantined dwelling, not even for 
the purchase of medicines, there was a great deal of suffering in such cases. More- 
over, during the quarantine nobody paid any attention to the removal of garbage 
from infected houses, which made of them centers of infection for the other inhab- 
itants. So severe were these measures thought to be that many people hid their sick 
and denied them professional attendance so as to avoid their being reported, or else, 
when they found that the patient was in a grave condition, abandoned their houses, 
and this explains why many dead bodies were found in vacant houses some two or 
three days after the death of the patient. 

For hospital purposes a house was selected in a central part of the city in the district 
of San Nicolas, situated on a much-frequented street. This gave rise to an energetic 
protest on the part of the residents of San Nicolas to the board of health. The 
stretchers on which cholera patients were carried to the hospital had to be carried 
through the busiest part of the town; and the same thing may be said with respect to 
the removal, to the cemetery for burial, of the remains of those who died from the 
disease when in the hospital. As a consequence of this, as the stretchers referred to 
were never disiniected, they were the means of propagating the epidemic wherever 
they were carried, whether empty or not. Whatgavemost horrortothe people in con- 
nection with the obligatory removal of sick to the hospital was that most of the sick 
died before reaching it or arrived there in such a low state that they survived but a 
few minutes; especially was this true when carried a long distance. All of this was 
not to be wondered at in view of the fact that there were not sufficient means at hand 
to administer the first help to those attacked by the disease, and the large mortality 
of those removed from their houses may also be ascribed to the bad effect that forci- 
ble separation from their families had upon them and to the fear they felt of the 
hospital. 

The board of health was unable to come to an understanding with the municipality 
for the reason that they ascribed to one another a defective administration of sanitary 
affairs. In consequence of this the people held mass meetings, one of which was 
gotten up by the initiative of the undersigned, for the purpose of bringing about a 
definite understanding between the board of health and the municipality, as the 
situation was daily growing worse and the people were becoming exasperated. A 
large meeting was held at the Junquera Theater by the people of this city, who 
adopted a resolution and marched to the town hall and to the government building, 
headed by a band of music, and made a peaceable and solemn demonstration for the 
purpose of bringing the attention of the authorities to the following resolutions: 

"1. We demand that the forcible removal of the sick to the hospital shall cease. 
People having sufficient funds to pay for a physician's service and for medicines and 
who live in their own houses, though it be but a nipa one, if in good sanitary condi- 
tion, are not to be removed to the hospital. Only those who are helpless and who 
live in unsanitary and ill-conditioned houses may be taken to the hospital, but even in 
the latter case one member of their family shall be permitted to accompany them. 

" 2. We request the free distribution of medicine to the poor for the purpose of 
combating the disease at its inception, and the free distribution of food to the poor, 
for famine and epidemics always go hand in hand. 

" 3. We request that quarantine be abolished, as we have observed that the meas- 
ure compelling families of persons attacked by cholera to remain in their houses has 
resulted in the abandonment of the sick. On the other hand, we recommend the dis- 
infection of the sick room and of all persons coming in contact with the person 
attacked by the disease." 

The sanitary measures relative to the port were also not in accord with those 
adopted by the provincial board. Vessels coasting between this city and other ports 
in the province had to make a five days' quarantine, while no restriction whatever 
was placed on travel by land; for this reason a quarantining of ships was ridiculous, 
because what was to be avoided by sea was propagated by land, much to the harm 
of other pueblos; and, moreover, trade in the province suffered through this measure. 

After the cholera had almost disappeared and but few cases were recorded, beriberi 
appeared in the province and caused a great many deaths. After it in turn had dis- 



810 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

appeared, the grippe became prevalent, taking some 90 per cent of the inhabitants, 
but fortunately no deaths resulted. Though its effects were felt for from two to six 
weeks, the fever caused by the grippe only lasted from two to three days. The beri- 
beri appeared only in this^ city, unlike the grippe, which, as we have stated, took 
90 per cent of all the inhabitants. The localization of the beriberi was no doubt due 
to the fact that people of this city have rice as their principal item of food, while in 
all the other pueblos corn takes its place, and it is a well-known fact that beriberi 
generally attacks a rice-eating people. 

POSTAL SERVICE. 

Complaints from the public and from the press are very frequent with relation to 
the poor postal service and the delay in the transmission of the mails. Every effort 
has been made, however, to improve the service within the restrictions imposed by 
the insufficient funds possessed by the municipality. In spite of the fact that each 
municipality has been compelled to note on the mail schedules the day and hour of 
their receiving and dispatching the mails, for the purpose of ascertaining where the 
fault lies in cases of complaint, this plan has not been successful, as the deficiency 
is not in the system but in the way it is worked. Bearing in mind this condition, I 
recommended the following reform upon which no action has been taken that I have 
been apprised of to date: 

' ' The mail is carried at present from one pueblo to another on foot. Each mail 
carrier is provided with the schedule of his route, in which are noted the hour of the 
arrival and the departure of the mail from each pueblo, and the number of pieces 
received and sent out, so as to account for any loss of mail matter should such loss 
occur. 

"The defects of this system are the following: 

"1. Insecurity and bad handling of the mail, which often reaches the hands of the 
person to whom it is addressed broken and generally in a bad condition, caused by 
constant handling from pueblo to pueblo in adjusting and classifying it, and also by 
the carelessness and inexperience on the part of the mail carriers selected by the 
municipalities, who are usually temporary men, owing to the inability of the towns 
to have a permanent carrier because of lack of funds. 

"2. The delay which is caused in the transmission by carriers on foot and that 
incident to its notation in the several pueblos through which it passes. A great deal 
of time is also lost in having to search for a person to carry the mail each trip. 

' ' The advantages to be derived from the reorganization recommended are as 
follows: 

" 1. The security and care in handling all mails,, which are not to be subjected to 
continual handling in each of the pueblos through which they pass, as it is proposed 
to send the mail out from each station in packages to each one of the pueblos in lots 
where addressed. The mail carriers being salaried men and holding permanent 
positions will better comply with their duties and exercise greater care, and in time 
acquire the necessary experience. 

"2. It is proposed to have the mails carried in light vehicles from the provincial 
capital to Carmen and Carcar, and to all of the other stations on horseback. This 
will be a saving of time and money, so that instead of it taking from eight to nine 
days to carry the mail from Cebu to Daan Bantayan by this system they can be car- 
ried there, during the rainy reason when the roads are in bad condition, in four days. 

"3. The expense for supplies and maintenance, as shown by the annexed state- 
ment, will be insignificant when the benefits accruing to the public are considered. 
Expenses for maintenance will amount to $624, Mexican, and all other expenses, 
$2,560, Mexican. 

"explanation of the scheme of reorganization. 

"A central station of the first class will be established at the provincial capital, with 
1 postmaster, 12 horses, 4 vehicles, and 6 mail carriers. Second-class stations will 
have 1 postmaster, 3 saddle horses, and 3 mail carriers each. From the central sta- 
tion at Cebu there will be a daily service, starting at 6 o'clock in the morning, by 
vehicle to Carmen, in the northern part of the province, and to Carcar in the south- 
ern part, where they will arrive at from 4 to 5 o'clock in the afternoon of the same 
day, and where they will stay overnight to return the next morning early to the 
point of their departure. The service established between this city and Carmen on 
the uptrip will leave the mail at the following pueblos: Talamban, Mandaue, Con- 
solation, Liloan, Compostela, and Danao, and will take up all of the mail from those 
points addressed to stations farther on, where they will be delivered, except those 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



811 



that are to be delivered to the postmaster at Carmen. From this point on the down- 
trip they will collect all mail addressed to pueblos between Carmen and Cebu, and 
those addressed to the southern part of the province and to the eastern coast, as 
well as those to the western coast from Barili to Santander. The mail carrier on 
the Carcar route will follow a similar route, and will also take up all of the mail 
addressed to the northern part of the province, to the eastern coast, and to the western 
from San Remigio to Daan Bantayan, as well as that to the Camotes Islands and to 
Bantayan. 

' ' From Carmen to Carcar the service can be made on horseback the same as that 
on all routes designated on the accompanying plan by broken lines. From Carmen 
to the north the route is to the station at Borbon, passing through Catmon and 
Sogod and thence to Bogo, passing through Tabogon. It shall be the duty of the 
station at Bogo daily to collect and forward all mail from San Remigio, Medellin, 
and Daan Bantayan, as well as that from Bantayan to any of the latter pueblos. 
From Carcar, on the southern route, there shall be two carriers, one to Barili across 
the island, and another to Sibonga, Argao, and Dalaguete, and from this latter point 
to Alcoy, Boljo-on, Nueva Caceres to Oslob, which is the last point on the route. 

"From the station at Barili there shall be two mail carriers, one to Aloguinsan, 
Pinamunjan to Toledo, and from there to Balamban, Asturias, and thence to the end 
of the route at Taburan, and the other for Durnanjug, Ronda, Alcantara, Moalboal, 
Ginatilan, Samboan, San Sebastian, to the end of the route at Santander. 

" The three pueblos of the island of Bantayan shall keep up one station at Santa 
Fe to receive and dispatch mail to San Remigio or Daan Bantayan, by a boat to be 
furnished by the provincial government. The Camotes Islands shall also establish 
a station at Poro and a route from this point to Carmen, communication being had 
by means of a boat at the expense of the provincial government. 

' ' The time taken for making the trip between any two stations will be, during the 
rainy season, from six to ten hours, the smallest distance being 16 kilometers, between 
Carcar and Barili, across the island, over a rough and tortuous road, which is in a bad 
state during the rainy season, and the greatest distance between any two stations is 
47 kilometers, over a good road and level ground. The municipalities of Taburan 
and San Remigio in the north will see to it that there is a service established over 
the route, which is not designated on the annexed map, and to establish a mail service 
between their respective barrios, so as to place both of these pueblos in communica- 
tion. The same course will be taken by the municipalities of Oslob and Santander 
to the south of the island. 

"It is recommended that in view of the fact that the insular treasury bears the 
expense of distributing the mail to the provinces, it would be just and equitable that 
the distribution of mail in the pueblos of the interior of this island shall be done at 
the expense of the provincial treasury, as the municipalities are obliged to pay for 
the distribution of the mail in the barrios and places of their separate jurisdictions. 
Therefore the expenses connected with the proposed reorganization it is recom- 
mended be borne by the provincial treasury. 



Station. 


Class. 


Personnel. 


Monthly 
salary 
(Mexi- 
can). 


Plant. 


Cost 
(Mexi- 
can). 


Mainte- 
nance. 




First class 

Third class . . . 
do 


f 1 postmaster 


$30. 00 
90.00 

20.00 
24.00 
20. 00 
24. 00 
20.00 
24.00 
25.00 
60.00 
20.00 
24.00 
25.00 
60.00 
20.00 
24.00 
20.00 
24.00 


12 vehicles 


$200. 00 
300.00 

1 180.00 
180.00 
} 180.00 
} 360.00 
180.00 
360. 00 
180.00 

180.00 

60.00 


1 




}6 horses, without 
J saddle. 
\ 3 horses, with sad- 
/ die, at $60. 

}... .do 




Cebu 




\ $18. 00 






1 


Carmen . 


1 3 carriers, at 88 


6.00 




fl postmaster 




Borbon . . 




6.00 




jl postmaster 






Bogo do 




. do 


6.00 










Carcar... Second class.. 


\6 carriers, at §10 


...do... 


18.00 










Delaguete Third class . . . 




6 00 


h> horses 






fl postmaster 




Barili Second class . . 




18 00 




>3 horses 










Toledo .. 


1 nira class . . . 
do 


13 carriers 


6.00 




}....do 










Alegria.. 




6.00 






2 boats 










Total. 




554.00 


2, 300. 00 


90 00 











812 KEPORT OP THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

AGRICULTURE. 

This province is exclusively agricultural and its vitality depends upon it. Its 
principal products are the following, placed in the order of their importance: 

Sugar, cultivated principally in the following pueblos: El Pardo, Talisay, Ming- 
lanilla, Naga, Carcar, Sibonga, Danao, Bogo, Medellin, Daan Bantayan, Tuburan, 
Asturias, Toledo, and Balamban. In nearly all of the rest of the pueblos sugar is 
cultivated but on a small scale. The pueblos on the western coast export this article 
to Iloilo, where they get a better price than at Cebu, the cost of transportation being 
the same on account of the distance, which is also almost the same. Before the year 
1898 there were 14 steam mills in the province and 3 moved by hydraulic power, 
aside from a great many smaller ones moved by animal power. We have yet to 
make mention of the fact that in many very small plantations the old traditional 
wooden mill still exists. The total amount of the production of this article through- 
out the island prior to the year above mentioned fluctuated between 400,000 and 
500,000 piculs. 

Corn, which is the principal article of food in all of the pueblos of this province, 
particularly for the laboring class that prefer it to rice even when the price is equal, 
as it is considered by them to be more nutritious. It is produced in all of the 
pueblos, but more especially in Carcar, Barili, Dunianjug, Aloguinsan, Toledo, 
Balamban, Asturias, Tuburan, and Bogo, which are wont to export their surplus in 
important quantities to the neighboring islands. There has never been an estimate 
of the total production of this article. Its price prior to 1898 fluctuated between 1 
and 2 pesos the cavan. 

Tobacco is grown in nearly all of the pueblos, but principally on account of the nature 
of the soil in those of Barili, Dumanjug, Pinamungajan, Toledo, Balamban, Asturias, 
Tuburan, and San Bemigio. La Compania General de Tabacos has almost a monopoly 
on this island, having 10 agencies established throughout the pueblos. The production 
of this article during the year 1902 is calculated at 30,000 quintals, which is approxi- 
mately the same as in former years. 

Hemp, copra, cocoa, and potatoes are produced in some of the pueblos, but in 
such small quantities that they are not more than sufficient for home consumption, 
with the exception of copra and hemp, that are exported in small quantities. 

All of the products above enumerated, except tobacco and copra, have suffered 
greatly in consequence of the revolution and of the rinderpest that has destroyed 
the work animals in the province. The production of sugar prior to the revolution 
reached a figure of from 400,000 to 500,000 piculs, as has been stated, while in the 
year 1902 it scarcely amounted to 100,000 piculs. 

There is a great future in this province for cotton, as there is a great deal of land 
suitable for its cultivation, but in order to find favor with the farmers they must 
have some market where they could sell at a good price. The establishment of cot- 
ton mills would be very beneficial to the farmer as well as to industry. 

The extreme depression of agriculture can not be overcome by the efforts of the 
people unless they have the support and assistance of the government that could 
come to their aid in establishing agricultural loan banks to lend money to the farmers 
at a small rate of interest, and by taking off import duties on agricultural machinery 
and implements. Such banks should have branches in all of the provinces. The 
establishment of experimental farms and agricultural colleges in several important 
provinces, where the theory and practice of the science could be acquired, would be 
very beneficial, as it would teach modern methods of cultivation to replace the rudi- 
mentary system now in vogue. 

MANUFACTURES. 

Manufacturing is carried on in this province at the present time mostly in small 
household industries, with the exception of a few establishments in this city. It has 
been observed that the production of manufactured articles has increased during the 
past years, no doubt owing to the depression in agriculture. 

Abaca textiles of different kinds, from the finest to the coarsest, for lining and 
other uses, are manufactured in all of the pueblos of this province. The price has 
risen during the last few years, approximately, 40 per cent. 

The pueblos of Argao, Sibonga, Dalaguete, and Boljo-on supply the neighboring 
provinces as well as the Manila market with fine textiles made of the fiber of certain 
species of plantain, of which the textiles known as "tinampipi," "saba," and "sina- 
may" are made. Their production, as well as the price, have increased during the 
year 1902. 

The fine, delicate, gauzy textiles of pifia, with their fancy and beautiful combina- 
tions of colors, combined with silk and cotton threads, are made in the pueblos of 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



813 



Bantayan and Santa Fe, where they form the principal industry. These towns 
also find a source of wealth in their fisheries, as they can not farm their barren lands. 
The prices of these textiles have risen about 40 per cent, and production has greatly 
increased in these last few years. 

In the pueblos of Argao, Sibonga, Boljo-on, and Oslob cotton textiles are made for 
this market, their best manufactures being those of tablecloths, napkins, coverlets, 
and towels, which are sold to the people of small means, being rather cheap and 
coarse. Hammocks of cotton are also manufactured in the pueblos of Malabuyoc, 
Samboan, and Ginatilan. 

This branch of industry has a good future before it, as the raw material can be 
easily procured in the necessary quantities in the place of manufacture. There are 
large tracts of land which are as yet uncultivated which could yield all of the raw 
material necessary to constitute an increasing market. 

In order to avoid entering into too detailed a description of the manufactures of 
this province, we shall only state those that are of some importance at the present 
time and the production of which has increased up to 1902. 

Hardware: Edge tools, machetes, bolos, gunas, and others. The guna is an instru- 
ment which looks like the bolo, but with a broad, sharp point; it is used mostly for 
weeding and grubbing, being an indispensable tool to the farm laborer. Some tin 
articles are also made. 

Carpentering and cabinetmaking: Beds, tables, canes, and other furniture are 
made, as well as string instruments, such as guitars, violins, bass viols, etc. 

Chairs of bamboo and cane as well as cane hammocks. 

Gunny sacks for packing sugar, textiles of buri, which are reputed to be better 
quality and stronger than those manufactured in Capiz and other provinces. 

Mats of buri and of ticog. 

Baskets of cane and bamboo. 

Pillows and bedquilts of cotton. 

Saguranes, that is, textiles made of the leaves of the buri palm, which are used for 
packing purposes. 

Eope of hemp and other fibers. 

Shell work made up into frames and other knickknacks, the most artistic being 
those made in the pueblos of Argao and Dalaguete. 

Shoemaking by hand. 

Tailoring. 

Embroidery and lace making. 

Toy making. 

Artificial cloth flowers. 

Hats made of buri and of straw. 

Native hats, called salocot and sarok. 

Fine cheeses produced in the pueblos of Danao and Liloan. 

Pastry, in which great strides have been made. 

Brickmaking and earthenware for domestic utensils. 

During the year 1902 industrial licenses have been issued as follows: 



Lime factories 2 

Candle factories 7 

Shoemaking establishments 12 

Furniture factories 6 

Bakeries 9 

Lumber yards 21 

Carriage-making establishments 2 

Tailor shops 14 

Soap factories 2 

Barber shops 4 

Tinsmith shops 3 



Soda-water fountains 2 

Gilders establishment 1 

Brickyard 1 

Dyers 2 

Pastry shop 1 

Saddle makers 3 

Pickle factories 2 

Foundry and machine shop 1 

Hemp presses 5 

Ice factories 2 

Distilleries . . . 2 



COMMERCE. 



During these latter years commerce has made great strides. Prior to the revolu- 
tion there were only three foreign commercial houses that deal in the various prod- 
ucts of this country for export and import foreign merchandise. 

The commercial importance of this province is principally due to its geographical 
situation. Products from other provinces flow into this market, and for that reason 
the port of Cebu is always animated by the coming and going of coasting and deep-sea 
ships. When the new works for the port have been completed and agriculture shall 
have been lifted from its present state of depression the city of Cebu will be second 
to Manila in commercial importance, and will fear the competition of no other ports 



814 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

in the Visayan Provinces. At the present day it is in the number of inhabitants 
and in the character of the buildings of greater importance than Iloilo. 

The products exported through this province to_ foreign countries are as follows, 
given in the order of their importance: Hemp, which shows an increase over former 
years; sugar, which has diminished; copra, which is increasing; coffee, which has 
diminished; mother-of-pearl, which has diminished; hides, which have increased; 
balate, which has diminished. 

Of imported articles, those which have shown the greatest increase have been rice, 
textiles, petroleum, mineral water, and beer. 

The value of imports was much greater than that of exports for the year 1902, but 
if we were to eliminate the largest factor — rice — the exports would be very much 
greater than the imports, and this will be the case when agriculture is again normal 
and this province can produce sufficient rice for home consumption. 

There are at present in this province 1 bank, 8 commercial houses, and 166 shops, 
stores, and bazaars. 

Juan Climaco, Governor of Cebu. 



: Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Ilocos Norte. 

Office of the Ppovincial Governor, 

Province of Ilocos Norte, 

Laoag, April 2, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila: 

Sir: I have the honor to submit to you the following report of the conditions in 
this province of Ilocos Norte, as set forth under the respective heads, during the 
period covered by last year, 1902. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

In the measure that peace and tranquillity became general in the provinces of this 
Philippine Archipelago, the civil government was extended to them, the honorable 
Commission proceeding for that purpose to the capitals of the provinces. That gov- 
ernment with its civil regime was organized in this province upon September 1, 
1901, the officials being installed the next day. 

The new government so fervently desired by the residents of the province, already 
wearied with the military control to which they were not accustomed, was received 
with enthusiasm and with delight; and that peace and tranquillity which already 
reigned in the province, became more and more consolidated, for the character of 
the very people themselves is pacific and tranquil. In the year covered by this 
report the peace and tranquillity of this province could not be improved upon, 
despite the occurrence of a few acts, which, while their character may seem to have 
been alarming, were truly isolated cases, repudiated and despised by the people who 
themselves went about providing a remedy for their suppression. 

One of the deeds referred to was that of the bandit called Basilio Esperanza, 
formerly a member of the revolutionary troops. He betook himself to the pueblo 
of Piddig and was forced to flee from the persecution of justice on account of his 
disorderly conduct in that pueblo. At that time he desired to capture or kidnap by 
force certain persons and went about robbing the people in the barrios, naturally 
raising a great alarm. But this did not keep up long for the very people whom he 
had captured made the attempt, and with success, to kill him with his own weapon, 
of which they slyly took possession at an opportune moment. 

The other misdeed mentioned is that which relates to a disquieting movement of 
the constabulary who captured and imprisoned the residents of the pueblos without 
previously presenting proofs of their delinquency. However, this was corrected 
through the recommendations of the assemblies of municipal presidentes and steps 
taken also by the provincial government before the civil governor of the islands. 

With the exception of these two isolated cases the province preserves complete 
tranquillity and peace, and this could be established in a most secure manner if the 
people should arrive at a proper understanding of the advantages of their present 
new organization, and that this becomes perfect with the exercise of its two great 
fundamental principles of liberty and equality, and which are but the right of each 
and every one to do good. 

Undoubtedly the progress of the Philippines encounters a great obstacle in that the 
Filipinos being accustomed to the teaching that a life of despotism is their heritage, 
the practice of those two great virtues of the municipal organization is not easy. A 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 815 

remedy for this evil will have to be found if the early progress of the country is 
desired, and this remedy can be no other than intrusting as far as possible and prac- 
ticable the representation of the pueblos and provinces to those persons who, to the 
satisfaction of the people and of the government also, are able and willing to appre- 
ciate the true advantages of the municipal organization, and to practice and enforce 
the practice of the great and leading attributes of the same. 

It is not my purpose to state here that the popular election of municipal and pro- 
vincial representatives is unfavorable in its results, for it is not. Popular election is 
a consequence of the municipal organization. But such election if effected without 
the intervention of the government can not be taken as sufficiently trustworthy. 

So it is that at least for such reasonable time as may be necessary for the mass of 
the electors to be able to understand, at any rate to a reasonable degree, the munic- 
ipal organization which they desire to enjoy in order to profit by its advantages, it 
becomes necessary that popular elections be held under the supervision of persons 
authorized by law, for their approval or modification, not only with reference to 
whether or not the proceedings were carried out in a proper manner and in accord- 
ance with the requirements of law, but also as to the determination of the necessary 
greater or less merit and legal capacity of the persons elected. 

I shall conclude this subject by saying that the announcement shortly before the 
end of the year of taking the census of the Philippines, and that all of the provincial 
governors were expected to proceed to Manila, was taken in this province as a 
sanction of the fact of the existence in truth of peace and tranquillity in the country, 
and the withdrawal of the garrisons of troops from this province to the port of Salo- 
mague should be taken as another. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

In what pertains to public health, this province has in this year, suffered more 
than ever before from dire calamities. It was invaded by the Asiatic cholera, which 
appeared first upon the steamer Salvadora, anchored at the port of Laoag; a member 
of its crew having been attacked succumbed upon March 24. It then appeared in 
the pueblo of Bacarra on July 25, and later successively, with more or less virulence, 
in the other pueblos of the province, with the exception of Nagpartian, where not a 
case of cholera appeared either during this epidemic or during the former; this 
heaven-sent immunity being attributed to the topographic situation and the altitude 
of the pueblo, as well as the healthfulness of its water. 

The havoc created by the cholera was so great that there were in all 5,412 stricken 
of which 3,844 died. The pueblos which suffered the greatest number of victims 
were Laoag, Batac, San Miguel, Dingras, Bacarra, and that of Bangui which was the 
last pueblo stricken. 

The cholera was not only remarkable and fearful on account of the great number 
of its victims, but because among these there were included some of the most impor- 
tant citizens of the pueblos; the provincial governor, Senor Elias de Villanueva; the 
first governor of this province, Senor Agbayani ; the provincial supervisor, Mr. Danzil 
Taylor, and various other leading citizens of the pueblos and many young people of 
both sexes. The epidemic lasted until December, though in the pueblo of Bangui 
alone, for in the other pueblos of the province they had been for some time declared 
clean. 

The efforts of science have been able to accomplish very little or nothing, against 
the inroads of the cholera. 

Smallpox also visited this province and seemingly desires to establish an intimacy 
herein; for since it first began to appear in the pueblos of Batac and Paoay in the 
month of March, with slow step and but few victims, it is making its way through 
the pueblos of the south and east of the province. The smallpox is considered here 
almost as a household complaint and it is not feared like the cholera. 

Another disease even more common but very much milder than the two former 
was prevalent in the year covered by this report in all the pueblos of this province. 
It is a malady heretofore unknown, and consequently it has no name nor has it been 
possible to give it an appropriate one. It consists in that a person, however well he 
may be, feels pains in his joints, especially those of the foot; these suddenly extend 
all "over his body, and finally with intense suffering they leave him without power 
to move. So strange and peculiar did that disease prove that not only could no 
remedy be found for it, but when the victim of it was attended and remedies applied, 
the cure became more delayed and difficult. But when the malady was left to itself 
it abandoned the patient of itself upon the third day, leaving him as well as though 
he had not been sick and with no period of convalescence at all. Not only all the 
people, but it may be even the animals, have suffered from the disease; but it is not 
.known that any animal or person died of it. 



816 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Fevers have also been common, but since they are well known to be but the effect 
of a change of weather or season, they deserve no mention because they are consid- 
ered ordinary. 

AGEICULTURE. 

Owing to the calamities which it has been said were suffered precisely during a 
large part of the season of cultivating the land, and to the scarcity of work animals on 
account of the rinderpest during former years, agriculture would not have amounted 
to anything if the people of this province were not so fond of farming that they can 
not abandon the fields, so long as their health permits them to work, despising 
bravely the dangers to which they are exposed. So it is that while for the reasons 
expressed the crop of rice during the year under discussion has fallen considerably 
short, and moreover also on account of the locusts which have so invaded the fields 
of the pueblos to the north of the province, yet only those pueblos such as Pasuquin, 
Nagpartian, and Bangui have suffered from the scarcity of rice because of the short- 
ness of the crop. For if there was also felt a want of grain in the other pueblos, 
without any doubt whatever, it was the result of imprudence and lack of foresight 
or of the charity of the people who were led to sell their rice to the people of Ilocos 
Sur, who nearly throughout the whole year, with the exception of the time during 
which communication was interrupted by the quarantine, came and went in this 
province for the purpose of buying rice. The horses and mules of the American 
troops stationed during the year in this province have consumed no less. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Since the military government was established in this province and the officers 
manifested interest in the education of Filipino youths, especially in the learning of 
English, such an interest for study has been aroused among the young that it has 
become necessary to construct more schools in the pueblos, because those that existed 
already, only to the number of two, were not enough. This fondness for study con- 
tinued to increase to such an extent that during the year of which this report treats 
numerous youths of both sexes were far advanced and able already to read, write, and 
carry on conversation in the English tongue. 

So great is the interest of the government in perfecting this branch of instruction — 
an interest which is matched by the application of the young — that American male 
and female teachers have come from America. And in the year of which we speak 
the normal school was held in the capital of this province for the instruction of Fili- 
pino teachers of both sexes at determined times, which were one month in each six 
months. The provincial high school for secondary instruction was also started. But 
even thus the desires of many families are not satisfied, for they desire to send their 
sons to America to be educated, and have not the means for their support during the 
time they are studying in that great nation. It is necessary, then, for the heads of fami- 
lies to find some remedy, and that soon, because should they not, while they are seek- 
ing and perhaps without success, time passes and their good intentions are frustrated. 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

Since it is certain that the peculiar conditions of each pueblo are what determine 
its resources or means for obtaining the funds necessary for its support, it results 
that since the conditions are not the same throughout all the municipalities of the 
province their resources can not be the same. And since this is true, the munici- 
palities which are lacking in those resources, or certain of them, are not in a position 
to support themselves. But at the same time, by granting them the permission to 
utilize those resources which they have at their disposal their support, while per- 
haps not entirely assured, is nevertheless not impossible. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

In the year which we are reporting public improvements have been of no value 
whatever. 

The majority of the roads have nearly always been impassable, even during 
the life and after the death of the provincial supervisor above referred to. The said 
supervisor opened up a wagon road between Laoag and Bacarra which turned out to 
be useless and impassable; the same being the case with two enormous wooden 
ferries across the rivers Laoag and Dingras, which were absolutely useless, the money 
therefore being wasted which was expended for labor and wooden and iron mate- 
rials for these ferries. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 817 

And while stating that the public works of this province do not require any special 
skill nor a scientific knowledge of engineering, and that said improvements and roads 
were formerly preserved and attended to under the supervision of persons of ordinary 
intelligence, but experienced and practical; it is now opportune to claim that these 
works may also be entrusted to such persons (for there are some in this province) in 
order to secure greater economy of expenditure, and consequently advantage to the 
treasury. But it should not be understood from what is said that the special knowl- 
edge of more skillful persons may not be required when there are such works as 
demanded. 

INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 

The people of this province are industrious and commercial; but since there is no 
great amount of capital to encourage this spirit nor facility of communication for the 
transportation of their effects, they are, to put it so, merely circulating in a quiet 
way within the province, and the movement is barely felt outside the same. A secure 
and good harbor is desired in this province, and then Ilocos Norte will surely display 
its industrial and commercial importance in competition with others of its class in 
the Archipelago. 

SUGGESTED LEGISLATION. 

In consideration of the foregoing it would be desirable, and the undersigned pro- 
vincial governor can do no less than recommend: 

1. That section 14 of Act No. 82, the Municipal Code, be so amended as to increase 
the required qualifications of the municipal presidente, vice-presidente, and council- 
lors by requiring them to possess ordinary intelligence and capacity for understanding 
and teaching the present organization of the municipalities and the provisions of 
the Municipal Code. 

2. That paragraph (6) of section 13 of said Act No. 82 be amended to provide that 
the provincial board be also empowered to make their investigations and reports con- 
cerning the capacity or lack of it, in their opinion, and based upon pertinent and 
just information, of those who may be elected by popular suffrage to the offices of 
municipal presidente, vice-presidente, and councillors. 

3. That section 42 of the said law be amended to add the words "in so far as may 
be possible ' ' after the word ' ' uniform ' ' in the second line thereof. 

4. That in section 43 of the said law the word "only," in the second line thereof, 
be omitted. 

5. That section 44 of the said law be amended to begin as follows: "The municipal 
council, with the approval of the provincial board, shall have the power to impose 
other taxes, in addition to those described in the preceding section, whenever it shall 
deem such action wise." 

6. That section 10 of Act No. 83 be amended by adding after the words "and 
the barrios thereof," in the fourth line, the following: "and the provincial board is 
hereby empowered to entrust the said supervision to such persons as it may deem 
capable of performing the duties connected therewith when the provincial supervisor 
shall be absent or otherwise incapacitated, or whenever the position shall be vacant." 

Respectfully, 

Julio Agcaoli, 

Provincial Governor. 



Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Ilocos Norte, 

Laoag, April 2, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir: In compliance with your circular of November 20 last I have the honor to 
inclose with the present annual report a number of photographs, among which is one 
of the undersigned with the municipal presidentes of the province of Ilocos Norte, 
and the others are representative of certain typical scenes and views of domestic and 
rural occupations, and also of certain of the more important buildings, and of a cotton 
mill in the pueblo of Piddig. 

I have the honor ever to remain your most humble and attentive servant, who 
desires for you the most perfect health, and who, awaiting your further orders, 
salutes you 

Most sincerely, Julio Agcaoli, 

Provincial Governor. 

war 1903— vol 5 52 



818 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Report of the Provincial Governor op the Province of Ilocos Sur. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Ilocos Sur, 

Vigan, April 6, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir: Complying with the provisions of section 7 of Act No. 83 I have the honor 
to present to you the following report concerning the situation and general condition 
of this province during the year 1902: 

POLITICAL SITUATION. 

Since the surrender of the insurgent forces which were operating in this province 
in the month of April, 1901, and up to the present date, the public order of this 
province has not been disturbed in the least particular, if the false alarm raised by 
certain members of the constabulary be excepted. During that period in all of the 
pueblos complete tranquillity and personal security have been enjoyed. 

PROVINCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

U. S. currency. 

Collections from all sources for the province during the year 1902 $48, 788. 42 

Expenditures made by the provincial treasury during the year 1902 41, 030. 95 

Balance in treasury January 1, 1903 7, 757. 47 

As is seen from the above statement the finances of the province in its first normal 
year have but just balanced; that is to say, the ordinary revenues scarcely sufficed 
to cover the expenditures during the year 1902. For while it seems that there exists 
a surplus of $7,757.47, this amount should be considered as a revenue of the present 
year of 1903, because of the fact that the value of the property assessed in the pueblos 
of Candon and Santa Catalina was mistaken, the figures expressed in Mexican cur- 
rency being taken as gold, which caused the amount collected in those pueblos to be 
double what it should be. As these pueblos entered their protest the provincial 
board decided that the amount paid above the correct amount ( which was a little more 
than the balance stated above) should remain on deposit in the provincial treasury 
as a guarantee of the payment of taxes for the present year, 1903. For this reason 
the provincial treasury is at present far from being in a position to undertake public 
improvements of any considerable importance for the betterment of the general con- 
ditions of the province, and all that has been done up tojthe present time are ordinary 
works, rather for the sole purpose of preserving those already built. 

MUNICIPAL. 

U. S. currency. 

Collections from all sources for the 24 municipalities of this province . . . $49, 682. 53 
Total transferred to municipalities 49, 540. 71 



Balance in favor of municipalities on January 1, 1903.. 141. 82 

Although the land tax has slightly increased the ordinary revenues of the munici- 
palities, it turns out, however, that the financial condition of the majority of them 
is quite similar to that described in my last year's report. That was, that with the 
exception of Vigan and Candon, the others live merely from day to day, as is com- 
monly said, and they are in no condition to better the present situation of their 
people, especially the needs of the young. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

1. Amount appropriated by the provincial board during 1902, for the repair of 
roads and bridges, $18,311.22 Mexican. 

2. Amount appropriated for the repair of the provincial buildings and offices of 
the government during the same year, $4,318.12 Mexican. 

The work done by the provincial supervisor up to June of last year, in the repair 
of roads and bridges, succeeded in putting them in fair condition, so that it was 
possible to travel, without great difficulty, the whole length of the public wagon 
road of the province, from north to south. But the rainy season came and destroyed 
a large portion of the work done upon the roads, and as for the bridges, a few of 
them were also destroyed. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 819 

The construction of roads in such a strong and lasting manner as to resist the 
destructive action of the rains is an unsolved problem as yet in the Philippines. Even 
during the time of the Spanish domination, when the provincial governments had at 
their disposal the personal labor of the residents, this matter was one that was closely 
studied, but a satisfactory solution was never reached. At that time all the pueblos 
worked their roads by means of the so-called personal labor each year without any 
expenditure upon the part of the provincial treasuries, because the action of the water 
and the wheels of the carts destroyed the best of roads. 

The Spanish system if followed at present would result to be very expensive, for 
the expense annually of $18,000 to $20,000 for repairs of roads which last usually a 
year, or more accurately, from one rainy season to the next, I take it that such a sys- 
tem would be of no practical benefit. In order to remedy this evil I shall suggest to 
the supervisor that he investigate and experiment with a view to determining some 
method that he shall decide to be efficient and serviceable in this climate for making 
the roads and bridges permanent. And when he shall have found this method he 
will arrange some method of dividing the work into sections, to be completed in four 
or five years, if the province is to depend upon its own regular revenues, or by means 
of a loan if it is preferred to do all the work at one time. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

In this province there are 81 public schoolhouses, 5 female and 28 male American 
teachers, and 157 Filipino teachers, male and female. In each of the pueblos there are 
at least 2 schools, one for boys and one for girls, and in the more important there 
are more, as many as 10. The number of children who attended the schools during the 
last scholastic year was between 16,000 and 17,000, twice as many as attended during 
the preceding year, 1901-2. According to verbal information which I have received 
from the division superintendent of this province, G. R. O'Reilly, and from certain 
teachers, the public instruction in this province is carried to quite an advanced grade. 
In all the pueblos where American teachers were stationed for some time there is 
already a number of boys and girls who can understand and speak English more or 
less correctly, and in the high school and normal school, which are in operation in 
this province, we have had a daily attendance of more than 200 pupils, many of whom 
are able to converse in English. Such a flattering condition is due without any doubt 
to the indefatigable labors and the truly paternal zeal of the American and Filipino 
teachers. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

This province, like many others of the archipelago, was visited during the past 
year, from July until October, inclusive, by the Asiatic cholera. According to data 
taken from the register of the office of the provincial board of health, the number of 
cases was 12,388, and the deaths 7,689. 

The total number of deaths from all diseases during the year 1902 reached the 
figure of 12,497. Taking from this number 7,689 who died from cholera, it seems 
that 4,808 died from other diseases. 

The maladies which were most prevalent in this province in the year 1902 were 
chronic intestinal catarrh, whooping cough, summer complaints, dysentery, bron- 
chitis, intermittent fevers, meningitis, and malaria. 

As for the terrible smallpox, fortunately the province has been free from it, for 
while in the pueblo of Santo Domingo there were found two cases of this dread 
disease, brought in from the province of Ilocos Norte, where it was prevalent during 
last year, it was unable to spread here, thanks to the energetic measures adopted 
opportunely by the president of the provincial board of health. 

As a preventive measure against the said disease, 12,199 persons were vaccinated 
with variolous lymph, sent out by the bureau of government laboratories. The 
vaccination was effectual upon only 5,148 persons, not having taken on the other 
7,051. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Agriculture is beginning to look up from its past condition of prostration, caused 
by war and rinderpest. The number of work animals is gradually increasing, and 
in the majority of the pueblos there are at least enough for farming purposes. 

The principal products of this region are rice, sugar, maguey, and indigo. 

The crop of rice in 1902 was in general only fair. According to estimates, 30 to 40 
per cent was lost. This was due to many causes; for example, unfavorable climatic 
conditions, the cholera which raged in the province in the very months when the 



820 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

tasks of the fields are undertaken for the cultivation of rice, and in some places the 
lack of work animals. 

The sugar crop was quite good, if the area under cultivation is considered, for in 
the whole province it is calculated that there was a return of 80,000 to 100,000 
piculs. 

The maguey, crop has_ been of greater consequence, not only on account of the 
increase of the crop, which was much greater than in previous years, but also the 
favorable prices which this commodity reached on the foreign markets to which it 
is exported. It is calculated that the five or six pueblos which have cultivated and 
treated this plant rather more extensively have produced in the year from 30,000 
to 35,000 piculs. 

Undoubtedly upon this product the future of this province depends, not only for 
the high prices which it has brought upon the Manila market during these three or 
four last years, but also on account of the ease with which it is raised and treated, and 
also the exceptional advantage that no special quality of land is needed for this plant, 
for it appears to grow to best advantage in ground entirely fruitless for the cultiva- 
tion of other plants. 

For this reason those who engage in the treating of this plant are very desirous 
that competent persons, employees of the bureau of agriculture, shall study and 
experiment with a new method more effective and rapid for the better treatment of 
the textile. 

The production of indigo decreases each year because of the small sale which it 
finds upon the Manila market. For this reason its cultivation is being abandoned, 
though the product was of great importance to the province in former years. 

Finally, as an important fact concerning this branch, I shall add that this is the 
smallest province, with regard to its area, of its class. For according to official data 
which I have at hand, it comprises only 491 square miles, while its estimated popu- 
lation reached some 170,000 inhabitants. Because of this disproportion between the 
number of inhabitants and the superficial area of its territory, it comes to pass, even 
in the years when the crops of rice and corn are very good, there is scarcely enough 
for half a year. The province of Pangasinan provides us with rice each year. 

INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 

Industry and commerce have also made some progress during the year 1902. The 
largest manufactories representing the industry of this province are La Union Ilocana, 
a stock company engaged in making cigars and cigarettes by machinery, the purchase 
and sale of leaf tobacco, and other business; four alcohol factories, one in Santa and 
three in Candon; the other branches of industry being of small importance. 

Commerce is represented by retailers of the native products exported to Manila, 
and by those who import into the province foreign goods consisting in cloths of all 
kinds, hardware, peddlers' articles, utensils, etc. The Chinos have acquired a large 
part of this business of exporting and importing, and certain foreign houses of Manila 
have representatives here for collecting the products of the locality. 

FORESTS AND MINES. 

The forests in this province are found in the range along the coast of the same. 
Naturally they are already well cut out, for they are the ones which first provided for 
the necessities of the inhabitants of the plains, and their replanting never having 
even been thought of, it is but natural that they are now in their present condition. 
Therefore these products are of small importance either in quantity or quality, and 
this province is lacking in interest so far as the forestry branch is concerned. 

A similar condition exists in the matter of mining, for while I asked in 1902 for 
information from all the municipalities relative to this resource, the only result 
obtained was that in four of the pueblos there seem to be beds of clay, and it is also 
claimed that in four other pueblos there are indications of the existence of gold 
mines, and, finalty, one shows indications of sulphur. 

It is reasonable to suppose, however, that if expert prospectors should make 
minute investigations deposits of other minerals might be found, although should 
this be the case they would be of no importance. 

SOCIAL CONDITIONS. 

Due to the rather weak development of industry in this province the support of 
the inhabitants depends principally upon agricultural pursuits, commerce, and retail 
traffic, to which the more opulent of the citizens dedicate their efforts. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 821 

The average daily wages of the common laborer — that is, those who have no special 
trade — fluctuate, according to the time of the year and the prosperity of the pueblos, 
between 20 and 40 cents, local currency; while the wages of those who have a trade 
range between 50 cents and $1, local currency. 

As is seen, the ordinary wages of this province are very small; nevertheless, thanks 
to the pacific and docile character of the Ilocano people and to their admitted indus- 
try, we have not been called upon. to suffer any of those crises which have produced 
arid still produce disturbances and other calamities to which the other provinces are 
subject, though the great majority of the people are still far from enjoying real 
prosperity. 

In conclusion, and as an item of social statistics, I add here the following statement 
of births and marriages for the year 1902: Births, 8,011; marriages, 1,718. 

I have no legislative measures to propose in this report. 

Within a few days I hall have the honor to send you a number of photographs, as 
called for in your Tetter of November 20, 1902. 
Respectfully, 

M. Crisologo, 

Provincial Governor. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Iloilo. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Iloilo, 
Iloilo, January 15, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir: In compliance with the provisions of section 7, Act No. 83, I have the honor 
to transmit the present report covering the general conditions of the province of 
Iloilo during the past year of 1902, as well as the noteworthy events which took 
place during that period. 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

The economic conditions of the province of Iloilo, like those of all the provinces of 
the Archipelago, are most dejected and critical. Rinderpest and malaria, which 
appeared here in 1901, and continued during 1902, and which still exist, have had 
the natural and unavoidable results. Unprovided with work animals, and with the 
majority of the working men sick, I may state as a certainty, without fear of being 
termed a pessimist, that seven-tenths of the land has been left implanted during the 
year just past, and consequently the crops are very much less than those of 1901. It 
is also necessary to remark that while this planting was small in the extent of land 
planted, the crops were also poor because of the lack of water, and as a general rule, 
for one reason or another, they have been late. 

What produce has been harvested will hardly last for the consumption of two 
months, and it is not therefore unreasonable to assume that a rather difficult and 
critical situation will follow during these months that intervene between one crop 
and another; at least it will prove so to the country people and those of the lower 
classes, to whom the scarcity of rice, their article of greatest necessity, will be pro- 
ductive of grave results. Therefore, the action of the Commision, in securing this 
commodity abroad to furnish it at a reasonable price to the provinces which need it, 
is worthy of every encomium, and it is the only means for liberating the poor from 
the avarice of the merchants. 

The present condition of the province has necessarily had its effect upon the 
economic situation of the municipalities, whose sources of revenue, such as markets, 
slaughterhouses, cockpits, and others, have necessarily fallen off, some of them dis- 
appearing altogether. This state is due to the lack of work animals and the critical 
condition of affairs in general. Wherefore, in order to provide for this condition as 
long as it shall last, the provincial board made the suggestion to the honorable Com- 
mission on May 21 of last year that a reorganization of the municipalities of this 
province be made, so that the 51 of the present time shall be reduced to 16, and in 
this manner it is expected that the item of salaries alone will be reduced in the 
amount of 42,000 pesos, without counting the economy which would result in the 
saving of materials, all of which sums could be expended in improvements in the 
pueblos themselves. 

This fusion of municipalities, I believe, would secure important and palpable 
results for the good of these municipalities at the present time, and I do not hesitate 
to recommend it to the chief executive, seconding thus the recommendation of the 



822 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

provincial board. This reform and the granting of a loan to the provinces which in 
reality need it, the purchase of rice in the exterior to be sold at reasonable prices, 
and the introduction of cattle for the same double purpose, we consider to be measures 
which satisfy the natural as well as reasonable necessities of the moment, making the 
situation more tolerable. 

In its political aspect the condition of the province can not be improved upon. In 
our report corresponding to the year 1901, we said that the pueblos, thoroughly con- 
vinced of the advantages of the new regime, scarcely retained even a memory of the 
past, but attended only to their, intellectual, material, and political progress under 
the direction of the great North American Republic. That political situation not only 
has not varied in the least particular, but it has become more and more firmly estab- 
lished, owing to the measures adopted by the American Government. The Philip- 
pine bill enacted by Congress, which provides for the taking of the census, is a patent 
proof that the promise of a full self-government will soon be consummated. That 
bill is an irrefutable proof of the good intention of the American Government to grant 
at the proper time and opportunity all the prerogatives and inherent rights of a free 
people. That bill, then, and the truly democratic and liberal policy adopted by the 
insular government and the Commission, constitute a certain guaranty of this position. 

Moreover, as the pueblos become imbued with a knowledge of the municipal code, 
they appreciate the advantages of the municipal autonomy therein established. I 
trust that the municipal elections, which were postponed until next May on account 
of the census, will be a fair indication of the progress of the people in the exercise of 
the right of suffrage. 

PUBLIC OKDEE. 

As far as the tranquillity of the province is concerned, there is still left much to be 
desired. Due to various causes well known to every one, and among which figures 
in first place the misery which followed the war, as well as to the calamities of which 
this province has been the victim, outlawry, though not in alarming proportions, is 
still working its pernicious effects upon the unarmed residents in all the barrios. The 
avarice shown by a few unscrupulous merchants, contributes not a little to the increase 
of outlawry, for the outlaws are sure of finding buyers for the products of their rapine. 

With this fact in view, the local presidentes, in their assemblies, have given their 
attention principally to discussing and suggesting measures which will tend to the 
restraining in so far as possible the conveyance of animals of doubtful origin, and 
exacting the most minute details for the purpose of substantiating the legitimacy of 
their title. The constabulary, it must be stated, has manifested an activity worthy 
of all praise, not only in the persecution of the outlaws, but in discovering their 
accomplices and those who buy and authorize the sale of animals with doubtful or 
no titles. The cases now being prosecuted in the court of first instance here against 
persons accused of selling stolen animals or those of doubtful origin prove the 
activity which has been displayed. This campaign has been vigorously undertaken 
and prudently carried out by the municipalities and the constabulary, so that I have 
no doubt that the results will be beneficial to the tranquillity of the province. This 
office is resolved also, on the other hand, to cause the weight of the law to be felt by 
every municipal official who shall be guilty of favoring such transactions or of being 
negligent in the compliance with their duties merely, as has already been done upon 
more than one occasion. 

One of the difficulties met with in stopping these transactions in ill-gotten animals 
is the difficulty found in watching the coast for their embarkation to other provinces, 
particularly to the island of Negros, and also to the ease of conveying animals stolen 
in Iloilo to Capiz and Antique, transferring them from there to Negros. For this 
reason it is recommended to all the municipalities to observe strict vigilance in order 
to prevent the embarkation, within their jurisdiction, of animals whose origin is not 
properly substantiated. 

One of the greatest difficulties encountered in the persecution of ladrones in this 
province is that since those who are true ladrones are so few in number, they separate 
into bands of 15, 20, or 30 men, at most, and these are continually on the move, going 
from north to south in the province, and when they find themselves hard pressed 
they scatter, usually without offering any resistance, and with no other tactics than 
attacking the barrios and pueblos which have no detachment of constabulary or 
whose police are not efficient. For this reason I have always been of the opinion that 
the municipal police should be given good arms in order that they may serve as a 
nucleus for the operations of the constabulary and be able to defend their pueblo in 
case of an attack when the constabulary is away. 

It is true that the municipal police in some of the municipalities have lately been 
provided with shotguns and revolvers; but it must be remembered that the ladrones 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 823 

are armed with some arms of precision, and though they have very few (in all, they 
scarcely have 20 guns) , the situation of the municipal police may be imagined in case 
of an encounter, when they find themselves confronted by an enemy having not 15, 
but even 3, guns of greater range and precision than their own shotguns. And if to 
this be added the fact that to each of these shotguns there is assigned but five car- 
tridges, the true situation of the municipal police, in cases of such encounters, is 
understood. 

I take it then that the important thing in combating outlawry and providing pro- 
tection for agriculture is either to furnish the municipalities with good arms, and in 
sufficient number according to their location and upon their own responsibility, or 
to augment the number of constabulary, so that they may have detachments in each 
of the 51 pueblos which make up this province. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Notwithstanding the truly calamitous conditions to which this province has been 
subjected, public instruction has not retarded in the least, as would have been 
expected to be the case. According to information received in this office from the 
division superintendent of schools, there are in attendance upon the schools of this 
province 5,000 boys and 3,000 girls. The progress in learning English in those 
pueblos which have American teachers of either sex is notable. 

As another result of the work of instruction in this province during the last year, 
1902, there was founded in this city of Iloilo a teachers' normal school, conducted by 
American teachers, in which are taught the proper courses for teachers, and recently 
classes of stenography and telegraphy have been added in that school. 

In spite of the short time that the school mentioned has been running, there is a 
daily attendance of 225 male students and 75 female students of this province and 
other nearby provinces. We would call attention to the fact that the school is now 
conducted in a house rented by the provincial government at $150 United States cur- 
rency, and the building will be insufficient to hold the number of youths who will 
attend this school in search of education. 

But while the establishment of the normal school supplied one necessity, it would 
be advisable also for the government to establish a school of arts and trades, which 
is a necessity no less felt by reason of its importance to the province, and this school 
might also be attended by the youths of other provinces. The aptitude of the Fili- 
pino in these branches of learning is well known, and it is to be regretted that there 
is no educational institution in which they may improve their talents. 

PUBLIC IMPEOVEMENTS. 

During the first months of the year 1902, the provincial board, utilizing the loan 
of $50,000, which was granted by the honorable Commission, undertook with great 
activity the construction and repair of the principal roads of the province, with the 
double purpose of providing good roads and of furnishing work to the common peo- 
ple, under the immediate supervision of the provincial supervisor. However, these 
works were stopped in the month of August owing to the appearance of cholera, 
because the government was in need of funds for combatting this new and urgent 
evil. So that only the road from Jaro to Santa Barbara has been completed, and 
the others were left incompleted, though well under way in their construction. 
There has been expended approximately 75,000 pesos in these works. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

The epidemic of cholera, so justly feared, appeared in this province in August, 
1902, the first case registered being that which took place in a small boat anchored 
in the river of this city. After the official declaration of the presence of cholera by 
the board of health, every sanitary precaution known to science and to hygiene was 
taken, as well as every means considered by the board of health to be conducent to 
the prevention of its propagation in the city and in the neighboring towns. Never- 
theless, all was in vain. The disease was propagated in Iloilo, neighboring towns, 
and in the interior, claiming numerous victims, more especially among the lower 
classes. 

From the very beginning of the epidemic, the provincial board of health is worthy 
only of our commendation for its efforts in combating the evil with the very limited 
resources at its command, and equal commendation is due Doctor Winslow, sent by 
the commissioner of health for the purpose of assisting the board. The actions of 
the board of health were hampered by their inability to count upon physicians, nor 
did they have at their disposal even ' practicantes" (students) to execute their 



824 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

orders by attending the hospitals and administering the remedies in the pueblos. 
In the pueblos of Iloilo, Jaro, and Molo cholera hospitals were established under 
the supervision of the municipal physicians, and also in La Paz, and Oton, under the 
direct orders and supervision of the president of the provincial board of health, 
Senor Araneta. To the other pueblos, where for lack of physicians it has been 
impossible to establish hospitals, there were sent " practicantes " for distributing 
and administering the remedies previously prepared by the president of the board 
of health. 

The cholera which began in August did not disappear completely until the closing 
days of December, 1902, causing, according to data on file in the office of the board 
of health, 30,998 cases, and 19,813 deaths, in all the province. 

Some days after the appearance of cholera, there was current through the pueblos 
of Iloilo, Jaro, and Molo the report that certain men were engaged in the poisoning 
of the wells. At first no importance was given such reports nor any attention paid 
to them. The rumor, however, gained strength; actual cases of poisoning were 
reported; apprehensions of alleged poisoners were made; and the public took as a 
reality those poisonings and attributed them to elements at variance with public 
order. 

In the face of such excitement of the public mind, which might produce fatai 
results, the government could no longer remain indifferent. So it was, that while 
counseling prudence and moderation, through the provincial fiscal minute investi- 
gations were made in order to ascertain the truth or falsity of the report. The pro- 
vincial fiscal, Senor Euperto Montinola, displayed an activity and zeal in the matter 
worthy of all commendation, and also a prudence which proved his appreciation of 
the delicacy of his mission. He asked for the arrest of certain individuals upon 
whom fell suspicions of being poisoners of wells and in whose possession were found 
substances apparently poisonous, for when given to dogs death ensued. Owing to 
the lack of some place for analyzing these substances there was no way to determine 
the matter scientifically, and therefore the provincial fiscal sent the alleged poisonous 
substances, secured from various prisoners, to the attorney-general for analysis. 

Since this question is still sub judice it would be unwise to state a formal affirmation 
as to the truth of these poisonings, and also as to who w r ere the true instigators of 
such an attack upon the public health, and while the Spaniard, Eduardo Olivares, 
has been indicted, accused with furnishing the poison, the case is still before the 
courts and no sentence has been passed. There is no other evidence at present con- 
cerning such important matters except that collected by the fiscal representing the 
government, and which seems to indicate that such poisonings did actually take 
place, or at any rate that it was desired to use this as a means of causing ill feeling 
between the Filipino and the American. Father Juan Fernandez, priest of Iloilo, is 
at present charged with sedition for having told certain persons that the Americans 
were poisoning the Filipinos. 

RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES. 

The religious schism which has arisen in the folds of the Apostolic Roman Catholic 
communion in these islands and which has recently been attracting public attention, 
has also been felt in this province, owing chiefly to the feeling of hatred and aversion 
which is felt for the friar; and while this movement is not as strong here as in other 
places, especially in Manila, it has still shown its existence here in the formation 
of committees in the city of Iloilo and a few other pueblos But if this dissenting 
communion known as the Independent Filipino Church shall gather force in this 
province, our attitude and conduct are already decided upon. Upon the fundamental 
principle of the absolute separation of church and state, this provincial government 
will not favor, directly or indirectly, either one or the other oi these religious com- 
munions; it will abstain absolutely from intervening in their controversies, so long 
as order and tranquillity of the public do not demand such intervention. 

PROVINCIAL JAIL. 

One of the principal needs of this province is a provincial jail, with the proper 
hygienic conditions and capacious enough to hold the necessary number of prisoners. 
There are at present in the jail 175 prisoners, accused of various crimes, and these it 
has been necessary to distribute around in three different buildings, because the pro- 
vincial jail is not large enough to contain them. This jail is in the lower floor of the 
municipal building of Jaro, and is certainly lacking in hygienic conditions, epecially 
for holding men. Since, moreover, the state of the finances of the province prevents 
it from erecting a provincial jail at the present time, it is thought that for some years 
this province will lack for a penal establishment, which is so necessary an institution 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 825 

in all governments. To care for this necessity, and due to the lack of means upon 
the part of the provincial board, I take upon myself the liberty of suggesting that 
the Commission grant the province a loan for the c mstruction of a jail, capable of 
holding from 150 to 200 persons, this loan to be payable yearly, or in the manner to 
be determined. 

Respectfully, Martin Delgado, 

Provincial Governor. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Isabela. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Isabela. 

Ilagan, April 8, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir: Complying with the provisions of section 7 of Act No. 83, which says, "between 
the 1st and 15th of January of each year he shall make a report of the conditions of 
the province for the year ending on the previous 31st of December to the chief execu- 
tive of the insular government, recommending therein such measures, executive or 
legislative, as may seem to him best for the betterment of the conditions in the prov- 
ince," the undersigned has the honor to make the report which follows: 

I. I congratulate myself upon being able to state and to set forth in this report 
that the civil government has been in operation with complete regularity since March 
3, when I took possession of the provincial government, and until the end of the past 
year of 1902. 

II. The municipalities advance with at least ordinary progress, with promise of 
steps of triumphal advancement in the future, as they increase in the true and 
faithful comprehension of the provisions of the municipal code. 

III. Means of communication, both by land and water, are quite difficult. Land 
travel is at this time passable, while in the rainy season it is almost impassable. The 
present condition of the provincial treasury does not make it possible to remedy the 
notable defects of land communication, and as for the rivers there are no means for 
improving them, and they are navigable only in the rainy season. 

IV. The civil and military authorities in this province maintain the best of rela- 
tionship, leaving nothing to be desired in any respect by anyone. 

V. There is no outlawry in the province, and there are now in the provincial jail 
but two prisoners, and they are sentenced for ordinary offenses. The stealing of 
cattle, particularly of work animals, places certain of the municipal presidentes some- 
what mysteriously under suspicion, and for this reason 1 am»attempting to obtain 
information of a truthful character with which to incriminate them. Should this 
result I shall immediately place them in the hands of the proper authorities, and 
the continuous disappearance of animals will cease, and the tranquillity of the owners, 
recently so outraged and disturbed, will revive. 

VI. This province being anxious for the culture and civilization of the children 
between 8 and 12 years of age, by attendance upon the municipal schools of the pueb- 
los, which are the agencies of the development, advancement, and progress of the 
country, for without these agencies the longed for progress will ever be a myth; and 
having observed, moreover, that in the pueblos where there are American teachers, 
the children, which in small numbers attend the schools, are advanced in English; 
therefore, the honorable commission should enact a law granting to each pueblo of 
the province an American teacher, and establishing in the capital of the province a 
normal school, such as that in Tuguegarao, in order to satisfy the pitiful desires of 
the children who are so ambitious to reach that degree of American civilization 
which is the theme and longing of our tender youth to-day. This law should compel 
all children of school age to attend the municipal schools daily, for if this should not 
be done, it would be of no advantage nor benefit to have a "teacher in each pueblo, 
because they would never voluntarily go to school, on account of the accustomed 
observance by the majority of the people of the monkish practices of the former 
domination, when a knowledge from memory of the Christian doctrine in the 
Ibang, or local dialect, sufficed. Furthermore, during those times some parents paid 
certain sums to the authorities of the pueblo so that their children should not be 
obliged to attend school, and certain vestiges still remain of this practice of the 
people. 

VII. For the right and prompt administration of justice in this Cagayan Valley 
there should be appointed for the provinces which lie in the said valley a judge of first 
instance, residing in (Ilagan, Isabela) the center of the three, for nearly all cases, 
criminal and civil, in the municipal courts are at a standstill. In this manner would 
be suppressed the abuses and negligence of municipal officials, as well as those of 



826 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

private individuals, in those cases which do not lie within the jurisdiction of the 
provincial board. 

VIII. Since the month of April last there have appeared in certain pueblos and 
barrios of this province a certain considerable number of grasshoppers or locusts, 
both creeping and flying, which destroyed nearly all the crops of corn and rice. The 
people mourned the appearance of this plague, because by it they were deprived of 
needful support. Therefore the Commission is requested to enact a law ordering the 
inhabitants of the locality where these destructive insects appear to dedicate them- 
selves exclusively, at that time, to catching and killing them without any remu- 
neration whatever, since it is a service for the common welfare. The respective 
municipal authorities should be charged with enforcing this law and should take 
charge of the excavation where the said insects are buried, prohibiting absolutely 
the eating of them by the people. 

IX. Since it is of the utmost importance and propriety to the province to continue 
the existence of community fences in all the pueblos of the province, because they 
are life itself to all the crops, and it is of prime necessity to pass a law to be applied 
to the municipalities of this province, instructing the municipal presidentes to give 
strict orders to the councilors of the respective municipalities to build a solid fence 
along the line formerly drawn for the community fenca of the pueblo, or to build up 
those which are torn down leaving open spaces, in order that the animals which are 
loose within the fence can not go through or enter the fields and injure them; and if 
by reason of the negligence of any of the said municipal authorities any part of their 
duties as prescribed by the said law shall not be complied with by them, it shall be 
sufficient cause for removal. This legislation is necessary because in the pueblos 
where the community fences were neglected in the year 1902 the people were 
threatened with a famine. This unhappy catastrophe, however, was averted by those 
pueblos which succeeded in gathering good crops because of always keeping their 
community fences solidly built, and they succored the threatened pueblos with food. 
Toward the middle of last January, my worthy predecessor, Mr. William H. John- 
ston, called the attention of the municipal presidente of this provincial capital to this 
matter and explained to him the advantage which accrues to owners of cultivated 
lands for the pueblo to have community fences, because should they fail to have 
them, as was the case in the three former years, all of the planting would come to 
naught as before, when the crops were destroyed by the loose animals, and during 
which time want was felt in the province. For the owner of a field instead of 
fencing his land, which for example consists of 200 meters square or a total of 800 
meters around, would have to build as his share in the community fence only three 
or four yards, with a little cane or bamboo at a small cost of money and labor; 
whereas should it not be done in this way, the owner would have to employ much 
money and labor. To this the said presidente replied that there existed no necessity 
for following the methods and procedure of former times and that each owner should 
look out for his own field. 

X. On account of the repeated murders committed annually to the number of 15 
or 20 by the non-Christian Gaddanes in different pueblos of this province of Isabela, 
merely to satiate their savage instincts, a law should be enacted providing that the 
whole constabulary force of this valley should make an active expedition to punish 
the Galingas of the Gaddang tribe, because every one of them, without an exception, 
is a criminal, and they should be made to live or remain among the pacific inhabit- 
ants of the municipality nearest to their settlement, and those who should thereafter 
be arrested for such a crime, once their criminality is established, should be made 
to suffer, capital punishment without any display of mercy, and should be executed 
in the public view of their tribe in order that it might serve as a general example to 
them. 

XI. The municipal funds collected by the pueblo of Cordon being insufficient for 
the expenditures originated by reason of its municipal government, owing to the 
small number of inhabitants— 790 in all— this pueblo should be annexed to Carig, 
the adjoining pueblo, and be consolidated as one of its important barrios. Because 
should it be continued as at present as one of the pueblos of this province while 
being unable to defray the expenses of its own municipal government, it would prove 
injurious to the people on account of the high rate of taxation which would be 
imposed upon them by the municipality for its support. 

XII. The revenues of the treasury of this province for the year of January 1 to 
December 31, 1902, amount to the sum of $39,021. 87f, and the expenditures for the 
same period amount to $49,263.72; the difference of $10,241.84f being covered by a 
sum received from the insular treasury. 

The reason why this annual report was not submitted at the proper time, is, that 
having been in Manila on official matters, I returned to this capital of my province 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 827 

on the night of January 14 with the papers and affairs of the census, and the next day 
I began to give the instructions that had been intrusted to me by the director to the 
municipal presidentes and members assembled together for that purpose. Moreover, 
the delay had been augmented by the manifold duties which devolve upon the 
undersigned by reason of the affairs of his office, as well as by the exposition matters, 
the papers concerning them having been brought from Manila also; and now by the 
assessment in addition, for as president of the revising board I have to attend to it, 
while the law designates a very limited period for its completion. Furthermore, 
the municipal presidentes have not submitted their annual reports to this office, as 
prescribed by section 18, paragraph (n) of the municipal code, despite the fact that 
during my recent visit through the province, supervising the work of the census and 
the organization of the exposition committees, I verbally notified the said presidentes 
to present to this office, as soon as it was possible, their respective reports, in order 
that with them before me I might prepare my own, as I have this day the honor 
to do. 

I beg, therefore, in view of the reasons just set forth, that you will pardon the 
delay. 

Respectfully, Fjrancisco Dichoso, 

Provincial Governor. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor op La Laguna. 

[Translation.] 

Office of the Governor, Province op La Laguna, 

Santa Cruz, January 15, 1903. 
The Civil Governor of these Islands, Manila. 

Sir: In compliance with section 7 of the Act No. 83, entitled "A general act for 
the organization of provincial governments in the Philippine Islands," I respectfully 
submit the following report, embracing the period from the 1st of July to the 31st of 
December, 1902: 

GENERAL CONDITION OF THE PROVINCE OF LA LAGUNA. 

Upon the implantation of civil government in this province the conditions had 
undergone a change, and the inhabitants greeted the new government with joy, as, 
in view of its democratic and liberal spirit, it stands for equal rights for everybody, 
and the laws emanating from it have left the field open to reason and to the defense 
of the personal rights, to attain which so much blood has been spilled in this world. 
Since the memorable 1st of July, 1902, the entire province has worked and is still 
working for its aggrandizement under the protection of the civil government, stimu- 
lated by the good policy of the United States Government to protect industry, com- 
merce, and civil and religious liberty, and guide the Filipino people on the road to 
peace, prosperity, and self-government. The people are satisfied and grateful, and 
loyally recognize the sovereignty of the United States, which has fortunately been 
implanted in these islands, liberating the same from slavery and giving them the 
benefit of a liberty the like of which they had never before enjoyed. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE MUNICIPALITIES AND OF THE MUNICIPAL POLICE. 

The first work which I undertook was to organize municipal governments in sev- 
eral pueblos of this province under the provisions of the municipal code, the others 
having been organized previously, in harmony with the laws passed by the honorable 
Civil Commission. When I left these pueblos, I was agreeably impressed, as 1 had 
seen that the inhabitants of this section understand popular suffrage as granted 
them by the laws, and had voted for persons who were worthy of being their rep- 
resentatives with the public powers. 

The next was the organization of the municipal police, which perfectly answers 
the purpose; but I am of the opinion that the arms with which they are supplied 
are inefficient for serious disturbances, which might occur in any municipality. 

On my last tour of inspection through the several municipalities I found that they 
fully understand the ample form of self-government which they enjoy, all the ordi- 
nances, executive orders, and resolutions adopted by the municipal councils being 
within the powers granted them by the municipal code. 

Of the 30 municipalities of the province of Laguna, many, as Rizal, Santa Maria, 
San Antonio, Longos, and Alaminos, are not self-supporting, for which reason it is 
necessary that they be annexed to other municipalities with greater revenues. 



828 KEPOBT OE THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

PKOVINCIAL BOARD AND EMPLOYEES OF THE GOVERNMENT. 

The provincial board, wisely created by an act providing for the organization of 
provincial governments, is performing its functions, and greatly facilitates the work- 
ing of the administrative machinery of the provincial government. It holds ordinary 
sessions weekly and extraordinary sessions whenever the needs of the provincial 
government require it. 

The provincial officers and employees are loyal and addicted to the government, 
and their conduct leaves nothing to be desired. Each of them is performing the 
duties imposed upon him by his official position. 

By virtue of recent legislation the provincial secretary acts as secretary of the pro- 
vincial board of health and of the board of assessment revision, and as registrar of 
mining claims, without an additional compensation, his present salary being $1,400 
gold per annum. 

The work with which the offices of the provincial government of Laguna are bur- 
dened is so enormous that the scant personnel over which it disposes has to make 
superhuman efforts in order to overcome it, and has to work outside of office hours 
and on legal holidays. 

This personnel is composed of the governor's clerk, who has passed the civil-service 
examination, and is the one who works most, as all papers are first acted upon in the 
office of the governor, whence they are indorsed to other offices or ordered filed in 
the office of the secretary; of a clerk in the office of the provincial secretary, who is 
also kept very busy by the large amount of work performed in that office, and a clerk 
for the office of the president of the provincial board of health, who sometimes helps 
out in the office of the governor or the secretary, and who has also passed the civil- 
service examination. These clerks receive each a salary of $300 gold per annum. 
The excessive amount of work which these clerks have to perform is not in propor- 
tion with the scant compensation paid to them, and I therefore deem it just that the 
salaries assigned to them be increased, especially as far as the governor's clerk is 
concerned. There is also an interpreter who receives a salary of $600 gold per 
annum. 

The Constabulary stationed in this province is conducting itself well and renders 
good services, especially the commanding officer, who is very brave and takes special 
care that his subordinates do not commit abuses. He has also shown much 
tact in eliminating disagreements between the municipal police and the Constabulary, 
and has severely punished all abuses committed by his subordinates. 

Amongst the work of urgent necessity there is the reconstruction of the provincial 
jail, in which there are on an average 35 prisoners confined for various crimes. The 
majority of these prisoners are accused of robbery and "fraud," these crimes being 
most frequently committed here. 



The roads from Santa Cruz to Pagsanjan have been repaired, but the others, as 
for instance those from the last-named pueblo to Luisiana, are in such a bad condi- 
tion that it is of urgent necessity that they be repaired, in view of the considerable 
traffic between the several pueblos. As good roads are a factor for the promotion of 
agriculture, commerce, and industry it is necessary that additional wagon roads be 
constructed between certain pueblos of Laguna Province. This would also give 
employment to the laborers and ward off the famine which is liable to befall the 
province on account of the scarcity of work cattle and of different plagues, as for 
instance the locust plague. 

SCHOOLS. 

I take great pleasure in describing in this report the great progress which educa- 
tion has made in Laguna in such a short time. I have noticed that the pupils of the 
schools, of the superior as well as of the municipal, speak English and are very 
anxious to perfect themselves in that language. In their discourses and in their 
social gatherings they prefer the use of that language to the use of Spanish and of 
the native dialect. 

The superior school which has been established in the provincial capital is under 
the direction of the superintendent of the division and of several professors. It is 
frequented by about 200 scholars from the several pueblos of the province, the pueblo 
of Pagsanjan furnishing the largest number of pupils. In view of the methods used 
in this school, the same will not only make the English language more popular, but 
will make useful and practical knowledge common property of the inhabitants of the 
pueblos and promote their progress and advancement. It pleases one exceedingly 
to hear the beautiful English language spoken in the remotest corner of this fertile 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 829 

region, and causes one to be confident that at a time not so far distant the intelligence 
between the Philippines and their sovereign country will be perfect, as a common 
language is one of the strongest bonds. 

The building occupied by the aforesaid school is the property of a private citizen, 
and I am of the opinion that the provincial board should construct an adequate 
building for this important establishment. 

AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY. 

Notwithstanding the disastrous consequences of the late war, of which the province 
has not yet fully recovered, harmony, peace, and order prevail throughout the same, 
and the inhabitants are engaged in agricultural and industrial pursuits, which have 
prospered as never before. However, the rinderpest, which raged among the work 
cattle during the last six months of the past year, has been a great obstacle to their 
progress. 

The harvest of rice, which cereal constitutes the customary food of the inhabitants 
of this pro vin ce, has been almost nil during the last three years. The same has been the 
case with the sugar cane. Coffee, cocoa, hemp, and bananas are also raised in Laguna 
Province, but not on a large scale. The principal and most important product is the 
cocoanut, from which the famous Laguna oil is extracted; the copra having been 
exported to several places in Europe for sometime past. The cocoanut tree is exten- 
sively cultivated throughout this province, and forms its principal source of revenue. 
In view of the favorable provisions of the bill passed by Congress on the 1st of July, 
1902, the inhabitants of Laguna have hastened to break extensive tracts of unculti- 
vated land in the hills, the property of the government, in order to plant cocoanut 
trees thereon. 

The industry of the pueblos of Laguna consists in the manufacture of hats of buri, 
buntal, pandan, and matting, woven by hand. 

In closing this report, I have the satisfaction of being able to state that although 
Laguna Province is, in view of its situation, between two fires, as one might say, 
for the reason that it borders on Rizal, Cavite and Batangas, where brigandage is 
rampant, the peace becomes more of a fact here every day. 

I inclose 16 photographs, illustrating the agricultural and industrial resources of 
the province. Among these there is one which illustrates the manner in which the 
cocoanuts are gathered. This operation is performed by a skilled man with a long 
and thin piece of bamboo, to the end of which a hook of sharpened iron is attached. 
This hook is applied to the stem of the bunch of cocoanuts, and a slight vertical 
pressure is sufficient to cause the latter to fall. This is the method generally used, 
and a person can gather a daily average of 3,000 cocoanuts. The pay for this work 
is one Mexican dollar per thousand. Among these photographs there is another 
of Mr. Rose's cabinet-making shop and spring factory in the pueblo of Paete, which 
is provided with modern instruments, imported from America, and with a machine 
for sawing and drying wood, the motive power of which is steam. 
Very respectfully, 

Juan Cailles, 
Provincial Governor. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of Union. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Union, 
San Fernando, January 10, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir : In compliance with the duty imposed upon me by section 7, Act No. 83, 
passed by the legislative commission of the United States in the Philippines, I have 
the honor to submit to you the present report of the province of Union, correspond- 
ing to the year 1902. 

In my report for 1901, covering the first year of the civil regime in this province, 
I made a general report covering these pueblos, with data relative to their topo- 
graphical and geographical situation. In the present report, therefore, I shall con- 
fine myself to a discussion of the conditions reigning in this province during the 
year ended December 31, 1902. 

public order. 

The present conditions of the province relative to its political condition could not 
be improved upon. Peace and tranquillity reign in all their splendor. Nor has the 



830 , KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

slightest rumor or indication been noted that would tend to impeach the pure loyalty 
of the inhabitants of Union to the sovereignty of the United States and the con- 
stituted government. 

On December 31, 1902, there were, in the the provincial jail, 18 prisoners, 7 of 
whom were of the military authorities, and had been turned over to the civil authorities, 
as they were not included under the terms of the amnesty proclamation. So that 
there were only 11 prisoners from the whole province, since upon that date not a 
single person was under arrest in the municipal jails. The population is calculated 
at 131,000 inhabitants, and as the prisoners number 11, the average is one prisoner 
for every 11,910 persons. These figures reveal clearly the present condition of the 
province, due, without doubt, to the harmony of relations and the unity of purpose 
existing between the civil and military elements, and between the civil authorities of 
the insular, the provincial, and the municipal governments, and the harmony among 
the people themselves and between the authorities and the people. This condition 
constitutes in truth the special predominating characteristic of the province of Union, 
whose inhabitants are known for their honesty, their industry, and their gratitude, 
for they have responded with enthusiasm to the suggestions, the efforts, and the wise 
counsels of their authorities. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Agricultural production has suffered enormous loss. This is especially true with 
reference to the rice crop. The average loss is calculated at 60 per cent of the ordi- 
nary crop, and is a result of three principal causes, to wit: (a) The cholera epidemic: 
The transplanting of rice comes in July and August in these pueblos. Precisely at 
that time the cholera epidemic started, and the people through fear of the disease, 
or, rather, the sanitary measures, almost completely abandoned the fields and all 
farming. (6) The drought: From the month of September until the present date 
(January 10, 1903), it has not rained in this region. By reason of this terrible 
drought, the few fields of rice that were planted have withered. The rice gathered 
was not cut in season, for the ripening of the grain has been hurried and artificial, 
due solely to the effect of the sun. (c) The scarcity of work animals: Before the 
recovery of the province from the privations of war, rinderpest made horrible 
inroads upon the work animals, in 1900. Then before there was time to recover 
from this loss, the disease appeared again, 1901. In the following year, 1902, the 
disease developed in alarming proportions in some of the pueblos of this province. 
It seems, however, to have completely disappeared at the present time. 

Tobacco. — The crop of this valuable plant in 1902 has been comparatively large 
and of good quality. It is calculated that the province has produced 80,000 hundred- 
weight, or 320,000 "arrobas" (25 pounds). On the other hand, the coming crop of 
1903 will be exceedingly small, because, due to the scarcity of rain, it has been impos- 
sible to prepare properly at the right time (the month of November) the lands 
hardened by the drought. Few, very few, plantings of tobacco have been made, and 
only upon irrigable lands in proximity to the rivers. 

The crops of other minor products have been of average quality. 

Means taken to provide for the scarcity of food. — By the circular order of the honorable 
civil governor to the municipal presidentes an effectual impulse was given to the 
planting of corn and potatoes and other alimentary tubers. Assemblies have been 
held by all the pueblos, which were attended by all the leading residents and a 
majority of the farmers. Various resolutions of importance in the matter were pro- 
posed and acted upon. Certain owners of irrigated lands have ceded them to others 
for cultivation; some furnished work animals, and others who had no animals fur- 
nished their own personal services both in the work of planting and of fencing the 
cultivated lands, agreeing to share the proceeds proportionally among each other. 
Others, owners of carabaos, after cultivating their own lands, have let those who have 
no work animals have their' s for a share in the crops. Finally, certain owners have 
ceded their lands without any remuneration whatever, and some have ceded their 
lands already prepared, to needy persons, also gratuitously. 

DEPARTMENTS OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 

Provincial board. — This board has held regular and special sessions throughout the 
year, many and important actions having been taken. Three municipal presidentes 
were suspended from office, as follows: Teodorico Asprer of Tubao, was sentenced 
last March by the court of first instance to six months' imprisonment for "estafa" 
(swindling). The preliminary investigation was made by the provincial board, and 
when the offense was found indictable, the fiscal presented the proper complaint 
before the court. Bartolome Ostrea, of Balaoan, was tried by the court and sentenced 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 831 

to four years' imprisonment; this case being now pending before the supreme court 
on appeal. Against the third, Vicente Dumpit, of Bauan, charges were preferred by 
the deputy of the provincial treasury, charging him with the misappropriation of 
1,000 pesos which were taken from the municipal treasury during the time of the 
military government, this sum having been set apart for the reconstruction of the 
municipal building. In addition to these, 2 cases of "estafa" and illegal extortion 
resulted from the investigations practiced by the provincial fiscal. These cases will 
be tried at the next session of the court of first instance. The 1,000 pesos were repaid 
into the mmiicipal treasury by the said Presidente Dumpit. 

Provincial governor. — According to the records of this office, 1,594 matters have 
been received and disposed of during the year in this office. One of the most impor- 
tant actions has been the reorganization of the municipal police of the whole province, 
through a board of police commission, similar to those which exist in some of the 
principal cities in the United States. The said board drew up the organic regulations 
of the municipal police force, and these were submitted to the approval of the provin- 
cial governor. The said regulations contain 22 sections, and the text is based upon 
the recommendations or suggestions of the provincial governor. Further, the gov- 
ernor, as sheriff, has performed all his duties as such official relating to the courts of 
first instance. 

Provincial treasury. — Collections have been made with all proper regularity. It is 
a fact worthy of note that only six complaints against the assessment have been 
registered from the whole province. Of these, two asking for exemption and two 
for a reduction of taxes were considered favorably, and two others requesting exemp- 
tion were disallowed. In statement A will be found the report of revenues and 
disbursements during the year 1902. The estimated expenditures and the disburse- 
ments balanced, and therefore the extraordinary expenditures to which the pro- 
vincial treasury was subjected, and those which were occasioned to the municipalities 
during the cholera epidemic, have produced a deficit. For work and repairs on the 
provincial building, roads, and bridges there has been expended the sum of $7,927.04 
U. S. currency. 

Provincial fiscal. — This office has disposed of the following business: Complaints, 
122; sentences in criminal cases, 377; sentences in civil cases, 18; miscellaneous 
cases, 21. 

Provincial supervisor. — The work accomplished by this office during the year 1902 
was-the following: 

Roads: (a) The road from Bauan to Naguilian along the side of the mountain has 
been rebuilt. Subsequent to 1899 this road has been impassable. It has now been 
widened greatly, and in some localities the side of the mountain has been cut down 
as much as 2 to 50 meters. (6) The road from San Fernando to Bauan has been 
repaired. The rainy season interrupted this work, but it has been taken up anew, 
(c) In general, repairs have been made upon nearly all of the principal wagon roads 
of the province. 

Bridges: (a) In April the "Ortega" bridge was finished. This is the bridge over 
the river Baroro, 1J kilometers south of the pueblo of Banoctan. It is 643.3 feet 
long and 21.8 feet wide. (6) In May " Worcester" bridge over the river Pagdala- 
gan, 4 kilometers south of San Fernando, was completed. Its dimensions are 166 
feet in length and 22.6 feet in width, (c) In July the bridge "Paraoir" was fin- 
ished over the river of the same name, which is 8 kilometers south of the pueblo of 
Namaopacan. It is 83.4 feet long and 20.4 feet wide, (d) In December the bridge 
"Adalin" was completed over the river Payocpoc, 5 kilometers south of the pueblo 
of Bauan. It is 126.8 feet long and 20.6 feet wide. 

Repairs: In December the repairs upon the provincial building were entirely 
completed. 

Boards of health. — In the month of February, 1902, the provincial board of health 
was organized in San Fernando in accordance with an Act of the United States Phil- 
ippine Commission. The following month the local boards of health were estab- 
lished in the pueblos of San Fernando, Bauan, Naguilian, Aringay, Agoo, San Juan, 
Banoctan, Xamacpacan, and Santo Tomas. In the pueblos of Bangar, Cava, Balaon, 
and Rosario, being municipalities all of slender resources, their respective local 
presidentes assumed the office of the president of health without remuneration. The 
work accomplished by these boards is worthy of special mention, especially that 
done during the cholera epidemic in this province. For assistance to the board of 
health in their work during that season, there were employed 10 Americans at $50 
per month and 25 Filipinos at $12.50 per month. A cholera hospital was built in 
San Fernando. There were employed in the said hospital 1 " practicante ' ' (student) 
in charge at 817.50, 2 assistant " practicantes " at §7.50, and 8 nurses at $7.50, all of 
which salaries were paid monthly. There were 78 patients treated, of which 39 



832 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

were discharged cured, and 39 died; the number of deaths being, therefore, 50 per 
cent of the whole. The general rate of percentage throughout the province result- 
ing from cholera was 71 per cent deaths of those stricken. The boards of health are 
also intrusted with vaccination. During the year there were vaccinated 15,600 
males and 17,052 females, a total of 32,652. (See Statement B. ) 

Municipal police. — Under the new organization of this force, approved by your 
office, the municipal police of Union consists of 7 tenientes, 8 sergeants, 23 corporals 
and 188 members, making a total of 226 persons. This local force is under the imme- 
diate orders of the superintendent of municipal police of Union, who is the captain- 
inspector of constabulary of this province. As an assistant to this officer there has 
been appointed a captain assistant, with a salary of $240 per annum. The reorganiza- 
tion of the municipal police was effected by a commission consisting of a captain of 
constabulary, the provincial treasurer, and the provincial secretary, the first named 
being the chairman of the commission. The positions have been filled by examina- 
tion. In addition to the requirements of honesty and morality, it is required that the 
tenientes of police shall know how to speak and write either Spanish or English, or 
both languages, as well as the dialect of the locality; and also to possess a general 
knowledge of grammar, geography, history, and arithmetic. In the last mentioned 
he is required to know at least the four principal rules; that is, how to add, subtract, 
multiply, and divide. As for the police, in addition to the general requirement as to 
honesty and morality, they are required to know how to write at least the dialect of 
the locality, and also to have a stature of at least one meter, sixty centimeters. This 
last requirement is not necessary in order to be a teniente or the chief of the said 
body. My main object is to be able to count upon a body in the province which 
will be a real guaranty of peace and public order. For this reason I suggested to the 
organization commission the conditions mentioned, in order that the police shall 
possess those two qualifications of so great importance; these are moral force and 
physical force. The police of Union is a properly organized, uniformed, and equipped 
body. 

Constabulary. — The constabulary in this province consists of 75 men, officers and 
soldiers, under the command of a captain-inspector, 2 third lieutenants, one in charge 
of the commissary, and one subinspector; and there is also one third lieutenant 
in charge of telegraphs. This force is distributed in detachments; one in the 
pueblo of Namaopacan, under the subinspector; one in Naguilian, under the com- 
mand of a third lieutenant; one in Santo Tomds, under the command of a sergeant; 
and finally, one at this provincial capital, with the offices and quarters. I consider 
it of absolute necessity to establish in the pueblo of Rosario, in the extreme south- 
east of this province, and contiguous to the pueblos of Alava and Pozorrubio in the 
province of Pangasinan, a detachment composed of 25 men, under the command of 
an American officer who can speak Spanish or the local dialect, or of a Filipino who 
can speak English. At present there is no possibility of establishing this post on 
account of the small number of the constabulary at the disposal of this province, 
and therefore I suggest the propriety, or rather the necessity, of raising to 125, or at 
any rate 100, the number of constabulary in the province, in order that they may 
perform their duties effectively. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

There are at present 89 schools in the entire province, attended by 5,652 boys and 
3,265 girls, a total of 8,917. These schools are under the direction of one division 
superintendent, who has under his orders 14 American male teachers, 3 American 
female teachers, 66 Filipino male teachers and 12 Filipino female teachers. The 
provincial high school will be opened within a few days. More than 100 children of 
both sexes, from the schools of the various pueblos, whose advancement requires a 
higher course of study, will attend the provincial school, and I trust that this num- 
ber will greatly increase. Thus you will see that the enthusiasm of the young for 
learning fully matches the efforts of their teachers, the high purposes of the govern- 
ment, and the interest of the Filipino people. 

PHOTOGRAPHS. 

In a separate package I send you photographs of each of the municipalities of this 
province and of each of the schools established in the pueblos. These photographs 
were taken at the beginning of last year and are mounted on cards. Herewith I send 
you some which I have accidentally come across. I should like to send you photo- 
graphs of all the agricultural and industrial products, as well as of the means of trans- 
portation, rivers, bridges, and other objects worthy of mention, but I have not the 
means to do so at my disposal, for there is not in this province a photographer nor 
the materials necessary for photography. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 833 



SUGGESTED LEGISLATION. 



First, that the honorable Commission pass a law regulating the use of arms by pri- 
vate persons. In granting these licenses the report of the provincial governor should 
be considered as an essential, and the licenses should be registered in the office of the 
captain-inspector of constabulary of the respective provinces. That at the present 
time license to carry arms shall only be granted by the civil governor of the Philip- 
pines, or by the chief of constabulary of the archipelago with the approval of the 
civil governor. 

Second, that after the enactment of the said law the provincial governors shall be 
authorized to give public notice of the same, setting a definite period for those who 
have arms and are provided with licenses issued by the provincial governor to have 
them approved, and for those who have no licenses to be able to apply for the same 
in such manner as the law may provide. After the expiration of the time fixed the 
provincial governor, through the constabulary or the municipal police or both bodies, 
shall have the authority to order the search for and confiscation of arms in possession 
of private persons unprovided with the proper license. 

Third, owing to the stress of work weighing upon the justices of the peace, and 
since the municipal funds of the respective pueblos are not sufficient at the present 
time to warrant the remuneration of the said justices of the peace, it is suggested that 
the justice of the peace of the provincial capital at least be designated a salary of not 
less than 50 pesos Mexican per month, to be paid out of the insular treasury. I 
believe this request to be just and equitable, both because of the fact that the justices 
of the peace of the provincial capitals generally take cognizance of a great number of 
cases, more than those of any of the other pueblos, and also because the qualifications 
of the former are more ample than those of the pueblos. 

Trusting confidently that this report may prove pleasing to you, and that it will 
fully meet your approval, I reiterate that I am 

Eespectfully, J. Ortega, Provincial Governor. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Lepanto-Bontoc for the Year 
ending December 31, 1902. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Lepanto-Bontoc, 

Cervantes, January 17, 1903. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil ^Governor of the Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: While, by provision of law, the provincial governor must submit an annual 
report to the honorable civil governor by January 15 of each year, I beg leave 
to state that I am not able to comply intelligently with the law, owing to the brief 
period I have held the office of governor of this province, and further to the failure 
to find essential records in the office for compilation. 

government. 

The law in force in the province of Lepanto-Bontoc at the present time (with the 
exception of Cervantes, otherwise provided for) is a modified form of Act 387, sec- 
tions 1 to 67, put in force by former Governor Thomas I. Mair, and provisionally 
approved by the honorable secretary of the interior, at my request, on January 1, 
1903, or until such time as I should submit full recommendations to him. 

The officers of a district are a president, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, usually 
two principal councilors over subcouncilors from each barrio, and a local police force. 
The first three are chosen by the people without formal election, with the consent and 
approval of the provincial governor. The councilors are selected by the president, 
and the police by vote of council. All district ordinances and taxes are passed by a 
majority vote of the council, and become law on the approval of the provincial 
governor. 

The district governments were inaugurated during August, 1902, and, upon enter- 
ing office, the district councils promptly voted relatively large salaries to the presi- 
dents, vice-presidents, and secretary-treasurers, as well as policemen; some presidents 
figuring at 60 pesos per month. The disproportion will be appreciated when it is 
stated that the wage scale here averages between 10 and 20 cents Mexican per diem, 
and that few adults ever have opportunity to labor for wages. Governor Mair cut 
down these salaries, so that to-day presidents receive from 10 to 20 pesos per month, 
vice-presidents hold honorary positions without salary, secretary-treasurers average 
8 pesos, and policemen 2 to 6 pesos. 

war 1903— vol 5 53 



834 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

TAXES. 

The average expense of maintaining a district official household, including cost of 
stationery, is 45 pesos per month. However, light as this expense may seem, but 
three districts out of fourteen (not including Bontoc, from which there are no reports) 
have ever been able to collect sufficient taxes to pay operating expenses. 

I. The greatest revenue-producing tax so far levied has been one for the killing of 
hogs, sheep, goats, caribao, horses, and cattle, which was done by interpreting the 
clause "slaughterhouses" in the law to be so applicable. The rate has been 25 or 
50 cents per head. Also there has been a tax for certification and transfer of large 
cattle of 50 cents per head, a peddler's tax of 5 cents per man-load and 12 cents per 
pack-pony load, and a license tax in three districts for the selling of vino and other 
spirituous beverages. 

At the meeting of the presidentes of Lepanto, on January 15, 1903, at Cervantes, 
they spoke against the killing tax, explaining that they believed it an unjust levy, 
in view of the fact that the animals were not killed for sale or for market, but were 
intended solely for home consumption and for their friends (their friends meaning 
the celebration of the canao or native feast) . They were perfectly willing to pay such 
a tax where the meat was sold, and also the tax for the certification and transfer of 
large cattle. 

In view of the protests I found in this office upon taking charge against the killing 
tax, and the unanimous claims that the meat was not sold, but used for personal con- 
sumption, and, further, that the law T did not seem to permit of construing the words 
"slaughterhouses" to apply to such killing of animals, I repealed the tax in so far 
as it did not relate to animals killed for sale or market. 

II. Again, I find no provision for a peddler's tax in the form it is now collected; 
that is, causing every vendor coming from another district to pay a specified sum of 
money for each load and upon each occasion. This I have not touched, a"s the pres- 
identes seem helpless to enforce the law, there being no penalties provided for its 
infraction. 

III. All the presidentes of Lepanto and two from Amburayan have asked for a 
cedula tax, stating that the people have long been accustomed to this form of taxa- 
tion and are quite willing to pay it. At the meeting of the presidentes on the 15th 
this subject was discussed, and the presidentes, vice-presidentes, and secretaries agreed 
that a cedula tax was the simplest and most satisfactory to collect in the province, 
and, further, that an annual road tax might also be easily collected of 1 peso a year 
from each man between the years of 18 and 55, and 50 cents from boys who are 
laborers between the years of 14 and 18. 

REMARKS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

It is my opinion — without having had time to study the problem carefully — that 
any complicated form of taxation will be very difficult to enforce, and that attempted 
collection of the same by the presidentes and secretary-treasurers may result in more 
or less oppression, not to say abuse. For example, I have recently received delega- 
tions from Sigay in Amburayan, complaining that the secretary was collecting 25 
cents from every house for a killing tax, whether animals had been slaughtered or not, 
and 2 cents' worth of rice, which is not, so far as I know, provided for in local 
legislation. 

Again, it is my opinion that if these people are ever to learn self-government from our 
standpoint (they have a communal government of long standing) and are to become 
really self-respecting, industious, and desirous of securing the material comforts of 
life, they must be made to pay a certain amount of taxes, and to that end one and 
all become either wage-earners or the sellers of a surplus of agricultural products. 
Further, taxation permits of definite district organization, which creates closer union 
between the people and the provincial government and a community of interest not 
to be gained in any other way. 

If the honorable civil commission see fit to make the law so read that an annual 
cedular tax of 1 peso a year for men between the ages of 18 and 55 years and 50 cents 
for boys between 14 and 18 years, and an annual road tax of 1 peso for men between the 
ages of 18 and 55 years and 50 cents for boys between 14 and 18 years, or in lieu thereof 
ten days' work on the road; and, further, that this money shall be paid into the pro- 
vincial treasury, to be disbursed by the provincial treasurer, for all lawful and con- 
servative expenses of the districts, it is my opinion that the salaries of all district 
officials and contingent expenses can be met thereby. Further, that the supervisor 
be furnished with lists of all persons failing to pay the road tax, so that he may from 
time to time call upon sufficient numbers of men to work the road gratuitously under 
hi3 supervision. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 835 

As additional taxes, I have the honor to suggest that a quarterly license fee be 
placed upon peddlers regularly engaged in peripatetic vending, whose stock in trade 
shall amount to more than 20 pesos' worth ; that a heavy license tax be placed upon 
the selling of vino or spirituous liquors in any quantity whatsoever, or, even better, 
that it be a punishable offense to give, barter, or sell vino to an Igorrote; that a 
house tax and possibly a land tax be collected, although, to collect such a tax, the 
law would have to read for very small values, or be graduated from the runo house, 
averaging from 10 to 20 pesos in cost, to the large wooden structures valued at from 
50 to 300 pesos. 

FEELING AGAINST THE ILOCANO. 

In most of the districts the Igorrote apparently has considerable dislike for the 
Ilocanos, and, if he was given a free hand, would undoubtedly squeeze most of them 
out of the province. In the district- of Concepcion this bitterness was specifically 
brought to my attention. A delegation of Ilocanos or "Cristianos" waited upon 
me in Cervantes and stated that they represented 68 Ilocanos in that district, making 
a plea that they be allowed representation in proportion to their numbers in the 
district council, they having already elected their consejal and 3 policemen. They 
stated, further, that though they were friendly to the Igorrotes, they refused to per- 
mit them to be present at the council meetings, that they persistently taxed them, 
made them keep their hogs confined, and took every means to make it difficult for 
them to live. I made a trip to Concepcion and called the Igorrotes and Cristianos 
together. The Igorrotes admitted that they would not have an Ilocano in the coun- 
cil, but denied that they abused them in any way. I pointed out to them that the 
council meetings were open to the public and that they must not prevent Ilocanos 
from being present if they so desired, the Igorrotes promising to admit Ilocanos to 
the chamber in the future. I asked them if they did not think it was fair that these 
people should have some voice in the council — at most it would be only one vote, 
and that would be about a proportionate representation ; but they held that one Ilo- 
cano could generally outvote the rest of the council, and that, as they settled all 
their affairs by a unanimous vote, and when there was a dissenting vote a measure 
did not pass, the Ilocano was a very uncomfortable element, as he always disagreed. 
The explanation that the majority ruled was useless, as they contended that their 
fathers and grandfathers had always settled the questions under discussion by unan- 
imous agreement. I discovered that no question came up in council in this district 
of any considerable importance without the entire population's taking part in its 
discussion, and all the old men talked whether they belonged to the council or not, 
the issue being settled by general acclamation for or against. One could not desire 
a more purely democratic form of government. 

The feeling here — and I suspect it also exists elsewhere — against the Filipino comes 
from the fact that under Spanish regime he was a Christian protected by the church, 
given special privileges, and relieved from the burden of taxation borne by the 
Igorrote, and was vested with official authority, which he abused by petty oppression 
of his heathen brother. 

The Concepcion people talked so to the point and their past grievances were so 
vivid that no further attempt was made to secure official recognition for the Ilocano. 
The Igorrotes, however, promised to treat the Ilocanos with impartial fairness and 
justice. 

CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. 

The people of this district are hard workers, living in a rough country, with every 
foot of the bottom lands, along the waterways, and in places 500 feet above the main 
valleys, upon spur rivulets, terraced into cultivated palay fields, which evidenced 
much skill in irrigation methods. The land passes from father to son and is seldom 
sold. The women are cleaner, better. clothed, and more healthy looking than any 
Igorrotes I have so far seen in the province. They wear their hair carefully done up 
and wound with heavy strings of beads. Their rice crop this year is undoubtedly 
larger than that of any other district, but they fear to admit that it amounts to much 
lest some new tax be imposed. The presidente and all other officials serve without 
salary, and prefer to do so, stating that their ancestors always filled positions of honor 
and trust gratuitously, and that while occupying such places their rice fields were 
worked and all their food supplied them by the people. The chief difficulty with this 
system is that they want rotation in office every month or two. 

The presidente writes and speaks very good Ilocano, but no Spanish, and the district 
has an Igorrote secretary-treasurer with no greater linguistic abilities. I have made 
no attempt to place a Spanish writing secretary-treasurer in the district, as we are 
dependent upon our Ilocano interpreter at Cervantes in any event. 



836 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The Conception presidente is the only Igorrote whom I have so far met who seems 
to have executive ability, though a vice-presidente of Sabangen was bright of face 
and energetic in manner. They all have very primitive ideas of equality and justice. 
The presidente of Conception, for example, wanted the Ilocanos to furnish their 
quota of cargadores when supplies were brought from the coast, and could not see at 
all that a pack pony furnished was the same thing as actually carrying a load on the 
shoulders with a pole. Again, the vice-presidente of Sabangen urged me to send 
over to Talubin, in Bontoc, and kill off the people because they were "bad." It 
appears that the Talubin people are preventing them from growing crops and harass- 
ing them by planting bamboo spikes and making pitfalls in the grass and paths. 
This matter has been taken up with the constabulary, and it is trusted that they may 
soon be made good friends again. 

CONCLUSION. 

Next week I begin a systematic tour of the province, first visiting Mancayan and 
meeting Governor Pack on the Benguet line at his request, and then helping out for 
a day Collector and Mineralogist Wright by making photographs of the topography 
and mines of this region for the St. Louis Exposition. On the completion of this 
trip I hope to be able to make a fairly comprehensive and classified report. 

I shall esteem it a great favor if some action can soon be taken on the question of 
taxation herein presented. 

Yours, very respectfully, Wm. Dinwlddie, 

Governor of Province Lepanto-Bontoc. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Leyte. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Leyte, 

Tacloban, December 31, 1902. 
Mr. Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary, Manila. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report to you on the general condi- 
tions in the Province of Leyte. My last report was dated December 19, 1901. 

The abandonment by the military of some 12 or 15 towns in Leyte during the 
months of December and January of 1901 and 1902, respectively, combined with 
energetic military campaigns in the islands of Samar, Cebu, and Bohol (at that time 
under military control ) , caused large numbers of insurgents to seek safety in Leyte, 
where all military operations had ceased, and resulted in a renewed activity among 
the Leyte insurgents not experienced since the organization of civil government in 
the province. The general commanding the military forces in Leyte at that time 
did not consult me as to the advisability of withdrawing troops from the province, 
nor did he notify me of his intention of doing so; and several towns were actually 
abandoned and telegraphic and telephonic communications between such towns and 
the capital of the province were removed before I knew of such withdrawals. This 
action on the part of the military commander resulted in the following correspondence: 

Province of Leyte, Office of the Governor, 

Tacloban, December 12, 1901. 
Gen. J. H. Smith, 

Commanding Sixth Separate Brigade, Tacloban. 
Sir: I have the honor to inquire whether or not the troops have oeen withdrawn 
from the town of Burauen? If not, I respectfully request that I be given a few days' 
notice before they are withdrawn. 

I regret exceedingly that this courtesy was not shown me before the troops were 
ordered out of the other towns, in order that I might have made some provision for 
their protection. 

Experience out here has taught us that whenever our soldiers have once occupied a 
town and are then withdrawn it always invites an attack from those who are opposed 
to them, and it is also an injustice to those who are friendly and loyal to our cause. 
_ I also regret the withdrawal of these troops from the island of Leyte just at this 
time, and especially at Malitbog, where, as I understood, we were to prosecute a 
vigorous campaign against the insurgents occupying that part of the island, where the 
only armed resistence to constituted authority in this province really exists. Only 
two or three weeks prior, in consequence of this understanding, I dispatched all of 
my available constabulary force to Bato and Sogod, and only a week prior you had 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 837 

promised me to send a gunboat to Malitbog Bay, and had sent a detachment of native 
troops to Liloan, to cooperate with troops stationed at Malitbog and the constabulary 
at the other points named. 

Under existing conditions, I have been compelled to break up my detachment of 
constabulary and occupy the towns that have been left absolutely defenseless and 
unprotected; while Capili and his followers are left just as strong and just as aggres- 
sive as they were the first of November. I had also succeeded in arousing the active 
cooperation of the municipal authorities in all the towns on the western and southern 
coasts, with the understanding that a vigorous campaign was going to be instituted, 
which I understood from your further statement to me that you were going to put 
another battalion in this province. 

I feel sure that you have some good reason for the withdrawal of these men, but I 
fear that their withdrawal, and especially the manner in which it was done, will be 
productive of bad results, while the breaking up of Capili's band of robbers will be 
postponed until I can secure a large constabulary force. 

Within the last few days one of your officers remarked to me that, if his town were 
to be evacuated the friendly natives would have their throats cut within forty-eight 
hours; so you can understand my anxiety about these towns until I have sufficient 
arms to supply the municipal police and until my constabulary force is organized. 

Of all the towns in the province Malitbog, Cabilian, and Hinunangan should have 
remained garrisoned. 

Very respectfully, J. H. Grant, Governor . 



Headquarters Sixth Separate Brigade, 

Tacloban, Leyte, P. I., December 13, 1901. 
Hon. J. H. Grant, Tacloban, Leyte. 

My Dear Goverxor : Replying to your inquiry of yesterday I have the honor to 
inform you that no orders for the withdrawal of any of my troops from Burauen have 
yet been given. And I am surprised at the tone of your letter hinting of lack of 
courtesy and breaking of faith on my part. 

Please remember that the island of Leyte is supposed to possess a self-sustaining 

civil government, with all the powers and all the responsibilities which this implies. 

Please remember also that I am sent here to prosecute a war in the neighboring 

island of Samar, and that orders or news received may compel me in a moment to 

change every plan formerly made. 

Very respectfully, J. H. Smith, 

Brigadier- General, U. S. Army, Commanding. 



Province of Leyte, Office of the Governor, 

Tacloban, December 14, 1901. 
Gen. J. H. Smith, 

Commanding Sixth Separate Brigade, Tacloban. 

My Dear General: Replying to your favor of even date, I have the honor to assure 
you that there was no intention in my communication of yesterday to charge you 
with a breach of faith in the withdrawal of troops from certain towns in this prov- 
ince. I simply expressed my regret that you found it necessary to change what I 
conceived to be your plans for instituting a vigorous campaign in the southern part 
of this province, with a view of putting an end to the operations of Capili and his 
band of robbers. 

I desire to say, however, that the withdrawal of troops from any towns in this 
province and the severance of telegraphic and telephonic communications between 
such towns and the capital of the province, without previous notice to the provincial 
governor, can not be viewed by him in any other light than as a lack of courtesy 
toward himself on the part of the military commander, and especially in view of the 
exceedingly pleasant relations which have heretofore existed between the civil and 
military authorities in this province; and I assure you that the withdrawal of troops 
from these towns and the removal of telegraphic connections between the same has 
surprised me more than my hinting at a lack of courtesy on the part of the military 
commander could possibly have surprised him. 

The provincial governor feels that just as soon as the municipal and insular police 
are properly armed and equipped the island of Leyte will possess a self-sustaining 
civil government, ready to exercise the powers and to incur the responsibilities which 
devolve upon it as such. 

Very respectfully, J. H. Grant, Governor. 



838 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Headquaetees Sixth Sepaeate Beigade, 

Tacloban, December 14, 1901. 
My Deae Goveenoe: Replying to your two letters of yesterday, I desire to assure 
you of my regret that you have taken my actions as a discourtesy to you. Such they 
were not intended to be, and such I can not now consider them. During a lifetime 
spent in the Army I have never known notification of proposed military movements 
to be made to civil authorities. Neither in orders, regulations, nor customs of the 
service do I know of anything calling for such a course on my part. 

I assure you Governor, I shall do nothing to break the harmonious relations which 
have thus far existed between the civil and military in Leyte. But as a matter of 
duty I am unable to subscribe to your position that courtesy to you requires me to 
inform you what I am doing with the force and materials under my command, any 
more than such courtesy requires you to make to me like report of your plans and 
purposes within your own sphere of action. 

Very respectfully, J. H. Smith, 

Brigadier-General, U. S. Army, Commanding. 



Office of the Goveenoe, Peovince of Leyte, 

Tacloban, December 18, 1901. 
Gen. J. H. Smith, 

Commanding Sixth Separate Brigade, Tacloban. 

My Deae Geneeal: Replying to your communication of the 14th instant, which 
reached me yesterday, I note with much pleasure that your action in the withdrawal 
of troops from certain towns in Leyte, was not intended as an act of discourtesy 
toward the provincial governor, and he has the honor to assure you that it will no 
longer be considered as such. 

I dare say, however, that during a lifetime of service, General, which has been 
alike honorable to yourself and to your country, you have never had the conditions 
presented to you that confront us out here; that you have never exercised, under any 
form of civil government, the powers you have exercised in this province. So the 
regulation customs and courtesies, ordinarily exchanged between the respective 
branches of our government at home, can not be laid down as a precedent for our 
actions in the pacification and establishment of civil government in these islands. 

The occupation of these towns and the protection of their inhabitants is our imper- 
ative duty, and when that branch of government which first occupied them and 
which has been affording them this protection, finds it necessary to withdraw its 
protection, our common interests, it seems to me,, would dictate the necessity of giving 
timely notice to some other branch of the government charged with the duty of fur- 
nishing further protection. 

The disarming of the citizens and the withdrawal of all kinds of armed protection 
from many of our frontier towns in the United States even to-day, would be a dan- 
gerous proceeding; therefore, it must appear to you that the withdrawal of the only 
armed protection in towns as newly occupied as these in this province, and in a newly 
occupied country like this, is fraught with much more danger. 

If you do not think that courtesy demands that you give me a few days' notice 
before removing troops from the towns of this province, why, I'm certainly not going 
to take issue with you on that point; but I respectfully request that, if it is practicable, 
you furnish me with this information, and oblige. 

Yours, very respectfully, J. H. Geant, Governor. 

As a matter of fact, a number of these abandoned towns were entered by the insur- 
gents, several people killed, while others were brutally beaten and robbed, and in 
some instances their homes destroyed by fire. As a result of this the people lost con- 
fidence in the ability of the civil government to afford them protection; and, believ- 
ing that all the military forces were to be withdrawn from the island, they sought 
the friendship of the insurgents, and Capili proceeded to organize municipal govern- 
ments in several of these towns, from which he afterwards drew recruits and supplies. 

About this time, also, the military authorities further aroused the resentment and 
indignation of the people by the arrest and sending to Samar, without warrant or other 
process, quite a number of Leyte municipal officials and other prominent citizens, 
charged with aiding and abetting the Samar insurgents. This action was preceded 
by the wholesale arrest, in the same manner, of about 150 residents of Tacloban, 
during the month of October, 1901, who were subsequently released on the protest 
of the provincial governor. Through the action of the acting civil governor those 
who were sent to Samar were also released and returned to Leyte. After their 



KEPOPT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 839 

return to Leyte the provincial governor requested that the military commander fur- 
nish him with copies of the charges and the evidence upon which these people had 
been arrested, that he might have complaints filed against them in the civil courts, 
but he was informed that the character of the evidence was such that it was not con- 
sidered sufficient upon which to base prosecutions. 

These and other minor abuses and indiscretions on the part of the military author- 
ities aided largely in producing a state of demoralization and unrest among the people 
of the province which afterwards necessitated a large force of constabulary to restore 
peace and order. 

On January 1, 1902, there had been enlisted in the province less than 100 men for 
the constabulary, and these were distributed among the towns that had been aban- 
doned by the military and were not strong enough to take the field against the insur- 
gents; consequently during the months of January and February, with but one or 
two exceptions, the insurgents were not disturbed in any of their operations and 
they were in undisputed possession of all the southeastern part o*f the province from 
a few miles south of Abuyog, including all the rich territory around Malitbog Bay 
(except the town of Malitbog), to and including the entire island of Panaon. 

During the months of March, April, and May constabulary forces from Manila and 
other provinces were sent to Leyte under the command o^Assistant Chief Taylor, 
who instituted and prosecuted a vigorous campaign against the insurgents, which 
resulted in the surrender of all armed forces in the island, with the exception pos- 
sibly of some 8 or 10 guns. These surrenders took place during the latter part of 
June. Prior to this time many captures of both men and arms had been made by 
the constabulary, who were so active and aggressive in their operations that the 
insurgents were kept on the move constantly and only surrendered to keep from 
being killed or captured. 

I desire to commend in the highest possible terms the work of Chief Taylor and 
his energetic and able subordinate officers. 

Their campaign was remarkable for the high plane upon which it was pitched and 
the clean manner in which it was prosecuted. I visited every coast town in the 
province during the latter part of June and July, immediately after the surrenders, 
and in every town I made it a point to invite criticisms and complaints (if any ex- 
isted) against the constabulary, and was very much gratified to find that there had 
been no abuses committed and that there were no grounds for complaints. 

During the year 1902 the constabulary have captured and had surrendered to them 
144 rifles, 75 revolvers, 4 shotguns, 1 cannon, and 134 spears, bolos, and other weapons, 
and have killed 447 ladrones and captured 412. 

I desire to especially commend Senior Inspector Peter Borseth for the faithful and 
efficient work done on the island of Biliran, where he had almost exclusive direction 
of the campaign, and where the conditions and obstacles to overcome were peculiarly 
difficult. In addition to the insurrecto element he had to encounter, he had to com- 
bat some three or four hundred of the malcontents and desperate ladrones and reli- 
gious fanatics, called "Dios-Dios," of Samar, who had refused to surrender with 
Guevara and had sought safety in the island of Biliran. This latter class, when fired 
by fanaticism, are the most desperate, bloodthirsty, cruel, and barbarous fighters 
encountered in the southern islands, sparing neither women nor children in their 
mad frenzy. All who refuse to embrace their doctrines are regarded as enemies, and 
are, therefore, their legitimate prey; their property is confiscated, such of it as can 
not be appropriated being destroyed, and their lives forfeited. Their leader claims 
to make spiritual visits to Rome, nightly, to confer with the Virgin Mary and receive 
his daily orders. Each convert is required to purchase an "an ting-anting," which 
is supposed to render him invisible to his enemies and invulnerable alike to bullets 
and bolo thrusts. An " anting-anting " may be a small piece of wood, carabao horn, 
piece of paper with some curious characters inscribed on it, or, in fact, anything 
which the leader may sanctify and give to them. The price of one of these valuable 
charms depends upon the ability of the purchaser to pay. 

An "anting-anting" is supposed to retain its efficacy for about one month, but if 
you are supplied with a certain liquid, which may be bought of the leader, you can 
renew it yourself by applying this "holy ointment" to the charm, but if you haven't 
it then you must seek the leader to have it renewed. 

It was this class of people who attacked and killed on the northern coast of Biliran 
the gallant and heroic Joseph R. Neddo, third-class inspector of Constabulary, than 
whom no braver soldier ever drew blade or shouldered musket in defense of his flag. 
Though mortally wounded from the rear, he rallied his men and drove his assailants 
from the field. 'Thirty-five silent forms scattered around through the grass bore tes- 
timony of Neddo's valor. The fight over, he embarked his little band of brave men 
in small boats and started for Carigara, and for twenty-four hours, without medical 



840 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

aid, his wounds undressed, tossed hither and to by the angry waves, he fought his 
last battle — for life — but alas! when the boat grated on the beach at Carigara the 
spirit of the brave Neddo had taken its flight. 

Although Biliran had suffered more severely, from the effects of fanaticism and 
ladronism, than any other part of the province, the end of June saw the island com- 
pletely pacified; Inspector Borseth having captured and killed or driven back to Samar 
the entire band that had sought safety in the rugged mountains of Biliran. 

Thus the beginning of July saw the end of all armed resistance to constituted 
authority in the province, which was the first time it had been pacified since the 
American occupation, and for more than three months we enjoyed perfect quiet, 
there being absolutely no disturbance of any kind throughout the province. 

In the early part of October, however, ten large bancas carrying from 10 to 15 men 
each, crossed over from Samar and landed more than 100 Dios-Dios on the island of 
Biliran. The people fled, panic-stricken, from their homes, some seeking safety in 
the towns where there were small detachments of constabulary, while others fled to 
Leyte towns. The invaders burned, pillaged, robbed, and killed to their heart's 
content, and then made a determined attack on the small detachment of constabulary 
stationed at the town of Naval, hoping to capture their arms, but they were repulsed 
with considerable loss. *The attacks were kept up for several nights in succession; 
and although the constabulary had lost several men, in killed and wounded, they 
held the band off until Mr. Borseth arrived on the scene with reenforcements. A 
vigorous campaign was again instituted, in which the towns cooperated heartily, and 
after about six weeks' work the island was again cleared of these religious fanatics. 
This time, however, those that were not killed or captured, instead of returning to 
Samar, made their way across to the island of Leyte, and working along down the coast 
arrived in the vicinity of Ormoc, where on the 18th of November they attacked the 
inhabitants of a barrio of that town. There were no constabulary in Ormoc at that 
time and the municipal police had only four or five shotguns, without ammunition, 
except two or three rounds, but they went out in search of the band and in an encoun- 
ter which followed four policemen were killed. I was then notified and made a 
strong effort to obtain arms for the municipal police, or to have constabulary sent 
there; but, unfortunately, no constabulary arrived there until the night of the 28th. 
By that time the leader of the band had, by intimidation and force, attached to him- 
self a considerable following, which he constantly increased by issuing manifestoes 
and proclamations to the effect that he could cure cholera, and by prophesying the 
total destruction of the town of Ormoc by a great tidal wave. Cholera was raging in 
the town at that time and the municipal authorities had established a cordon around 
the town and would not permit the people in the town to go out into the barrios nor 
allow the people outside to enter the town, which measure had tended to embitter 
the people in the rural districts, and possibly helped the Dios-Dios leader to recruit 
his forces. 

For more than a month fanaticism and superstition held high carnival in the rural 
districts of the town, and the inhabitants murdered, burned, and pillaged each other's 
homes through a spirit of mere wantonness, inspired by fanaticism. This disturb- 
ance on the island of Leyte has been confined to Ormoc exclusively except on two 
or three occasions when they have raided other towns, and in such raids they have 
not received sympathy or support from the adjoining towns. 

All the rest of the province is absolutely quiet, there having been no disturbances 
of any kind since the general surrenders in June. All the southern part of the island, 
where Capili held sway w r hen civil government was established, and where he con- 
tinued to exercise control of several of the towns and all the interior part of the island, 
is now peaceful and undisturbed by ladrones or fanatics. 

Future disturbances of any magnitude in Leyte need not be apprehended, as the 
more intelligent class of people will readily lend their influence and assistance against 
any attempts at violence, while the great mass of the people are contented and satis- 
fied. There are, however, those who have been living for the past three or four years 
by robbery, who will seize every opportunity to band themselves together for that 
purpose, and unless the municipal police of every town are armed, that such bands 
may be dealt with summarily, the rural districts and the smaller towns will suffer 
greatly from the depredations of this class of people. To this end I recommend that 
every town in the province be given arms, first requiring a bond of 200 pesos per arm 
to insure the employment of reliable and trustworthy policemen. 

AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS. 

With the exception of a few towns on the west coast of Leyte, and Alang-Alang and 
San Miguel in the interior, where corn, sugar, and rice are cultivated, there are prac- 
tically no food products produced in the province, the agricultural class devoting their 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 841 

time almost exclusively to the cultivation of hemp, which requires less labor and 
brings quicker and better returns. The advanced price of hemp since the American 
occupation, and the death of more than 75 per cent of the carabaos, have of course 
helped to bring about these changed conditions, and as long as hemp continues to bring 
present prices and rice can be purchased for from 5 to 8 pesos a picul, I can not hope 
to see agricultural conditions improve. What effect the introduction of improved 
machinery and American methods of farming would have remains to be seen; but at 
present those who are able to experiment along these lines are exceedingly wary on 
account of the great risk they run of losing all the money they invest in live stock. 
However, so long as hemp brings good prices and food stuffs do not become too 
dear, Leyte people will not suffer, and they realize this and are not much concerned 
over a threatened famine. To arouse them from this indifference, is almost, if not 
quite, impossible. 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

The roads and bridges of the province are in a deplorable condition, and with the 
exception of the road from Tacloban to Palo and Tanauan, a distance of about 12 
miles, the repair of about 4 miles of which cost the province more than 20,000 pesos, 
the remainder of those on the east coast are practically impassable, except on horse- 
back during dry weather. This is practically true of all the other roads in the 
province; hence, communication with the towns is exceedingly difficult, and can 
only be accomplished by means of boats during the greater part of the year. There 
are no roads crossing the island connecting the two coasts. The municipalities have 
expended but very little money in the construction and repair of roads and bridges, 
and what has been expended has been within the limits of the towns proper, while 
those in the barrios have been allowed to go from bad to worse, the towns depend- 
ing on the province to make these much-needed repairs. This is not the result 
altogether, however, of a lack of interest or willingness on the part of the municipal 
authorities to make these improvements, but is principally the result of a lack of 
means with which to make them. Various causes may be assigned for this, such as 
the necessity of building tribunals, school buildings, the maintenance of large police 
forces, etc., all of which most of the towns have had to do. Another reason is that 
the municipal council in almost every town in the province has voted to the officials 
the maximum salaries prescribed in the municipal code. The only remedy which 
suggests itself to my mind is the reduction of the number of municipalities and the 
enactment of a law prescribing a special road tax, of so many days' labor per year, or 
its equivalent in money; this labor to be utilized under the general supervision of 
the supervisor, in order to get the best possible results. 

I recommend also the construction by the insular government of one good road 
across the province, connecting the eastern and western coast, preferably from 
Abuyog to Baybay, as this is nearer the center of the province. The detailed report 
of the supervisor is hereto attached, marked "A." 

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS. 

Forty-seven out of the 51 towns in the province have been organized and in oper- 
ation, in accordance with the provisions of the municipal code, for more than a year, 
and have as a whole been administered very satisfactorily. Prior to June 30, it had 
been impossible to organize the others on account of the disturbed condition of affairs 
in their vicinity. During the first part of July the provincial board visited these 
towns, and in consequence of the then approaching general elections in December, it 
was deemed best not to hold special elections as provided by Chapter VIII of the 
municipal code, and temporary appointments were made, which have proven very 
satisfactory. 

In view' of the reasons set forth under the head of Roads and Bridges, I deem it 
absolutely necessary to consolidate some of the smaller towns as they are not strong 
enough to support municipal governments. The provincial board will make recom- 
mendations along this line as soon as the census work is completed. 

The end of the year found most of the towns with deficits, some of the causes for 
this have already been mentioned, others that might be mentioned are the delay in the 
collection of the land and other taxes, and the failure of some of the towns to collect 
all the taxes they are entitled to collect under the provisions of the municipal code. 

HEALTH AND SANITATION. 

I have not yet received the report of the president of the provincial board of 
health, the delay having been caused by the former president of the board, Doctor 



842 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Santos, having kept no records from which the necessary data could be obtained. 
This report will be forwarded as soon as received. 

I might say generally that we still have a little cholera in Ormoc and Baybay, but 
in no other towns. During the summer it was quite prevalent throughout the prov- 
ince, but the death rate was not so great here as it was in some of the other provinces. 
This I believe to be due, in a great measure, to the energetic and vigorous manner 
in which the municipal authorities adopted and enforced the preventative measures 
recommended by the health boards. The province is deeply indebted to the 
military authorities, especially the medical department, for their hearty and active 
support in the suppression of the disease. The officers detailed for this work were 
active, energetic, faithful, and untiring in their efforts to save human lives. 

The sanitary condition of most of the towns is very good. I have made it a 
special point to call the attention of the municipal authorities to the great importance 
of this work, and have been much gratified at the very marked improvements that 
have been made. 

A few towns have suffered quite severely from smallpox, but as a whole, the 
province has been spared the ravages of this disease, which is more or less prevalent 
in the island every year. 

PROVINCIAL JAILS. 

The province owns no buildings either in Tacloban or Maasin that are suitable 
for jails, and has therefore been compelled to rent buildings in both places. The 
municipal jails in each place seemed to be the only available buildings that were at 
all adaptable, and were therefore secured from the municipalities. In Tacloban we 
secured three rooms, underneath the tribunal, in which board floors were placed 
and everything possible done to put the building in a sanitary condition. Owing to 
the crowded conditions, however, which have prevailed all the year, the mortality 
among the prisoners from Beri-Beri and other diseases has been very great. The 
president of the provincial board of health advised that they be given exercise and 
sunshine, and they are now given from one to two hours exercise each day. 

The necessity of a provincial jail building is very urgent, and I called the attention 
of the provincial board to the matter in the early part of the year; and in the month 
of July the board passed a resolution instructing the supervisor to prepare plans and 
let the necessary contracts, immediately, for the construction of a jail. Subsequently, 
however, the treasurer reported that the province did not have sufficient funds with 
which to do this work. I hope that we will be able to construct this building during 
the early part of the coming year. As the military authorities occupied the tribunal 
in Maasin, the prisoners were placed in the jail adjoining military prison, but as 
there were certain abuses being committed, I deemed it best to remove them, and 
they were confined underneath the rented building occupied as a tribunal. On the 
night of November 11, two of the municipal police, who were on duty as guards, 
assisted 16 of them to escape and fled to the mountains with them. As soon as the 
tribunal was vacated by the military the prisoners were transferred to the prison 
underneath it, which is a very strong building. 

Inasmuch as the Constabulary have trained and disciplined men, in whom more 
confidence can be reposed than can be in the average men that can be secured as 
provincial guards, I have the honor to recommend that the jails and the custody of 
the prisoners be turned over to the senior inspector of the province. 



I have the honor to forward herewith the report of the provincial treasurer, 
marked "B," which shows the total collections and total expenditures during the 
current year, as well as the balance on hand January 1, 1903. 

The collection of taxes in the province has been very much delayed during the 
current year, on account of the disturbed conditions during the first half of the year, 
and the lack of transportation with which to reach the south and west coast towns. 
This can be better appreciated when you take into consideration the fact that all the 
trade of north and east Leyte is with Manila, and that of south and west Leyte with 
Cebu, so that there are very few opportunities of reaching west Leyte on commercial 
boats. 

While the provincial treasurer has worked hard and faithfully, I do not believe 
that he has systematized his work as he might; nor, do I believe that he has required 
as strict compliance with existing laws, with reference to the collection of taxes on 
the part of the municipal treasurer, as he ought. Many of them have sent out dele- 
gates into the barrios to collect taxes giving provisional receipts, which has opened up 
all kinds of opportunities for the practice of fraud. These things are now being 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 843 

corrected, but they should never have been permitted. I do not think, either that 
he has kept in as close touch with the financial conditions of the towns as he might, if 
he had required the municipal treasurers to have remitted their monthly reports 
regularly. 

In this connection, I desire to invite your attention to the attached copy of a letter 
addressed to him October 3, 1902, to which I have as yet received no reply. Letter 
is marked "C." 

I respectfully recommend that, until the roads of the province are repaired and 
communication with the south and west coasts of the island is made possible by land, 
the province be furnished with a boat with which to make at least quarterly trips 
around the island. 

Respectfully submitted. 

J. H. Grant, Provincial Governor. 



Exhibit A. 

Tacloban, January 15, 1903. 
The Honorable Provincial Board, 

Province of Leyte, Tacloban, P. I. 
Gentlemen : I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of this 
department for the year ending December 31, 1902. 

HISTORICAL. 

Engineering work under Spanish and military rule. — The engineering work carried on 
in Leyte under Spanish regime must have been considerable judging from the ruins 
remaining. On the coast road leading from Tacloban south there are traces of per- 
manent construction in the shape of small stone sluices and small bridge abutments, 
all with elaborate approaches. The most extensive work of this nature is located at 
Palo, on the main road leading into the town, and consists of two stone abutments 
with central piers, all faced with cut coral blocks. The foundations rest upon a ledge 
underlying the river and directly over a cascade of some 8 feet fall. The bridge is of 
the stringer type, corbelled at the ends by timbers extending over the tops of the 
piers and abutments. Owing to the age and neglect the superstructure is now in very 
bad shape and needs immediate renewal. 

On the north coast also traces of Spanish work are to be found on the roads leading 
from Carigara to Jaro direct, and also from Carigara to Jaro via Barugo, in the shape 
of stone arches of small span and bridge piers and abutments, but the bridge super- 
structures have long since fallen into decay. 

On the west coast road there are several examples of stone arches up to 15-foot 
spans, notably near Ormoc and Maasin and near-by towns. All are doing service, but 
some are in poor repairs. 

On the more important roads much has been done in the way of grading and 
refilling, but it seems in most cases to have been done without intelligent direction. 

The natives have some examples of engineering work mainly in the shape of 
bridges. All of these have been built by the cut and dry method and are of sultry 
design. However, they have served and show considerable ingenuity in their 
execution. 

Under military regime about $35,000 United States currency, were expended upon 
the roads of the province, mostly in the northeastern portion of the island. The 
work, however, was of a temporary nature, consisting of cocoanut bridges, etc., which 
have either rotted out or been carried off by floods. In the town of Tanauan the 
main street was hardened with broken stone and is still in good condition. In Tac- 
loban many streets were hardened with coral, and at Dulag a short piece of road was 
constructed leading toward Burauen, and in many towns much was done toward 
cleaning up the streets and placing them in good condition. 

Through age and neglect the road work of former times has fallen into such a state 
of ruin as to be of little value at the present time. The roads graded were never 
hardened and the soil is of such nature that unless they are thoroughly drained and 
the roadway surfaced with good suitable material a rainy season renders them 
impassable and the cocoanut bridges have been destroyed, rendering all wagon 
traffic impossible. 

PRESENT CONDITION OF ROADS. 

Road front Tacloban to Palo. — This road has been entirely reconstructed during the 
past year and hardened with coral and bridges rebuilt, and it is passable at all times 
for carriages and other traffic. 



844 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Road from Palo to Tanauan. — The roadbed is in fair condition, but the bridges are 
poor. There are two ferries, one at the San Joaquin River near Palo and one at the 
Binahaan River near Tanauan, both constructed of barotas covered with a bamboo 
flooring. The road is passable for all ordinary traffic. 

Road from Tanauan to Tolosa. — The roadbed is in fair condition, but most of the 
bridges are washed away. The rivers can be forded at low r tide along the beach; 
passable for teams with difficulty. 

Road from Tolosa to Dulag. — The roadbed is in fair condition, but all bridges washed 
away; passable for horses only by fording along the beach. 

Road from Dulyag to Abuyog. — From Dulag to the barrio of Mayorga the roadbed is 
very bad, consisting of a succession of carabao wallows, but from this point to Abuyog 
is in fair condition. There are no bridges upon this road and the several large rivers 
must be crossed in barotas and horses swum over. Passable by horses only. 

Road from Palo to Alang-Alang. — This road is under construction at the present 
time, and from Palo to the barrio of Marirong some 2| miles has been regraded 
where necessary and bridges replaced. From Malirong the road becomes constantly 
worse and consists for the most part of a series of carabao wallows. It leads through 
a flat country very difficult of drainage and will be expensive to rebuild. There are 
many streams difficult of crossing and the bridges have mostly been washed away 
or rendered unsafe. It is passable in the dry season for pack animals. 

Road from Alang-Alang to Jaro. — The road is fair most of the distance, having been 
surfaced with gravel from the river beds. The bridges are unsafe or destroyed and 
the road is passable only for carabao carts w T ith great difficulty. 

Road from Jaro to Barugo. — This road shows many traces of former work, but nearly 
all the bridges are in such condition that it is impassable except for horses and pack 
trains. 

Road from Barugo to Carigara. — This road leads along the coast and is in poor con- 
dition and the bridges are unsafe. It is passable for horses only with difficulty. 

Road from Jaro to Carigara direct. — The road is very poor, having been filled for 
the greater part of the distance with large cobbles thrown into the roadway helter- 
skelter. The bridges are mostly destroyed and the route is passable for pack animals 
only. 

Road from Tanauan to Dagami. — At the present time this road is being reconstructed 
and the roadbed as far as the barrio of Kiling has been regraded. The bridges are 
of cocoanut and poor and will be replaced as soon as funds for the work are available. 
It is passable for wagons with light loads. 

Road from Dagami to Burauen. — There are many deep ruts and wallows in this 
road in those places where it leads through low land, and after rains they are very 
difficult to either get through or around. The bridges are of cocoanut and poor. The 
road lies in the hemp country and is much used by the carabao drivers, for whom it 
is passable with difficulty. 

Road from Burauen to Dulag. — This road is very bad and practically impassable 
except for pack trains. 

Road from Dagami to Tabon-Tabon. — The roadway leads through much low land 
and the bridges can not be crossed except on foot. Passable only on foot and for 
carabao. 

Road from Dagami to Pastrana. — This road lacks bridges and is passable for horses 
and carabao only. 

Road from Ormoc to Macrohon, west coast. — This road leads through a country 
where gravel is easily obtained and was well constructed formerly. Now it is much 
overgrown, but besides clearing needs few repairs. The bridges, however, are prac- 
tically all destroyed and the numerous streams are hard to ford. Some short sections 
near the larger towns are passable for wagons, but on the whole it is passable for 
horses only with difficulty. 

Summary. — In the Province of Leyte it is estimated that there are 400 bridges of 
an average span of 30 feet needing immediate renewal, at least half of which are 
impassable at the present time. Besides there are some 200 miles of roadw r ay which 
must be regraded and surfaced before they can be used for wagon traffic. The esti- 
mated cost of this work is $800,000 United States currency. 

The problem of road improvement in the province is not one of repair, but of 
reconstruction. The question has rather been, upon what road the limited funds 
available could be spent with the most advantage. A division of the money, with 
the expenditure of a few hundred dollars at locations scattered over the province, 
while perhaps affording some temporary relief, would have been to waste the whole 
amount in the end. The plan followed has been to concentrate the work and to 
have such roads as were improved from a continuous whole leading from Tacloban 
to the more important towns. It has been the aim also to improve first those roads 
leading into the interior, in order to afford at the earliest possible time an outlet for 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 845 

the hemp and other products. For the purpose of construction it has also been 
necessary to Work from the coast inland, because supplies can only be purchased at 
Tacloban and transported overland. Various attempts have been made to secure 
timber, etc., nearer the site of the work, but without avail. 

Plan of work. — The first road selected for improvement was the one leading from 
Tacloban to Palo, thence inland to Alang-Alang, Jaro to Carigara on the north coast. 
This road leads into an important commercial district, and when improved will 
throw open the whole northeastern portion of the island. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

Palo road. — This road extends from the barrio of Sagcajan. at the southern edge 
of the poblacion of Tacloban, to the barrio of Sambualuan at the northern edge of 
the poblacion of Palo, a distance of about 4 miles. The work of reconstruction was 
started early in February, 1902. and completed early in December, 1902. 

At the beginning of the year the road was practically impassable for wagons, there 
being many sloughs and the bridges dangerous. The work of reconstruction has 
included the entire regrading of the road, hardening the surface with coral to a 
width of 16 feet, and rebuilding the bridges. 

The amounts expended are in detail as follows: 

Regrading: Labor, teams, and materials, $3,485.40 local currency; total distance, 
19,950 feet (3.8 miles); cost per mile, $917.31 local currency. 

Surfacing: Materials and cartage, $155,442.61 local currency; total distance, 18,410 
feet (3.5 miles) ; cost per mile, $4,440.64 local currency. 

Bridges. 

Local currency. 

Bridge No. 4, 16 feet 4 inches over all, standard stringer $246. 00 

Bridge No. 5, 10 feet 4 inches over all, standard stringer 170. 50 

Bridge No. 6, 6 feet over all, standard stringer 112. 75 

Bridge No. 7, 20 feet over all, standard stringer 404. 70 

Bridge No. 9, 37 feet over all, standard stringer 769. 07 

Bridge No. 10, 27 feet over all, standard stringer 578. 31 

Bridge No. 11,6 feet over all, standard stringer 112. 75 

Total for bridges 2, 394. 08 

The prices paid for labor per day, etc., for the above work, are as follows: 

Local currency. 

Laborers $0. 50 

Natives : 

Foreman 1. 00 

Carpenters 1. 00 

Carpenters, foreman 1. 50 

Teams, including cart and driver 2. 50 

Timber, from 80.50 to $0.70 United States currency per cubic foot, cut to size. 

Throughout the year the transportation of materials has been difficult. For a 
short time the army quartermaster was able to furnish a team for hauling timber. 
This aided greatly in starting the work. When this aid could no longer be furnished 
a truck was constructed from two carabao carts and utilized. At the present time 
the supervisor has, on memorandum from the quartermaster, four wagon trucks 
which have been fitted with shafts for carabao, and these are being used in hauling 
timber inland. 

For the regrading and hauling coral for surfacing the native carts and carabao 
were used. The province has had wagons and horses ordered for a long time, but 
has so far been able to secure nothing more promising than some harness and a bin 
of oats. The work carried on, except as noted above, has been entirely dependent 
upon such native transportation as could be secured. On account of the scarcity of 
carabao and the natural aversion of the average native to work, the teams needed 
have been difficult to obtain and have been secured at all only at an excessive cost 
in time, energy, and money. 

Alang-Alang road. — This road extends inland from the poblacion of Palo through 
the barrios of Malirong and Santa Fe to the town of Alang-Alang. 

Work was started on the Palo end of this road on September 1, 1902, and is being 
continued at the present time. It has consisted mainly in replacing the bridges and 
in regrading at such places as were necessary to render the road passable for wagons. 

The amounts spent in detail are as follows: 

Regrading: Laborers, etc., 1635.60 local currency. Total length graded, 1,400 feet; 
cost per foot, $0,454, local currency. 



846 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Bridges. — 

Local currency. 

Bridge No. 1, 43 feet 4 inches over all, Howe truss $2, 617. 61 

Bridge No. 2, 33 feet 4 inches over all; "A" truss 2, 064. 75 

Bridge No. 3, 70 feet 4 inches over all, Howe truss 4, 029. 66 

Note. — Bridge No. 3 is incomplete, erection having been delayed on account of 
high water. 

These bridges are about 10 miles from Tacloban, and it has been necessary to haul 
all materials for their construction over this distance with carabao, it having been 
found impossible to purchase timber, etc., nearer to the work. 

Dagami road. — This road extends inland from Tanauanto Dagami, a distance of some 
10 miles. The work was started September 1, 1902, and is at present being carried 
forward. It has consisted of regrading over about half the distance and in keeping 
the existing bridges, which are of cocoanut, and poor, passable. The work of renew- 
ing these bridges will be taken up as soon as funds are available. 

The amounts already spent are in detail as follows: 

Regrading: Labor, teams, etc., $1,776.60 local currency. 

Bridges: Materials, labor, etc., $318.30 local currency. 

CHOLERA HOSPITAL. 

At the outbreak of cholera at this port the board of health selected an island about 
1 mile up the harbor as a site for the cholera hospital and detention camp, there being 
no suitable buildings in the town or its outskirts which could be utilized for this pur- 
pose. All patients and suspects were at once dispatched to the island, although at 
the time it was covered with brush and there was no shelter of any kind. The work 
of constructing suitable buildings was turned over to this department. Building sup- 
plies were purchased at once, men secured, and during the first day a small clearing 
was made at the southern end of the island and a temporary shelter erected for those 
patients already at the island. In the three succeeding days the upper half of the 
island was cleared of all undergrowth and a hospital about 40 by 20 feet, a detention 
building about 70 by 30 feet, a house about 12 by 12 feet for the guards, outbuildings, 
etc., were constructed, all of bamboo and nipa, with board floors well up from the 
ground. During the remainder of the epidemic all cases and suspects were taken at 
once to this hospital, where they could be cared for and completely isolated from the 
town. 

PROVINCIAL RESERVATION. 

Under Act No. 244 of the United States Philippine Commission the province of 
Leyte has purchased a tract of land, known as the Provincial Reservation, for the sum 
of $5,515 United States currency. Owing to the increased land values in this sec- 
tion, this property is now worth from two to three times the purchase price. 

PROVINCIAL BUILDINGS. 

The provincial buildings stand upon the above tract, and consist of two frame 
buildings with galvani zed-iron roofs, occupied as office and as a residence for the pro- 
vincial governor, and two small buildings, constructed mainly of nipa. 

LABOR PROBLEM. 

On the Palo road labor has been secured without much trouble, but on the Alang- 
Alang and Dagami roads it has been very hard to secure. In Tacloban the price of 
day labor has risen within the past year from $0.50 local currency per day to $1 and 
$1.50 local currency, and in the hemp fields the return for work is such that about 
two days' work a week suffices to keep a family. The remaining days of the week 
the men use for resting, and can not be induced to work by any known system of 
moral suasion. It seems to be not entirely a question of pay, but rather of indispo- 
sition. 

Since doing away with compulsory labor the towns have done very little work 
upon their portions of the roads, and the province has no means of securing labor 
other than "persuasion," money being not a sufficient inducement to work. 

It would relieve the situation very much, I think, if law were enacted by which 
every able-bodied man should be liable for work upon the provincial roads for a 
period of fifteen days per year at a rate of pay to be determined by the provincial 
board. I would suggest that a money equivalent for this labor should not be accepted, 
for the reason that the money so collected would not materially assist in the prob- 
lem of securing men. A man who did not care to perform this work himself would 
then be under obligations to furnish his own substitute. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



847 



WORK FOR 1903. 

The province has now on hand shovels, picks, etc. , for regrading, and also bridge 
timber, etc., to the amount of $4,000 United States currency. The provincial treas- 
urer estimates that from the land tax and general funds $25,000 United States currency- 
will be available for road work during the coming year. The work will be carried for- 
ward on the Palo Alang-Alang road, the Tanauan-Dagami road, the Dagami-Burauen 
road, and the coast road from Palo south mainly in the shape of bridge renewals and 
such grading as is necessary to render the roads passable at all times for wagons. 

PROPOSED ROADS. 

Excepting only the towns of Palo, Tanauan, and Dagami, which can be reached 
by wagons, and Tolosa, Burauen, Tabontabon, Pastrana, Alang-Alang, and Jaro, 
which can be reached by pack animals, the only means of communication between 
Tacloban and the remaining towns of the province is by boat. 

The coastwise trade on the east coast of the province is with Tacloban, but the 
entire west and south coasts trade only with Cebu. There are no commercial boats 
plying between Tacloban and the west coast, and the only means the provincial 
officials have of reaching those towns is by a trip to Manila and return via Cebu or 
by a coast-guard boat sent especially for the purpose. 

Between Abuyog on the east coast and Baybay on the west coast the island of Leyte 
is quite narrow, and there is a trail leading between the towns. The province will in 
a few years be able to complete the coast road to Abuyog from the ordinary revenues, 
but on account of other pressing work it would be unable for a long time to under- 
take a road across the island. Baybay lies about the center of the west coast, and 
from that town a road leads north to Ormoc and south to Macrohon. A road from 
the east coast entering Baybay would place the whole east and west coasts in com- 
munication, and would be of great assistance and benefit to the government. The 
provincial board has already taken the matter under consideration and framed a 
resolution asking for an appropriation of $30,000 United States currency for the con- 
struction of the above road, and I believe the money could be used for no better 
purpose. 

Following is a statement showing the amounts available and their sources, and the 
amount expended for road and bridge work during the year ending December 31, 
1902: 



Amount expended from January 



1, 1902, to December 31, 
roads and bridges. 



1902, province of Leyte, P. I. , 





Appropriation. 


Total. a 


Expended 
for labor.a 


Loss on 
local cur- 
rency. 


Materials 
purchased. 


Total ex- 
pended. 


Month. 


General 
funds. 


Land 
tax. 


1902. 


$5,000.00 








$238. 10 




$238. 10 


February 




$4, 769. 90 
5, 168. 75 
2, 553. 37 




$593. 15 

1, 158. 39 

1,041.89 

534. 75 

377. 69 

1,371.54 

2, 806. 29 

754. 69 

201. 32 

53.95 

29.08 

21.50 


593.15 


March 






$456. 79 
519. 82 




1, 615. 38 


April ! 




191. 22 


1,753.03 
534. 75 


May i 


5135. 46 

351. 49 

23.54 

.20 

195. 26 

150. 52 

623.71 

« 20. 36 

b 111. 92 

a 139. 78 


June 1 5,000.00 


5, 752. 50 
4,541.09 
13, 016. 27 
7,471.90 
5, 278. 60 
2, 687. 02 
2,639.82 
3,824.52 
1, 550. 52 


857. 30 




1,234.99 


July i 


154. 48 


1, 526. 02 
5, 738. 63 


August ' 10, 000. 00 


2, 932. 34 
1,465.28 
1,345.05 
2, 163. 05 


September ' 


123. 85 
30.13 


2, 343. 82 

1,576.50 

2,217.00 

29.08 


October 

November 

December 


f 


{ 


f 




{ 


2, 100. 50 




2, 122. 00 
















a United States currency. 



b Local currency. 



Materials purchased from general funds chargeable to roads and bridges. . . $134. 19 

Total 17,317.64 

Loss on local currency 737. 78 



Total United States currency expended 16, 579. 86 

Total local currency expended 4, 339. 00 

Respectfully submitted. 

S. B. Patterson. 



848 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Bridge schedule, province of Leyte, P. I., December 31, 1902. 

[Class A, bridge in good condition; Class B, bridge in poor condition, should be renewed at once; 
Class C, bridge dangerous, should be renewed immediately; Class D, bridge destroyed.] 

ROAD FROM TACLOBAN TO ABU YOG. 





to . 

T3 O 

ft* 
n 


Span. 


Width 
clear. 


Materials. 






Town. 


Over all. 


Clear. 


Superstructure. 


Abut- 
ments. 


Over. 




al 

al 

aS 

&4 

&5 

&6 

7 

b8 

&9 

&10 

611 

12 

1 
cl 

3 
4 
5 

de 

7 
c8 

9 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 
























Do. 
















Do. 




14 
8 6 
3 6 
23 6 
18 
29 
16 

f 


12 
6 

2 

15 

16 
25 
12 

52 
51 6 
44 9 

3 


10 

10 
10 
20 
10 
10 
10 
Tew brid£ 
19 
19 
19 
16 


Cocoanut 

do 

do 


Coral... 
None ... 
....do... 


c 

c 
c 

A 
C 
C 

C 

Y 

A 

C 

c 
c 
c 


Do. 

Runway. 
Do. 




Timber 


....do... 


Creek. 




do 

do 

Cocoanut 


Coral . . . 
None . . . 
....do... 


Runway. 
Creek. 
Do. 




r e required. 


Stone; 2 
piers. 

Stone . . . 
None . . . 

do... 









Timber 






1 




Palo 


1 5 
200 

8 
14 
12 


Stone arch 


Runway. 
San Joaquin 

River. 

Runway. 

Do 








10 
10 
10 


Timber 






Cocoanut 

do 


Stone . . . 
None... 






Do 






Do. 




27 

150 

48 




10 


Cocoanut..,.. 


Stone . . . 
None . . . 

Stone... 


c 

c 

c 


Do. 












15 


Cocoanut and 


River. 
Tide inlet 


Tanauan* 






Tolosa* 


















Dulag* 


















Abuyog* 





































ROAD FROM TANAUAN TO DULAG, INLAND. 



Tanauan . 



Burauen*. 
Dulag * . . . 



9 
82 
51 



24 

44 
12 

45 
31 
33 



7 



7 
76 

48 



40 

9 

42 



11 



11 
10 

12 



12 
15 



Plank floor, 
iron string- 
ers. 

Cocoanut 

do 

Cocoanut floor, 
iron string- 
ers 

Cocoanut 

do 

Timber 

do 

do 

do 



None 



...do 
...do 
...do 



Runway. 



Do. 

Malaguiky. 
Balisung. 



Creek. 

Gingauan. 

Runway. 

Digahohgan. 

Alinauan. 

Runway. 



ROAD FROM DAGAMI TO TABON-TABON. 





1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


20 
12 
12 
20 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 


16 
10 


8 
8 


Cocoanut 


None ... 
....do... 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Gingauan. 




Ragondongon. 
Runway. 
Billsung. 
Runway. 






....do... 




16 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 


8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 




....do... 






....do .. 






....do... 


Do. 






....do... 


Do. 






....do... 


Do. 






....do... 


Do. 


Tabon-Tabon* 










1 

2 
3 
4 


152 

28 

4 

el50 


150 

28 
3 


14 

10 
4 


Hewed timber 
Cocoanut 


None . . . 
....do... 


A 

C 
D 


Branch of Bin- 




ahaan. 






....do... 


Runway. 




























1 













a Municipal bridges. 
b Renewed, 1902. 



(•Ferry. 

dNew sluiceway required. 



e Estimated length (ford). 
* Schedule incomplete. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



849 



Bridge schedule, province of Lcyte, P. I., December 31, 1902 — Continued. 

ROAD FROM PALO TO ALANG-ALANG AND JARO. 





S3 


Span. 


Width 
clear. 


Materials. 


8 




Town. 


Over all. Clear. 


Superstructure. 


Abut- 
ments. 


Over. 


Palo 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9- 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


Ft. in. 
40 
30 
65 


JR. in. 


Ft. in. 


Cocoanut 

do 


None . . 
....do... 


c 

c 
D 
D 
D 
D 
C 
D 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 

c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 


Creek 




1" 


Do. 




::::::::::::::::::::: 


....do... 


Malirong. 

Runway. 

Do. 




6 
6 






do... 










do... 




48 






do... 


Tibuk. 




6 




Cocoanut 


....do... 
....do... 


Runway. 
Do. 






6 
12 

6 
30 

6 

6 
20 
20 










Cocoanut 

do 


....do... 
do... 


Do. 









Do. 








do 


do... 




Santa Fe barrio 







do 


....do... 


Runway. 
Do. 









do 


....do... 









do 


....do... 










do 


do... 






16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

aS 

9 

a 10 

11 

12 

13 




22 
32 
20 
70 

18 
20 
20 




do 


do... 


Amansubing. 
Linghayan. 








do 


. . . . do . . . 








do 


....do... 








do 


....do... 


Dop-dop. 








do... 


...do... 








do 


do... 


Do. 








do 


do... 


Do. 






20 





do 


do... 








23 
20 
23 

25 
18 
22 
14 
12 
6 
25 




do 


do... 










do 


....do... 










do 


....do... 


Do. 


Alang-Alaner 






do 


....do... 










do 


do... 


c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 


Do 








do 


do... 


Do 








do 


....do... 


Do 








do 


....do... 


Do 








do 


....do... 


Do. 








do 


....do... 






100 

18 
15 

8 
18 

8 
















Cocoanut 


None ... 


c 


Creek. 








Do. 








Cocoanut 

do 


None . . . 
....do... 


c 
c 
c 


Do. 








Do. 








do 


....do... 


Do. 


Jaro b 























ROAD FROM JARO TO CARIGARA, DIRECT. 



Jaro « 



Carigara* , 



! ; Cocoanut. 












do.... 

. Archstone 
. Cocoanut . 
. Archstone 
. Cocoanut. 

do.... 

. Archstone , 

. Cocoanut i None.. 



None . 
....do. 
Stone . 
None . 
Stone. 
None . 
Stone . 
....do. 



. C 

. c 

.1 A 

■I C 

■ C 

• c 

. A 

■ C 



Balirung. 
Creek. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Abango. 
Tagug. 
Farina. 
Baruguhay. 



ROAD FROM JARO TO CARIGARA, VIA BARUGOC. 





1 

I 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

. 9 

10 

11 

12 

13 


15 
6 
6 
6 

55 

28 

105 

6 

6 

38 
6 
6 
6 










C 

c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 

D 

c 

c 


Runway. 
Creek. 








do 










do 




Do. 








do 




Do. 








do 












do 












do 




Yosang. 
Runway. 








do 










do 










do 




Cabongangan. 









do 










do 




Do. 








do 




Do. 



a Ford. & Renewed 1902. 

war 1903 — vol 5 54 



* Schedule incomplete. 



850 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Bridge schedule, province of Leyte, P. I., December 31, 1902 — Continued. 
ROAD FROM JARO TO CARIGARA, VIA BARUGOC— Continued. 





bu . 
cq 


Span. 


Width 
clear. 


Materials. 


72 

l 

6 




Town. 


Over all. 


Clear. 


Superstructure. 


Abut- 
ments. 


Over. 




a 14 

a 15 

a 16 

17 

18 

19 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 


Ft. in. 

20 
30 
30 
10 
18 

142 

21 
40 
35 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 








Unga. 

Cabjuangan. 
Tunga. 
Runway. 










I 


















c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 
c 




! 


Plank 








do 1 


Ngasingan. 
Creek 












Plank 




Omanglis. 
Onuyo. 






do 






105 
60 

68 
28 




do 






| 


do 




Calinantog. 
Baruguhay. 






do 

























1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
& 11 
&12 
13 
14 
15 
616 
6 17 
618 
619 
&20 
6 21 
6 22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 


20 

20 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

60 

30 

6 

6 

6 








D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 



























Runway. 
Do. 






















Do. 












Do. 










Do. 










Do. 










Do. 


























I 














| 


D 

D 
D 


Do. 






1 


Do. 






1 


Do. 




30 

18 
18 
60 
30 


























1 






















i 


D 


Creek. 




100 
50 
15 
18 

200 
20 
10 
15 
10 
60 
60 
60 

100 
10 
15 
6 
10 

100 
10 

100 

12 

30 

30 

4 

12 

6 

6 

15 

100 
10 
15 
15 
15 
18 
10 
6 

300 

6 

10 

6 

10 




1 
























D 


Runway. 










Do. 










D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
T) 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
T) 












Runway. 
Do. 
















I 


Do. 








i 


Do. 








1 










:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 


Do. 










Do. 










Do. 












Runway. 












Do. 












Do. 












Do. 
























Runway. 
River. 






















Runway. 


Albuera 




















Do. 












Runway. 
Do. 




















Do. 












Do. 












Do. 












River. 












Runway. 












Do. 












Do. 












Do. 












Creek. 












Runway. 












Do. 












River. 












Runway. ' 












Do. 












Do. 












Do. 



a Water (ford). 



b Ford. 



* Schedule incomplete. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 



851 



Bridge schedule, province of Leyte, P. I., December 31, 1902 — Continued. 

ROAD FROM JARO TO CARIGARA, VIA BARUGOC— Continued. 





>o o 
PQ 


Span. 


Width 
clear. 


Materials. 


03 
S3 

5 




Town. 


Over all. 


Clear. 


Superstructure. 


Abut- 
ments. 


Over. 




62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 


Ft. in. 

30 
100 
15 
15 
15 
10 
18 
30 
30 
15 
30 
60 
6 
10 
10 
20 
10 
10 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 






D 

D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 






































Do. 












Do. 












Do. 












Do. 












Do. 












Do. 












Do 












Do. 
























Runway. 
Do. 






















Do. 
























Do. 












Do. 


Caridad (barrio).* . 












Bavbav* 


















Inopacan* 


















Hindang* 


















Hilongos* 


















Bato* 













































































































; Schedule incomplete. 



Exhibit B. 



Office of the Governor, Province of Leyte, 

Tacloban, October 3, 1902. 
Mr. W. S. Conrow, 

Provincial Treasurer, Tacloban, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to inform you that this office is in receipt of complaints 
from a great number of municipal employees of the various towns in the province, to 
the effect that their salaries are due and unpaid for periods ranging from one to six 
months. When the municipal officials are asked why these salaries are not paid 
promptly they invariably reply that there are no funds available with which to meet 
said liabilities. The object of this communication is to ascertain, if possible, why 
such conditions exist. That they do exist is conclusive evidence, to my mind, that 
there is something radically wrong, the immediate correction of which is imperative 
if we would make municipal governments a success in this Province, for the very 
life of a municipality depends upon its resting on a sound financial basis. 

Section 47, Municipal Code, reads as follows: 

" (a) During the month of January of each year the council shall prepare in dupli- 
cate a report giving — 

" (b) An inventory of all buildings, lands, and other property, real and personal, 
belonging to the municipality. 

" (c) An itemized estimate of the revenues of the municipality from all sources 
during the current year, with a statement opposite each item of the amount realized 
from that source during the preceding year. 

"(d) An itemized estimate of the ordinary expenses of the municipality for the 
current year, with a statement opposite each item of the corresponding expenses for 
the last preceding year. The estimated ordinary expenses shall not exceed the esti- 
mated resources. This estimate shall include a statement of outstanding indebted- 
ness, if such exists. 

"(e) An estimate of such extraordinary expenditures, if any, as may be required 
through unusual necessity or to make permanent improvements. Such estimate 
shall state the approximate total expenditures by reason of such necessity or improve- 
ment, the amount which it is expected to expend during the current year, and the 



852 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

source or sources from which it is proposed to secure the necessary funds; also an 
itemized statement of extraordinary expenditures for the last preceding year. The 
report hereinbefore provided for shall be in such form as may be prescribed by the 
provincial treasurer. 

"(/) Such report, when approved, shall be attested by the president and municipal 
secretary and shall be forwarded in duplicate to the provincial treasurer for his 
action. If the provincial treasurer shall, upon consideration, find that the taxes 
levied will produce the estimated revenue and that the actual expenditures will not 
exceed in the aggregate the estimate thereof, then he shall approve the same and 
shall forward one of the copies of the report, with his approval indorsed thereon, to 
the president, to serve as a guide to the municipality in the administration of its 
finances. If, after the provincial treasurer shall have begun the collection of taxes, 
he finds that the amount to be actually collected will fall short of the estimate, he 
shall certify this fact to the council, with a statement of the probable shortage, and 
it shall be the duty of the council to reduce its subsequent expenditures so as to 
bring their aggregate within the available income as reported by him. 

u {g) Expenses not provided for in the annual estimate can only be incurred and 
paid upon the authorization by the provincial treasurer at the request of the 
municipal council." 

Information is requested as to whether or not you have prescribed a form upon 
which these estimates are made? If so, please furnish me with a copy of same. If 
not, have any of the towns in their estimates, either by items or in the aggregate, 
showed what their revenues were for the last preceding year (or fractional part of 
the year they were organized) , and what their expenses were for the same period? 
If they have not, in what way do you determine whether or not the municipality, 
whose estimate you are considering, will realize the amount estimated? Since 
beginning the collection of taxes for the current year, have you found that the 
actual collections of any town would fall short of the estimate furnished you for 
that town? If so, have you certified that fact to the municipality? To what towns, 
if any, have you given authorization to incur expenses not provided for in their 
annual estimate, and what was the nature of said expenses? If all the municipalities 
have furnished these estimates and you have approved them, how do you account 
for the lack of funds, in the majority of the towns, with which to meet their ordi- 
nary expenses? 

Section 21 (c) reads as follows: 

"He shall (the municipal treasurer), on or before the third day of each month, 
make out in triplicate a full and complete statement of the receipts and expenditures 
of the preceding month, together with a statement of the cash actually on hand in 
the municipal treasury. He shall deliver two copies to the president, who shall 
verify them and certify upon the face of each to the correctness thereof, and shall 
then immediately cause one copy to be posted at the main entrance to the municipal 
building and send the other copy to the provincial treasurer." 

Do these reports reach you regularly? If not, what measures have you adopted to 
insure a compliance upon the part of municipal officials with this requirement of 
law? If these reports reach you regularly, you ought to be able to tell whether or 
not the municipal employees are receiving their salaries promptly, and how their 
monthly expenditures correspond with their respective estimates. These reports 
should also show whether or not the municipal treasurer is complying with subsec- 
tion (d) of the last-quoted section, which provides that warrants shall be paid in the 
order of their presentation, which, I am informed, is not done, but that the municipal 
officials are paid from month to month as long as there are any funds available, and 
that the warrants in favor of the employees are allowed to accumulate. Have you 
any information in regard to such discriminations in the towns? 

I desire to call your attention to the report required under section 46 of the munic- 
ipal code, and to inquire whether said reports have been rendered by all the munici- 
palities? I desire especially to invite your attention to the latter clause in said 
section, which makes it your duty to institute proceedings against the municipal 
treasurer, or the council, or any member thereof, for unlawful expenditures of 
municipal funds. I take it that expenditures unauthorized by you are all unlawful, 
and may or may not be recovered by you for the benefit of the municipality, 
according to your discretion. 

Section 67, municipal code, reads as follows: 

"Within ten days after the passage of the ordinance by the council for the pay- 
ment of licenses or privilege taxes, the president and municipal treasurer shall 
prepare a list of the names of the persons whose business, if continued, would render 
them liable to the licenses or tax, and they shall transmit such list at once to the 
provincial treasurer to enable him more readily to detect persons failing to pay the 
licenses and privilege taxes for which they shall have become liable." 



KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 853 

Section 71 (b), municipal code, reads as follows: 

"At the termination of the period of collection as fixed by this act, the provincial 
treasurer shall return to the municipal council an account of those taxes that could 
not be collected, and such treasurer will not be held liable for the uncollected por- 
tion unless because of negligence or bad faith on his part or on the part of his deputy 
or deputies." 

Have all the municipalities furnished you with these lists? If not, what percentage 
of them have, and what steps have you taken against those that are delinquent? How 
will you know when you will have completed the collection of taxes in the several 
municipalities if no such lists are furnished you? 

Section 87, municipal code, reads as follows: 

"Any officer charged with the duty of assessing real property who shall wilfully 
omit from the tax lists real property which he knows to be lawfully taxable, shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine not exceeding one thousand 
(1,000) pesos, or imprisonment not exceeding two (2) years, or both, in the discretion 
of the court. ' ' 

Section 88, municipal code, reads as follows: 

"Any officer charged with the duty of listing or collecting license or privilege 
taxes, who shall wilfully omit to list or collect the same or any part thereof, shall be 
guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to the penalties provided in section 87." 

In my opinion persistent neglect and failure of municipal officials charged with 
listing of both real property and the names of persons who are liable for licenses and 
privilege taxes is a wilfull omission, as contemplated in sections 87 and 88, and sub- 
jects the officials to the punishments prescribed in said sections, and proceedings 
should be instituted against them. 

I desire also to invite your attention to the amended section 72 of the municipal 
code, as amended by Act 303, United States Philippine Commission, and to inquire 
to what extent you have been able to comply with the requirements of said section. 
If you have been able to comply with said requirements fully, please state to what 
extent you have been able to comply, and I respectfully request that you make a full 
and complete statement as to why a complete compliance has been impossible. 

Any suggestions which you may be able to make in reference to the collection of 
taxes or the subject-matter upon which taxes are levied, or any other matters in 
connection with your department which will facilitate the collection of said taxes, 
and assist in putting the municipalities of the province on sound financial footings, 
is respectfully requested, that such executive assistance may be rendered you from 
this office as Is necessary to insure a full and complete compliance with existing laws 
upon the part of municipal officials. 

Also, such suggestions and recommendations as may require legislative action, that 
they may be forwarded to the proper authorities for their action. 
Very respectfully, 

J. H. Grant, Governor. 



Annual Keport of the Provincial Governor of Masbate, 1903. 

Office of the Governor, Province of Masbate, P. I., 

Masbate, June 30, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila. 

Sir: Having submitted to your office my report dated the 30th of June, 1902, I 
believed that I was relieved from making a report in the month of January of the 
present year for the year which had just past, as provided by section 7 of the pro- 
vincial act numbered 83. 

CONDITION OF THE PROVINCE. 

The peace is so firmly established in this province that not a single case of raids 
by outlaws is to be reported for the year 1902. The number of constabulary stationed 
in this province at the beginning of 1902 was 110, more or less', the great majority of 
them being natives of the pueblos of this province. Forty of these were sent to 
Leyte, commanded by an inspector, and 20 were sent to Sorsogon in April of the 
aforesaid year. Last'Xovember 2*i enlisted men and an inspector were sent to Cal- 
bayog, and last December 15 enlisted men and a sergeant went to Albay, pursuant 
to orders received from the headquarters of the organization, for the purpose of 
assisting in the pursuit of outlaws in those provinces. 

Thanks to the efforts of the municipal officers of the pueblos of this province, who 
have endeavored and are endeavoring to keep their respective municipalities free 



854 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

from malefactors, the province has enjoyed uninterrupted tranquillity until the pres- 
ent writing. To their efforts is also due the surrender to the municipal officers of 
Palanas of the 21 persons who were seduced by the alleged assassins of the Echevarria 
family, whose names are Melchor de la Cruz, Eugenio Gallardo, and others, and who 
are said to have gone to one of the islands situated between Masbate and Samar. 
The municipal officials of Palanas are still working, in order to secure reliable infor- 
mation regarding the whereabouts of these men. 

In order to prove once more that the residents of the pueblos of this province are 
working in the interest of the affirmation of peace, I would cite the capture of 
Bernardino Baldomar, Bernardo Manlambus, and Crisostomo Concordia, made by 
the constabulary of this province in December, 1902, in the barrio of Mintac, of the 
municipality of Cataingan, which is situated in the southern part of the island of 
Masbate. With them the constabulary seized the sum of $891 Mexican, and papers 
containing acts signed by the outlaws of the province of Samar, and instructions for 
the mission which the person captured was to fulfill in Manila. They were brought 
to the provincial capital and placed in the provincial jail on the 25th of December, 1902. 

On the 10th of January of the present year I received a telegram from Governor 
Llorente, of Samar, asking me to send those persons to the president of Calbayog, 
who was to make the preliminary investigation in the case against them for depre- 
dation committed in the mountains of Calbayog. In compliance with this telegram 
I remitted the aforesaid sum of $891, the papers captured, and the records of the 
preliminary investigation held by the president of Masbate to the senior inspector of 
the Philippine Constabulary, and placed the persons captured at his disposition for 
embarkation on the first steamer bound for Calbayog which might call at this port. 
On the 24th of February, 1903, they had not yet been sent, no steamer having 
arrived on which they could have been embarked for Calbayog. On that date six pris- 
oners made their escape from the provincial jail; their names were Leon Arco and 
Melchor Ablinde, both under death sentence; Andres Villasis, their accomplice; 
Bernardo Manlambus, Bernardino Baldomar, and Crisostomo Concordia. Bernardo 
Manlambus and Bernardino Baldomar were recaptured on the 25th of February, 
1903, as I reported to your office on the 28th of February; but until the present 
writing Leon Arco, Melchor Ablinde, Andres Villasis, and Crisostomo Concordia 
have not been recaptured, in spite of the efforts made by the constabulary and the 
municipal police of this province. It is not even known if they are in the moun- 
tains of Masbate. 

On the 22d of March of the present year Bernardo Manlambus died in the provincial 
jail from meningitis, according to the certificate of the president of the provincial board 
of health. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The increase in the plantation of hemp and cocoanut trees during the year of 1902 
is not inconsiderable, and will doubtless add to the industrial and commercial wealth 
of the province. Nevertheless much land has remained uncultivated, as the intense 
drought which destroyed the crops of quick-growing plants also prevented the plant- 
ing of cocoanut trees and hemp. The only resources left to the pueblos are there- 
fore the natural products—those for consumption as well as those for commerce — the 
principal of which, the cutting of timber, deserves special mention. 

CUTTING OP TIMBER. 

The cutting of timber on public lands, besides being the principal agent to counteract 
the influence of the prevailing scarcity of foodstuffs, as has already been mentioned, 
prevented brigandage from gaining a hold here, as it gave employment to all able- 
bodied persons not engaged in other work. Any person acquainted with the province 
will not fail to see that it is the principal source of revenue at the present time, and 
that as such it should be given all the facilities and franchises which can possibly be 
granted, if it is not desired that famine and other calamities befall this province. 

FINANCIAL CONDITION. 

During the closing fiscal year the financial condition of the province has consider- 
ably improved, as the tax on forestry products has been a good source of revenue for 
the provincial treasury, and as a considerable saving was made by abolishing the 
office of supervisor. To prove this, I would state that on the 31st of May, 1903, the 
funds in the treasury and on deposit with the New York Guaranty and Trust Company 
amounted to the considerable sum of $57.81, United States currency, and $5,882.59, 
local currency. It will be seen that this sum is more than sufficient to enable the 
province to employ a provincial fiscal; this officer being badly needed for the pre- 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 855 

liminary investigation of judicial matters and for other work of his incumbency, in 
his capacity as legal counsel of the provincial government and of the council and the 
president of each municipality, as required by the existing legislation. 

STOCK RAISING. 

The epizootic or rinderpest, which ceased in April, 1901, reduced the beef cattle and 
carabaos enormously in numbers; but fortunately this plague has not returned, and 
the few cattle which survived have increased considerably. The fecundity of these 
animals is such as has never been seen before, and barring unforeseen calamities, the 
province will within three or four years have no reason for complaining about the 
scarcity of work cattle. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

The cholera having broken out on the coast of Capiz, which faces these islands, 
and in the province of Cebu, which is the market for the dried fish and other prod- 
ucts of the pueblos of the southwest coast of this island, it was carried by a parao 
(small sailing vessel) into the municipality of Milagros, a pueblo which has frequent 
communication with the aforesaid provinces, end of 1902, notwithstanding the pre- 
cautions which had been taken. In order to isolate the epidemic, suitable measures 
were taken, as the establishment of quarantine by land and by sea, the killing of 
dogs and pigs, the cleaning of public and private places, and the isolation of infected 
houses, but they were not sufficient to prevent the cholera from spreading. During 
the same year malarial fevers became epidemic, the principal causes therefor being 
the lack of nutritious food and the noxious effluvia which arose from decaying animal 
matter, the victims of the rinderpest. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Only eight of the seventeen pueblos of the province have schools, in which Ameri- 
can and Filipino teachers are employed. It will be seen that the number of public 
schools is insufficient for the province; the same being the case with the supplies. 
Even these are superfluous if radical reforms are not made in the personnel, the sal- 
aries, and the system of education. Each pueblo should have a school-teacher with 
a reasonable compensation who should be able to express himself in an intelligible 
manner in the local dialect, or at least in Spanish. The parents are very axious to 
give their children a real and solid education, and the children are anxious to learn; 
but these desires are in vain on account of the absolute lack of the real educational 
establishments in this province. At the beginning both adults and children were 
very anxious to study English, but later icy indifference followed the unusual ani- 
mation. To this there also contributed the cholera and the malarial fevers, of which 
we have already spoken. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The posts of the telephone lines to the pueblos in the southern and western part 
of this island being decayed, they have broken off, and the wire is lying on the 
ground. I have, therefore, the honor to suggest that a sum not exceeding $1,000, 
money of the United States, be appropriated to be employed in the purchase of new 
posts. There is the advantage that the pueblos of the south have offered to place 
the new posts on the spots where the old posts were standing, without compensation. 
It would be a pity to allow the lines to remain in their present condition, as the 
telephone facilitates rapid communication, and as the investment of a little money 
would greatly benefit the speedy transaction of official business. 

There is no need for wagon roads in this province, as the communication is mostly 
by sea and river, and I would therefore suggest that instead of being furnished rice 
for the repair of the roads, the province be granted about 500 piculs of rice for work 
on the telephone lines and for the establishment of telephone lines between the 
pueblos. 

There has been a vacancy in the office of provincial fiscal of Masbate since last 
December, when the person who held that office was transferred to Bataan, and I 
would ask that when you appoint his^ successor you have him assume at the same 
time the duties of provincial secretary, in order that he be able to act as substitute of 
the provincial governor in the absence of the latter from the provincial capital, thus 
avoiding delay in the transaction of official business of an urgent nature. 
Very respectfully, 

Bonifacio Serrano, 

Provincial Governor. 



856 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Mindoro for the Year ending 

December 31, 1902. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 
Calapan, Mindoro, P. I., January 5, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for part of the year ending 
December 31, 1902: 

Civil government was extended to the island of Mindoro June 23 last, by virtue of 
Act No. 423 of the honorable Philippine Commission ; under the provisions of which 
act the island of Lubang was detached from the province of Cavite, attached to Min- 
doro and the whole annexed to the province of Marinduque, Mindoro to have a gov- 
ernor "who shall be an officer of the United States Army, detailed for the purpose 
by the major-general commanding the Division of the Philippines." 

In compliance therewith, and based on the request of the honorable vice civil 
governor, Capt. Robert S. Offley, Thirtieth U. S. Infantry, was detailed to that duty 
by paragraph No. 1, General Orders; No. 144, Division of the Philippines, dated June 
29, 1902. 

The provincial treasurer of Marinduque, Mr. C. H. Lamb, reported in person 
August 22, and the work of organization began the day following; which, owing to 
many vexatious delays due to absence of transportation or means of communication 
on the island, was not completed until October 16, 1902. 

It was found impracticable to reorganize the towns, or pueblos, as existed under 
Spanish regime — 23 in number — many of which had been destroyed during the late 
insurrection, others almost depopulated by the ravages of cholera, and still others 
where the ignorance of the people made organization under the municipal code an 
impossibility. On the isiand of Semirara, to which it was hoped to attach the islands 
of Caluya and Sibay as barrios, the people were found clothed in nature's garb only, 
and but one man who claimed to be able to "read and write" — his knowledge, when 
put to the test, extended to reading and writing his own name. 

I have been unable to get to the islands of Caluya and Sibay, but I am assured the 
same conditions exist as at Semirara. 

As to ignorance, almost the same conditions exist on the southern part of this 
(Mindoro) island. By uniting Mansalay, Tiding, and the three islands above referred 
to, to Bulalacao, all with their former barrios, and stretching the code somewhat, a 
so-called municipality was organized; while the uniting of the former pueblos of Ylin 
(island) Magaran or Iiron, Caguray, and Pandarucan to Mangarin failed to bring 
forth the requisite number of qualified ' ' consejales. ' ' Here, as at Bulalacao, the code 
had to be stretched; a presidente was appointed (who can neither read nor write), 
ordinances were drawn up by myself and the provincial treasurer, the same read to 
the presidente and the councilors — or, more properly speaking, "tenientesof barrios" — 
and the presidente directed to enforce the same. (This same presidente has the best- 
regulated municipality on the island to-day, all credit for which is due to him. ) 

Owing to the nearness of the elections, which were then to be held on the first 
Tuesday in December, no changes were made in the organization of the island of 
Lubang, though nothing whatever had been done for that island by the province of 
Cavite, nor ever visited by the officials of that province. The pueblos of Lubang and 
Looc were organized under General Orders, No. 40, I believe, some time in 1900 or 
1901, by Captain Brown, of the Fourth U. S. Infantry. 

The residence of two members of the provincial board of Mindoro, a majority, 
being in the town of Boac, province of Marinduque, where, owing to the uncertainty 
of transportation, most of the business relating to Mindoro had to be transacted, 
resulted in the governor of Mindoro being nothing more than the deputy of the 
provincial treasurer, and supervisor, of Marinduque; to remedy which, and with a 
view to making legal what had to be done illegally — the organization of Mangarin — 
the honorable civil governor and the members of the Commission were appealed to, 
resulting in Act No. 500, which gave Mindoro-Lubang a provincial form of govern- 
ment of its own on the same basis as Nueva Vizcaya, a form of government which, 
with a few amendments to be hereafter recommended, in my humble opinion can 
not be improved upon. The people lose none of the rights given them under the 
municipal code; in fact, those rights are guaranteed them by making it the duty of 
the governor, where the municipal council fail to enact "such measures as are 
necessary and proper to provide for the health and safety, promote the prosperity, 
improve the morals, good order, peace, comfort, and convenience of the township 
and the inhabitants thereof and for the protection of the property therein," to issue 
suitable orders for securing these ends, "which orders shall have the effect of law." 

Mr. C. H. Lamb, formerly treasurer of Marinduque Province, was appointed 



EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



857 



supervisor-treasurer, and Seiior Fernando de San Agustin, formerly presidente of 
Calapan, appointed provincial secretary. 

Owing to the pending census, no reorganization has yet taken place under this act. 

The following is a list of the municipalities of the province organized under the 
municipal code, with the population, estimated, of each: 



Abra de Ylog 828 

Bulalacao 2, 877 

Calapan 5,656 

Looc 2,254 

Lubang 4, 780 

Mamburao 1, 929 

Naujan 4, 330 

Paluan 1,000 



Pinamalayan 3, 114 

Pola 1,900 

Puerto Galera 1, 140 



29, 808 
Mangarin (special) 1, 188 



30, 988 



deducting the island of Lubang, an area of 63 square miles, a total Christian popula- 
tion for Mindoro and its adjacent islands of, in round numbers, 24,000, extended 
over an area of over 4,000 square miles, or about 107 acres for every man, woman, 
and child. (The non-Christian tribe, Manguianes, are not considered, as they do not 
live in houses nor till the soil, being dependent on wild sweet potatoes, "camotes," 
and roots for food, moving camp as the supply becomes exhausted.) 

That Mindoro Province will prove to be one of the richest provinces, if not the 
richest, is my firm conviction. 

Of the minerals, gold, copper, and coal are known to exist. The bottom lands are 
capable of raising "palay" for ten times the present population. The hemp, partic- 
ularly that grown at Puerto Galera, has been pronounced by experts as equal to, if 
not better, than any grown in the Archipelago. The mountains are a vast forest, 
where, among numerous other species of trees, are to be found the rubber tree, ylang- 
ylang, cinchona or quinine, and the beautiful red "narra." Many of the streams, 
particularly noticeable near Pola and Bulalacao, are coated with petroleum, so rich 
finds in this direction are probable. The people are in perfect ignorance of the value 
of these products, and did not know they possessed the rubber tree until shown by 
Americans. 

A survey has been completed for a railroad of about 10 miles in length, with a view 
to opening up the coal mines near Bulalacao. The same company, a Spanish con- 
cern, owns coal lands on the island of Semirara. 

The island of Lubang has almost every physical feature of our own Territory of 
Oklahoma, and I do not. doubt but what every cereal grown in that Territory can be 
grown here. Reports have been received that American miners have discovered 
copper near Looc, and good indications of gold. 

I believe a truck farm near the town of Lubang for supplying the Manila markets 
would prove a success. Arrangements are now being made to start an experimental 
garden, or farm, there, under the direction of the provincial board. 

Mindoro was virtually surrendered to the insurrectionary government in July, 1898, 
when the few Spanish soldiers holding the island surrendered to Gen. Alfonso 
Panopio, of the insurrectionary forces. The history of Mindoro from that date until 
American occupation (July, 1901) is better told in the records of the court of first 
instance for this district — a history of assassination and destruction. 

American occupation found the island controlled by armed bands, chased hither 
from nearby provinces, noticeably Batangas and Cavite. It is true the island had a 
governor, appointed by Malvar, and the records captured would indicate organization, 
but, in my opinion, this did not exist; unless a dozen or more generals, each styling 
himself "gobernador," can be called organization. 

Under threat of death, too often carried out, the people were compelled to furnish 
food to these bands, and refrain from giving information Qr other assistance to the 
Americans. 

Some more than 300 "insurrectos," so-called, were captured or surrendered to me 
and, it is not an exaggeration to say that the native of Mindoro, or Mindorinian, among 
them was under 5 per cent. However, the people refused to give information, as a 
result of which, and as a military necessity, all the peaceably inclined were ordered to 
congregate in the towns and bring all movable property and supplies with them — 
ample time to accomplish which was given them. Every precaution was taken to 
secure them against suffering and want while so congregated. Then followed the 
destruction of everything outside of the towns that would afford shelter or food to 
those bands, the food stuffs always being brought into town where possible to do so. 

These restrictions were removed in ample time to plant the crops for the coming 
year, but hardly had the work begun when cholera appeared; then followed rinder- 
pest, which latter disease has carried off nearly all the carabao, as a result of which, 



858 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

planting, if any, was late an , though a famine is not anticipated, it is feared that 
there will be some suffering, though every effort is being made to avert it. 

No armed band of ladrones is known to exist, though one of the former insurgent 
chiefs, Valeriano Gasic, is still out and is supposed to have 12 rifles. Unfortu- 
nately, this man is very popular among his people and connected with some of the 
best people on the island, thereby making his capture a difficult matter. He has 
never been accused of any crime, other than hostility to the United States Govern- 
ment, and that evinced only in his nonsurrender. 

So far as I am able to judge, the unsanitary condition of Mindoro has been greatly 
exaggerated. The military official records will, I think, show that the health of the 
troops compares most favorably with that of any other of the provinces or islands of 
the Archipelago. The interior, among the mountains, may be unhealthy, owing to 
the dense foliage, etc. The healthy appearance of the Americans on the coast will go 
far to disprove that Mindoro deserves the sobriquet of "The White Man's Grave." 

The mountains of Mindoro are inhabited by a tribe of semibarbarians, known as 
' ' Manguianes. ' ' They are non-Christian, but not savage by nature or habit; will run 
at sight of a white man, if his coming and intentions have not been previously announced. 
Their dress consists of ' ' gee-string, ' ' and their habitation a hollow tree or brush lean-to. 

They are divided into several tribes, chief among which is the "Buquid" and 
"Bangon;" roam in bunches or groups, the oldest man acting as leader; are willing 
workers and make nearly all the bancas used on the island; have no knowledge what- 
ever of agriculture, and do not know the value money, of which fact Mr. Filipino 
hombre avails himself, by giving a handful of salt for a banca. The price of a small 
working bolo to a Manguian is ten years' servitude. 

These are all the facts I have been able to glean, so far, of this strange and interest- 
ing people. I am making every effort to win their confidence, and in this way hope 
to gradually apply the provisions of Act No. 547, "An act providing for the estab- 
lishment of local civil governments for the Manguianes in the province of Mindoro." 

Section No. 43 of Act No. 387, applied to Mindoro by Act No. 500, provides that 
"The revenues of the township shall be devoted exclusively to local public purposes," 
and sections Nos. 44, 54, and 55 of the same act prescribes from what sources such 
revenues shall be derived. 

From this it will be seen that the townships or pueblos are to bear no part in the 
expenses of the provincial government. 

I believe the townships should bear a portion of this expense, and taught from the 
beginning that government is not a toy; that a government worthy of the name is 
worth the purchase price. 

For sometime to come Mindoro will need the assistance of the insular govern- 
ment — until roads and other means of communication are constructed — but this should 
be in the nature of assistance not support. Mindoro is able to bear a large share of 
this burden, and should be compelled to do so. All financial assistance from the 
insular government should be for public improvements, roads, telephone lines, etc., 
which, when completed, will make Mindoro the flower of the Philippines. 

An amendment to section No. 44 (h), Act No. 387, is also recommended. To escape 
the tax therein imposed, a sled, "canga," has been improvised. This sled is most 
destructive to roads, and the owner, the destroyer, bears no part in its repair. This 
sled should be taxed heavily, so much so as to make it almost prohibitive. 

A road law is recommended, a law compelling every able-bodied man to put fifteen 
days' labor on the public roads annually, or pay the cost of such labor — 3 pesos — 
under the direction of the provincial supervisor. 

Very respectfully, R. S. Opfley, 

Captain, Thirtieth U. S. Infantry, Governor of Mindoro. 



Annual Report of the Governor of the Province of Misamis for the Year 1902. 

Office of the Governor, Province of Misamis, 

Cagayan de Misamis, September 8, 1903. 
Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: In compliance with the explicit order contained in the cablegram addressed 

to me by your honor under the 28th of August that I remit to your office my report 

for the year 1902, I have the honor to annex the said report, although it is still 

unfinished. Nevertheless I intend to continue to work on it, but am frequently 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 859 

interrupted by the manifold occupations with which this provincial government is 
burdened, and therfore ask you kindly to pardon this delay, which is not due to my 
will. 

Very respectfully, Manuel Corrales, 

Governor of the Province of Misamis. 

Cagayan de Misamis, September 8, 1903. 
The Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands. 

Sir: In compliance with the provisions of the provincial act, No. 83, 1 respectfully 
submit my annual report of the province of which I am in charge. 

The elections having been held in all the municipalities in the last months of 1901, 
the pueblos of the province enjoyed the benefits of civil rule at the beginning of 
the year 1902; but there still remained an obstacle to the satisfactory progress of the 
municipalities in the western section of this province, comprising the pueblos of 
Misamis, Loculan, Jiminez, Oroquieta, and Langaran. I refer to the insurgent 
general, Rufino Deloso, who had not yet surrendered. Although his followers had 
been greatly reduced in numbers (there only being thirty or forty of them), and were 
hiding in the mountains and barely giving signs that they existed, their presence did 
not fail to cause trouble and alarm, because the military garrisons still continue to 
control matters, sometimes with useless rigor, which compelled me to file a complaint 
with the honorable the civil governor of these islands. This complaint was acted 
upon, and the question which had arisen was soon afterwards settled by the withdrawal 
of the military garrisons of those pueblos. 

Beginning with that time Mr. John W. Green, the senior inspector of the Philippine 
Constabulary in this province, took charge of the public order in that section, 
although his force had not yet been completely organized. He made all possible 
efforts to bring about the surrender of the aforesaid insurgent chief, and asked me 
for letters of recommendation to several presidents of those municipalities who were 
not yet acquainted with the new institution, the Philippine Constabulary, in order 
to inspire them with confidence and induce them to use their influence to further 
the endeavors of the inspector, because at that time the natives were estranged from 
the military element. I complied with his request, and laterT received a communi- 
cation from Inspector Green, dated Oroquieta, the 14th of March, 1902, and informing 
me that the last insurgent chief in this province would soon surrender. 

The surrender took place shortly afterwards, and was hailed with enthusiasm by 
the people, who were anxious to have peace. The presidents of that section, accom- 
panied by the other municipal officers and by bands of music, assembled at Oroquieta, 
where banquets were given, the expenses for which were paid by public subscription. 
This gave rise to the filing of a complaint some time afterwards by Vice-President 
Vicente Fortich, of Oroquieta, with the provincial board against President Telesforo 
Porques, of the same pueblo, whom he accused of having compelled the people to 
pay this subscription. An investigation was held by the board, which is still awaiting 
the final decision of the supreme authority. 

[Copy of the letter addressed by me to the president of Oroquieta.] 

Cagayan, January 15, 1902. 
Mr. Telesforo Porques, Oroquieta. 

Dear Sir: Captain Green is coming to establish his headquarters at your pueblo, 
as you already know. I recommend to you to have confidence in him and to inform 
him confidentially whenever you hear anything regarding the whereabouts of Rufino 
Deloso or other news of interest. Assist him in an efficient manner by giving him 
information and cooperating with him, in order that he will not repent his having 
reposed confidence in the people. 

If you learn the whereabouts of Rufino Deloso, you must try and have a talk with 
him and induce him to surrender, by explaining to him how the insurrection is 
declining everywhere and that his best companions have abandoned him. Tell him 
that if he delays his surrender he will not be given the consideration and the advan- 
tages which the authorities can give him now. Do not take any steps in this matter 
without first consulting the competent authorities. 

While the military force remains in your pueblo try to conduct yourself in such a 
manner that the civil authorities be as much in harmony with the military element 
as possible, in order to avoid all contention and friction. 

If you desire, you can embark on the steamship Victoria to attend the convention 
on the 20th instant, but do not bring the band along, as the voyage is difficult. 
When the launch, which we have been promised for the use of the civil authorities, 
arrives here we shall not have this difficulty. Let us wait until election day. 
Your obedient servant, etc., 

Manuel Corrales. 



860 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Copy of the letter which I wrote to Mr. Isidro Billas, an influential person, who used to be colonel 

under Rufino Deloso.] 

Cagayan, January 15, 1903. 
Mr. Isidro Rillas. 

Dear Sir: Constabulary garrisons are to be established now at several pueblos of 
this range, whose inspector, Captain Green, is the bearer of this letter. 

The aim of this institution is to maintain the public order throughout this province, 
and especially in this section, by means of the civil force. I have given him favor- 
able information about you, and therefore recommend that you and all the principal 
citizens of your pueblo repose your entire confidence in this gentleman, who is 
anxious to work for the pacification of your section. For this reason I would kindly 
ask you to communicate to him any information which you may receive regarding 
the whereabouts of the chief Rufino Deloso, in a confidential manner. You need 
not entertain suspicion or fear, as long as his actions are sincere and loyal. 

Endeavor to find some means for inducing Deloso to have an interview with you, 
taking, of course, all precautions necessary to prevent treachery, and convince him 
that to continue in his refractory attitude would only have bad consequence, because 
soon orders will be issued for his capture in a manner which will not prove very 
honorable for him. All his best companions having surrendered to the constituted 
authorities, and the majority of the people having abandoned him, it would be much 
better for him to surrender while the authorities are still disposed to treat him with 
consideration, and while he is still able to preserve his honor. 

There being no time for further remarks, I remain your obedient servant, etc., 

Manuel Corrales. 

[Copy of the act inviting the insurgent chief, Rufino Deloso to surrender with his men and arms to 
Inspector John W. Green, resident in the pueblo of Oroquieta.] 

Municipality of Langaran, province of Cayagan de Mindanao, Philippine Islands, 
the 20th of February, 1902. 

ACT. 

The peace committee of this pueblo, composed of the municipal council thereof 
and the late insurgent officers, who have already surrendered and taken oath of 
allegiance before the United States military authorities of Misamis, having assembled 
for a meeting, upon the invitation, with the presence and the approval of Inspector 
John W. Green, in order to discuss the complete pacification of this zone, to achieve 
which it is very necessary that the insurgent chief, Rufino Deloso, be requested to 
surrender with his men and arms, the chairman called the meeting to order and 
read aloud a communication addressed to him by the inspector in charge of this 
province, Mr. John W. Green, of which the following is a verbatim copy: 

11 To the peace committee of Langaran, Langaran, the 20th of February, 1902: 

"I have just received a communication of the inspector in charge of this province 
of Misamis, of which the following is a copy: 
1 1 ij> res id en t f Langaran. 

"' I have the pleasure to inform you that if Rufino Deloso surrenders with his 
men (excepting the American deserters), I promise to give them their liberty 
immediately upon their surrender, to allow them to follow their usual vocations, and 
to protect their lives, as peaceful citizens. They will be free to choose the place 
where they desire to reside. 

" 'Respectfully, " 'John W. Green.' 

' ' I have the honor to transmit the above communication to the peace committee 
of the pueblo of Langaran, for its information and action. 
"Yours, respectfully, 

"Remigio Bergado, Municipal President." 

The chairman thereupon laid before the meeting his opinion regarding the matter 
at issue, and after the proper discussion the meeting adopted the following resolution: 

Resolved, That in harmony with the favored communication of Mr. John W. Green, 
the inspector in charge in this province of Misamis, which the chairman has just 
read in this hall, we, the undersigned, with all respect and affection, and in good 
faith, address the following invitation to our compatriot, the insurgent chief Rufino 
Delo30, and his armed forces: 

' ' To the insurgent chief, Rufino Deloso, in the mountains of this zone of Misamis. 

" Dear Sir and Compatriot: Since the municipal government has been organized 
in this pueblo under the new laws passed by the Philippine Commission, we and the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 861 

other pueblos are enjoying many and great privileges and liberties, the municipal 
officers and peaceful citizens as well as the late officers and other members of the 
insurgent army who have surrendered, laid down their arms, and recognized the 
'sovereignty of the United States. Such liberty and privileges we never enjoyed under 
the Spanish regime. 

"In the second place we would inform you, according to our sincere opinion and 
understanding, in what situation you and your reduced forces are at the present time. 
Although you may perhaps not suffer want, we would inform you, as your brothers 
and compatriots, that the time has come for the insurgents who desire to surrender 
to do so, because the military government has ceased in this province, tranquillity 
has returned, and we are governed exclusively by the civil laws, which are the most 
beneficial and reasonable. 

"Therefore, we, who truly love peace in the interest of the public best, invite you 
and your men to surrender as soon as possible, with your arms, to the inspector in 
charge in this province of Misamis, Mr. John W. Green, resident iu the pueblo of 
Oroquieta, a gentleman who is well known in this province, is a man of good char- 
acter, and desires nothing better than peace and harmony between Americans 
and Filipinos. He wants us to lead the life of law-abiding citizens, thus enabling 
everybody to proceed in accordance with law and reason. 

"We, the members of the peace committee in this pueblo, earnestly beseech you 
to convince yourself of the truth of the arguments contained therein, and send your 
reply as soon as possible by conduct of the swiftest messenger. It will not be neces- 
sary for you to inform us of your whereabouts, if you do not care to do so. We, the 
undersigned, will be responsible for the lives of you and your men from the moment 
of your surrender until the proper formalities mentioned in the letter of Inspector 
Green, of which we have inserted a literal copy, have been complied with. If this 
is not done we disclaim all responsibility for your lives, and you and your armed 
men would lose all right to the ample privileges which the American authorities 
intend to grant you, and they would be compelled to adopt different measures. In 
that case you could not blame us, your brethren, as we have fulfilled the principal 
brotherly duty, which is to endeavor to induce you to surrender. 

' 'In closing this letter we hope that our requests will not be disregarded, and we 
anxiously expect the time when we will be able to meet in this pueblo and celebrate 
the happy day of general peace by a special banquet which we are preparing in honor 
of this peace, 'with the help of the Grand Architect of the Universe. 

' ' Remigio Beeg ado, Municipal Presidente. 

"Lorenzo Claret, Member. 

' ' Melchor Banguis, Member. 

"Gualverto Taclub, Member. 

"Nicolas Clavaxo, Member. 

' ' Domixgo Militaxte, Member. 

"Lixo Bulauix, Member. 

"Isidro Rillas, Member." 
[Seal Province of Misamis, Langaran.] 

[Copy of the letter of Senior Inspector John W. Green, of the Philippine Constabulary.] 

Oroquieta, March 14, 1902. 
The Provixcial Goverxor of Misamis, Cagayan. 

Dear Goverxor: I entered into negotiations with Rufino Deloso regarding the 
surrender of himself and his men. A copy of the letter sent to him is annexed 
hereto. My superior officers have authorized me to use any means for reestablishing 
peace in this province, and have assured me that the government at Manila would 
approve of everything done by me. 

After all the disturbances of the last three years and aH the abuses committed by 
the army I consider it no more than just that Rufino be pardoned. Rufino's friends, 
who had a conference with him in the mountains, told me that he will accept my 
conditions. They have gone back to have another conference with him, and I am 
awaiting their return. 

It you can possibly come, I should be pleased to see you in Oroquieta, as your 
presence would have a good influence on the people. 

I shall comply with your wishes and send Jimenez to Dalinding. 
Respectfully, 

Johx W. Greex, 
Senior Inspector , Philippines Constabulary, 

Oroquieta, Misamis (Mindayiao, P. I.) 

P. S. — Please wire to all the presidentes to assist me in the discharge of my duties. 

Green. 



862 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Nueva Ecija. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Nueva Ecija, 

San Isidro, January, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with section 7 of Act No. 83 of the United States Philippine 
Commission, I have the honor to present to you the following report, covering the 
conditions of this province, for the year ended December 31, 1902. 

On March 2, 1902, the provincial government was headed by the following officials: 
Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal, provincial governor; Roman Roque, provincial 
secretary; Amzi B. Kelly, provincial treasurer; A. H. Higley, provincial supervisor; 
Ramon Mafialao, provincial fiscal. 

From March until May, 1902, and for some months subsequent the provincial 
government and the situation of the province could not have been worse. 

A band of evil persons, the dregs of the late Spanish administration, believing 
their future to be menaced by the present personnel of the administration, wished 
to take unawares certain provincial, insular, and even military officials, in order that 
the present provincial officials should be substituted by others unknown in the 
province of whose ignorance they might easily take advantage. 

The result of their schemes was public disorder, the impoverishing of the province, 
and discord among the officials. 
^ The government was obliged then to choose between the people and the poor offi- 
cials, and it did not hesitate in the choice, laboring energetically until it accomplished 
the transfer or dismissal of some of the provincial and municipal officials and the 
incarceration of certain members of the constabulary. 

With the change in personnel the economic situation was raised from its prostrate 
condition, discipline was established in the constabularly and public order was 
secured to such an extent that the security of person and of property w T as guaran- 
teed to a degree unknown in the past. 

This office was forced to work somewhat roughly at that time, but, in compensa- 
tion, all the arms which were found in the possession of evil people were taken, all 
the ladrones were captured, and every kind of prohibited game was stopped without 
the expense of a single cent to the provincial or insular treasuries, solely with the 
assistance of the people and the municipal police. 

To maintain order it was not necessary to call upon the constabulary, but their 
presence served as moral support to the government, and they were available should 
any possible necessity for their services have arisen. 

During my absence from the provincial capital on business of the census there 
were some cases of thievery in the pueblo of Santa Rosa, toward the close of Decem- 
ber, 1902, and certain important prisoners escaped who were in the care of the con- 
stabulary in Cabiao on January 4, 1903, but up to the present time they have not 
caused any trouble in the province. Authority has been requested to offer rewards 
for anyone capturing these prisoners, not because they actually caused any trouble, 
but to make sure of their recapture and to reward the persons accomplishing it, thus 
avoiding any possible perturbation in the pueblos and barrios of the province. 

So that as for the public order, games, and discipline among the provincial and 
municipal officers for the present there is nothing to be desired, but not so with 
reference to the economic situation and the sanitation of the province. 

Agriculture is prostrate by reason of rinderpest, locusts, and worms, and the crop 
of the present year is less than the ordinary in most of the pueblos. The price of 
unhusked rice fluctuates between $2.75 and $3.37? Mexican per cavan, and it would 
be difficult for the province to support itself if it were still obliged to export the little 
rice which was gathered. Industries are so insignificant as to merit no mention 
at all. 

The evils of the situation have become aggravated by the expenses of sanitation 
and sanitary officials during the cholera epidemic, together with the salaries and 
the furnishings of the public schools and the maintenance of prisoners, which last 
amounted approximately to $1,000 Mexican per month, to say nothing of the dam- 
ages caused to the province by the hurricane of November 8, 1902, which were 
considerable. 

There is much complaint upon the part of property owners concerning the assess- 
ment and taxation of property, but I believe that Act No. 582 of the Commission will 
solve this question quite satisfactorily. 

There is also a great demand for a new registration of animals, especially at present, 
when the insular government expects to provide for the shortage in carabaos by pur- 
chasing them in neighboring countries. But I believe that the Commission will very 
soon legislate concerning this particular, if it has not already been done. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 863 

The roads and bridges of the province, with the exception of that which leads from 
Arayat, Pampanga, to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija; that from San Isidro to Cabanatuan; 
that from San Isidro to Peiiaranda, and that from San Jose to Lupao, are all in their 
primitive condition, very bad. The amount of funds collected for roads is $1,789.72 
United States currency and $3,078.82 local currency. 

For the present the province is in no need of costly engineers or professional men 
as far as roads are concerned; builders for the municipal works are all that are needed. 

The total amount collected for the assessment is $18,171.84 United States currency; 
uncollected, $8,010.02, including $3,897.86 of one resident alone of San Juan. Prob- 
ably 50 per cent of the balance uncollected can not now be collected The collection 
or the consequent levies can be made up to March. Approximately the monthly 
expenses of the provincial government amount to $1,300 United States currency, and 
it is feared that in February the government officials will remain unpaid unless part 
of the road funds be dedicated to this purpose or the balance of the assessment can 
be collected in time. 

As to the public health, everything possible has been done, but the lack of capable 
personnel causes this branch to be deficient. 

With respect to public instruction, the personnel is capable, and everything pos- 
sible for the education of the people is being done. But the local system of educa- 
tion is deficient, The American teachers, all capable in their own language, have no 
knowledge of the local dialect, which is the only means for the communication of 
ideas here; the Spanish teachers, one or two or three of them, speak the dialect par- 
tially. It is desired that more Filipino teachers be furnished and that the American 
teachers learn the local dialect, and if not, at any rate they should all be brought 
together in the provincial capital, with a knowledge of Spanish. Thus time and 
money would be saved, and the most beneficial results in the education of the masses 
would be secured. 

Consequently I have the following recommendations to offer: 

1. That telegraph lines be established throughout all the province. The present 
line includes only the pueblos of Cabaiao, San Isidro, Cabanatuan, Songabon, and 
Pantabangan. It is of imperious necessity to do this, owing to the enormous distance 
from one pueblo to another in this province, of so vast extent and of such impossible 
communication in the rainy season. 

2. That besides the post-offices at San Isidro and Cuyapo others be established at 
Cabanatuan, San Jose, Aliaga, and Bongabon. With the present system official 
correspondence is delayed at times even two months. 

3. That, owing to the" lack of funds in the municipalities, theCommission appropriate 
a sufficient sum for the purpose of constructing a schoolhouse in each municipality, 
pay the salaries of the teachers and the furnishings of the schools, such sums to be 
repaid, in long periods, by the municipality; that, so far as possible, the teachers be 
Filipinos; that the Americans shall know the dialect, and if not, that they be gath- 
ered at the provincial capital, with a knowledge, at any rate, of Spanish. 

4. That the office of provincial supervisor be abolished, and that in his place be 
appointed a builder acquainted with the locality, with an annual salary of $900 United 
States currency. The present office costs the government of the province $2,620 
United States currency per annum; consequently there will be a saving to the provin- 
cial government of $1,720 United States currency per annum, with the further advan- 
tage of having the work better done, as well as more cheaply. The works which 
require a technical knowledge may be placed under the supervision of the bureau of 
engineering, created by Act No. 584 of the commission. 

5. That the justices of the peace be paid salaries proportionate to the importance 
of their municipalities and from the insular treasury. The present system has a 
deplorable effect upon the administration of justice and the municipal treasuries of 
provinces like Nueva Ecija. Owing to the lack of adequate remuneration, it is not 
possible to select justices of the peace; few will accept the Offices and those who do 
accept have to commend themselves to the hands of unscrupulous persons to the 
detriment of justice. The municipalities pay out considerable amounts, and the 
fines which should serve to repay them amount to nothing. Certain of the justices 
of the peace, to whom their officers a burden, act in such a manner as to secure their 
dismissal, which is a favor to them when they have no justifiable motive for present- 
ing their resignation. 

6. That while I am of the opinion that the provisions of act No. 190, which 
refer to the particular, are applicable to the payment of the traveling expenses of the 
prosecuting witnesses in criminal cases, nevertheless it would be well for the Com- 
mission to legislate upon this point, indicating from what funds these expenses should 
be paid. On account of this omission witnesses avail themselves of every imaginary 
excuse to avoid making the journey; criminal cases are thus delayed, and the pris- 



864 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



oners are left forever imprisoned in the provincial jail, to the serious detriment of 
justice and the provincial treasury. 

Finally, I have the honor to inclose five photographs, as requested in your circu- 
lar of November 20, 1902, the only ones which I have secured up to the present. 
By reason of waiting for these photographs this report has been somewhat delayed. 
When the other photographs illustrating the forest products, agriculture, commerce, 
typical scenes, etc. , of this province shall arrive, I shall embody them in an addi- 
tional report to be made to the insular government. 
Respectfully, 

Epifanio de los Santos Ceist6bal, 

Provincial Governor. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. 1. 



Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, January 10, 1903. 

Sir: As required by act 337, section 6 of the law establishing the provincial gov- 
ernment of Nueva Vizcaya, I have the honor to submit the following annual report 
covering the year 1902: 

The province of Nueva Vizcaya was established by law under civil government on 
January 29, 1902, but it was not until April 9 that the honorable Commission passed 
act 387, defining the municipal organizations and establishing a system of local taxes. 

My predecessor arrived in April and proceeded to hold elections for municipal 
offices and to collect the cedula tax. This was in substance all that was done when 
I arrived on August 14 to take over the office of provincial governor. A meeting 
was immediately called of the presidentes and local officials to formulate township 
ordnances and a schedule of local taxes, which was held on September 6. Up to this 
date no local tax schedule existed, and it appears that every township treasurer 
collected what taxes he liked and apparently disposed of same as agreed between 
the township officials. 

The taxes collected and disbursements of same since September 6 have been in 
accordance with the provincial law and have barely met the local expenses, all 
provincial expenses being paid entirely out of insular funds. 

Two ' ' Igorrote commissioners ' ' were appointed without salary to promote friendly 
relations and commerce with the non-Christian tribes, but the results have not been 
very satisfactory. 

There were no municipal police organizations when I arrived and no funds to pay 
same. In fact, none of the township officials had received any pay at all nor had 
the amount of their salaries been decided. So little was done, in fact, that there was 
no opportunity to give attention to the isolated non-Christian tribes until the latter 
part of October. 

We have now passed 39 local ordinances regulating matters not provided for in the 
general laws. They are uniform in all townships. Also, we have 35 uniform police 
regulations setting forth the duties of the municipal police. There are 6 police 
organizations, as follows: 



Organization. 



Popula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Pay per 
month 
(each). 



Aritao 

Dupax 

Bambang . . . 

Bayombong 

Solano 



605 
2,000 

1,800 

3,700 

5,000 

2,000 



4 police... 
7 police... 
1 sergeant 
7 police... 

I sergeant 

II police.. 
1 corporal 

1 sergeant 
16 police.. 

2 corporals 
1 sergeant 
7 police... 
1 sergeant 



Pesos. 



a o 



Total force, 59. 



a Average. 



The whole of the municipal police are uniformly armed with Remington single 
barrel, 12-bore shotguns, and each policeman is allowed two cotton uniforms per 
year, which cost about 4.50 pesos each. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 865 

We have had a continual fight with the local officials to secure a real police force. 
It has been the custom of years for the local police to exist on paper only and at a 
salary of from 1 to 2 pesos* per month. The force consisted (on paper) of 12 to 25 
men in each small township. When the governor came unexpectedly to inspect the 
police the officials sent to their houses and dressed up their servants in uniforms, 
kept for the purpose, and also sent hurry messages out through the town and into 
the rice fields, finally rounding up the police force, which required from thirty min- 
utes to more than an hour. Not a single police was actually on duty very frequently, 
and they were used as servants and laborers by the township officials. _ The pay 
was raised to the lowest wage at which they could live and devote all their time to 
their duties as police; and while a certain amount of the old abuse still exists the 
conditions are greatly improved, and we have a real police force in each township, 
which is inspected by the constabulary officers as regards their arms and the use 
and care of same, and by the governor as regards their duties as policemen. They 
are able to pass a fair oral examination along the lines of the police regulations and 
local ordinances, and the arms are usually fairly well kept. 

CONSTABULARY. 

The constabulary organization of this province consists of 162 men and 5 officers. 
They are on the whole a very creditable native organization, generally clean and 
neatly kept. They are usually respectful, and rarely commit abuses against the 
residents of the province. This is due to a great extent to the fact that they are 
recruited here in this province. The Spanish practice was to send up native soldiers 
from other provinces, mostly Tagalogs, who were as foreign here as the Spaniards 
themselves and spoke a different dialect. These soldiers uniformly abused and 
robbed the people, and were greatly disliked and feared. The present organization 
is largely related to the residents and are liked by all. Having their families here 
and speaking the local dialects, they are a part of the community and in sympathy 
with the residents. There is, however, too much lack of discipline between some 
officers and men upon the part of the soldiers themselves. 

I would likewise suggest for the good of the service and government that a greater 
effort be made by the officers to deliver the money for payment of the soldiers more 
promptly. The native of the soldier class is very improvident, and spends his money 
as soon as received, and when they have to wait three months and more for another 
pay day they are induced to steal and commit abuses which they would not think of 
if it were not for the straits they are put to for want of money and food. Cases have 
been brought into court here which could be attributed* directly to the above- 
mentioned causes. 

TAXES. 

The natives of this province have universally expressed themselves as dissatisfied 
with the tax schedule. They do not complain of having to pay too much tax, but 
too many taxes. They prefer to pay an increased cedula of even 3 or 4 pesos and 
abolish the dog tax, slaughtering tax, market tax, and cart tax. The reason for this 
appears to be that under the present system the tax collector is always present to 
bother them, and tax collecting never ceases. They wish to pay all their taxes in 
lump sums once or twice a year only and then be done with taxpaying. The present 
system, so they claim, lends itself to abuses. For example, the market tax is used 
to hold up a man and collect a percentage of the money realized on the sale of any 
product at any place, whether sold in a public market place or not. I can not too 
strongly recommend the simplifying of the tax schedules, and that more taxes should 
be collected by the provincial treasurer; that taxes be limited to cedula, land, and 
personal-property tax, licenses regulating liquor traffic and cockpits, registration fees 
for the titles and" transfers of live stock, and that a public road labor law be enacted 
and the cart tax abolished. We have not found that there is much corruption in 
the disbursement of local public funds, but there certainly is in the collection of the 
taxes by municipal officers. If it is not practical to make a uniform law abolishing 
a certain kind of tax unsuited to certain localities — such as the cart tax, for example — 
could not the local government be extended to make it optional in the different 
provinces whether such a tax as the cart tax, for instance, be applied or not? Here 
in this province the farmer can not hire out his cart, but keeps it for his own use, 
and it earns him very little. On the contrary, I understand, in Albay carts engage 
extensively in hauling for others, and earn as much as 40 pesos per day. The people 
here offer to work eight days per year on the roads and bridges if the cart tax be 
abolished. 

war 1903 — vol 5 55 



866 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

ROADS AND COMMUNICATION. 

The maintenance of roads in this island will always be extremely expensive and 
difficult on account of the heavy rain season and the broken formation of the surface 
caused by volcanic disturbances or seismic influences. The trails (for there are no 
roads in the interior) in this province are in a deplorable condition. The main trail 
from Nueva Ecija to Pangasinan, through the heart of the island to Isabela and 
Cagayan, is about 68 miles long from boundary to boundary of this province. The 
temporary bridges, where any exist, are generally constructed of bamboos for want 
of money to construct more permanent culverts and bridges. Fifty thousand pesos 
are needed to restore the roads and bridges, and thereafter 10,000 pesos per year to 
maintain same. Also better ferry facilities are badly needed for crossing the river 
Magat at Bayombong and Bagabag, which would require an outlay of some 6,000 



The old military trails of the Spanish Government, about 90 miles in length, pass- 
ing through all the Igorrote settlements of the Quiangan Valley and connecting with 
the trail through the province of Lepanto to Ilocos, will require 6,000 or 8,000 pesos 
to restore, and thereafter about 3,000 pesos per year to maintain. Also an easier trail 
from Bambang, via Aritao, over the summit of the mountains to San Nicolas, Pan- 
gasinan, existed in 1897, and was a day and a half shorter to the railway from Bay- 
ombong than the present trail through Nueva Ecija. This trail is now completely 
impassable, and I am unable to examine it. The restoration of this San Nicolas 
trail is of the greatest importance for the prosperity of this province. 

Under present conditions there is no money to repair the roads and bridges. While 
we have a good supervisor of the province, he is limited in his work to that of a 
provincial property clerk, and not able to do any engineering work for want of any 
funds. 

The government may spend ever so much money, however, on roads and trails, 
but the province will never be self-supporting nor of any practical benefit to the 
Philippine government without railways. 

LABOR AND WAGES. 

There are about 13,000 Christian people in this province who live almost exclu- 
sively by agriculture, the chief industry being the raising of rice. It is almost 
impossible to hire a man in the whole province to do a little work by the day for 
wages. When they do work for wages the pay is about 20 cents per day Mexican 
and their food when they work for a native, and about 40 cents per day without 
food when they work for a foreigner. They do not work with any regularity, and 
are extremely slow and perform very little work in a day. There are perhaps 20 
men in the province who call themselves carpenters, but they are unworthy of the 
name. They receive about 40 to 50 cents per day Mexican for their work, and only 
do 40 or 50 cents worth of work, and are extremely wasteful with the wood given 
them for use. There are perhaps 25 other artisans of different classes, such as black- 
smiths, bakers, etc., all on a par more or less with the carpenters. 

The Igorrotes are more inclined to work for wages, or the equivalent in cotton 
cloth, etc., and if the government ever expects to carry out any important public 
works in this part of the island it is most important to improve the relations and 
encourage intercourse with the Igorrotes of the Quiangan Valley, some 28,000 in 
number, who can put a large number of workman into the field if they wish to do 
so. An Igorrote works for 20 cents per day Mexican, and does as much or more 
than a Filipino. 

COST OF LIVING. 

The province produces everything needed by the people for food. Only clothing 
has to be brought in. The cost of living is very cheap, as there is no market for the 
products outside of local consumption. When the natives wish to buy cloth or 
clothing they pack a little rice or other product of the province on their carabao or 
pony, or on their back if they have no animal, as is frequently the case now, and 
cross over to Isabela Province or Nueva Ecija, where they sell or trade their produce 
for cloth or clothing. Also, when it comes time to pay the taxes they do the same 
in order to raise money to pay public taxes. Outside of the above they do not care 
about money. 

Rice here is worth about 2.50 to 3 pesos per picul (133 pounds), chickens 20 to 40 
cents Mexican, each according to size, eggs 20 cents per dozen, coffee 20 cents per 
pound, potatoes 4.50 pesos per carga of 125 pounds. Deer and wild pig abound, and 
may be had for the catching. The food of ordinary natives of the province consists 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 867 

of rice, beans, egg plant, squash, corn, sweet potatoes, fish, venison, and pork. Most 
of them are content, however, with rice and a little vegetable and one or two 
bananas, and are too indifferent to a variety and better food to go out and take the 
trouble to look for same. Clothing costs about 2 pesos per month and food about 3 
pesos; tobacco is grown locally very cheap. Six pesos keeps one native a month as 
comfortably as the average cares to live here, but the standard of living is certainly 
very low. 

HEALTH OP THE PEOPLE. 

This is a fairly healthy climate during eight months of the year, but during Noven> 
ber, December, and January chills and fever are very prevalent and the natives suf- 
fer considerably on account of the poor houses in which they live and the lack of 
ordinary comforts. 

There is also much consumption, but this I attribute almost entirely to the poor 
living and insufficient clothing, and not so much to the climate. During March, April, 
May," June, and July there are bowel troubles among the natives, but not worse than 
other parts of tropical Asia, and smallpox is present nearly every year. The only 
other disease is various forms of skin disease. 

RAINFALL AND CLIMATE. 

The rainfall is erratic, and ranges from 60 inches per year to 120 inches. The rain 
season may continue from May to February. March and April are the months 
which are always dry, and generally February. All the other months may be either 
wet or dry, except September and October, which are always w r et. The rains gener- 
ally begin in May and continue with more or less regularity until December or Jan- 
uary. The temperature varies according to season and elevation. In the valley of 
Magat River, estimated to be about 800 feet above sea level, the minimum tem- 
perature is about 50° and the maximum about 98° in the shade. January and Feb- 
ruary are the coldest months, and April and May the warmest. There is a marked 
difference between the temperature in the day and night, which amounts at times to 
over 30°. The province reaches an elevation of from 4,000 to 7,000 feet above sea 
level in places, and at 5,000 feet I am told the temperature goes down to 40° at times. 
There is also a vast difference in the rainfall, according to elevation. The least rain- 
fall is down in the valley and the greatest in the summits of the mountains. 



There were 16 schools established in the province during the year 1902, and a total 
enrollment of about 2,100 students, or an average of 131 students to each school. 
The Christian population of the valley is estimated at 13,000, so there was an enroll- 
ment of 1 student to every 6 inhabitants. The average attendance at school was 
about 93 per cent of the enrollment. There are 5 American teachers supervising the 
instruction of an average of 420 students each. There was a total of 40 teachers, 
native and American, being an average of 1 teacher to every 53 students enrolled and 
every 48 in daily attendance. The school buildings are of the flimsiest construction 
for the most part, being only rough sheds made of bamboos, and in many instances 
no seats at all, the children sitting on the floor. The cost of an average school of 
this kind does not exceed 100 pesos Mexican. The wages earned by native teachers 
is from 8 pesos to 20 pesos Mexican per month, being an average of about 12 pesos 
per month, as the 8 and 10 pesos teachers are more numerous than those having 
higher salaries. The studies are the English language, written and spoken, nature 
study, arithmetic, geography, United States history, and the provincial and muni- 
cipal law; also singing. The progress made by about 5 per cent of the students was 
good, 20 per cent fair, and 75 per cent poor, as they will nofrstudy outside of school, 
and not a great deal in school. They do not compare with Chinese and Japanese as 
students. Outside of the poor buildings and seats the schools are splendidly equipped, 
in fact the best I have ever seen anywhere in Asia. The English, Dutch, and French 
school of the Asiatic colonies have nothing to compare with our books and school 
equipment. The schools are popular with both children and parents. 

RELIGION. 

The religion of the province is Roman Catholic among the Christians, and I can 
not find that the non-Christians have any religion at all. They have superstitions 
about evil spirits, bat no idea of a Supreme Being nor a hereafter, so far as I have 
been able to learn from them. There are two native priests in the province, while 



868 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

all towns and some barrios have churches of either brick, stone, or bamboo. The 
people are very devoted to their religion, and would like very much to have really 
good native priests. They keep up their religious observances and forms most faith- 
fully in isolated places where no priest has been for over five years. 

IRRIGATION. 

The rice and other lands in the valley of this province can be irrigated so as to 
depend very little on the rains for their plowing and crops. There are hundreds of 
small mountain streams which come down from above and empty into the river 
Magat, many of which could be very easily and cheaply diverted into the valley 
lands and used for irrigation purposes. One hundred thousand pesos Mexican 
would irrigate lands to support 100,000 people in this valley, and it would not cost 
over 6,000 pesos per year to maintain such irrigation works in good condition. It is 
another such place as parts of Mexico, where the people themselves could carry out 
extensive irrigation almost without the aid of engineers, as no single works of any 
magnitude are required, but it is only necessary to lead the small mountain streams 
down into the valley lands wherever the water is needed. 

NATURAL RESOURCES, AGRICULTURAL, PORESTAL, AND MINERAL. 

The natural resources of the province are of the first order. The country lends 
itself to the growing of rice and tobacco, also to field corn and almost every known 
garden vegetable; also coffee and cocoa thrive almost wild. This land will produce 
a greater variety of products than any tropical place I have ever known, and I have 
visited many. Among the vegetables which do well are several varieties of beans 
and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, eggplant, okra, green peas, radishes, lettuce, 
beets, onions, squashes, watermelons, muskmelons, pumpkins, and other products. 
The coffee and cocoa is planted and then allowed to take care of itself. It produces 
so abundantly that only a portion of the crop is gathered, or whatever the natives 
want for their use. Cotton does well, although cultivated in a careless manner. 
Fruits produce abundantly, and there are several varieties of oranges, pomeloes, 
lemons and limes, ' ' custard apples, ' ' mangoes, bananas of different kinds, and enough 
guavas to make guava jelly for the whole of the islands. Other fruits would do 
well if cultivated. The trouble is, nothing but rice is cultivated — other products take 
care of themselves, and grow the best way they can. Probably not over 6 per cent 
of the land in this province is cultivated or used in any way. 

The most discouraging phase of the agricultural prospect of this province is the 
general tendency of the native to interpret the present policy of personal liberty to 
mean it is not necessary and is degrading to perform labor, and there is in conse- 
quence a yearly falling off in the acreage cultivated, which is not more to be attributed 
to the loss of animals than to the disinclination of the natives to go out and work the 
soil. The canals and dams are falling into disrepair and then abandoned, and no 
one thinks of repairing or restoring one of the old irrigation dams and canals once it 
becomes obstructed or broken down. Formerly, they say, the priest made them go 
out and perform this semipublic work, but now there is no one to make them work, 
and their neighbor will not go and do the work, so they all decline to move in the 
matter. 

A few of the useful forest products are gums and resins used for torches, magnifi- 
cent bamboos 100 feet long, various kinds of fibers, " bejuco" or rattan, beeswax, and 
many others. 

A conservative estimate of an average of good forest timber is 25 to 30 trees to the 
acre of from 5 to 18 feet in circumference, and from 25 to 90 feet high without scarcely 
a branch. Probably one-half of this is good, serviceable timber for building purposes 
and the balance only for firewood. Also there is another 20 trees to the acre measur- 
ing from 2 feet 10 inches to 5 feet in circumference and from 20 feet to 50 feet high, 
also one-half good for timber. Some tracts will saw up fully 100,000 feet B. M. of 
good timber per acre. It will be nothing out of the ordinary to find 50,000 feet of 
good timber to an acre on most of the wooded hillsides. There are single trees which 
will cut up 8,000 feet B. M. 

These forests compose 50 to 60 per cent of the total area of the province, and occupy 
the higher land and more rugged mountain slopes and summits. The growth of 
trees is always dense and many attain a great size and height. Among the more 
valuable woods are narra, male and female both in considerable quantities. Molave, 
pine, ipil, amuauan, and tagaat, all of superior class, and dulauan and baticulin of 
second class; also many other kinds which are durable and useful for building pur- 
poses, the names of which I am unable to learn, all untouched and unused, and will 
remain so until arrival of railways for want of any means of transportation. 



EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 869 

There are also vast areas of splendid pasture land in the province suitable for the 
raising of cattle, horses, carabaos, and goats. Certainly it is no exaggeration to say 
there is range for 300,000 animals, and if the various diseases prevalent among almost 
all animals can be guarded against, successfully treated, or prevented by inoculation 
it is the only business which appears practical to engage in here, as the animals can 
be cheaply bred and reared, and it is the only industry which will stand the heavy 
cost of transportation to the market, as the cattle can be driven to the markets very 
cheaply. 

Formerly there were 15,000 cattle and horses in this province, but the war broke 
out, and first came the insurgents, who killed what they did not require to use or 
eat and could not sell; then came a series of disasters and diseases, until to-day 
there are only about 500 carabaos, 50 ponies, and 200 cattle in the whole province. 
It is estimated that over 700 ponies died in the past year. 

Little or nothing is known of the mineral resources of the province, and so far as 
one can judge it is not rich in precious metals, although the truth is that the richest 
copper mines in the world might exist 30 miles away from Bayombong, and no one 
be the wiser, so dense is the general ignorance for want of proper prospecting and 
exploring. The natives know nothing about the country 8 miles back in the moun- 
tains. They know nothing about minerals at all, and while the Igorrotes of Benguet 
appear to know something about minerals and mining, those of this province are 
totally ignorant on the subject. 

The only known deposits are gold prospects in the southwestern part of province 
bordering on Benguet; saline deposits about three hours above Bambang in the moun- 
tains, where the Igorrotes condense the salt from the salt water which flows out from 
the mountain and sell it for 5 pesos per carga of 125 pounds to the people who live 
in the valley. The whole of the salt supply for the province is obtained from these 
saline deposits. Also some coal outcroppings are found 5 or 6 miles from Bayom- 
bong, along the bed of a small stream on the mountain side. The thickness and 
extent of the deposits is unknown for want of prospecting. The coal apears to be 
lignite of recent formation. There are also large deposits of kaolin, or potter's clay, 
all over the province of a more or less good quality. It is used by the natives for 
whitewashing instead of lime wash and paint. 

PUBLIC LANDS AND POSSESSORY RIGHTS. 

When the first meeting of the presidentes took place on September 6, I tried to 
impress upon them the necessity for registering their rights to the lands and property 
they occupy or claim and to urge them to encourage the people to establish definite 
limits to their land and mark out their claims. These efforts have been without 
result and not a single person has presented himself to register his property. There 
are not 15 people in the province with titles to their property. There are only 
about 2,000 acres of land registered under the Spanish law out of over 10,000 
or 12,000 in cultivation and use. This extraordinary situation induced me to inquire 
into the matter with the following result: After examining some of the declara- 
tions which the property owners are required to make each year of their real 
property for purposes of taxation, I then went out into the country with the resi- 
dents and had them give me information regarding land claimed by themselves and 
other old residents and with the result that they claimed large tracts of land which 
are not down in the declarations at all and upon which they are not willing to pay 
taxes. I then ascertained that the reason they do not want to register their lands, 
which they claim, is fear that they will have to pay taxes on same if it is registered 
by them. " In other words, they wish to deny ownership for purposes of taxation and 
still hold certain possessory rights, real or imaginary, claiming that either he or some 
relative some years ago cultivated a part of the land or used it for a pasture. That 
is their only title and they will keep this up as long as they can without paying taxes, 
hoping some day to be able to sell or do something with it. I fear the result will be 
that it will make the new land preemption law impractical, as no one will know 
which is public and which is private land. They do nothing with the land, but if 
some one stakes out a section or two for bona fide cultivation and use there will be 
immediately several claimants with not a vestige of title, but a claim of possessory 
rights. To remedy this it appears to me that the new land registration law should 
go further and make it obligatory for every man within certain limits to mark out 
what he claims, define his boundaries and register same, paying taxes according to 
its assessed value, as I understand the new law is optional, not obligatory, in which 
case I fear few natives in the provinces will take advantage of its provisions. 



870 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



IGORROTES AND ILONGOTES. 



The great majority of the population of the province consists of Igorrotes in the 
northern part and Ilongotes or Ibilaos in the southeastern part, The former are a 
hopeful race, for the following reasons: They have fixed places of abode and perma- 
nent residences of wood, also granaries. More important still are the extensive 
works they have carried out. Large tracts of mountain sides are terraced for culti- 
vation from top to bottom and small mountain streams laid on for irrigation purposes, 
so they are quite independent of the rains and raise their crops whether it rains or 
not. These Igorrotes, called by the Spaniards " Quianganes," are composed of about 
13 or 14 distinct districts, with several different dialects. Each tribe or district is 
composed of from 6 to 25 families or settlements, called " rancherias. " The total 
population of the Quiangan country is estimated at about 28,000, as follows: 

First. Magulang district; population about 3,000 and composed of about 20 
rancherias. 

Second. Nangaua district; population about 3,000, composed of about 15 rancherias. 

Third. Banaue district; population about 2,500, composed of about 10 or 12 
rancherias. 

Fourth. Ayangan district; population about 3,000, composed of about 18 rancherias. 

Fifth. Sabangan district; population about 3,500, composed of about 23 rancherias. 

Sixth. Mayoyao district; population about 4,000, very hostile and little known. 
Their district is very isolated and extends partly into Isabela Province. 

Seventh. Bungian district; population about 1,500, composed of about 10 rancherias. 

Eighth. Alimit district; population about 1,500, composed of about 10 rancherias, 
located near Oscariz Isabela and extending partly into the province of Isabela. 

Ninth. Santiago district; population about 1,500, composed of about 10 rancherias. 

Tenth. Boloc district; population about 1,500, composed of about 10 rancherias. 

Eleventh. Boco district; population about 2,500, composed of about 20 rancherias 
or more. 

Twelfth. Asin district; population of about 1,600, composed of about 12 rancherias. 

Thirteenth. Sapao district; population of about 2,500, composed of about 20 
rancherias. 

Fourteenth. Banao district; population of about 2,500, composed of over 10 
rancherias. 

The Spaniards wrote that these tribes were ruled by chiefs called "tenientes," 
who were absolute rulers. This I deny from my personal observation, as 1 find they 
are not always agreed as to who is their real chief, and that the chief finds it as 
necessary to consult the wishes of the leading men of his tribe as the political bosses 
in civilized countries. And, moreover, the Igorrote frequently refuse to obey the 
so-called chief. This does not constitute an absolute ruler. 

The occupations of these people are: First, agriculture; second, hunting and fishing, 
and third, fighting with their neighbors. Each tribe is at enmity with his neighbors, 
especially his immediate neighbors, and when two tribes are found to be at peace with 
each other, it is most always with a tribe living at a considerable distance. They 
dare not go out of their houses after dark, unless in large numbers. They go armed 
day and night, their arms being chiefly spears and bolos. They also have about 100 
firearms, distributed among the various tribes, which they captured from the 
insurgents or bought during the war from the Christian natives. The usual plan 
was to wait until the insurgents were asleep and then slip up and steal their arms 
and escape. They are also, unfortunately, able to get ammunition from the con- 
stabulary and scouts of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela, who steal same and sell it to the 
Igorrotes. Three' miles is as far as any Igorrote will venture from his village alone 
in the day time, for fear of the other tribes. They are not head-hunters, like the 
Ilongotes, but simply engage in constant tribal feuds, and keep a strict account of 
deaths on each side. Unfortunately, they seem never able to balance the account 
and declare peace. Should such a happy state of affairs come about, it is never 
long before someone's father or son dies, whereupon the family attribute the death 
to the evil influence of some member of another tribe, generally someone they have 
a private grudge against, and this is an excuse for reopening the feud. 

It is most difficult to get information from them about themselves, as from ages of 
abuse and trickery they have come to believe that no one can have an honest inten- 
tion, and that every question is veiled in some desire to injure or swindle them, and 
without knowing just what the form of the swindle or abuse is going to be they give 
a false answer on general principles hoping to throw you off the scent. 

They do not seem to care so much about killing foreigners as they do their own 
people first, and the Christian natives next. The only case I have been able to learn 
of where they killed an American was one soldier who was found alone, having fallen 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 871 

behind his company on the march, and the only object they seem to have had in 
killing him was to get his gun and cartridges. They are not afraid of work and can 
be brought around to be useful citizens, but I believe there is only one way to do it 
and that is by means of telegraphs, telephones, railways, and cart roads, forcing them 
into communication with the outside world. Once gain their confidence and protect 
them against each other and they can easily put two or three thousand workmen in 
the field to help build roads and railways. They are moral in their social and family 
relations. Polygamy is not practiced, and adultery is punished by death or heavy 
fine. The heads of their victims are exhibited in front of their houses. 

I have little hope, however, for the Ilongotes or Ibilaos of southeastern Nueva 
Vizcaya. They have no permanent settlements, moving from place to place, and 
rarely remaining in one settlement longer than one year. They have no houses 
worthy the name, living in miserable shacks, as the natives construct for themselves 
for one night's use when they camp on the trail. They scratch the surface of the 
soil and sow a few seeds, rarely planting twice in the same place. They have no 
such works and irrigation canals as the Igorrotes, but are like gypsies or animals 
wandering about in the forests. It is almost impossible to do anything with them 
as their country is so large, rugged, and sparsely populated that to get them together 
and keep them in one locality would be much like trying to herd a drove of wild 
monkeys. Then their barbarous practices, such as requiring every male to present 
his intended wife with a human head before he can marry, is a practice so vicious 
and on a par with so many more of their savage customs that there appears to be 
little hope for them. There appears to be only one sensible custom in vogue among 
them and that is doubtless a mere accident. They have a superstitious idea that 
when cholera or smallpox breaks out among them it is the doing of some evil spirit, 
so they breakup the settlement, temporarily, and scatter all through paths with brush 
and thorns, and travel zigzag through new and untrodden places so as to confuse the 
evil spirits, who can not follow in consequence. The practical result is that it beats 
quarantine badly in stopping infection, because there is no communication among 
them for the time being, and the results are excellent. 

PRESENT CONDITIONS OF PROVINCE. 

The conditions of peace and quiet in this province, with exception of the Igorrote 
fueds, etc., referred to, are all that could be desired. Only some thirty criminal suits 
in all came before the court during the past year, and not more than seven civil suits, 
out of an estimated Christian population of over 13,000. If the native Filipinos could 
only be induced to greater industry and were willing to perform a greater amount of 
labor with more regularity, it would be an ideal place. The general indifference for 
the future and tendency to be satisfied with a roof and enough to eat for twenty-four 
hours ahead, and almost universal disregard for thrift or accumulating property, if 
doing so will require any extra exertion, is the most discouraging phase of the situa- 
tion for the government of this province. 

I have the honor to be, sir, 

Yours, respectfully, L. E. Bennett, 

Provincial Governor. 

Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Occidental Negros, 1902. 

Province of Occidental Negros, 

Office of the Governor, 

Bacolod, August 29, 1903. 
Sir: I have the honor to send you my report for the year ending December 31, 
1903, greatly regretting that owing to the great amount of work accomplished by 
this office since October, 1902, it has been impossible to avoid delay. I have dated 
the report January 1, 1903, in order better to make it accord with the period of which 
it treats, as nothing therein related took place during the present year 1903. 
Very respectfully, 

L. Locsin Rama, 
Provincial Governor of Occidental Negros, P. I. 
Hon. A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 



872 KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Bacolod, P. L, January I, 1903. 
Sir: The year 1901 ended leaving us in comparative tranquillity and in the expect- 
ancy of greater peace and prosperity for the year 1902 that was begun in the midst 
of difficult problems arising in the provincial board and in a coolness between the 
civil and military authorities. In what manner some of our hopes were confirmed, 
while others met with disappointment, will be told in the following narrative of the 
principal events which took place during the year 1902. It will be shown from the 
measure of success and the failures which have attended our efforts that there has 
been some progress made in. this province and among its inhabitants. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The new year found the gangs of bandits somewhat more daunted and apprehensive, 
it is true, but not a whit less mettlesome or inactive, due to their expecting that evil 
results to them would follow lack of vigilance. "Papa" Isiu and his band of 
" babay lanes " held the territory included between Canlaon and the hills to the north 
of the pueblo of Cabancalan, "Prince" Rufo was through the extreme south, and the 
bands of immigrants from Panay and Cebu were to the extreme north. The constabu- 
lary was under the senior inspector, Maj. H. B. Orwig, who made the most of the 
means at his disposal in coming to the aid of the pueblos, centralizing his forces at 
this place, deploying back to that place, and always keeping on the move in order to 
lend the assistance required by the municipal authorities, in spite of the small number 
of men at his command and the imperfections characteristic of all organizations at 
the beginning of their existence, from which the constabulary was no exception. 
There were detachments of this establishment at San Carlos, Sagay, Cadiz, Manapla, 
Guimbalaon, Bacolod, Murcia, and Himamaylon that, with the military at Escalante, 
Silay, Bacolod, La Castellana, Valladolid, Isabela, and Cabancalan ought to be suf- 
ficient to withstand more formidable attacks than those which could be made by the 
bands taking refuge in the hills. 

Not more than seven days ot the new year had passed, however, before the babay- 
lanes, taking advantage of the first breach, sacked the pueblo of Soledad, burning 
the barracks, the municipal building, and other houses. From that time on, as if 
in obedience to a watchword, assaults were renewed from north to south all along 
the lines, and the news brought by the telegraph and messengers from presidents 
were very disheartening. On the 19th of January Major Orwig had a conference 
with Col. C. W. Minor, as the result of the letter from General Chaffee, commanding 
the Division of the Philippines, which resulted in their coming to a mutual under- 
standing that the military forces should begin an active campaign against the 
babaylanes, while the Philippine constabulary took the field against the remaining 
parties of bandits in the northern part of the province from the pueblos of Maao and 
Bago to San Carlos, the southern being turned over^to the inspector of the constabu- 
lary of the pueblo of Himamaylan, who was to confer and come to an understanding 
with the army officers with relation to all operations carried on by him. This 
understanding was put into effect and the constabulary displayed praiseworthy 
activity in the hunting down of bandits, succeeding in its efforts by chastising some 
of their bands as well as in avoiding assaults and preventing the sacking of the 
pueblo of Calatrava, that the chieftain, Dalmacio el Negro, threatened on the 7th of 
February, and which the president and townsmen had held in check by their 
determined attitude. In the south the situation was not so satisfactory. Reports 
were received from the offices of the military operations carried on successfully 
against the babaylanes, but these cheering accounts frequently varied by dishearten- 
ing stories of assaults on pueblos. The pueblo of Isabela appeared to be the objective 
point to which were directed all of the assaults and designs of the henchmen of 
"Papa" Isiu. Captain Atkinson, commanding the military garrison of the said 
pueblo, said with regard to this particular, the following: 

[Telegram] 

Isabela, Negros, 
March 17, 1902— 3.08 p. m. 
There was no fire at the hacienda. Last night some 40 ladrones assaulted the place 
called Antolanga, demanded and took rice, sugar, and vino. No report received rela- 
tive to the number with rifles. Believe it is the band under Marcello. This band has 
from 25 to 40 men and I am positively certain that they have but 15 guns, one of which 
can only be used to frighten people with. Members of this band have only from 5 
to 10 rounds of ammunition each. Balance are armed with bolos and lances. This 
is the same band I have been hunting for several weeks and which I engaged in a 
skirmish on January 11 . Since orders were issued prohibiting my hiking, the ladrones 
have taken to robbery with perfect impunity in this district but have caused no damage 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 873 

to plantations. There has been no arson, only robbery of supplies, carabaos, etc. 
A platoon of cavalry stationed here could easily frighten off this band. 

Atkinson. 

The orders issued prohibiting Captain Atkinson from operating in the field were 
due no doubt to the plan of negotiating for the surrender of the leaders of the babay- 
lanes. As a matter of fact, Col. C. W. Miner spoke of these negotiations to him on 
February 4, stating that if they did not meet with the desired success a vigorous cam- 
paign would be commenced against them. The acting civil governor, Luke E. Wright, 
when in Bacolod on March 14 gave his assent to this plan, stating that any action 
which I might attempt to bring about the surrender of ' ' Papa ' ' Isiii and ' ' Prince ' ' 
Eufo would meet with his approval. At the beginning the army officers, who had 
already taken the first steps in the matter, met with difficulty in dissipating the 
doubts of the babaylanes leaders who were rather apprehensive with regard to their 
obtaining forgiveness of the past from the civil authorities as promised by the mili- 
tary. Relying on the acquiescence of the civil governor I gave commissions to several 
persons of LaCastellana and Cabancalan to enter into negotiations with "Papa" Isiii 
and "Prince" Rufo, promising them pardon if they surrendered with their com- 
mands and armament, instructing these commissioners to arrive at an understanding 
in this matter with the military officers who were directing the negotiations. Hav- 
ing taken this step things went on rapidly; Rufo Oyos surrendered with 73 men, 60 
bolos, 5 rifles, and 4 shotguns on the 15th of April, while "Papa" Isiii, who with his 
followers had reached the immediate vicinity of the pueblo of Isabela in order to 
make it appear that his promised surrender was about to take place, suddenly disap- 
peared just prior to the time when the second period for parley granted him by the 
army officers was about to expire. 

Although about that time we were to lose the aid of the military forces that were 
preparing for their transfer to barracks in Iloilo, we did not become discouraged, but, 
on the contrary, the feeling of duty in the face of the sole responsibility which now 
lay on the shoulders of the civil authorities brought forth new energy which made 
them feel capable of annihilating all disturbers of the public order, trusting to estab- 
lish a complete tranquillity in the near future. The Philippine Constabulary was con- 
tinually on the move in search of the bandits in their lurking places. The success of 
their expeditions has been demonstrated by the tranquillity that has reigned during 
the greater part of the year throughout this province. 

On the 14th of August I received a copy of a telegram addressed by a scout officer 
in this city to the adjutant of the Fifth Separate Brigade, at Iloilo, in the military 
headquarters in Bacolod, which reported the landing of a band of 50 men, provided 
with 30 rifles, in the northern part of this province, and stated that it was feared 
that the detachments of constabulary in the pueblo of Guimbalaon and Eustaquio 
Lopez would be taken by surprise. Four days afterwards, and as a consequence of 
the alleged landing, I received a letter from Capt. H. B. Wells, commanding officer 
at Bacolod, who, in the name of Brig. Gen. Frank D. Baldwin, expressed the follow- 
ing instructions: 

"The general has directed me to tell you, with his compliments, that he thinks it 
is part of the mission of the military to aid the civil authorities in the suppression of 
such bands as the one reported to him, and that if you should at any time desire the 
assistance of the troops stationed at Bacolod he would be greatly pleased to place 
them at your disposition, providing that you would indicate your desires in writing, 
addressed to him, specifying service required of them." 

The confidence reposed in the Philippine Constabulary and the reliance placed 
upon the military authorities, taken in connection with the fact that the investiga- 
tions conducted through spies sent out by the presidentes and by the Philippine Con- 
stabulary to ascertain the facts with relation to the alleged landing, giving no results, 
prompted me to decline the gallant offer of Gen. Frank D. JSaldwin. 

About a month after this my confidence in the constabulary was vindicated. 
About the end of October the bands in the north joined the babaylanes and dared 
to threaten the pueblo of Murcia, where the worthy president of the municipality 
gave added proof of his valor and zealous spirit by making preparations, together 
with some few constabulary, municipal police, and townsmen, to defend the lives 
and interests of his people. The constabulary of Bacolod immediately went to the 
rescue, and by the execution of an ingeniously conceived plan severely chastised the 
bandits in a brilliant action, leaving 27 dead upon the field and bringing into 
Bacolod, as a trophy of their well-earned glory, General Dalmacio and some edged 
weapons, firearms, and the amulets belonging to the party. This action, which led 
to the surrender of other chieftains of " Papa" Isiii, whose forces are to-day almost 
entirely dispersed, and which wan one of the most important steps taken toward the 
extinction of bandits in this province, was due to the skill of Senior Insp. Jno. R. 



874 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

White and Insp. Walter A. Smith, whom, by this act, worthily crowned the great 
efforts brought into play during the year 1902, under the command of the senior 
inspector, Maj. H. B. Orwig. 

Although at present nothing is heard of "Papa" Isiii or of any of his bands, it is 
to be supposed that some of them must still be scattered among the hills, and their 
complete extermination can not be long delayed. The most important point to look 
after and the greatest difficulty to overcome can be met by exercising due vigilance 
of the coasts so as to prevent the landing of fugitive bands from Panay and Cebu. 
In connection with this matter I have issued a circular letter directing all municipal 
presidents to exercise the greatest care in watching the coasts within their respective 
jurisdictions. 

It would not be discreet to attempt to predict the date when the complete extermi- 
nation of brigandage will take place in an island so prodigiously fertile and rich and 
surrounded by others as this is where the hope of extermination of this plague is as 
yet remote. It can, however, be assured that the public order was never better 
guaranteed than at the present and perhaps sooner than it is possible for us now to 
suppose, our woods may offer to tourists a more agreeable and interesting place in 
which to roam than the public squares and streets of our pueblos. I am led to make 
this assertion because of the character of the people of this province, which is hostile 
to brigandage and outlawry and amenable to education, and by the fraternal harmony 
existing between the provincial authorities and the officers and men of the constab- 
ulary who, according to the statement of the present senior inspector, have never 
held as one of their principles that they must be looked upon here as having the 
exclusive glory for what has been accomplished in this province. 

On two occasions rumors were rife that the "Katipunan" society had been organ- 
ized in this provincial capital by the most prominent people thereof.. In August the 
major of the constabulary and the military headquarters received anonymous com- 
munications, stating that a secret society had been organized against the Government 
of the United States, and in December the commanding officer of the scouts stationed 
at Bacolod spoke to the provincial secretary of the existence of a conspiracy of the 
same character. Fortunately these manifestations of ill will toward the peaceful 
situation in this province, made with the deliberate intention of creating an anoma- 
lous state of affairs, and of disturbing the harmon,y which exists between Americans 
and Filipinos, are refuted by the circumstance that they point to persons of well-tried 
loyalty as disturbers of the public order, and refer to a province the stable judgment 
of which has been well established since the critical and turbulent times of 1899. It 
would be bold to attempt to form an opinion relative to the origin of these denunci- 
ations; but I believe that the facts that the persons denounced belong to the cream 
of society, which has demonstrated its antipathy toward the friar, and that the house 
of a distinguished citizen of this capital, known for his radical antifriar sentiments, 
and the Bacolod drug store, the place where the antifriar element meets, were desig- 
nated as the places where the alleged secret society held its meetings, would be of 
service to a person in attempting to guess the origin of these evil reports. 

PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION — RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 

The resources of the province are satisfactory and it is evident that it is able to 
support itself and to introduce improvements, if its general financial conditions were 
only in a state of prosperity. However, in view of the decadence of agriculture, the 
income of the province has considerably decreased, and the improvements, as pub- 
lic works and public buildings, etc., can not possibly be made, or proceed slowly, I 
annex hereto a statement showing the receipts and expenditures during the year 
1902. 

The services rendered by the deputies of the provincial treasurer in the collection 
of provincial and municipal taxes are very good, as I can affirm without hesitancy; 
but in view of the fact that the municipal treasurers have conducted themselves very 
well until the present writing and have proved to be faithful and honest, and that 
they furnish a bond, approved by the provincial treasurer, I deem it very proper 
that they be granted more power than they have at present, which would make it 
much easier for the taxpayers and would involve a greater saving for the provincial 
treasury. It is very advisable that the provincial treasurer retain about two deputies 
for the inspection of the work of the municipal treasurers, in the same manner as 
the accounts of the provincial treasurers are now being inspected by the insular 
treasurer. 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

The work on roads and bridges has advanced sufficiently, notwithstanding the 
present poor financial condition of the province and the difficulties which were at 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 875 

first experienced in connection with the labor question. At the beginning the pris- 
oners of the provincial jail were employed in the work on the roads, but in view of 
the slow progress of the work and of the circumstance that the prisoners used the 
occasion to make their escape, the provincial board believed it more of advantage to 
pay laborers instead of guards to watch the prisoners. 

In view of the ancient custom which prevails among the working classes in this 
province, who never agree to have their wages paid weekly, as the usage of drawing 
their wages in advance from the planters is almost traditional here, it was difficult 
during the first weeks to find the number of laborers required. However, they soon 
became used to the new system of paying wages, and it is now possible to find as 
many laborers for public works as necessary at 40 cents Mexican a day. I greatly 
desire that the road work be taken up at the same time along the entire length of 
the highway, and that the largest possible number of workmen be employed; because 
it would not only cause the repair work to proceed with more rapidity, but I also 
hope that if the government pays the laborers not more than it owes them, that it 
will have a great influence on the customs of the laboring classes, and will help to 
solve the problem which has for so many years occupied, and is still occupying, all 
the persons who have studied and are studying the improvement of the service of 
the laborers on the plantations. 

The most important section of the public highway of this province is that situated 
between Bacolod and Silay, the first pueblo of this province on account of its com- 
merce, where steamers from Iloilo call periodically, and where all the people going 
from Iloilo to Bacolod have to pass on their voyage. Even the inhabitants of the 
southern part of the province find it more convenient to go to Bacolod by the way of 
Iloilo and Silay, instead of traveling on the long highway of the south by vehicle. 
The provincial" supervisor has devoted his attention especially to the road from Baco- 
lod to Silay, a distance of about 15 kilometers, and we have there at the present 
time a beautiful wagon road, with four new and well constructed stone bridges. 
Three bridges have also been built south of Bacolod, and bridges and roads have 
been repaired at those places where, in view of the intransitable condition of the 
roads, it was impossible to wait for the general repair. The provincial supervisor, 
Mr. J. D. Fauntleroy, has demonstrated tireless activity and doubtless honesty in 
all this work, and is entitled to the sincerest applause. 

Much work still remains to be done and its progress has to be adjusted to the not 
very abundant funds available for public improvements. If the loan of $25,000 
requested by the provincial board on the 4th of April, 1902, could be granted, the 
road and bridge work would doubtless proceed more rapidly and the highways of 
this province would be placed in an excellent condition in a much shorter time than 
if this work has to be executed gradually, as the annual revenues of the province 
permit. If on the other hand we take into consideration the great mortality among 
the carabaos, the high prices of land transportation, due to the scarcity of draft 
animals, and the poor condition of the majority of the roads, besides the other 
advantages of making the work general, as I have already explained, to the end of 
educating the poor classes and of furnishing means of subsistence to the workmen, 
who will be out of work between the grinding seasons, during the famine which has 
been announced in view of the failure of the corn and rice crop, there is no doubt 
that the loan solicited by the provincial board deserves to be granted by the civil 
commission. 

PROVINCIAL JAIL. 

The province has a penal establishment, which is the only public building now 
owned by the same. This establishment, which was constructed a long time ago by 
the Spanish Government, consists of four buildings— one for the offices, the guards, 
the sick ward, and the storerooms; two for the prisoners, and one for the kitchen. 
The building was well constructed for its object, but its present condition leaves 
much to be desired in view of the considerable damage which the same has suffered 
in the course of years. This makes considerable repair work necessary, and the 
provincial board has already resolved its execution and directed the provincial super- 
visor to purchase the materials. 

The daily average of prisoners confined in the jail of this province during the year 
of 1903 is the following: 



January 106$ 

February 85 

March 87 

April 86^ 



July 86£ 

August 72 

September 58£ 

October 52 



May 127 November 52 

June 100 December 64 



876 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Most of the prisoners were charged with the crimes of robbery, assault, high- 
way robbery, and others of this kind, and the figures above set forth are a true 
barometer of the state of tranquillity of the province, which is rising rapidly. They 
also demonstrate the work done by the Philippines Constabulary and the municipal 
police, more especially by the former, in the prosecution of the outlaws for the purpose 
of obtaining this tranquillity. The increase of the averages in the months of May, 
June, and July is the result of the special activity of the Philippines Constabulary in 
the pursuit of the babaylanes and other outlaws upon the expiration, end of April, 
of the time designated by the army officers for the surrender of Papa Isiu, his men, 
and arms. 

For the custody of the jail I have a delegate, who is the warden, and two corporals 
and twelve guards of the provincial police, who are under the direct orders of the 
warden. As I have already stated, the prisoners were at first employed in public 
works, besides the work with the establishment itself, but later on the provincial 
board considered it more advantageous to reduce the provincial police in numbers 
and to have the prisoners make furniture, rope, baskets, hammocks, etc., which are 
sold to the public at moderate prices or used in the provincial offices. 

I deem it very important and necessary, and at the same time beneficial, that the 
workshop which the establishment now possesses be improved, and that a patient 
teacher be employed whose duty it shall be to teach the prisoners to write and to 
read and explain to them the principles of sound morality. To perfect the work- 
shop it is necessary that a person be employed to teach trades, even if it be only that 
of carpenter, and that the jail be provided with more material. The prisoners should 
be given a portion of the proceeds of their work upon obtaining their release, in order 
to stimulate them and to prevent them from thinking that the Government is 
exploiting them, and also to furnish them means of subsistence during the first days 
following their release. On the other hand, it having been demonstrated that the 
rude and imperfect system of education which had been in vogue in the Philippines 
for such a long time has produced in the pupils deep disgust and an irresistible aver- 
sion to studying, it is necessary that the teacher to be appointed for the school of 
the penal establishment be one who has taught together with the American teach- 
ers, it being impossible to ask that an American teacher be chosen, for the reason 
that he would not understand the local dialects. Now, the laws passed by the Com- 
mission only provide for the appointment of employees for the custody and care of 
the prisoners. There is no doubt that if the Commission would authorize the pro- 
vincial boards to empower the governor to provide for the positions aforementioned 
it would do an immense amount of good to that unfortunate class, wiping out their 
illiteracy, affirming them in the principles of morality, and causing them to become 
accustomed to honest work, in order to convert them afterwards into worthy artisans^ 

EEGISTEATION OF AEMS. 

Since the 6th of November, 1899, when the semimilitary government of the island 
of Negros was organized, the registration and granting of licenses for the use of arms 
was attended to by the military offices, and although since the 1st of May, 1901, the 
province of Occidental Negros has been under the auspices of the civil government 
the aforesaid offices continued to exercise these functions, until on the 8th of January 
the acting civil governor stated in an indorsement to Maj. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, 
commanding the Division of the Philippines, that licenses for the use of arms should 
be issued by the provincial governor. This indorsement having arrived at my office, 
I furnished a copy thereof to Insp. H. B. Orwig, who had a conference with Col. 
C. W. Miner, then commanding officer of the military post of Bacolod, and obtained 
from him that the registration of arms be transferred to the civil authorities in the 
pueblos of the north as far as Bago at the beginning, and later on in all the pueblos 
of the province. 

In accordance with Senior Insp. H. B. Orwig, I published on the 25th of January 
an order compelling all owners of arms to provide themselves with licenses therefor, 
to be obtained from the senior inspector of Philippines Constabulary in this province 
in the following manner: The applications should be filed with the president of the 
municipality, who should indorse them and transmit them to the constabulary offi- 
cer in command of the district to which the said municipality belongs. This officer 
should make his report and forward the application through the senior inspector to 
the provincial governor for approval. Upon being approved or disapproved, the 
application should be returned to the senior inspector, who would either issue the 
license or seize the arm, as the case might be. 

In the approval of a license the following circumstances are taken into considera- 
tion: The character and the financial responsibility of the applicant, and if he is a 



Rifles 170 

Shotguns 118 

Revolvers 322 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 877 

planter, the area of his plantation and the distance which he is living from the town 
proper. As to cutting and pointed weapons, the use of the dagger is strictly pro- 
hibited. I might almost say that no limit has been established as to the number of 
arms for which licenses can be granted. Generally persons who possess two or more 
arms intrust them to persons of their confidence, they being held responsible never- 
theless. Planters who have rural guards regularly organized have been required to 
place them under the supervision of the officers of the Philippines Constabulary in 
the province; besides, these guards are obliged to assist the constabulary if necessary. 
Until the 1st of October, "1902, applications have been filed for licenses for the 
following arms: 

Bolos 89 

Lances 40 

Daggers 5 

Besides the arms aforementioned there must be others, licenses for which have not 
yet been applied for. It is not easy to estimate their number, but there can not be 
many. 

WITNESSES FOR THE GOVERNMENT IN CRIMINAL CASES. 

These illustrate the submissive obedience of the inhabitants of this province to the 
established government, and their faithful compliance with the orders of the authori- 
ties. Speaking of the witnesses which the provincial fiscal needs in criminal cases, 
it has been observed that many of them, belonging to the poorer or middle classes, 
make real sacrifices in order to come to the court of first instance at the first sum- 
mons, to the end of testifying as required, covering on foot the long distances which 
separate their pueblos from the provincial capital. There are cases of laborers who 
have contracted debts in order to leave some money with their families, and have 
abandoned the work which furnished them with their daily subsistence, and who, 
after a voyage full of hardships and privations, during which they have sometimes 
been compelled to work on plantations in order not to die of starvation, have finally 
arrived in Bacolod, where some of them have had to remain for several days, if it 
was necessary to wait for other witnesses who could not come in time. There are 
others who leave their small business, or their agricultural work, in order to appear 
before the judge, incurring more expense than their scant means permit. When the 
judge is compelled to enforce the compliance with this necessary personal duty by 
means of the constabulary, the aforesaid circumstances which prevented the witnesses 
to answer the first summons are still more serious and critical. I would therefore 
beg leave to suggest that the witnesses for the government in criminal cases be 
granted a reasonable fee, wherewith they would be partly compensated for the preju- 
dice caused to them by the requisition of their services. This would be an act of 
justice which would greatly please the submissive people of this province, and would 
promote expediency in the transaction of judicial matters. 

THE SCOUTS. 

The soldiers known as "scouts" have left a very disagreeable recollection in this 
province. Detachments of scouts were stationed at Bacolod and Cabancalan, and 
the provincial governor frequently received from both pueblos complaints against 
the conduct of the scouts toward the ignorant residents, the municipal police, and 
the constabulary. Clashes between the scouts and the constabulary and municipal 
police occurred repeatedly at Bacolod, and on two or three occasions the scouts and the 
constabulary joined forces for the purpose of assaulting the municipal police, without 
distinction of person, and armed members of those organizations went along the 
streets of the town, searching every place and looking into every corner, without 
even respecting the homes of the persons whom they were persecuting. This was 
solely due to personal disagreements, or to the action of the municipal police in 
attempting to enforce the ordinances. It would be difficult to explain the reason for 
the repeated occurrence of these abuses, which gave rise to a real public disorder, 
and filled the people with unrest. It must however be stated that in these cases the 
senior inspector of the Phillippines constabulary and the municipal president of 
Bacolod each took suitable measures to avoid such occurrences, settling the situation 
by means of agreements with the army officers. The idea that members of the Regu- 
lar Army can not be tried by civil courts and by the municipal president for infractions 
ot ordinances has had something to do with these disorders. Moreover, how could 
the matter be prevented when the general impression was that the adoption of 
extreme measures on part of the civil authorities would result in a rupture of a more 
serious nature? This fear of the danger of a rupture which was, as one might say, 



878 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

suspended by a hair, contributed not a little to the repetition of these abuses. For- 
tunately the scouts have been withdrawn from this province, and the inhabitants 
have thereby been relieved from the burden which seemed to weigh upon their 
mind upon seeing in the scouts such an obstacle to the efficiency of the civil govern- 
ment. 

MUNICIPAL ADMINISTEATION — FINANCIAL CONDITION OP THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS. 

I annex hereto a statement showing the receipts and disbursements of each of the 
municipal governments of occidental Negros during the year 1902. Of the 34 pueblos 
of this province those of Bacolod, Silay, Ginigaran, La Carlota, Cadiz, Isabela, Talisay, 
Bago, Saravia, Cabanacalan, Manapla, Himamaylan, and San Carlos should be men- 
tioned in the first place, because of their resources and of their conditions, which 
make them capable of great future improvements. In the second place there should 
be mentioned the pueblos of Pontevedra, Valladolid, Maao, Victorias, Pulupandan, 
Sagay, Hog, Binalbagan, Escalante, San Enrique, andMurcia, which are self-supporting, 
but lack the means for making important improvements in their municipalities. The 
remaining pueblos, Suay, Sumag, Soledad, Eustaquio, Lopez, Guimbalaon, La Caste- 
liana, Calatrava, Guiljungan, Isiii, and Granada, are the poorest, and there is little 
hope for their future. It should be mentioned, however, that the pueblo of Ishi, 
fyeing the southernmost in this province, embraces a vast area, the extensive plains of 
the extreme south, and among its barrios there is that of Sipalay, which is entitled 
to be organized as a pueblo within a short time, because of its wealth of forestry 
products and its fertile lands. At the present time the largest part of this land is 
not under cultivation; only a narrow belt along the coast, interrupted in many places, 
has been cultivated, but is now almost abandoned, in view of the critical situation 
which prevails throughout the province. 

THE FUSION OF THE PUEBLOS. 

The provincial board immediately saw that the best solution of the question of the 
poverty of many of the municipalities would be their consolidation, fusing as large a 
number as possible. This measure, like every measure which affects the customs of 
the people, met with much opposition and energetic protests on the part of the 
pueblos which it is intended to consolidate, not because they were opposed to the 
system, but because they objected to the removal of the seat of the municipal gov- 
ernment outside of their own pueblo, as if the removal of the municipal offices would 
curtail their rights as citizens. Nevertheless I am convinced that the commission 
will appreciate the justification and necessity of the consolidation proposed by the 
provincial board at its true value, and will see that this measure is the only way of 
effecting the discontinuance of the perennial mediocrity or abject poverty of those 
municipalities. The question where the seats of the municipal governments thus 
formed are to be located is of secondary importance and can be decided in an 
equitable manner. 

ELECTOES. 

The inhabitants of the pueblos are gradually awakening to political life, and 
acquiring the knowledge of their rights and duties as citizens. According to the data 
furnished by the presidents, based on the registers for the elections held in Decem- 
ber, 1900, the number of electors was then 3,600: this number has now increased to 
5,390, according to data based on the registers for the suspended elections of Decem- 
ber, 1902. Any person who has traveled through the pueblos during. the elec- 
tions in former years, and who has traveled through them during the last quarter of 
the outgoing year, will doubtless have observed that the factional strife which used to 
prevail formerly, although it has not completely disappeared, has subsided suffi- 
ciently to leave room for the peaceable discussion as to who is the candidate whose 
election would be of most benefit to the pueblo. 

THE MUNICIPAL OFFICERS. 

The municipal officers, generally speaking, are performing their duties in a satis- 
factory manner, and although some of them are not as yet thoroughly imbued with 
the spirit of the new government, yet they understand the needs of their pueblos 
and are working for the best of the citizens. Since the municipal code became 
extensive to this province, on the 1st of June, 1901, several municipal officers of six 
pueblos have been suspended, the officers of one having been reinstated and those of 
the other five removed from office by recommendation of the provincial board. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 879 

Occasionally personal disagreements develop among the municipal officers, or between 
them and the justice of the peace, and instead of their official position causing them 
to end or suspend their personal quarrels, they utilize the same for the purpose of 
base reprisals, causing a painful impression among the citizens of their pueblos, an 
anomalous situation in the same, and a large amount of work to the provincial board 
and the court of first instance. This demonstrates to a certain extent the lack of 
experience of the people in the election of their authorities. The governor and the 
provincial board have jointly endeavored to correct such abuses in a radical manner, 
aftd have attended to justified complaints filed with them, and suspended the guilty 
officers, recommending to the civil governor that they be removed from office. This 
system has produced good results, because in the pueblos whose officers have been 
subjected to such measures peace is reigning supreme now, and the officers show 
desires of maintaining harmony and avoiding serious disagreements, which might 
again unbridle the passions. There are some officers of this class, but fortunately 
very few, who disregard all advice to manage their municipalities peaceably and 
equitably, and I fear that if their repeated abuses are submitted to the governor and 
the provincial board for action both will be compelled to take the energetic meas- 
ures required by such cases. I repeat that in other respects the progress of the 
administration of the municipalities is satisfactory, so far as the municipal officers 
are concerned, as they are always ready to work for the best of their pueblos. 

Speaking of the municipal treasurers, an anomalous situation is created in cases of 
the temporary absence of the said officer on account of illness or for other reasons. 
The Municipal Code is not very explicit as to the number of municipal employees, 
and it seems that it contains no provision authorizing the municipal treasurer to 
have a bonded delegate, who could act as his substitute and draw his salary in cases 
of temporary disability or absence. On the other hand, the municipal treasurer is 
required to execute a bond, approved by the provincial treasurer, for the faithful 
performance of the duties of his office, and his appointment, made with the consent 
of the council, must be approved by the provincial board. (Act No. 374.) The 
result of this is that when a treasurer absents himself nobody can act as his substi- 
tute unless the council appoints an acting treasurer, in which case it has to proceed 
as if it were appointing a new municipal treasurer, and has to apply to the provincial 
treasurer and to the provincial board for the approval of the bond and of the appoint- 
ment. This causes obstacles to the satisfactory progress of the administration, and 
it has happened that in pueblos distant from the provincial capital the president and 
the council have permitted a private person, who enjoyed the confidence of the 
treasurer, to take the place of that officer on certain occasions. I would therefore 
suggest that authority be given for the'appointment of a delegate of the municipal 
treasurer, who should be required to execute a bond in the same amount as that of 
the treasurer, in favor of the latter, with the consent of the council, and who should 
act as treasurer whenever necessary. 

MUNICIPAL POLICE. 

The municipal police leaves much to be desired, excepting that of eight of the 
pueblos. This is due to two reasons, the first of these being the lack or scarcity of 
means of the local governments, and the second the lack of discipline, because the 
inspectors of the Philippines Constabulary have been constantly on the move on 
account of the active campaign against the bandits, and have therefore not had time 
to attend to the discipline of the municipal police. Nevertheless the municipal 
police has rendered efficient services in several pueblos, both in the pursuit of bandits 
and in the enforcement of the ordinances. I annex hereto a statement showing the 
present condition of the municipal police of this province. This statement was fur- 
nished by Senior Inspr. H. B. Or wig in September, and the data contained therein 
has undergone slight changes in the last three months of the year. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 

It is very remarkable how the justices of the peace continue to tender their resig- 
nations. The provincial board has always endeavored to propose persons worthy of 
this delicate mission to the Civil Commission; but unfortunately these have succes- 
sively resigned, until the provincial board finally found it necessary to ask the munic- 
ipal councils to propose those persons for justices of the peace who were willing to 
accept the appointment. To anybody who is acquainted with the duties of a justice 
of the peace and with the scant salary assigned to him, it is not difficult to explain 
this phenomena, which has deplorable results for the pueblo, because the elements 
of a municipality are not inexhaustible, and it is therefore very natural that with 



880 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

each resignation and new appointment the standard of the qualification required for 
the office is lowered, and finally the functions of the court and the conduct of the 
justice leave much to be desired, as has happened in certain cases. It is true that 
there are some persons who sacrifice their own private interests for the benefit of the 
pueblo, and devote the greater part of their time to the work of the court, although 
their little income is barely sufficient to pay the clerk who assists them; but this is 
not the rule. 

It is very difficult to find a solution for this problem, which has been often dis- 
cussed. Some suggested to me the idea that the office of justice of the peace be 
abolished, and that the president be invested with his duties; but this reform must 
be rejected for the reason that the presidents have a considerable amount of work to 
perform, and that in case of the frequent disagreements of a personal nature there 
would be no power in the pueblo to counterbalance the almost absolute power of the 
president. More feasible appears the plan of uniting several pueblos into one dis- 
trict in charge of a justice of the peace; but another objection to this exists, at least 
in this province, in the long distances from one pueblo to the other, the bad con- 
dition of the roads, the scarcity of means of transportation, the lack of facilities for 
bringing cases into the court for trial, and the love of home, which is such a deeply 
rooted custom with us. These circumstances would constitute as difficult a problem 
as the one which it is intended to solve, and, besides, the fusion of the pueblos would 
make the creation of such districts unnecessary. All propositions for the solution of 
this problem which are related with the amount of the fees, unless the latter be paid 
from insular funds, are doubtful, and could only be accepted on trial. For this 
reason I would mention the idea suggested by some presidents that a fixed compen- 
sation be assigned to the justices of the peace, and that they be furnished with a 
clerk. This compensation could, for the present, be the same as that of the munici- 
pal president, who receives twice as much as what the justice of the peace is gaining 
now. In view of the increase in the resources of the municipal governments which 
will follow the fusion of the pueblos, this reform becomes feasible, and will perhaps 
remedy our present difficulties by making the office of justice of the peace more 
acceptable. 

GAMES. 

The games generally played in this province, as I suppose they are in all the others, 
are cockfighting, panguingue, and burro. All the laws passed by the Commission 
until the present writing with respect to cockpits and cockfighting are evidently 
restrictive, and I am therefore convinced that the Commission is opposed to this vice. 
The plays known as burro and panguingue having been tolerated by the Spanish 
Government, and no prohibitive legislation in the premises having been passed since, 
these games are now considered as permitted games, although they are clearly games 
of chance, especially because a tax of 12 pesos per annum is collected on each pan- 
guingue or burro game in accordance with the tariff of the industrial tax. Section 
43 of the Municipal Code, which gives the only sources of revenue which are per- 
mitted, does not mention the tax on permitted card games, but mentions the tax on 
billiard tables, billiards being a much more cultured game and having more advan- 
tages than panguingue and burro. 

During the reign of the provisional government of the island of Negros, in the 
year 1900, the legislative council absolutely prohibited all card games, and this pro- 
hibition was approved by the military governor, Gen. James F. Smith, who is kindly 
remembered by everybody. In spite of its radical nature this measure was recog- 
nized as just and good by the people, even by those who were passionate gamblers, 
and the people commenced to accustom themselves to refrain from gambling, to the 
great delight of husbands, wives, and children, and to the satisfaction of the plant- 
ers, who observed that many of the laborers discontinued their custom of gambling 
away their means of subsistence, and thus left the easiest road to brigandage. The 
fact that this decision of the legislative council was obeyed without opposition on the 
part of any person; that it remained in force during the entire existence of the pro- 
visional government subsequent to its promulgation; that it was much less infringed 
than the present legislation regarding gambling, if one takes into consideration that 
now a burro table is merely a pretext for a monte game, and that at that time the 
authorities had greater facilities for prosecuting with energy, as they did, all card 
games, prompt me to suggest that the act of the legislative council of the island of 
Negros be adopted by the Civil Commission. 

If this should not be possible, and considering that the dismal influence of the 
burro and panguingue game is fully proved, as it does not only affect the relations 
in the family but also the conduct of the laboring classes, and as the municipal 
councils have been authorized to create taxes on billiard tables, I would warmly 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 



881 



recommend that the councils be authorized to restrict those games and derive there- 
from the greatest possible benefit by establishing a tax on panguingue and burro 
tables. 

CAEABAO THIEVES. 

The work of the spies has resulted in the discovery of the hiding place of the carabao 
thieves, who maintained relations with certain persons in several pueblos in order to 
achieve their criminal ends. During the last weeks of the year the constabulary 
commenced an active campaign against the carabao thieves which promises to have 
satisfactory results. Several important captures of persons who have robbed many 
carabaos, and of dealers in animals thus stolen, have already been made, and several 
planters have now recovered a number of the animals which they lost a long time ago. 

AGEICULTUEE. 

As I said in my report for last year, to speak of the agriculture of Occidental Negros 
is to speak of the financial life of the province. The depredations of the babaylanes 
in the previous years, the great mortality among the carabaos which followed and 
caused such damage in the year 1902, and, in the same year, the persistent rains during 
the first four months, and the plague of rats, frogs, and insects which destroyed a great 
portion of the crop of sugar cane and rice — all this, in addition to the lack of capital, 
the despotic reign of usury, of malaria and of cholera, have led agriculture up to its 
present state of prostration, from which it will be difficult to recover unless the de- 
cided assistance of the government be given. Two-thirds of the land destined for 
agricultural purposes is now uncultivated, and the planters, who find it impossible to 
obtain credit, are compelled to remain inactive, as they are powerless in view of the 
calamities which have befallen them. It almost seems as if all the elements had 
been conjured by some implacable malediction to parody in a horrible manner the 
plagues of the Exodus. The natural consequences of all this is that the crop for 
1901-2 is estimated as follows: 



Crop. 


Normal. 


1901-2. 


Piculs. 


Cavanes. 


Quintals. 


Piculs. 


Cavanes. 


Quintals. 




950, 000 






610,000 








500, 000 
25,000 




180, 000 
45,000 














8,000 




3,500 


Hemp 




1,500 















The maize and hemp crops are not included in the enormous decrease of the general 
harvest — the maize crop because the farmers have planted that cereal more exten- 
sively on account of the present crisis, and the hemp crop because this plant has 
not been affected by the calamities which have befallen the province. The planters 
are now looking upon the hemp as a remote remedy for their present situation, and 
all those who had the necessary means have planted hemp on the land owned by 
them suitable for hemp raising. 

A radical action to prevent the imminent ruin of the country is therefore of urgent 
necessity, and this action is not within the power of the planters, extenuated by their 
struggle against all the elements. The remedy of the present situation of agri- 
culture is with the government, and to it they look for the only means of salvation, 
which is of urgent and indispensable necessity, namely, the establishment of agricul- 
tural banks which would loan capital at a reasonable rate of interest. With excep- 
tion of this all the other measures only prolong the agony^of the state of affairs. 



ASIATIC CHOLEEA. 

Four months and a half had passed since the cholera had first appeared in Manila; 
the province of Cebuhad already been invaded by this epidemic, and in the neighbor- 
ing province of Iloilo suspicious cases had been reported, while in Occidental Negros 
the provincial board of health had by means of sanitary measures been successful in 
preventing the introduction of cholera, to the great surprise of all the persons who 
had seen the rapid spreading of the cholera in previous periods. It then occurred 
that a boat, a "paraw," with a crew of eight, bound for the port of Iloilo from the 
pueblo of Dumanjug, in the province of Iloilo, stopped at the pueblo of Saravia, in 
this province, to find shelter against a storm which had surprised them. The storm 



WAR 1903 — VOL 5- 



-56 



882 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

being over, the vessel continued on its voyage, and twenty -four hours afterwards, on 
the 18th of August, an inhabitant of the place where the boat had stopped for shelter 
was attacked by cholera. 

From the pueblo of Saravia the cholera spread throughout the province. It did 
not appear at all the pueblos simultaneously, but in one after the other, in the 
manner that while the 'epidemic was ravaging the pueblos of the south or of the 
extreme north, the pueblos which had first been invaded were already in such a 
condition that they could have been declared free from cholera. Thus it continued, 
gradually decreasing in force. 

The board of health of the province and the municipal boards of health took suit- 
able measures for the sanitation of the towns, temporary hospitals were constructed, 
medicine was distributed free of charge, and the physicians and sanitary inspectors 
displayed great activity and wisdom, assisted by the provincial "board and by the 
municipal governments, who rigidly enforced the ordinances relative to public and 
private hygiene. Finally, after four months, the epidemic ceased, having caused 
21,043 cases, with 11,574 deaths. 

The belief that it was due to poisoning has, during this epidemic, been of fatal 
consequences among the laboring classes. Patients belonging to these classes often 
refused to take the medicine given to them, and it often occurred that the people 
concealed cases of cholera in their families, as they were convinced that drugs were 
inefficient to cure the disease, which they ascribed to tragic causes. Cases of poison- 
ing were quoted as having occurred in Iloilo and in this province, and the authorities 
were even remitted well water which was claimed to be poisoned, or powder which 
was taken for poison, and which had been found in the possession of certain persons 
who were considered as poisoners. An examination of these substances revealed 
that they were not of a poisonous nature, and the president of the provincial board 
of health directed the result of the analysis to be published. The people, however, 
did not abandon their belief, and, what is worse, attributed the poisoning to the 
Americans. It has been impossible to ascertain the source of these rumors, which 
were told in a confidential manner, and spread the more rapidly the more mysteri- 
ously they were treated. However, all this would not have passed beyond the 
limits of an imaginary popular belief had the rumors not taken a more serious and 
insidious aspect. In October persistent rumors were current to the effect that 
Messrs. Juan Araneta and Aniceto Lacson, who had played important parts in the 
insurrection against Spain in 1898, were about to cause a general uprising against 
the United States, because the Americans were attempting to exterminate the 
Filipino race by means of poison. Some foreign planter was quoted as having told 
his people to make preparations for a coming conflict. This rumor on one hand and 
the denunciations of "Katipunan" conspiracies on the other, notwithstanding the 
absurdity of both, made the situation intolerable, and in those days a spark would 
have been sufficient to cause a disastrous conflict in this province. I immediately 
published a proclamation in the local dialect, setting forth in clear and precise 
language the great difference between the present and the Spanish government, 
explaining in detail the advantages and the benefits of the present system, and 
giving the people to understand that we owe all our improvements to the United 
States Government, and that for this reason the rumors of an imminent uprising, for 
which there would be no cause whatever, were absurd. I also published a circular 
order requiring all the municipal authorities to work as much as possible to the end 
of dissipating the false rumors which were current. Thanks to them and to the 
good sense of the educated classes, who endeavored by all their acts to eradicate the 
preoccupation of the ignorant people, the latter soon became convinced that the 
alleged hatred of the Americans toward the Filipinos was merely a myth. The 
result was that they were in doubt about the authority of the poisonings, the belief 
in which still lingers in their minds. 

POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE. 

The municipal mail service is still very deficient, notwithstanding the efforts made 
by the governor. It is true that this is partly due to the bad condition of the major- 
ity of the roads and to the numerous rivers which it is necessary to cross; but the 
principal reason consists in the lack of uniformity in the organization of the service, 
and of the failure on part of some municipal presidents to devote the proper care to 
this service. At the beginning of the year the municipal ordinances were not very 
explicit as far as the mail service was concerned, and with some exceptions the mail 
carriers left the pueblos when they saw fit. The governor issued orders for the pur- 
pose of systematizing the municipal mail service, fixing hours for the departure of 
the mail, and taking other measures tending to prevent negligence on the part of the 
mail carriers and postmasters. However, the regulation of the mail service in the 



EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 883 

municipalities is exclusively of the incumbency of the municipal councils, and for 
this reason all the orders emanating from the governor could not be so direct as to 
insure the efficiency which was to be expected. The governor was therefore fre- 
quently compelled to call the attention of some presidents to the fact that their lack 
of zeal in this service was deserving of censure. The present legislation is vague so 
far as the conveyance of correspondence from one pueblo to the other is concerned, 
and I am of the opinion that in view of the fact that this matter is related with the 
general interests of the province, as it affects the relations between the several pueb- 
los, it is necessary that an act be passed giving the postmaster of the provincial capi- 
tal or the provincial governor the direct control of the mail service between the 
several pueblos. In this manner the present personnel of the municipal govern- 
ments and the time-table for the arrival and the departure of the mail carriers could 
be retained, and the mail service between the several municipalities would be greatly 
improved. 

As far as telegraph lines are concerned, there are only two telegraph stations in 
this province at present (December, 1902), one at Bacolod and the other at La 
Castellana. There are also three telephone stations, located in the pueblos of 
Isabela, Himamaylan, and Cabancalan. In view of the long distances between the 
majority of the pueblos and the capital, and of the bad condition of the roads in 
certain places, I would earnestly recommend that the telephone stations, at least, be 
increased to the highest possible number, so that there be one in each pueblo. 

EDUCATION. 

The progress of education in the pueblos could not be more satisfactory. All the 
municipal schools in the towns proper and in the barrios are well attended by pupils 
of both sexes. The parents all comprehend the advantages of education, and all 
send their children to the public schools whenever possible. The poor families 
prefer the public schools because the children are educated well and gratuitously in 
the same, and are furnished what they need for their studies. The wealthy and the 
middle classes send their children to the public schools because they admire the 
excellent system of education, heretofore not known in this province. All the 
children, poor and rich, mix without distinction of classes in the schoolrooms, and 
maintain friendly intercourse, thus being educated in democratic principles since a 
tender age. They look upon their teachers as upon loving parents, who are ready 
to guide them on the road of civilization, and show such love for study that I have 
seen children of 8 or 10 years cry bitterly because their parents would not let them go 
to school on account of sickness. The competitive examinations which have been 
held in some of the pueblos have given good results and caused great enthusiasm, not 
only on the part of the children, but also on the part of the parents, and for both they 
are a salutary incentive and increase their appreciation of education. The tireless 
efforts of the teachers and the diligence of- the pupils naturally produced the 
improvements which we can now observe in all the pueblos, and there are a good 
many children who can understand English, quite a number of them being able to 
express themselves in that language. As to the adults, they make slow progress in 
the study of English, because in the majority of cases they have not enough time 
to attend night school, especially the planters who are living outside of town. 

The Filipino teachers are making rapid progress, and all show good qualities. 
The practice of assembling the native teachers in the capital for the summer course 
is worthy of commendation in every respect, as it is an incentive to the native teachers 
to perfect their knowledge and to become better imbued with the new system of edu- 
cation by means of this special experiment in the exercise of their mission, until, in 
the course of time, they are qualified to replace the American teachers. However, 
the attendance of the summer course by the native teachers means a great sacrifice 
on part of nearly all, as they have to come from remote pueblos and live in the pro- 
vincial capital for one month, which compels them to expend more money than they 
can earn in several months. I would therefore recommend that a per diem of not 
less than 1 peso be assigned to the native teachers for the entire time that they shall 
be absent from their pueblos for the purpose of attending the summer course. This 
would merely be an act of justice, and would prevent at the same time that many of 
the teachers.Vho have no relatives or acquaintances in the provincial capital who 
could assist them, are compelled to undergo hardships and privations during the 
summer course, which is little in keeping with the intention of the Government to 
improve and elevate their class. 

Very respectfully, L. Locsin Eama, 

Provincial Governor Occidental Negros, P. I. 

Hon. A. W. Fergussox, 

Executive Secretory for the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, P. I. 



884 



KEPORT OE THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Receipts of the province of Occidental Negros. 



Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Register of prop- 
erty. 


Cedulas and for- 
estry, 1900. 


Reimbursements, 
cedulas, 1901. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 




Provincial balance 














Do 


Municipal balance 


















$80. 57 
24.00 
45.58 
30.00 
66.29 
51.09 
47.72 
11.70 
89.87 
58.38 




$600. 61 




$235. 77 
57.62 




Feb. 1 to 28 


do 








Mar. 1 to 31 


do 










Apr. 1 to 30 


do 












May 1 to 31 


do 












June 1 to 30 


do. 




353. 04 








July 1 to 31 


do 










Aug. 1 to 31 


do 












Sept. Ito30.... 


do 












Oet. 1 to 31 


do 














Total debits 

Provincial balance 














504. 80 




953. 65 




293. 39 












Nov. 1 














Do 


Municipal balance 














Nov. 1 to 30 


Receipts 


9.38 


$137. 32 
194. 58 










Dec. 1 to 31 


do 












Total debits 














9.38 


331. 90 





















Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Industrial tax. 


Receipts of the 
prison. 


Sale of articles. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 




Provincial balance 














Do 


Municipal balance 














Jan. 1 to 31 


Receipts 


$3, 007. 70 
863. 89 
933. 22 

2, 755. 94 
816. 62 
478. 05 

1, 370. 32 

1, 362. 26 
348. 89 

1, 740. 12 












Feb. 1 to 28 


do 




$1.91 








Mar. 1 to 31 


do 










Apr. 1 to 30 


do 








$i39. 05 




May 1 to 31 


......do 




112. 73 
39.47 
30.10 
28.09 
28.31 
37.93 






June 1 to 30 


do 










July 1 to 31 


do 










Aug. 1 to 31 


do 










Sept. 1 to 30 


do 






376. 59 




Oct. 1 to 31 


do 










Total debits 

Provincial balance 












13, 677. 01 




278. 54 




515. 64 












Nov. 1 














Do 


Municipal balance 














Nov. 1 to 30 






$172. 15 
1, 151. 78 


8.80 
8.08 


$21. 00 
125. 40 






Dec. 1 to 31 


do 


6.24 








Total debits 








6.24 


1,323.93 


16.88 


142.40 















Ledger heading. 


Land tax. 






Date. 


Provincial. 


Municipal. 






Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Jan. 1 


Provincial balance 














Do 


Municipal balance 














Jan. 1 to 31 












$39. 92 
190. 55 
564. 01 
602. 82 
151. 77 
88.52 
8.03 
99.58 
75.48 
55.34 




Feb. 1 to 28 


do 












Mar. 1 to 31 


do 












Apr. 1 to 30 


do 












May 1 to 31 


do 












Junel to 30 


do 


.§11,091.75 
10, 360. 20 

68.48 
323. 72 
957.40 




$11, 580. 35 

10, 836. 16 

51.46 

349. 13 

899. 74 






July] to 31 


do 








Aug. 1 to 31... 


...do... 








Sept. 1 to 30 


...do 








Oct.l to 31 


do 










Total debits 

Provincial balance 










22, 801. 51 




23, 716. 84 




1, 876. 02 










Nov. 1 














Do 


Municipal balance 














Nov. to 30 


Receipts 


4.42 
47.60 


$51. 84 




$41. 94 
1,625.07 




$33.00 


Dec. 1 to 31 


do 


1, 569. 44 




$1.15 


348. 00 




Total debits 








52.02 


1,621.28 




1,667.01 


1.15 


381. 00 










KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



885 



Receipts of the province of Occidental Negros — Continued. 



Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Municipal taxes. 


Gained by change 
of ratio. 


Internal revenue. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


















Do 


Municipal balance 














Jan. 1 to 31 .... 




$180. 11 

312. 05 

88.80 

2,499.08 

2, 753. 23 

895. 39 

64.11 

1, 495. 54 

2, 190. 77 

3,313.33 




$29. 73 

2.21 

4.23 

32.50 




$870. 05 

1, 500. 00 

4. 000. 00 

1,724.44 

944.16 




Feb. 1 to 28 


do 








Mar. 1 to 31 


do 








Apr. 1 to 30 


do 








May 1 to 31 


do 








June 1 to 30 


...do. . 




65.62 
2.67 






July 1 to 31 


...do :... 










Aug. 1 to 31 . 


do 










Sept. 1 to 30 


do 




5.44 
1.56 








Oct.l to 31 


do 












Total debits...... 












13, 792. 41 




143. 96 




9,038.65 












Nov.l 














Do... 
















Nov. 1 to 30 




6.15 
84.99 


$409.09 
6, 787. 60 




$8.42 






Dec.l to 31 


do 










Total debits 












91.14 


7, 196. 69 




8.42 














Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Urbana tax. 


Cedulas. 


Stamps. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


















Do . 
















Jan 1 to 31 




8141. 77 
17.08 
68.76 




86, i75. 74 

561.43 

802. 36 

51.54 

5,033.03 

12, 627. 76 

1, 108. 07 

3,633.55 

3, 173. 40 

551.04 




$139. 35 
140. 08 

98.45 
167. 96 
152. 53 
144. 17 
107. 13 
140. 91 
112.88 

78.80 




Feb 1 to 28 


do 








Mar. 1 to 31 . . . 


do 








Apr. 1 to 30 . . . 


do 








May 1 to 31 . 


do 












do 










July 1 to 31 . . 


do 










Aug. 1 to 31.... 

Sept. 1 to 30 

Oct 1 to 31 


do 










do 










do 












Total debits 












227. 61 




33, 757. 92 




1,282.26 












Nov 1 . . 














Do 
















Nov 1 to 30... 










$241. 00 
2, 936. 00 






Dec. 1 to 31 


do 










$251. 52 




Total debits 




















3,176.00 




251. 52 
















Date. 


Ledger headiri 


g. 


Forestry. 


Total. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 










$20, 143. 67 

2,535.92 

11, 666. 67 

3,788.23 

6,824.56 

8,227.53 

10, 367. 93 

28,017.85 

24, 105. 32 

6,993.99 

7,074.48 

7, 693. 64 




Do... 


Municipal balance 








Jan 1 to 31 




§i(55. 75 
117. 4 L 
219. 15 
224. 20 
337. 57 
602. 68 
170. 81 
102.42 






Feb 1 to 28 


...do 






Mar 1 to 31 


...do 






Apr. 1 to 30.... 
May 1 to 31 


do 






...do 






June 1 to 30 


do 






July 1 to 31 ... . 
Aug. 1 to 31.... 
Sept. 1 to 30.... 
Oct 1 to 31. 


do 


v 




do 






do 






do 










Total debits 










1, 939. 99 




147, 439. 79 












Nov 1 






1,912.40 


$58, 179. 96 
4, 024. 29 
1, 115. 76 


Do 


Municipal balance 






Nov 1 to 30... 








31.69 
200. 30 


Dec 1 to 31... 


do 






14, 984. 39 




Total debits 












2 .144.39 


78 204 40 



















Memorandum.— During the period from January 1 to October 31, 1902, the accounts were all kept in 
gold, even the local currency on hand being put down in gold. Since November 1, 1902, accounts 
were kept in both kinds of money. 



886 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Disbursements of the province of Occidental Negros. 



Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Provincial warrants. 


Transferred to mu- 
nicipalities. 


Internal revenue 
returned. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Jan. 1 to 31 


Disbursements 


$5, 548. 22 
3, 734. 66 
4, 584. 52 
3, 844. 11 
4, 054. 78 
6,001.55 
3, 541. 17 
3, 102. 79 
5, 905. 68 
9, 520. 58 




$4,995.30 

1, 000. 63 

878. 28 

5, 690. 18 

3, 549. 84 

7,291.16 

16, 274. 16 

12, 032. 86 

5, 780. 86 

6,386.52 








Feb. 1 to 28 


do 










Mar. 1 to 31 


do 










Apr. 1 to 30 


do 






162. 40 




May lto31 


do 








Junel to 30 


do 






287. 90 




July 1 to 31 


do 








Aug. 1 to 31 


do 






132. 04 
346. 67 




Sept. 1 to 30 


do 








Oct. lto31... 


do 










Provincial balance 












Municipal balance 
















Total credits 

Disbursements 
















49, 438. 06 




63,879.79 




929. 01 












Nov. 1 to 30.... 


125. 00 
152. 48 


10, 342. 97 
9, 409. 02 


12 
123.53 


1,871.12 
10, 135. 83 






Dec. lto31 


do 








Total credits 








277. 48 


19, 751. 99 


123. 65 


12, 006. 95 













Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Lost by province 
by change ratio. 


Lost by municipal- 
ities by change 
of ratio. 


Loss, internal rev- 
enue, by change 
of ratio. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 






$943. 09 

35.72 

95.24 

1, 281. 21 




$120. 77 




$20. 72 
35.71 
95.24 

227. 17 




Feb. 1 to 28... 


do 








Mar. 1 to 31... 


do... 










Apr. 1 to 30... 


do 




225.42 






May 1 to 31 


do 








June 1 to 30 


do 












- 


July 1 to 31 . 


do 


1,008.12 




83.21 




125. 62 




Aug. 1 to 31 


do 








Sept. 1 to 30. . 


do 


624. 31 
551. 52 




53.95 
52.15 




69.68 
73.57 




Oct. lto31. . 


do... 










Provincial balance 


























Total credits 
















4, 539. 21 




535. 50 




647. 71 












Nov. Ito30 














Dec. 1 to 31 


do 





























































Date. 


Ledger heading. 


Forestry taxes re- 
mitted to insu- 
lar treasury. 


Land tax re- 
turned. 


Total. 




Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Gold. 


Mexican. 


Jan 1 to 31 . 












$11, 628. 10 
4, 806. 72 
5, 253. 28 
11,430.49 
7, 604. 62 
13, 580. 61 
21, 032. 28 
15,489.72 
12, 795. 53 
16, 619. 76 
25, 562. 79 
1,635.89 




Feb 1 to 28 


do 












Mar 1 to 31 


do 












Apr 1 to 30 


do 












May 1 to 31 


do 












June 1 to 30 


do 












July 1 to 31 


do 












Aug 1 to 31 


do 


$222. 03 










Sept 1 to 30 


do 




$14. 38 






Oct. 1 to 31 


do 


35.42 




































Total credits 














257. 45 




14.38 




147, 439. 79 












Nov. 1 to 30... 










125. 12 

276. 01 

1, 716. 90 

26.36 


$12, 214. 09 


Dec. 1 to 31 


do... 










19, 544. 85 


Do 


do .... 










43, 098. 20 


Do 


do 










3,447.26 




Total credits 






















2, 144. 39 


78,304.40 

















Memorandum.— During the period from January 1 to October 31 , 1902, accounts were all kept in 
gold, and even the Mexican currency on hand was given in gold. Since November 1, 1902, separate 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



887 



accounts have been kept in both kinds of money. In carrying forward the provincial balance 
($25,562.79 gold) and the municipal balance ($1,635.89 gold) from October 31, 1902, to November 1, 
1902, a distinction is made, the balance on hand being given in the different classes of money, to wit: 
Provincial balance, $1,912.40 gold and $58,179.96 Mexican, and the municipal balance, $4,024.29 
Mexican. 

W. A. Randall, 
Acting Provincial Treasurer. 

Municipal receipts and disbursements. 



Towns. 



Receipts. 



Disburse- 
ments. 



Balance on 
hand. 



Bacolod 

Victorias 

Murcia 

Himamaylan. 

Ginigaran 

Binalbagan .. 

Ylog 

Cabancalan .. 

Ysabela 

Manaplaa 

Ysiu 

Guimbalaon.. 
La Castellana 

Suay 

E. Lopez 

Sara via 

Soledad 

Sum-ag 

Sagay 

San Carlos 

Pulupandan.. 
Pontevedra .. 
Valladolid ... 

Bago 

Maao 

Talisay 

San Enrique a 
LaCarlotaa... 

Granada b 

Escalante c . . . 

Cadiz 

Silay 

Guiijungan . . . 
Calatravad ... 



Total. 



$17, 411. 02 
5,883.894 
2,157.882 
6,475.641 

11,227.31 
3, 804. 184 
3, 138. 01 
3, 178. 43 
8,788.60 
6,019.80 
446.16 
1,827.29 
3, 415. 42 
2, 639. 95 
2,136.08 
6, 958. 39 
2,263.542 
3,487.74 
3, 852. 983 
5,008.612 
4, 232. 166 
6, 304. 27 
5, 825. 10 
8, 114. 796 
4, 584. 401 
8, 655. 384 
3,502.484 

10, 690. 034 

895. 10 
3, 159. 09 
8, 940. 69 

16,991.75 
1,886.39 



$17,403,635 
4, 948. S7 

1, 919. 544 
5, 740. 83 
8, 626. 114 
3, 686. 642 
3, 137. 916 

2. 676. 75 
8, 206. 55 
4,551.96 

445. 14 
1,401.98 
2, 573. 92 
2,446.87 
1, 736. 00 
6, 077. 64 
2, 135. 882 

3. 066. 76 
3,028.601 
3,237.76 
3, 032. 805 
4,602.466 
5,073.506 
6,903.272 
3, 705. 371 
6,859.59 

2, 918. 294 
8, 584. 43 

895. 02 
2,943.53 
8, 461. 00 
10, 666. 47 
1, 501. 48 



$7. 383 
935. 024 
238. 336 
734.811 
2,601.194 
117. 542 
.092 

501. 68 
582. 05 

1, 467. 84 
1.02 
425. 31 
841. 50 
193.08 
400. 08 
880. 75 
127. 66 
420. 98 
824. 382 

1, 770. 852 

1, 199. 361 

1,701.802 
751. 592 

1,211.524 
879. 03 

1, 795. 794 
584. 19 

2,105.60 

.08 

215. 56 

479. 69 
6,325.28 

184.91 



183, 702. 602 153, 196. 613 30, 505. 



a December accounts missing. 
b August and December accounts missing. 
c Accounts from January to April missing. 
d Has not sent accounts. 

"W. A. Randall, 
Acting Provincial Treasurer. 



888 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



Number, salaries, arms, ammunition, and condition of the municipal police of Occidental 

Negros. 



Police of towns. 


02 

"3 

bD 
0> 
02 


>> 
3 

"3 

02 


o 

o 
O 

1 


fl 

P<02 

o g 
^ ft 

02 

2 


"3 

02 

$10 


>> 

a 

s ! 

pj P< 

O 

o 

<D 
02 

$10 
4 


02 


a> 


| 
1 

a 


02 
PI 

o 

02 


1 

a 
a 


m 
> 

o 

(> 


d 
o 

'a 

a 
a 
< 


OQ 

'a 


Force. 








$10 
8 






6 


60 


10 


100 


Yes. 
No.. 
No.. 
No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
No.. 
No.. 
No.. 
Yes. 
No.. 
No.. 
Yes. 
No.. 


Good. 






















3 

6 

12 

14 
13 

1 
5 
7 
3 
6 
6 
6 
7 
3 
8 
5 
8 
4 
8 
3 
5 
6 
4 
10 
3 
5 
4 
4 
3 
4 


9 

10 

10 

10 

8 

10 

10 

10 

10 

8 

6 

8 

8 

8 

10 

8 

10 
8 

15 
6 
8 
8 
10 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
7 
6 






4 

8 


100 
200 






















1 
6 
1 


40 

120 

30 


Do. 


Silay 










6 

9 
4 
3 
5 

8 


120 
270 
150 
100 
107 
107 


Good. 




1 


$33 






2 


60 


Do. 


E. Lopez 






Fair. 








5 


8 






1 


40 


Do. 












Do. 




















Do. 












4 

7 
5 


60 
100 
100 






Good. 




















Do. 




















Fair. 




















Do. 
















7 
4 
8 
6 
9 
4 
9 


140 
80 
160 
120 
150 
80 
150 


1 


20 


Do. 
















Do. 
















1 


20 


Do. 
















Do. 


Valladolid... 


















Do. 


San Enrique. 


1 

1 


20 
40 










1 
1 


5 
25 


Good. 










Fair. 


Ylog 










Do. 
























Do. 
















7 
5 
8 


140 
100 
160 






Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
No.. 
No.. 


Good. 




















Fair. 


Ginigaran 


1 


15 










1 


20 


Poor. 


Binalbagan 










Good. 
















7 


60 






Fair. 












5 
5 


201 
101 






Do. 




















Do. 




















Do. » 
Do. 
























Ysiii (constabulary 
only). 





















































Bacolod, September 15, 1903. 



H. B. Oewig, 
Senior Inspector, Philippine Constabulary. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



889 



Condition of the wagon roads of the coast in the province of Occidental Negros. 

167 159 152 143 322 80 50 33 17 (a) San Carlos. 

150 142 135 126 105 63 33 16 (a) Calatrava. 

134 126 119 110 89 47 17 . (a) Escalante. 

117 109 102 93 72 30... (a) Saga v. 

87 79 72 63 42 a) Cadiz. 

45 37 30 21 (a) Manapla. 

24 16 9 (6) Saravia. 

15 7 (c) Silay. 

8 m Talisay. 

(d) Bacolod. 

8 (e) Surnag. 

19 11 {c) Bago. 

23 15 4 (c) Pulupandan. 

30 22 11 7 (e) Valladolid. 

34 26 15 11 4 {e) San Enrique. 

41 33 22 18 11 7 {e) Pontevedra. 

52 44 33 29 22 18 11 (6) Ginigaran. 

61 53 42 38 31 27 20 9 (c) Binalbagan. 

71 63 52 48 41 37 30 19 10 (6e)Himamavlan. 

76 68 57 53 46 42 35 24 15 5 (6) Suay. 

80 72 61 57 50 46 39 28 19 9 4 (6) Cabancalan. 

88 80 69 65 58 54 47 36 27 21 12 8 (6) Ylog. 

94 86 75 71 64 60 53 42 33 27 18 14 6 (a) Dancalan. 

102 94 83 79 72 68 61 50 41 35 26 22 14 8 (a) Guiljungan. 

108 100 89 85 78 74 67 56 47 41 32 28 20 14 6 ...(c) Cauayan. 

113 105 94 90 83 79 72 61 52 46 37 33 25 19 11 5. (c) Ysiii. 

(a) Yerv bad. (b) Bad. (c) Good in dry season; bad in rainy. (d) Excellent. 
(e)Good/ 



Marriages, births, and deaths which occurred in the province of Occidental Negros during 

the year 1902. a 



Pueblos. 


Marriages. 


Births. 


Deaths. 


Bacolod. 


76 
11 
6 
86 
92 
4 
15 

110 
25 
70 
65 
54 

127 
29 

138 
22 
65 
30 
99 
20 
74 
38 
41 
17 
58 
58 
2 
17 
33 

106 
78 
40 
21 
16 


418 

92 

32 

527 

704 

36 

21 

614 

62 

429 

475 

319 

229 

104 

521 

98 

342 

144 

530 

145 

336 

197 

335 

160 

285 

88 

83 

121 

79 

160 

216 

119 

50 

152 


1,621 
293 


Murcia 




108 




1,654 

1,848 

148 


Silay 






273 




1,121 




492 




424 




705 




272 




646 




83 




179 


Sumag 


433 


Bago 


946 




403 




1,144 
722 






1,269 




484 




1,302 




1,552 




977 




254 




522 




749 




392 




856 


Ylog . . 


663 




411 


Ysiii 


100 




438 






Total 


1,674 


8,028 


23,284 







a From the registers of the provincial secretary. 



890 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Negros Oriental, 1902. 

Office Provincial Governor of Negros Oriental, 

Dumaguete, P. I. , June 20, 1903. 

Sir: I respectfully submit my annual report for the year of 1902, and would beg 
your pardon for this delay, which is not due to my own will, but to the large amount 
of work which had to be performed in this office during the period from January to 
June of the present year, when I had to travel through almost the entire province 
on two occasions: First, in connection with the census, and the second time in con- 
nection with the revision of the assessment. 

The relations of this office with the other departments of the provincial govern- 
ment have been cordial during the year ending last December, and the different 
departments have been aiding each other as much as necessary to assure a successful 
administration. The municipal governments have been constantly instructed, for 
the purpose of perfecting their organization under the provisions of the municipal 
code, and the presidents and councilors have been instructed in their duties, and 
have been kept informed of all the legislation affecting the province and the muni- 
cipalities, a continuous correspondence having been maintained to this effect. 

financial condition of the province. . 

Notwithstanding the precarious condition of agriculture, which is due to the lack 
of work cattle, and to the loss of two-thirds of the crops of sugar cane, of rice and 
corn, the principal food of the inhabitants, the collection of both the provincial and 
the municipal taxes has been accompanied by satisfactory results. The total amount of 
receipts of the provincial treasury, from January to December, was $67,997.63 gold, 
and several municipalities, after paying all their expenses appertaining to the year 
of 1902, had a cash balance of several thousand dollars local currency, as the pueblos 
of Guiljungan, Bais, Dumaguete, Nueva Valencia, and Bacong. The prestige and 
the confidence which Treasurer Peed has gained for himself have contributed con- 
siderably to make the collection of taxes comparatively easy in this province, and to 
cause the municipal officers to cooperate with pleasure. 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

Nothing satisfactory can be reported in regard to the bridges and roads, as the 
system of the late supervisor was not practical, and caused the work to be deficient 
and costly. To be brief, we have made no progress as far as the ways of communi- 
cation by land are concerned, excepting several bridges, which have been recon- 
structed of inferior timber, and four cement culverts. 

The supervisor's department has met with such little sympathy on part of the 
pueblos that the majority desired to have the office of supervisor abolished, for the 
reason that it was burdensome to the provincial funds. 

From January to December, 1902, $8,201.51 gold were invested in roads and bridges, 
and $4,578.65 Mexican in the cutting of timber in the forests of Bayanan. Although 
it is true that all this timber belonged to the first group, yet the expenses of cutting 
it, paid by the province, were five times or more what it would have cost any person 
well acquainted with this province. 

SCHOOLS. 

The province has now 69 schools, with 23 American teachers *>.nd 120 Filipino 
assistants. Middle of June, 1902, the secondary school was opened in this province, 
which is being frequented by the youth anxious to amplify their knowledge. This 
educational establishment is the first of its kind which has been opened in this 
province, as the Silman Institute only admits young men, for which reason the girls 
had to be satisfied with the education given in the public schools. 

This institute has now a beautiful and spacious building, the property of its found- 
ers. Its organization, under noble and learned professors, has opened a brilliant future 
to the youth of the province of Negros Oriental and of the other Yisayan provinces. 
Among its pupils there are several young men from Negros Occidental, from Iloilo 
and Cebu. Its doors are open to the poor and to the rich, who receive the same 
education and the same treatment, and unity, which was unknown under the Span- 
ish regime, is to be found in it. This school has won such prestige that persons who 
were the most opposed to education and to the present sovereignty have taken pleasure 
in sending their sons to it. 

The praiseworthy conduct of the American teachers distributed among the public 
schools of the pueblos has caused the attendance of children of both sexes to be rela- 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 891 

lively satisfactory in the majority of the schools during the last school year, notwith- 
standing the obstacles which the teachers encountered; some on account of the apathy 
and indifference of certain municipal authorities in regard to the schools, and others 
on account of the fanaticism of parents, who, influenced by certain elements, believe 
that to send their children to schools where they are not taught to pray is a sin 
against God. The daily attendance during the last school year was 7,000 children of 
both sexes, and it is very remarkable how English has progressed, as one can say 
without fearing to make a mistake that now 100 children know English against one 
who knows Spanish. 

The desire expressed by the pueblos to have more American teachers, and the per- 
sistent requests of the pueblos who have no American teachers that such be stationed 
there, is the most evident proof .of the prestige which they enjoy in the province. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

The destitute condition and the famine which prevail in the pueblos of this prov- 
ince, and the circumstance that the inhabitants are, as a rule, very averse to sanitary 
measures, and even opposed to and suspicious of the medicine and the prescriptions 
furnished by the provincial board of health, thereby causing serious obstacles to the 
good work of the board, are the joint causes for the persistency with which the 
cholera has continued in several places in this province. From middle of Septem- 
ber, when the first cases appeared, until the 31st of December, 1902, the epidemic 
caused 1,895 deaths, making the total number of deaths in the entire province from 
January to December, 1902, 5,237, the majority being caused by the pernicious 
malarial fevers, which are almost endemic in several places in this province and 
demand many victims from among the pauper class. 

Notwithstanding this, the cholera decreased considerably, thanks to the tireless 
and active work of the president of the provincial board of. health, especially at the 
places where the American school-teachers acted as agents of the provincial board of 
health. These teachers are deserving of much praise for the self-denial displayed 
by them during the epidemic. 

RINDERPEST. 

Although the rinderpest presented itself in some of the northern pueblos in a 
mild form, it spread at the same time with such rapidity and became so destructive 
that from Guijulugan, the northernmost pueblo, as far as Siaton, the third pueblo 
in the south, the beef cattle were almost entirely exterminated, and nine-tenths of 
the carabaos succumbed to the epidemic. In November the pest appeared in the 
two southernmost pueblos of the province, but in a milder form, as the mortality 
caused by it among the beef cattle and the carabaos amounted to only 70 per cent. 

The six pueblos situated on the island of Siquijor remained free from the terrible 
epidemic among the animals, and the wealthy planters therefore purchased a 
number of carabaos on said island at very high prices. The result w T as not very sat- 
isfactory, though, because the majority of these animals were attacked by the epi- 
demic upon being transferred to this coast, and 50 per cent of them died. 

AGRICULTURAL WEALTH. 

As a natural consequence of the mortality among the beef cattle, and especially 
among the carabaos, the only work cattle, the maize and rice crops were nil, as the 
few crops planted by the natives without the use of animals, and those planted by 
several wealthy farmers, who purchased some cattle by dint of great sacrifices, were 
mostly destroyed by the locusts. 

For the reasons aforementioned, and on account of the fall in the price of sugar 
and of the increase of the laborers' wages and of the prices of the principal articles 
of consumption, many of the sugar planters w T ere compelled to suspend their work, 
and several of them left their crops unharvested. The exportation of this article was 
therefore considerably lower than usual during the present season. 

The cultivation of hemp (abaca) is doubtless what has maintained the province, 
and the largest part of the money which has been in circulation in Negros Oriental 
since 1900 was derived from it. The following data demonstrate the development of 
the cultivation of hemp in this province: 

Exported in— Piculs. 

1898 37, 000 to 40,000 

1899 40, 000 to 50,000 

1900 50, 000 to 60,000 

1901 70, 000 to 80,000 

1902 90, 000 to 100, 000 



892 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The long drought of the present year caused great fires in the plantations, due to 
lack of precaution on part of the owners, the total loss being estimated at 50 per cent 
of the present crop. Nevertheless, it is expected that the harvest will much exceed 
last year's. 

Such is the enthusiasm for the cultivation of hemp that in the pueblos where it is 
raised, 90 per cent of the planters have almost abandoned their land on the plains in 
order to raise hemp in the hills. In 1898 hemp was raised only in 9 pueblos, and 
now it is being raised in all the pueblos, excepting the four situated on the island of 
Siquijor. This causes us to predict a greater future for our province, and our hopes 
would be more easily realized if the Chinese merchants had not almost entirely 
monopolized the purchase of hemp. 

The cultivation of the cocoanut tree is accompanied by satisfactory results in this 
province, and requires little work; it is therefore the most suited to the natural indo- 
lence of our peasants. It prefers land along the beach and the banks of the river, 
where it grows better than in hilly country. Each cocoanut tree produces about 300 
nuts per annum, or a gain of about $45 Mexican, if it is used for the production of 
"tuba," a drink much used and very popular among the majority of the natives. 
The amount of copra exported in 1902 was about 61,000 piculs; it was bought up by 
the Chinese merchants. 



Tobacco is raised in two pueblos on Siquijor, and in the pueblos of Guijulugan and 
Jimalalud in the north of this province. The amount raised is more than sufficient 
for the consumption of the province, 10,000 quintals of tobacco being exported in 
1902. 

POLITICAL SITUATION. 

It gives me satisfaction to be able to say that peace and order have remained undis- 
turbed in this province, all the inhabitants of which sincerely and loyally submit to 
the Ameridan sovereignty. In July and August the presence of Papa Isio and his 
followers in the mountains of the extreme north of this province, where he alarmed 
the defenseless inhabitants with ridiculous threatening proclamations, compelled me 
to undertake an expedition for the purpose of protecting those pueblos and in order 
to have an interview with the chief aforementioned and induce him to surrender. I 
was confident that he would consent to holding a conference, in view of a letter 
which that bandit had written to me. I arrived at the pueblo of Jimalalud in the 
right time, accompanied by a detachment of 15 enlisted men of the Philippines Con- 
stabulary, commanded by the very worthy Inspector Marshall, and had the satis- 
faction of finding the inhabitants prepared and ready to repel with energy any attack 
of the bandits, who had been encamped for the last three days on the nearby hills 
and had threatened to attack the pueblo. 

Isio's band consisted of 200 men, more or less, who were divided into three col- 
umns. They had 14 rifles, and lances and bolos, while the police of the municipality 
had only 3 poor shotguns, each with 5 or 6 cartridges, loaded with buckshot. They 
and the inhabitants, who were armed with bolos, clubs, and stones, and divided into 
groups of from 40 to 50, were guarding all the entrances of the pueblo. In view of 
this decided attitude of the people of the town the bandits did not dare to make the 
assault, and this has convinced me again that if a pueblo does not want brigandage, 
it can never prevail there. The president told me when I arrived that if he had had 
half a dozen rifles, he would have driven the bandits from his municipality on the 
first day, when Papa Isio sent his message. As Papa Isio's men could see the town 
from the hill on which they were encamped, they soon perceived our arrival and 
broke camp before we had time to start in their pursuit. After a forced march Cap- 
tain Marshall succeeded in catching up with their rear guard, which protected the 
retreat of Papa Isio and the main body of his men. After a skirmish of half an 
hour's duration, he succeeded in dislodging them from the crest of the hill where 
they were, and in seizing a carabao and some maize left behind by them in their 
precipitate flight. There were no casualties on our side. 

I had the satisfaction of finding the inhabitants of the adjacent pueblos of Taysan, 
La Libertad, and Guijulugan likewise ready to repel the bandits with energy. All 
my efforts to induce Isio, the chief of the bandits, to surrender were in vain. He 
replied to the letter which I wrote him from Jimalalud that he was in no way dis- 
posed to accept my propositions, and that he had to fulfill the sacred mission which 
God had imposed upon him. 

The activity displayed by two small columns of constabulary, who marched 
through the mountains of the northern pueblos in every direction, caused every trace 
of the bandits of Papa Isio to disappear from the province, several of them being 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 893 

killed and wounded. On our part we had one private of the constabulary killed in 
a skirmish in the mountains of Taysan, near the province of Negros Occidental. 

The religious question, which is now agitating some provinces, has not affected 
ours, nor do I believe that it will ever cause a disturbance of the order here, as I am 
convinced that with the majority of the lower classes the religious sentiments are 
very superficial. 

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS. 

While in some of the pueblos the municipal governments are being run in a better 
shape, as they have some practice now, the majority of them are still in a deplorable 
state of organization. The causes therefor are those which I had the honor to men- 
tion in my last report, and the unsatisfactory financial condition of some of them. 

I am convinced that the saving which the fusion of the pueblos will bring with it, 
and a wise selection of municipal officers at the coming election, will produce a favor- 
able change in the present condition of the municipalities of this province. 

During the year of 1902 I made two tours of inspection to the pueblos of the south 
and of Siquijor, and three to the pueblos of the north. On the first I was accom- 
panied by the provincial treasurer and fiscal, in order that the municipal officers be 
given ample instructions in the performance of their respective duties, and that at 
the same time all the questions which had arisen in the several municipalities could 
be solved, and the caciquism, which is such an inveterate custom with the majority 
of our local authorities, could be checked. 

With the exception of a few municipalities, the majority of the municipal councils 
are useless, some because they are composed of ignorant persons, and others because 
the members are too much addicted to the president or the secretary, and pass with- 
out questioning all the acts which are suitable to the interests of those officers and 
which they may see fit to propose, however arbitrary and despotic they be. 

To be brief, we have made little progress in the organization of the municipal gov- 
ernments during the year of 1902. All the efforts made by the provincial officers to 
better the condition of the pueblos are generally rendered useless by the ignorance 
and proverbial negligence of the majority of the municipal officers. The following 
statement will give an idea of the standard of education of the officers of the pueblos: 

Presidents: Seven speak and write Spanish; 9 speak and write Visayan; 8 can only 
write their names. Municipal treasurers : Thirteen know something about keeping 
accounts; 9 do not, but can write and read Visayan, and 2 can only write their 
names. Councilors: Eighteen understand Spanish; 88 write and read Visayan; 94 
can only write their names. Justices of the peace: Fourteen understand and write 
Spanish, and 10 read and write Visayan. 

COURTS OF JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 

This province lacks persons competent to properly perform the duties of justice of 
the peace. I do not say that all the young men of this province are incompetent to 
hold this office; but can affirm, without making a mistake, that the few persons 
capable of discharging the duties of a justice of the peace are evading it, as they want 
to attend to their own private interests. 

In the majority of the justice courts in this province the honorable citizen does not 
find protection of his interests in view of the ignorance of the law on part of the per- 
sons whose duty it is to administer it, and the majority of the justices of the peace 
do not seem to make any efforts to study the laws. The honorable judge of first 
instance of this province had the laudable idea to give at the termination of the ses- 
sions of the court in 1902 lessons in the application of the new code of procedure to 
the justices of the peace. Several months have e/apsed since then, and according to 
the report of the fiscal the justices of the peace have not demonstrated in any way 
that they understood the lesson explained to them in- a theoretical and practical 
manner. 

It is therefore necessary that the courts of justices of the peace be immediately 
reorganized, as far as my province is concerned. This reform should consist in the 
consolidation of two or three courts of justices of the peace into one, the justice of 
the court thus organized to be paid bv the municipalities under his jurisdiction in 
due proportion. If the courts are thus organized 7 , all the fees received by justices of 
the peace should be paid into the municipal treasuries, and the justices should be 
held strictly responsible for any misapplication of such funds. To tms end they 
should be required to render a monthly account oi all the money received by them, 
the said account to be attested by the municipal treasurer of each pueblo. Only in 
this manner will the administration of justice be well attended in the pueblos, and 
the office of justice of the peace, which is now considered burdensome, would be 
slightly compensated. 



894 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

MUNICIPAL POLICE. 

I worked for the organization of this corps with the cooperation of Captain Mar- 
shall, the senior inspector of the Philippine Constabulary in this province, and 
caused the municipalities which dispose over means to increase the salaries of the 
police, and to furnish them with uniform, at the expense of the municipal treasury. 
In view of the recommendations made to the presidents in regard to the selection of 
persons for the police, the condition of the municipal police has greatly improved in 
most of the pueblos, where they are rendering very good services, without having 
given cause for complaints regarding their conduct up to the present writing. 

CONVENTIONS OF PRESIDENTS. 

Four were held during the year of 1902, in January, April, July, and October, and 
at nearly all, the majority of the presidents attended. Notwithstanding the little 
interest which many of them take in the conventions, the same have proved rela- 
tively beneficial for the government of the pueblos, in view of the practical instruc- 
tion which the presidents receive while at the provincial capital. 

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS OP THE MUNICIPAL CODE. 

Section 6, subsection (a): The words "cabezas de barangay" should be stricken 
out, as the majority of these are persons who can neither write nor read, and do not 
possess property at present. 

Section 8, subsection (g): There should be added "and opium smokers," because 
persons who are addicted to this terrible vice almost become idiots. 

I have the honor to inclose herewith several views of this locality. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Demetrio Larena, Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. I. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Pampanga. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Pampanga, 
Bacolor, January 15, 190S. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit to you the accompanying report relative to the 
state and conditions of the province in compliance with the provisions of section 7 
of Act No. 83. This report covers the period comprehended between January 1 and 
December 31, 1902. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The present condition of the province is more favorable than it has ever been 
before. The good order which has reigned since the implantation of the civil gov- 
ernment in February, 1901, has not been disturbed in the least particular, although 
in the early part of 1902 there was one Juan Balbuena, a native and resident of the 
pueblo of Guagua, this province, who later did not consent to become lawabiding 
after being a participator in the insurrection, but remained hidden in the woods for 
the purpose of engaging in robbery. This man attempted to organize a band of male- 
factors among certain peaceable workmen and ignorant persons of the country around 
Guagua, Floridablanca, and Porac, this province, and who were misled by this Bal- 
buena and his followers, The undersigned, reliably informed of these matters, gave 
notice of the same to the chief of constabulary in this province, enabling him to 
adopt the necessary measures for the best manner or plan to take the guilty persons 
unawares. 

As a result, not many days had passed when one night the constabulary succeeded 
in surprising and dispersing the hand, capturing some 30 of the party, but not the 
leader of the malcontents, Balbuena, who escaped by hiding in the woods. How- 
ever, after being followed for some days, Balbuena at last fell, pierced by the bullets 
of the constabulary who were pursuing him, and he was thus slain by them. 

The prisoners were placed at the disposal of the judge of the court of first instance 
of the province for trial in due course and two were found guilty and sentenced as 
authors of the crime, the others were acquitted and liberated, as it was found they 
were deceived by the two said criminals. With the exception of the case just men- 
tioned there has been no other similar occurrence during the year. 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 895 

FINANCIAL CONDITIONS. 

The financial state of the province as can be seen in the current accounts and veri- 
fied statements of the provincial treasurer for the year 1902, filed in the month of 
December, 1902, and this province will be found to be in most excellent condition, 
a balance having been shown of $34,000 United States currency. 

Despite the general prostration and distress which for years followed agriculture 
in this province, the collections of the land tax have been effected in all the pueblos 
of the province with great regularity, a small percentage only having failed of collec- 
tion in this class of imports in the province. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

The fact that the province was unexpectedly left without a supervisor, as well as 
the frequent changes in the personnel of this office, have been sufficient cause for 
the failure to complete certain improvements and a larger amount of work such 
as by law is intrusted to this provincial department. All of the bridges constructed 
in the proviuce by the military authorities prior to the organization of the civil gov- 
ernment have been carefully repaired and recoated with boiled tar for their better 
preservation. 

The road running from Guagua to Floridablanca, the passage of which for any sort 
of vehicle however light was impossible, has been properly repaired, and the road is 
at present in much better condition. The road from Guagua to Lubao and that from 
San Fernando to Arayat have been attended to, while general repairs have been made 
upon the road from Angeles to Porac. At the present time the road from Bacolor to 
San Fernando is being entirely rebuilt, utilizing in these operations the crushing 
machine on the stone brought from Bamban to Tarlac, and gravel brought from 
Bulacan. Upon undertaking this work on these roads the difficulty has been 
encountered that a sufficient number of workmen and wagons can not be obtained; 
especially are the latter scarce, due to the lack of carabaos, and for the same reason 
larger rollers for smoothing down could not be utilized. 

The required repairs on the provincial jail have been made, and it is in perfectly 
good condition at present. As for the repair and reconstruction of the building at 
present occupied by the provincial offices of the government, only what has been 
absolutely necessary has been done, waiting until the title to the said building shall 
be properly settled by the honorable Philippine Commission. 

PROVINCIAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 

This institution, which was organized in the province on February 2, 1902, has 
since that time afforded valuable assistance to the people. The first cases of the 
epidemic called cholera appeared in the pueblos of San Simon and San Miguel on 
April 6 and 10, 1902, and became general throughout the province between April 20 
and May 1. The efficient aid of the municipal boards of health, under the provincial 
board of health, was of great service in arresting the progress of the disease, and 
gradually combatting it' until its complete disappearance and the province was 
declared clean, all kinds of rigorous sanitary measures being suspended on August 
30, 1902. 

The natural ignorance of the greater part of the inhabitants of the province, so far 
as concerns matters of hygiene, contagion, disinfection, etc., has been overcome with 
true success by the efforts and measures adopted by the sanitary authorities. So we 
see that during the existence of cholera in the province while there were registered 
3,532 cases there occurred but 2,402 deaths in all the pueblos. The work of the 
presidentes of health, both municipal and provincial, during the cholera is worthy 
of commendation. A suggestion offered by the presidente of health of Bacolor, 
Seiior Amado Gutierrez, that the presidentes of the municipal boards of the province 
meet every three months in the office of the provincial board of health, after consider- 
ation and approval by the presidente of the provincial board of health, Mr. F. W. 
Dudley, succeeded in bringing about the beneficial results that were expected, for 
at the first quarterly meeting, held on January 15, 1902, at Bacolor, under the 
presidency of the said Mr. F. W. Dudley, instructions were issued for the performance 
of their duties and the exercise of their faculties and attributes, in accordance with 
Act No. 308, by the presidentes of municipal boards of health. These instructions 
were all the more necessary since they had become indispensable for the removal of 
doubts which frequently arose among those officials and for the avoidance of con- 
flicts with the respective municipal councils with reference to the carrying out of the 
orders of their boards in matters of the sanitation and hygiene of the pueblo. 



896 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

These quarterly assemblies also serve to furnish an opportunity for the municipal 
presidentes of health to make and support, with verbal argument, at the time for the 
meeting, their suggestions for the improvement of the service, the hygienic conditions 
of the pueblos, the uniformity in vaccination, and to submit reports as to the 
hygienic condition of their municipality, etc. There are at present in the province 
14 municipalities in which there are organized and in operation municipal boards of 
health. Of the 23 municipalities which comprise the province there remain but 
9 without boards, and_ this is due to the difficulty encountered in finding persons 
who can and will efficiently perform these duties for the small remuneration which 
can be offered and borne by the municipal treasuries of the pueblos. This should 
undoubtedly be remedied, as it is not just that those pueblos be deprived of the 
benefits of hygiene and sanitation. 

Another matter, which it has been noted should be remedied, is that with reference 
to the difficulties which often arise between the municipal boards of health and the 
respective municipal councils of their pueblos, or rather, between the two presidentes, 
that of health and that of the municipality. Especially is this the case with reference 
to the adoption and execution of ordinances referring to matters treated in paragraphs 
(1), (m), (n), (o), (p), (q); (r),and (s) of section 39 of the Municipal Code; for despite 
the provisions of section 5 of Act No. 308, describing the attributes of the municipal 
board of health in prosecuting at law the infractors of health ordinances, and since, 
according to section 6 of the said law, the municipal presidente of health is the highest 
executive of the same, it frequently happens that, for reasons often ill-advised, the 
municipal council or the municipal presidente not only refuses to pass the ordinances 
proposed touching the matters of sanitation and the measures contained in the para- 
graphs and sections named of the Municipal Code, but even shows manifest opposition 
to the acts of the municipal board of health in the pursuance of their duties. 

A case has been found, moreover, in the municipality of Arayat where the municipal 
council and the presidente, for private reasons and for differences with the municipal 
presidente of health in the said pueblo, went so far as to order the removal, in every 
sense unjustifiable and improper, of the said municipal presidente of health. 

To overcome all of these inconveniences we suggest an amendment or an addition 
to Act No. 308 of the Municipal Code, prescribing in what manner or to what extent 
it is obligatory upon the municipal councils to pass sanitary measures and to execute 
them, as well as to furnish their aid and complete cooperation in the acts of the 
municipal boards of health in so far as the same are confined to the attributes and 
jurisdiction of the latter. 

Before concluding this part of the report I should like to make special mention of 
the great services furnished at the present time by the head of the provincial board 
of health, Dr. F. TV. Dudley. The quarterly report submitted by this official, 
together with the humanitarian sentiments which he has shown that he possesses 
by attending and treating gratis hundreds of the poor who apply to him, cause me 
to be convinced that the work of Dr. F. W. Dudley is in every respect commendable. 

PUBLIC INSTEUCTION. 

Attention is called to the necessity of utilizing such means as will endow the public 
schools with a higher standard of efficiency and attractiveness for the children who 
are called upon to attend them. 

In practice the law compelling attendance upon schools has been loosely applied, 
for what force the law gains by coercion on the one hand is lost on the other by 
mistrust upon the part of many parents because of having noted the slow progress in 
school of many children. One of the greatest difficulties which have been observed 
is the lack of a truly uniform and expeditious method for teaching the English 
language, which is the principal basis of present public instruction. The ignorance 
upon the part of the teacher of the Spanish language, and his entire ignorance of the 
local dialect, raises between him and the pupil an impassable barrier against mutual 
communication and expression of those ideas so necessary in the diffusion of that 
culture possessed by the teachers and lacking in the pupils. 

It has been noted that with the means usually employed by school teachers the 
children know by heart the names in English of many objects which they have seen 
in the schools, but they have no idea whatever of the meaning included in each 
definite phrase, and they meet with difficulty in expressing their ideas, even by 
means of the common phrases which are familiar and well known to them. 

To diffuse knowledge is the most expeditious manner of making it common. As 
long as the American teachers remain in ignorance of the Spanish language, as well 
as the respective local dialect, and the Filipino teachers who assist them are not pos- 
sessed of the necessary qualifications of aptitude with a knowledge of the English 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 897 

tongue, it will not be possible to make attendance upon schools fruitful, and there- 
fore attractive, to the parent and eagerly sought by him for his children. 

It is necessary, therefore, to maintain a true relationship between the native and 
American teachers; to establish a standard of salaries to be paid the former which 
will make it easy for those persons to accept positions as teachers who are truly 
worthy of filling them on account of their preparation and ability, and are properlv 
paid so that they may be required to furnish more and better services. 

THE MUNICIPAL CODE. 

In view of the large number of illegal resolutions and ordinances passed by the 
various municipal councils, an alteration of the law is suggested whereby it be pro- 
vided that all ordinances by the said councils be first approved by the provincial 
boards, or at least that they be furnished certified copies of the said ordinances 
before their execution is ordered. This is one method to secure a strict observance 
of the law and of the limitation set by the Municipal Code upon the municipal 
councils. 

It has frequently been noted that certain ordinances passed by the municipal 
councils are manifestly repugnant to the law and unjust to the inhabitants of the 
respective municipality. There should be some w T ay to prevent those cases where 
the people have to suffer as a consequence of such ordinances without being allowed 
to present their complaints before the provincial board, which could adopt, at the 
opportune time, measures suitable to the case. 

A change in the present manner of collecting taxes, both municipal and provincial, 
as recommended by the provincial treasurer, would certainly redound in many ways 
to the benefit of both the province and the municipalities. It consists in the pro- 
vincial treasurer's having a permanent deputy in each pueblo, instead of the present 
manner, in which the law requires the deputy to remain in each pueblo or munici- 
pality only two days. It is trusted, should the measure proposed be adopted, that 
the increase of the imposts which could be collected would be greater, notwithstand- 
ing the consequent increase in expense occasioned by the creation of these permanent 
deputy ships in each municipality. The municipal treasurers do not lend the provin- 
cial treasurer the proper assistance, and that which should be furnished according to 
the law; and in consequence of this state the province and the municipalities lose 
many imposts which remain uncollected. It would be possible to pay the land tax 
in all the municipalities of the province in one certain, fixed month, making this 
portion of the collections much more satisfactory and obtainable, both for the tax- 
payers and for the provincial government and the municipality. This official, or per- 
manent deputy, could at the same time be the collector and disbursing officer of the 
municipality, combining thus in one person the collections and disbursements. 

In some of the municipalities it is not possible to find competent municipal treas- 
urers. "With the plan proposed competent persons could be selected, who, appointed 
by the provincial treasurer and paid by the provincial government, would be entirely 
independent of the municipalities and free from the influences which at the present 
time, to a greater or less degree, have their weight upon the actions of the municipal 
treasurers. 

THE SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES — SUGGESTIONS FOR UNIFORMITY IN ALL THE 
MUNICIPALITIES OF THE PROVINCE. 

Much disturbance has been noted in transactions, which in their majority have 
given rise to improprieties and, it may be, even crimes, because of the lack of uni- 
formity in the system of weights and measures used in each of the municipalities of 
this province. 

It is known that the present system of weights and measures has consisted, since 
the time of the Spaniards, of the "cavan," "ganta," and "chupa" for dry measure. 
In the transactions which take place in the markets and trading places this is the 
system most used, owing to the fact that the greater part of the articles sold are rice, 
and sugar in small quantities, unhusked rice, etc. , which are sold by this kind of 
measures. 

The Municipal Code provides, in section 39 (cc), that " the municipal council shall 
provide for inspection of weights and measures by vendors, but without the power 
to exact fees for such inspection." 

Complying with this provision of the law, the municipalities establish their meas- 
ures and impose them upon the tradespeople of their respective municipality. But 
this naturally gives rise to a difference in measures from a nearby or contiguous 
municipality,' where, though similar in name, they vary, nevertheless, in size and 

war 1903 — vol 5 57 



898 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

capacity. This fact is unsettling to the relations between the residents of both 
municipalities in their trading. 

To avoid this inconvenience and to secure proper uniformity in the weights and 
measures used, necessity arises for the enactment of a law providing that there shall 
be retained a set of standard measures to be identified by a special mark or sign, as 
stipulated in the said law. 

These may be similar to the standard fixed by the Spanish Government. There 
were six measures, to- wit: 

1. Cavan, cubic in form, each side 422 millimeters; capacity exactly 75 liters (1 
bushel, 9 gallons, and 32 thousandths). 

2. Half cavan, cubic in form, each side 335 millimeters. 

3. Ganta, cubicinform, each side 144 millimeters; capacity , 3 liters (681 thousandths). 

4. Half ganta, cubic in form, each side 114 millimeters. 

5. Chupa, cubicin form, each side 72 millimeters; capacity, 375 milliliters. 

6. Half chupa, cubic in form, each side 57 millimeters. 
One cavan equals 25 gantas; 1 ganta equals 8 chupas. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE — SUGGESTIONS AND EECOMMENDATIONS. 

The following changes are suggested: 

First. Reorganization of the justice of the peace courts. Payment of salaries to the 
justices of the peace. 

Reasons. — One of the most important branches of the administration of justice, on 
account of its popularity and more intimate and direct contact with the people, is the 
institution of the justice of the peace. In the provinces the justices of the peace of 
the municipalities exercise, in addition, the functions and attributes even of a munici- 
pal judge. The extent of their jurisdiction is therefore greater and more important. 

The experience acquired since the organization of justice of the peace courts has 
demonstrated the extreme necessity of improving this institution in so far as the 
selection of persons for appointment as justices of the peace is concerned. And 
while this selection becomes necessary, there is the difficulty of securing for these 
offices persons of the requisite honesty and ability, for, the office being without salary, 
or honorary, and the holding of it is of no material advantage, but scarcely a com- 
pensation for the work and responsibility which accompany the position, though 
rarely to the extent of any considerable difficulty, a worthy person capable of per- 
forming these duties and who will accept the appointment is difficult to find, for 
there is no incentive to such acceptance. 

This provincial government has always made an effort to select suitable persons 
for the offices of justices of the peace in the municipalities of the province; but it has 
always met, meets to-day, and fears it will ever meet, with the difficulty mentioned. 
This is the reason why certain municipalities still lack a justice of the peace, and 
most of them are without auxiliaries. 

Thus arises the necessity that the office of justice of the peace be invested with the 
prestige necessary to make its importance evident, and at the same time to make it 
more desirable by designating for the position a remuneration sufficient and worthy 
for any person intrusted with the sacred mission of administering justice — of applying 
the law. 

This new expense might be suitably met by reorganizing the justice of the peace 
courts to conform in the matter of fees with the economic organization of the courts 
of first instance. 

A district or section should be created for each of the justices of the peace accord- 
ing to the necessities of the respective districts, and there should be fixed, pro rata 
among the funds of the- respective municipalities, the salary or remuneration that the 
respective justices of the peace shall receive, and the time or period of the sessions in 
each municipality. 

I suggest, then, the necessity for enacting a new law creating these districts or 
sections for every two or more municipalities of the provinces, and naming or 
appointing for each district a justice of the peace, who shall be paid a monthly sal- 
ary not to exceed the sum of the salaries of the presidentes of the municipalities so 
combined. 

However, an exception should be made with respect to the justice of the peace 
of the provincial capital or of the municipality where the provincial jail is located, 
and this district should have under its jurisdiction only one pueblo or one munici- 
pality, that of the residence of the justice of the peace, because by Act No. 590 he 
has delegated jurisdiction in all of the pueblos or any of the municipalities of his 
respective province in the cases determined by the law already cited and in con- 
formity with the provisions of the same. 

Second. Concerning absences of the justices of the peace. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 899 

Specifications. — There is no existing law regulating these absences. The procedure 
up to the present time has been that of requesting leave of absence for a justice of 
the peace from the civil governor of the islands, through the provincial governor. 
These requests are nearly always urgent in character, and most of the time leave of 
absence for a few days or weeks, at the outside, is asked for; but, due to the neces- 
sary steps to be taken, the granting of the leave of absence applied for is often 
delayed greatly, and this frequently causes the applying justice of the peace to be 
forced to abandon the duties of his office, to the prejudice of the proper course of 
justice, because of the necessity he has of absenting himself or because of his illness. 

Upon this particular I recommend an addition to the text of section 5 of Act No. 136, 
organizing the courts of justice in the Philippine Islands, by granting to the provin- 
cial governors authority or the faculty to grant leaves of absence to the justices of 
the peace of the province upon their applications for such leave when it be for a 
period of less than thirty days, but for a period exceeding thirty days application 
should be made to the civil governor through the respective provincial governor. 

Third. Concerning the substitute for the justice of the peace in criminal cases. 

Details. — It is frequently the case that the larger part of the municipalities are 
without auxiliary justices of the peace, and, in the absence of the regular justice of the 
peace, there is no provision of law as to who shall substitute these officials in matters 
pertaining to criminal cases for crimes and offenses which are within the jurisdiction 
of the justice of the peace for his cognizance and determination. 

Act No. 194 only authorizes the respective municipal presidentes to substitute in 
cases where there is no regular justice of the peace or auxiliary within the munici- 
pality in first or preliminary investigations which are held in those cases within the 
jurisdiction of the courts' of first instance in the province for their cognizance and 
decision. 

I suggest an amendment either to Act No. 136 or to Act No. 194 granting to the 
municipal presidentes power to substitute the regular justice of the peace or his aux- 
iliary in his respective municipality, in cases of urgency, disability, sickness, etc., to 
take cognizance of and decide in criminal actions for crimes and offenses, with simi- 
lar jurisdiction to that of the justice of the peace Avhom he substitutes. 

FINAL RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING THE CONVENIENCE OF CONSOLIDATING CERTAIN 

OF THE MUNICIPALITIES. 

After a careful study of the situation and of the remedy, the provincial govern- 
ment has reached the conclusion that certain of the municipalities of the province 
should be consolidated. It has been found that the pueblos of Betis, Minalin, Santa 
Rita, Santa Ana, and Santo Tomas, with difficulty and with very uncertain success 
up to the present time, support their officials and cover their expenses. Their finan- 
cial condition is becoming more precarious, to such a degree that after a few years 
more they would find it impossible with their revenues to cover their most necessary 
expenses. 

Another unfavorable circumstance is that, at least for the present and until the 
lapse of a number of years, the municipalities named will find difficulty in furnish- 
ing men who are worthy and capable of filling the various municipal offices, the 
council and municipal presidency, municipal officials, justices of the peace, municipal 
board of health, etc., because of the fact that owing to the small number of the 
respective inhabitants and the scarcity of those among them who have the ability to 
perform these duties, it would be necessary to retain certain persons in these offices 
for a long time and without any considerable interruption, or to allow some of the 
offices of the municipality to be filled by persons not residents of the same, which 
would be an absurdity. 

The provincial government believes that if some of the municipalities which are 
mentioned were fused with others, forming one of each two or annexing some of 
them to others not mentioned, great advantages would be secured and the incon- 
veniences mentioned would be avoided. Without doubt this fusion would be at the 
instance of the municipalities themselves interested and the provincial government 
expects to suggest this idea to them. I mention this matter at this time to secure 
for it the approval of the Honorable Philippine Commission and the civil govern- 
ment of the Philippine Islands. 

PHOTOGRAPHS TRANSMITTED HEREWITH. 

1. Group of provincial officials of Pampanga, Luzon, P. I. 

2. Group of municipal presidentes of Pampanga, Luzon, P. I. 

3. Methodist Episcopal Church and congregation, Mexico, Pampanga, Luzon, P. I, 



900 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

4. Catholic Chapel (feast of the patron saint of the barrio) near San Fernando, 
Pampanga, Luzon, P. I. 

5. Country residence near San Fernando, Pampanga, Luzon, P. I. 

6. New sugar mill recently put in operation near San Fernando, Luzon, P. I. 

Respectfully, 

C. J6ven, Provincial Governor. 
The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Pangasinan, 1902. 

Provincial Government of Pangasinan, 

Office of the Governor, 
Lingayen, P. I. , January 2, 1908. 
The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I., 

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1902: 

On the 3d of March I took charge of the office of governor of this province, after 
the approval by the civil governor of my election, which was held in accordance with 
the provisions of the act numbered 336 by the convention of the vice-presidents and 
councilors of all the properly organized municipalities of this province. 

At that time there were 35 municipalities, but since then the municipalities of 
Mapandan and Natividad have been organized — in April and May, 1902, respectively — 
and the province has now 37 municipalities. 

There are 53 schools of primary instruction, with 14 American male teachers, 8 
American female teachers, 83 native male teachers, and 48 native female teachers; they 
are frequented by about 8,000 children of both sexes. In September a provincial 
secondary school was opened at the provincial capital, which is provided with 4 
American professors (male), 1 American professor (female), and 1 native professor 
(male), and is attended by 175 pupils of both sexes. The desire of the government 
to propagate education in these islands is gradually being realized in this province, 
thanks to the tireless and constant efforts of the superintendent of the division, Mr. 
S. C. Newsom, who should be congratulated upon the visible advancement of the 
schools. To his zeal it is due that the municipality of Dagupan appropriated $27,000 
local currency out of the municipal funds for the construction of a school building in 
the pueblo, the work on which is well advanced, and which will probably be finished 
in the month of June, 1903, when the beautiful building which is to serve as normal 
school for all the native teachers of both sexes will be inaugurated. 

The only obstacle to the progress of education is the lack of good school buildings 
in nearly all the municipalities, which is due to the scarcity of funds of the pueblos 
in general and to the scant number of American teachers. It would require the 
sending of about 20 more American teachers to this province to fill the needs of 
education. 

In February the provincial board of health was organized at the capital of the 
province, and municipal boards of health were successively organized in the several 
municipalities, excepting the pueblos of Santo Tomas, Mapandan, and Natividad. 
The members of both organizations enforced all the measures adopted by the com- 
missioner of public health of the islands during the epidemic of Asiatic cholera, 
which commenced in this province in April and ceased in November, 1902. Among 
the measures taken to prevent the cholera from spreading, the most burdensome to 
the people were the rigorous isolation of the patients and of the persons who had 
come in contact with them, the burning of the infected houses, and the quarantine 
prohibiting the communication between infected pueblos, barrios, and zones. We 
will not discuss the advantage and necessity of these measures, but would say that 
the ignorant people, who did not understand the precautions and remedies recom- 
mended by science, looked upon them with great fear and despair to the extent 
that in order to hide cholera cases they buried their dead on their lots or threw them 
into the river, to the end that the sanitary inspectors might not find them. There 
were 10,000 cases, with 7,000 deaths. The province expended nearly $50,000 money 
of. the United States for medicine, disinfectants, and salaries of the inspectors and 
the quarantine guards distributed throughout the municipalities of the province, 
and for the payment of indemnities for houses which had been burnt. 

The rinderpest left only 50 per cent of the already depleted number of work cattle. 

The locust plague also invaded the province. Experiments were made to exter- 
minate them by means of the "fungus" furnished by the insular board of health, 
but the result was not satisfactory. The provincial board therefore directed that the 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 901 

locusts caught be burnt, and that the land where they had deposited their eggs be 
plowed and the eggs burnt. The provincial board also authorized the payment of 
50 cents Mexican for every cavan of locusts caught, to the end of exterminating 
them. All this contributed to the extirpation of this plague in several sections of 
this province. 

Notwithstanding these calamities, the rice harvest, which has begun in November, 
1902, promises to be satisfactory, and perhaps more abundant than that of last year; 
and if the entire crop is harvested this year, although a considerable quantity be 
exported, the inhabitants of this province will probably not suffer from famine. 
Nevertheless, in order to prevent a famine it was earnestly recommended, upon dis- 
tributing to the municipalities copies of the act numbered 517, entitled "An act to 
provide against the danger of famine in the provinces of the Philippine Archipelago, ' ' 
that the presidents and the municipal councils strictly comply with the measures 
prescribed in the said law relative to the planting of cereals, tubers, and vegetables. 

During this year the province has exported about 100,000 cavanes of rice and 
paddy, 100,000 gantas of nipa wine, 300,000 cocoanuts, 50,000 cavanes of salt, 500 
pots of liquid indigo, and 10,000 cavanes of mangoes. 

The decadence of agriculture in this province is due to the circumstance that there 
are many fields which are not cultivated on account of the lack of carabaos, which 
could be soon remedied by importing carabaos which have been rendered immune. 

The bridges and roads are fairly passable, although their condition is not all that 
could be desired, for the reason that the work was hampered in the first place by the 
cholera, and in the second place by the financial crisis caused in this province by 
the heavy expenditures in connection with the cholera. 

The municipality of Umingan suffered in the month of April, 1902, a terrible fire, 
caused by an accident, in which the municipal building, the schoolhouse, over 100 
private dwellings, and the army barracks were burnt. The total loss was calculated 
at over $100,000 Mexican. The provincial board invited all the other municipalities 
to contribute $150 Mexican each for the relief of the sufferers, and the forestry 
bureau was asked to grant the victims of the fire gratuitous licenses for the cutting 
of timber in the public forests of Umingan, to be used for the reconstruction of their 
houses. 

The province enjoys perfect tranquillity. Chief Manalang, who commanded the 
bands of ladrones in Zambales, and Protacio Flores, his assistant, took refuge in the 
barrios of the pueblos of Salasa, San Isidro, and Sual, where the inhabitants furnished 
them some food, influenced by fear. The barrio of Sioasio, of the municipality of 
Sual, was one of the places of refuge of Manalang, and Captain Rickards, of the con- 
stabulary, discovered a deposit of rice which the ladrones had there. The councilor 
of that barrio, Jacobo Sevillena, was removed from office. Manalang was killed by 
the constabulary in Zambales, and his assistant, Protacio Flores, was captured and 
sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment, which he is now serving in Bilibid 
prison. 

The municipal police is of little or no use to quell in cases of emergency disturb- 
ances of the public order for lack of appropriate arms and as they are entirely unin- 
structed. The municipal policemen are now armed, besides with revolvers, with 
shotguns that are almost useless. It would therefore be advisable to furnish the 
municipal police with good rifles and instruct them in the manual of arms and in the 
necessary tactics under the direction of the constabulary officers of the province. 

Photographs illustrating the commercial and industrial resources of this province 
and views of general interest have been ordered taken, and will be sent to your office 
as soon as they are finished. 

Very respectfully, M. Favila, Provincial Governor. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Paragua. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province of Paragua, 

Cuyo, June 24, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Philippine Islands, Manila, P. I. 

Sir: In compliance with section 7, Act 422, I have the honor to make the follow- 
ing annual report of the conditions existing December 31, 1902: 

The province of Paragua was organized under Act 422, taking effect June 23, 1902. 
I was detailed to report to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands for duty as 
governor of the Province of Paragua by General Orders, No. 144, Headquarters 
Division of the Philippines, dated June 29, 1902. I remained in Coron, Calamianes, 



902 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

until July 19, 1902, when I established the capital in Cuyo. In a short time all 
United States troops were removed from the province, except a small detachment 
casually at Cuyo awaiting transportation. 

The constabulary was organized and a detachment was placed at Cuyo, Coron, 
Taytay, and Areceli. The municipal police were armed, and by the end of October 
all municipalities were thoroughly organized and working successfully, both politi- 
cally and financially, under Acts 387 and 422. 

There has been entire absence of any disturbances of the public peace, of lawless 
violence or seditious conspiracy, and also of ladronism. There are no convicts serv- 
ing sentence in the province, and only one prisoner held in the provincial jail await- 
ing trial for crime. 

All of the municipalities are self-supporting and have no debts, and have a fair 
balance in the treasury. 

The provincial government is not as yet entirely self-supporting, though the expenses 
have been reduced to the lowest limit possible. There was nothing on hand to pur- 
chase the necessary office furniture, and consequently the expenses so far have been 
greater than the receipts. Lieut. E. Y. Miller, Twenty-ninth Infantry, is acting 
supervisor in addition to his duties of secretary-treasurer of the province. Capt. W. 
R. Davis, assistant surgeon, U. S. Volunteers, is acting as president of the provincial 
board of health. There is no fiscal. We have only one deputy and two clerks, so 
the expense of the province is not very large, yet the industries of the province are 
at so low a state that the collections allowed by law are not yet sufficient to support 
the provincial government. 

The province is large and the population is scattering, and considering the fact 
that almost all of the land of the province is public land, mostly timber, the insular 
government will be obliged to assist in the support of the provincial government 
until some development comes, when it ought to be one of the richest provinces. 
The revenue from timber alone will support the government if some capital can be 
induced to start in the timber business. 

By a strict quarantine of all boats of every class, and by the rigid enforcement of 
sanitary measures, the province has been kept free from cholera, except at Areceli, 
where there were about 200 deaths from cholera. The cholera was brought to Areceli 
by the steamship Fannie, from Manila, in August, 1902. She entered Areceli without 
being cleared for there, in violation of custom-house regulations, and put off freight 
and passengers, in violation of quarantine regulations. With prompt assistance from 
the insular board of health the cholera was limited to Areceli and prevented from 
spreading, and by the end of October it had entirely disappeared. 

The schools of the province receive the support of the people. The trouble is to 
find teachers who can teach English. Cuyo, Coron, and Areceli have American 
teachers. The schools of Cuyo are in a very flourishing condition, and a large num- 
ber of the children can speak English fairly well. 

The wild tribes have been very peaceful and quiet, and have shown a disposition 
to settle down and form barrios. In the Calamianes almost all of the Tagbanouas 
have paid their cedula, and one barrio is formed almost entirely of them. 

Since almost the entire province is public land I believe it would be well to have 
it surveyed and opened for homestead settlement. 

I have no measures to recommend, either executive or legislative, as I believe the 
laws and measures at present in force will result in complete success. 
Very respectfully, 

William A. Phillips, 
Captain, Tenth U. S. Infantry, Governor of Paragua. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor op Rizal. 

[Translation.] 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Rizal, 

Pasig, January 10, 1903. 
The Civil Governor, Manila. 

Sir: Within a few days after you placed me in charge of this government (Novem- 
ber 7, 1902), I had realized the importance of communicating personally with the 
local authorities and the leading residents of the different pueblos which constitute 
this province in order to revive the spirits of the disheartened people who were pros- 
trated by the frequent and continuous incursions of the bandits, in which there were 
sacrificed not only their lives but their property as well. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 903 

The mountains 01 tnese pueblos, secure refuge and hiding place for the bandits, 
besides affording them protection and shelter, place them in frequent and continu- 
ous communication with the residents of the towns, and the latter — some through 
fear of persecution and others through sympathy with them — are in the habit of pro- 
viding the bandits with food and information concerning the movements of the 
bodies of police. But later, after organizing my system of espionage, and thanks to 
the policy of repression which I adopted,. I succeeded in inducing them all — abso- 
lutely every one — to take my side. Thus I was able to make important captures of 
both men and arms employed in the diabolic schemes of the bandits. In this man- 
ner was that important region along the river on the opposite side from the pueblo 
of Mariquina cleaned up of bandits. 

After my system of espionage was inaugurated the bandits changed their tactics, 
that is, during the day they disguise themselves as honest, hard-working men, renew- 
ing their evil practices during the night and their nocturnal forays. These are the 
men who usually carry rice and other provisions to the mountains from the towns. 

After learning this secret I placed myself on watch, and indeed surprised several 
persons, some of which to-day are groaning for their sins in the prison of this capital, 
and the others have passed on to a better life. 

Later I also learned the use made by the bandits of the cockpits of Kalookan and 
San Juan del Monte, and 1 thereupon transferred my spies to those towns, and in 
this manner I was enabled by imprisoning the justice of the peace of Kalookan and 
the municipal presidente of San Juan del Monte to inspire with fear and terror all 
the subrenters of the cockpits, where, upon pretext of fighting cocks, they also at the 
same time play monte, chabdiqui-soliong-liampo, and other such games, in the 
profits of which the bandits had a large share. 

Having cut off and closed all the sources by which the bandits provided themselves 
with food, clothing, and ammunition, I proceeded immediately to the general dis- 
armament of the local police of the pueblos, for I found that far from providing 
security and protection to the peaceful residents, they contributed with their coward- 
ice and lack of zeal to the reenforcement of the bandits, delivering over to the latter 
their arms by reason of fear or friendship. All of these measures, of course, have 
produced a certain natural excitation, while contrary to the designs of the bandits; 
and from this, on the one hand, there arose among themselves doubts and discords, 
there originated, upon the other hand, a deadly hatred against me. There were cer- 
tain of them who suspected their most intimate friends and companions in villainy 
of being the governor's spies, and dissensions thus arose which resulted later in 
partial surrenders. At last, and in their death throes, the outlaws made their recent 
attempt to surprise Pasig, entering the town at about 7 o'clock at night, December 24, 
1902. To their sorrow, they doubtless forgot that I was on guard watching over 
everybody; and two hours beforehand I knew their plans and intentions. It cost 
them dearly, and persons who took part in the assault and were captured later, declare 
that upon that night they suffered 11 killed and more than 17 wounded, losing 
several guns, revolvers, ammunition, and other implements of battle. 

One week after the aforementioned engagement the bandits sent me certain of 
their friends proposing various plans of surrender. I replied to them that I could 
accept but one — the unconditional surrender of all their arms. More recently sev- 
eral residents of Pasig have surrendered to me with their arms and munitions. 

Such, sir, is the present condition of political matters in this province. Never- 
theless, I have not ceased to impress upon these people, in theory and in practice, 
that North America loves them, that they are her sons, and the Americans are their 
brothers; a policy of attraction, governmental action, rapid in its execution, equal 
justice to all, honesty and purity in everything. Such results have these produced 
that, to say nothing of my orders, my desires even are carried out with eagerness 
and exactitude. I have never yet had to use my cane of office, a system which has 
given good results. Except in my official capacity, I have always mixed with the 
people, a people so poorly understood by some, so vilified by others, and so exploited 
by many. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Some days after my arrival in this province I was impressed with the idea and 
with the deep conviction that, in a country of such wonderful fertility as this, the 
development of agriculture should be the chief source, the basis of all wealth, and 
in this conviction I went from town to town inspiring in the people this same 
thought. But, unfortunately, for the towns of Montalvan, San Mateo, and Mari- 
quina, within the borders of which arise the springs of water used for the daily con- 
sumption of the residents of Manila, for sanitary reasons, the use of the river was 



904 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

absolutely and definitely prohibited, to the great injury of the sacred rights of those 
towns, the taxpayers of which are not deserving of such treatment. My intentions 
have been of no avail. 

With this closing of the river Montalvan, with its lumber trade, San Mateo, with 
its rice and corn and sugar, Mariquina, with its rice and vegetables which were fur- 
nished daily to the Manila markets — all have suffered irreparable injury and the 
loss of their products. Many of their articles are to-day relegated to a corner of 
oblivion and subjected to considerable loss. 

This closing of the river will cause Montalvan, San Mateo, and Mariquina to forego 
every thought of raising sugar the coming year, for it is well known to everyone 
that the cane used for making sugar is the same used for planting, and for these ends 
to sprout it is necessary to place them to soak in the river for the required number 
of days. Some might say that this method is improper and slow, besides being anti- 
quated, but so difficult is it to make these hard-working farmers change their meth- 
ods that the complete abandonment of this thankless work is to be feared. 

However, to ward off famine, great quantities of tubers, corn, and articles con- 
sidered of prime necessity are being planted, and dry-land rice in great quantities 
is also being planted in some pueblos which contain irrigation ditches. It is advis- 
able to recommend to the government to send some hundreds of carabaos of those 
coming from China, because, owing to rinderpest, the number of work animals has 
been considerably reduced. 

Locusts have completely devastated the fields, and there are pueblos in which, 
while formerly thousands of thousands of cavanes of rice were raised, they feel 
thankful if they have raised enough the present year for seed. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

One of the various methods which the government could and should adopt to pro- 
vide against the evils of famine, the spread of vagrancy and outlawry, is to undertake 
public works. Especially is this true by reason of the fact that all the roads of this 
province are in the very worst possible condition, and the wages which would be paid 
by the public works would serve to provide many of the necessaries of life for the 
needy people and at the same time awaken in them the custom of working, thus 
attracting them away from vagrancy and idleness. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

During the past year there have been matriculated in the various schools of the 
province 108 pupils, with an average attendance of 88.3. The 7th day of January is 
set for the reopening of the schools after the Christmas holidays, and it is expected 
that the number enrolled will be greatly increased, judging from the fact that during 
the months of October, November, and December the average attendance increased 
in the remarkable ratio from 30 to 66 to 88. 

The application and assiduity of the pupils in their attendance upon their classes 
have been highly satisfactory and gratifying to their teachers. 

There are but few children who do not speak some English. Therefore we hope 
during the present year, and after we shall have made some repairs and improve- 
ments in the schools, they will be very numerously attended day and night. 

It is a great consolation and satisfaction to the soul to see how these children of 
tender years mix and mingle together with each other and with their teachers, now 
talking and discussing with them concerning some topic of their daily lesson, now 
reciting some small exercise in English; eager in their task to learn and know some- 
thing, they differ in every sense from those who desire in idleness, with the aid of 
their murderous dagger and traitorous bolo, to accomplish their designs. 

PUBLIC ORDER. 

This is in better condition at present than is believed or than was expected, thanks 
to the measures which I have adopted, happily seconded by the chief inspector, Mr. 
Ira Keithley, of the constabulary of this province. 

The morning of the 5th instant the so-called minister of state of the new Katipu- 
nan, lieutenant-general, chief of operations in this province and New Ecija, Cenon 
Nigdao, surrendered himself to me in person. When questioned as to the reasons 
for his surrender, he stated that it was no longer possible for them to remain out, 
owing to the measures which I have adopted, for wherever they went they were 
harassed by hunger and the people either displayed a threatening attitude toward 
them or with tears in their eyes besought them to give up. This would and does 
disarm the bravest, to use a phrase of Nigdao himself. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 905 

This man is disposed to work for the early surrender of his men, and he stated to 
me that he would place at my disposition 27 guns which he had confided to the care 
of one Dionicio, alias Captain Done, a resident of Baliuag. 

I sent him to Major Allen by Inspector Keithley. 

Surrenders of men with their arms are becoming common. A number of those 
who took part in the engagement at Pasig have already surrendered to me, and I 
expect the surrender of many, including Faustino Guillermo with his men and arms. 

The aspect of affairs here is improved greatly, due to these surrenders. 

Several municipal presidentes have congratulated me, and I understand that great 
feasts are being prepared to solemnize the early tranquilization of the province. 

I fear, however, that some roving band will find security in Manila or in the moun- 
tains of Bulacan. 

It would be well to keep the officials of Manila and the governor of Bulacan posted, 
in order that they may second my efforts in this movement. 

Owing to the short time which I have been at the head of this province, there is 
nothing further that I can add at this time, for it is very w r ell known that all of my 
short time I have dedicated, as I shall continue to dedicate my time, to pacification, 
which is the very foundation for all enterprises and reforms that it is desired to intro- 
duce hereafter, working for the early and rapid development of the interests of this 
province. 

So, in conclusion, it remains but for me to crave your complete indulgence for my 
lack of capacity, and I shall console myself with the satisfaction of duty done, if not 
with great ability, most assuredly with no lack of the best intentions. 
Respectfully, 

A. Dancel, Provincial Governor. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor ofJ^omblon. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Romblon, 

Romblon, February 9, 1903. 

Sir: During the past year of 1902 the province of Romblon has improved its pro- 
duction through the efforts of the municipalities. In all the pueblos the inhabitants 
have increased the cultivation of the cocoanut, hemp, tobacco, rice, and corn, and 
there is sufficient seed for the present year, and large stores of rice in the island of 
Tablas. 

The tranquillity of this province has not been disturbed, excepting the attack on 
the island of Maestre de Campo by pirates from other provinces. 

In all the towns municipal boards of health have been organized, and each of them 
has adopted its sanitary regulations against the ravages of Asiatic cholera. 

The number of houses of strong materials in each pueblo has been augmented, and 
even in the barrios the streets are kept clean. 

Personal labor in lieu of a road tax has contributed much to the general advance- 
ment of the pueblos, and, besides repairing its roads and constructing new bridges, 
each town has built its schoolhouse of strong materials without burdening the 
municipal treasury, but considering solely the welfare of all. 

In the town of Romblon, the capital of the province of the same name, a road, 
entirely of stone, has been constructed by means of the personal labor tax. This 
road is 2 meters wide, 2.50 meters high, and 800 meters long. It redeems a large 
tract of the coast along that part of the port which is the nearest to the town, 
impassable at high tide, and establishes communication with some of the barrios of 
the northern part of the island, making it possible for the people to haul their prod- 
ucts from their fields or plantations to the town, where it is easy to find a market 
for them. 

Another road which has also been constructed starts at a place called Cogon, on 
the east coast, and traverses the central part of the island, having a length of 3 leagues 
and leading through mountains and places which were formerly difficult of access. 
This road establishes communication between the pueblo and one of its most popu- 
lous and undisputably the richest of its barrios. Throughout its entire length the 
width of this road is not less than 3 meters. 

Constabulary posts have been established in the towns of Santa Fe, Looc, and San 
Fernando, besides the posts that existed in Odiongan and Cajidiocan. 

The towns of Odiongan and Magallanes deserve to be made open ports, for the 
reason that they are constantly visited by vessels with first-class licenses, which is 
due to the products of the first named, tobacco, hemp, and copra; and of the latter, 
timber of the best kind. 



906 REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Public instruction has made some progress since last year, and the schools and 
pupils in the towns and barrios have increased in number during the year 1902. 

The public calamities which have occurred in this province are only the destruc- 
tion of 2 bridges and of the plantations of 3 barrios of Cajidiocan, Sibuyan Island, 
by a typhoon in the month of July, and the appearance of rinderpest in the pueblo 
of Santa Fe, Tablas Island, the mortality, however, being inconsiderable, because 
from September to the end of December the number of animals which died did not 
reach 50, thanks to. the American veterinary surgeon who came from Manila to fight 
the pest and to the precautions taken by the people of the pueblo. The disease is 
now confined to a barrio where there is little stock, and cases occur very seldom. 

Asiatic cholera has appeared only on the islands of Banton and Maestre de Campo, 
and has caused but 200 cases and 60 deaths. This infection was due to communica- 
tion with transports from infected ports, which took water at those islands without 
the knowledge of the provincial sanitary authorities. 

The port of the provincial capital needs harbor lights, which should be placed on 
the bars at its entrance, and which would facilitate the entry of ships at night and 
during typhoons and storms, when it is necessary for them to anchor. 

On the island of Romblon there is an immense amount of marble suitable for 
sculpture, and these quarries if exploited would be a source of wealth for the inhab- 
itants. On the islands of Sibuyan and Banton there are considerable quantities of 
mastic gum and gypsum, which are still unexploited, and would also be sources of 
wealth. 

It would be a very suitable measure if a licensed veterinary surgeon and a teacher 
of agriculture were stationed in this province. 

We are also very much in need of a launch of about 200 tons for the service of the 
government and of the pueblos, as this province is composed of seven separate 
islands, which makes the inspection of and communication with the pueblos very 
difficult; also for protection in cases of emergency. 

It would also be very convenient if a high school were established in the town of 
Romblon, for the education of studious young men who have not the means of 
obtaining their education in Manila. 

I have the honor to set forth the above particulars in compliance with section 7 of 
Act 83. 

Very respectfully, Francisco Sanz, 

Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Samar. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Samar, 

Catbalogan, January 15, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with the provisions of section 7 of the general act for the 
organization of provincial governments in the Philippine Islands, I have the honor 
to submit the following report of the conditions of the province of Samar since the 
implantation in the same of the civil regime until the last day of December, 1902, 
and suggesting those measures, executive or legislative in character, which I deem 
most adequate for the betterment of the conditions in the said province. 

Upon the implantation here of the civil government, which took place upon June 
17, 1902, the province was just emerging from a cruel and bloody war. Of the 40 
pueblos which existed in the province during the Spanish times, 23 were reduced 
completely to ashes, and 4 partly destroyed. The last mentioned were Catbalogan, 
Capul, Catarman, and Basey. Only the following pueblos were respected: Tarangnan, 
Santo Nino, Calbayog, Bobon, Laoang, Palapag, Mercedes, Guiuan, Santa Rita, 
Villa Real, Calbiga, Jaibong, and Zumarraga, a total of 13 pueblos. The barrios 
or settlements of the province, it may be said, were all, or for the most part, burned 
in the war. 

The pueblos destroyed are being rebuilt little by little. Their inhabitants have 
returned and have begun to build houses of a temporary character, of bamboo and 
nipa. In nearly all these pueblos there are already municipal buildings and school- 
houses, constructed, of course, of light materials. Oquendo, Weyler, San Julian, and 
Quinapundan have not as yet anything more than municipal buildings. The pueblos 
of Gandara, Palapag, Borongan, Hernani, Pinabacdao, San Sebastian, and Paranas 
have not as yet public buildings of any kind, though Borongan has commenced the 
construction of a spacious public school for children of both sexes. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 907 

Among the pueblos not destroyed in whole or in part, there are some which have 
no public buildings, such as Catbalogan, the capital of the province, and Santo Nino. 
The pueblo of Tarangnan has two public school buildings, one for boys and one for 
girls; but the municipal building is so dismantled, as a consequence of the war, that 
the municipality does not use it. The municipal government is temporarily making 
use of the parish convent. The pueblos which have buildings (municipal and 
schoolhouses) are the following: Calbayog, Bobon, Catarman, Laoang, Mercedes, 
Guiuan, Basey, Jiabong, and Zumarraga, The first named, Calbayog, possesses, in 
addition to the municipal buildings and schools for boys and girls, a public building, 
which in former times, during the Spanish government, was used for quarters of the 
civil guard. It is to be noted that all of the public buildings of th^se pueblos are of 
strong materials, for the most part. Finally, the pueblos of Capul, Santa Rita, Villa 
Real, and Calbiga have only municipal buildings. The two last mentioned use the 
parish convents for schools, and the two first named, Capul and Santa Rita, hold 
their schools in rented houses. 

When civil government was implanted in this province the pueblos were organized 
under the provisions of Orders No. 43. It was necessary, therefore, to organize them 
under the municipal code. Having been appointed chairman in this work of reor- 
ganization, I attempted to carry it out immediately, but I was prevented by the 
difficulty of communications and the lack of a steam launch, for it is well known that 
Samar is wanting in roads, and it is necessary to use a steam launch in order to go 
from one place to another. 

Up to the present time the following pueblos have been organized : Almagro, Bal- 
angiga, Basey, Bobon, Borongan, Calbayog, Calbiga, Capul, Catbalogan, Catarman, 
Catubig, Guiuan, Hernani, Jiabong, Lanang, Lavezares, La Granja, Mercedes, Mon- 
dragon, Motiong, Oquendo, Oras, Paranas, Pinabacdao, Paric, Quinapundan, San 
Julian, Santa Margarita, Sulat, Tubig, Weyler, Villa Real, and Zumarraga. There 
remain still to be organized the municipalities of Tarangnan, Gandary, Pambujan, 
Laoang, Palapag, and Salcedo. The lack of means of transportation, the presence of 
cholera, and later the work of the census have been the causes that they are not 
yet duly organized. 

The pueblos of Almagro, Motiong, and San Antonio are not included in the official 
guide of 1898. I organized them because I found them already constituted under 
Military Orders, No. 43. 

Before proceeding further, it becomes necessary to state that in order that the 
pueblos be rebuilt as soon as possible and the respective municipal governments be 
enabled to provide themselves with proper public buildings it is needful to facilitate 
the granting of the timber cutting by the pueblos. At present the procedure in this 
matter is long. The pueblos have to repair to Manila to obtain license for cutting 
the timber necessary to construct or restore their buildings, and to have to go so far 
discourages them, so instead of asking for the proper license for cutting timber 
they simply construct or repair their buildings with bamboo and nipa. I believe 
that the provincial board, which is informed of the needs of the province, should be 
given authority for granting these timber licenses, in favor of the pueblos and the 
poor residents, with the restrictions imposed by the forestry regulations. Under 
such a system I believe that very soon the pueblos of this province of Samar, so 
castigated by the war, would be restored to their former state; because they appear 
daily before the provincial board setting forth their needs, though they are backward 
when they have to apply to offices so far away, which do not maintain constant 
relations with them, as does the provincial board. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

In the matter of public instruction, the following pueblos have a native primary 
male teacher and a female teacher: Tarangnan, Capul, La Granja, Bobon, Catarman, 
Mondragon, Pambujan, Tubig, San Julian, Lanang, Mercedes, Balangiga, and Basey. 
Borongan, Paric, and Motiong have two male and two female teachers; and Villa 
Real two male teachers. The pueblos of Catbalogan, Catubig, Oras, Sulat, Salcedo. 
Calbiga, and San Antonio have but one primary male teacher; and Gandara, Santa 
Margarita, Santo Nino, Oquendo, Weyler, Palapag, Hernani, Quinapundan, Pina- 
bacdao, San Sebastian, Paranas, Zumarraga, Santa Rita, Jiabong, and Almagro, have 
no teachers whatever. 

As for instruction in the English language, Laoang has two American teachers and 
two Filipino assistants; Guiuan and Basey also have two American teachers, and 
Borongan and Calbayog, one American teacher. In the last-named town there is 
an American female teacher in addition. 

I should also note that in Calbayog and Laoang, there is not one native primary 
teacher. 



908 REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

The hour has arrived when some attention should be given to the branch of educa- 
tion in this province. Seven months of civil life have already passed and it is neces- 
sary that the pueblos, at any rate the more important ones, should have an English 
teacher. It is not perfectly well understood why Catbalogan, the capital of the prov- 
ince, has not as yet a male and a female teacher of English, while under full military 
regime there was an American teacher of English. This is urgent, moreover, when 
it is remembered that within a short while English will be current as the official 
tongue. As for teachers supported by the pueblos, the pueblos complain that they are 
lacking in resources, that the municipal code does not provide them with sufficient 
funds to cover all their needs. In truth, many taxes, or more accurately speaking, the 
greater number of the taxes authorized by the said code, are absolutely nonproductive 
in many of the pueblos. The insular government, or the provincial, should lend 
them money or undertake themselves the construction of schoolhouses and the sup- 
port of the primary teachers in those municipalities which, owing to their unfortunate 
situation, are unable to comply with this duty. True, youths may be taken from 
these municipalities to be educated in other places; but I believe it to be very neces- 
sary to have schools with the proper teachers for the general education of the people 
in every municipality, both large and small. If it were practicable, there should be 
schools even in the forests. The mass of the people of this province are so densely 
ignorant that they are superstititious and easily influenced by any one pretending to 
be endowed with miraculous attributes or with invulnerability, through the possession 
of an ' ' anting-anting, ' ' or amulet. This mass should be educated at any sacrifice, and 
without stopping to consider the cost, and without delay, for these people are the ones 
who form the nucleus of those disturbers of public order known as "polajan" or 
"Dios-Dios," and who compose the criminal element. The problem of public order 
is to be solved here by educating the general mass of the people of the province. 

JUSTICES OP THE PEACE. 

Passing on to another point: In nearly all the municipalities of the province of 
Samar, there have already been named justices of the peace and auxiliary justices of 
the peace, for the administration of justice. The following are the only pueblos 
which are not provided with the said officials: Gandara, Laoang, Palapag, Pam- 
bujan, Salcedo, and Tarangnan, which are the six pueblos not yet organized. I 
trust that within a short time these pueblos will enjoy the benefits of the said 
institution. 

Anent this matter of the justices of the peace, it occurs to me to suggest that the 
justices of the peace be provided, at the expense of the insular treasury, with copies 
of the codes and laws now in force. In Samar the justices of the peace have abso- 
lutely none of these, and it is impossible for them to administer justice. Only the 
justice of the peace of the provincial capital, and he on account of his proximity to 
the court of first instance and the government offices, is in a position to obtain all the 
orders of which he has need in the performance of his duties. 

PUBLIC ORDER. 

With regard to public order, I believe that I am able to give assurance that peace 
and tranquillity reign in the province of Samar, except for certain bands of outlaws 
who live in the forests. These bands have no firearms and are engaged in robbery 
and pillage. They usually attack barrios which are entirely undefended. It must 
be remembered that during the war all the arms of every kind that were in the pos- 
session of private persons were taken up, so that when the civil regime was estab- 
lished here some of the pueblos obtained from me authority to manufacture bolos 
for use in work in the fields. At present there are pueblos in the province which 
have but a few arms, and the municipal police and volunteers are armed with wooden 
spears and with sharpened canes. It is not surprising that three or four ladrones, 
armed with daggers or bolos, come in and take possession of a barrio which has not 
a single firearm, nor even of any other kind, for use in its defense. 

The existence of ladrones in this province is explainable. After the war there 
very many people left who were unaccustomed to work and who had to seek their 
means of living through robbery. On the other hand the great extent of this prov- 
ince, covered with woods and forests, makes it very suitable as a hiding place for 
ladrones. The municipalities here are large in area and without means of commu- 
nicating with other places. In the province of Cebu there are 57 municipalities, and 
Cebu has about one-third or one-fourth the area of Samar, while in this province of 
so great area there are but 43 pueblos. So it is explained how the ladrones of every 
other place, not excepting Luzon, when they find themselves threatened with 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 909 

capture and persecuted, seek and find refuge in the interior of Samar. It can be 
stated with certainty that the chiefs of the "polajan" or "Dios-Dios," in their 
majority, are natives of other provinces, and the most daring and those of the most 
cruel instincts, are usually outsiders, not natives of the province of Samar. One of 
the best attributes of the inhabitants of this province is their peaceableness; and on 
this account a great many persons are amazed because the war was continued for so 
long a time here. It is believed that ignorance, and ignorance alone, is what has 
made it possible for the people of Samar, naturally so pacific, to continue for so long 
a time the past state of disorder. I am firm in my belief that with the diffusion of 
knowledge ladronism will be eliminated from all that misguided mass of people who 
follow after a ' ' papa-dios, ' ' or unconsciously aid and assist him. 

Confiding in the peaceable character of the natives of this province, I make bold 
to say that in spite of its wilds and great area, if everything that is absolutely essen- 
tial is done, very soon will tranquillity reign even in the remote recesses of the moun- 
tains and forests. I note, furthermore, another very favorable trait among the 
inhabitants of this province, and this is their respect for the authorities. I feel hon- 
ored in stating that the people of Samar comply religiously with the orders of the 
government; and that the majority of them, not to say all, take their stand with the 
government in the effort to stamp out ladronism. There are pueblos, such as Cal- 
bayog, which present themselves in a body to go to the woods to combat ladrones. 
And Pinabacdao, with its police and volunteers, armed solely with sharpened canes, 
is capturing majors and colonels of the bandits, delivering them later to the constab- 
ulary. This is a pueblo of heroes. It now asks to be furnished with shotguns, and 
I believe it but right that they be given them. 

As for the number of ladrones in the province, from the investigations made, both 
of a governmental and of a judicial nature, it seems that it might have been placed 
at 400 or 500 men at the time of the implantation of the civil regime in the province; 
but to-day, thanks to the efforts expended in every direction for the suppression of 
ladronism, and with the efficient aid of the pueblos, which, as I stated before, ally 
themselves wholly with the government, it may be said of a truth that there remain 
but a few, and these are fleeing and dispersed, constantly changing their location in 
order not to fall into the hands of the government forces. The second in command of 
these forces of ladrones was seen not long ago in the island of Parasan, completely 
alone, and the "papa," Pablo de la Cruz, goes from one place to another, accom- 
panied by but a few men, and followed closely by the constabulary. 

For the maintenance of public order all the pueblos of the province of Samar have 
municipal police, and many of them — the majority, in fact — have, in addition, an 
organized band of volunteers. As a general rule both forces are armed with bolos, 
spears, and sharpened canes. The municipal police of Calbayog, Paranas, Calbiga, 
Catbalogan, Yilla Real, and Zumarraga alone have shotguns. The pueblo of Santa 
Rita has been issued five revolvers with ammunition. It is necessary to issue arms 
to some other municipalities, above all to those pueblos which formerly had a mili- 
tary post, because they have no troops now nor any detachment of constabulary near 
them; and also to those which, on account of their location, are more exposed to an 
attack of the ladrones. 

The statement should be made here that up to the present time the municipal 
police has not lost a single gun of those which have been given them, and I am of 
the opinion that guns may be given them without danger if issued upon the respon- 
sibility of the presidente, or of him and all the municipal councilors. 

Of the insular forces detachments of constabulary are stationed at the following 
points: One of 26 men under 1 officer, at Calbiga; another of 42 men and 2 officers, 
at Tarangnan; another of 53 men with 2 officers, at Erenas, a barrio of Gandara; 
another of 60 men with 1 officer, at Tubig, and another of 34 men and 1 officer, at 
San Julian. Probably by this time there is another detachment of constabulary, 
consisting of 30 men and 1 officer, in the pueblo of Laoang,^to the north of the island. 

The army forces are distributed as follows: One company of scouts at Catbalogan; 
four companies of American soldiers at Laoang; one of scouts at Borongan; another 
at Gandara, and the body of the forces, seven or eight companies, at Calbayog. 

Another detachment or two of constabulary must be stationed in the north and 
also others in the south of the province. I see no necessity for establishing a post 
at Laoang, since there are four companies of American soldiers at that place already. 
It would be better to station them at Catarman. 

As can be seen, there are enough troops in Samar to cope with any difficulty in 
public order which may arise. If to this it is added that the scouts are permitted to 
engage in the persecution of bandits in the mountains, it may be affirmed that there 
are more forces than are necessary; and economy may be secured in yet another 
direction. I refer to the organization of a good secret service. It may be said that 



910 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

until the present time the province has had no service of this kind. Its necessity is 
clearly apparent. Apart from the importance which exists for this service in order 
to discover all kinds of crimes connected with outlawry in Samar, what is necessary 
is that the chiefs who are in command of the bands be captured. The masses which 
follow them, so ignorant as to make them almost irresponsible, disperse as soon as 
the leaders fall. While the leaders live they find proselytes to follow them, who 
are convinced more than ever that the fact of their leader not having been killed or 
captured is proof of his invulnerability or of the miraculous powers with which he 
is endowed. And because of the great extent of Samar, the broken nature of the 
ground, and the impenetrable forests, the aid which the bandits receive in some of 
the barrios and settlements which protect them (in the majority of cases through fear) , 
the protection afforded them by more or less influential persons who give them 
assistance from. the pueblos for their own private purposes — for all of these reasons it 
is but little less than impossible to reach these leaders without the aid of a well- 
organized secret service. 

According to law the constablary should have an office of secret information. It 
may be that in those provinces which have been longer in civil life and in which 
peace is well established the constabulary has an efficient secret service. In Samar 
the constabulary has had no time to engage in this. Until now the main occupation 
has been to recruit men for the service, to distribute these men to the points believed 
to be the most strategic, and to persecute constantly the bandits in the fields. The 
senior inspector has not rested, but has gone from place to place as the exigencies of 
the service demanded. 

Because of the lack of this service dire evil results may follow. The constabu- 
lary has not always the best information. It is guided, for the most part, by the 
information furnished by officious friends who make any statements they may see 
fit, or by information furnished by persons who see in every inhabitant of Samar a 
traitor of Balangiga, and this is very injurious. In this manner all the natives of the 
province are considered traitors and are treated according to this prejudice. This 
is far from the truth; there intervenes an abyss between those times, blinded by 
political passions, and the present time, when the people truly desire peace. 

It is my opinion that, in certain exceptional circumstances, the provincial governor 
should be granted, since he is responsible for the condition of the province, the power 
to create two or three positions in the secret service, and, with the approval of the 
civil governor of the islands, at the expense of the province, to fix such salaries as he 
may see fit. With this, and such other means as the provincial governor has at his 
disposal, he would be enabled to accomplish much for the pacification of the province. 
Otherwise the governor is made responsible without being furnished the means neces- 
sary for the performance of his mission. Now, since the creation of this service is 
the result of exceptional circumstances, it should cease when these circumstances no 
longer exist or the Philippine constabulary is sufficiently organized. Attention is 
called to the fact that the provincial board of Samar passed a resolution providing for 
the creation of these positions, with the salaries which they saw best to designate. 
A copy of this resolution was transmitted to the insular treasurer for his approval. 
Doubtless because this service is in charge of the Philippine constabulary, approval 
has not yet been granted. But the fact remains that there is no well-organized secret 
service here. As far as I know the constabulary of Samar has but one secret agent, 
and he was furnished by the office of the governor. 

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 

As far as means of communication are concerned, the province of Samar could not 
well be in a worse condition. There are no interior cartways nor roads — there are 
only paths. It is said that during the time of the Spaniards there were roads along 
the north and east coasts, which joined the coast pueblos to each other. Since the 
war, due to the lack of facilities for the repair and conservation of the roads, # they 
have been converted into mere wilds. The same is true of the bridges — the majority 
are either destroyed or are about to tumble down. And yet there are bridges of 
importance, the most of them in the inhabited portions of the municipalities. In 
Catbalogan there is a bridge in the very town which, if it is not repaired soon, will 
fall to the ground. I believe that the provincial boards should be authorized to 
appropriate funds for this purpose when the municipalities have not the means neces- 
sary for repairing their bridges, and the sums so appropriated should be repaid by the 
municipalities themselves. Of course this should be done only in case no law is 
passed providing a tax for roads, for if this should be done the pueblos will need no 
aid from the provincial treasury to repair their roads and bridges; the tax will suffice 
for every need. So great is this lack of means of communication in this province, 
and so great is the need therefor, that the pueblos gathered in assembly unanimously 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 911 

voted for the road tax. It is hoped that the honorable Commission will enact a suit- 
able law creating this tax, which will prove to be of so great benefit to the province 
of Samar. 

Because of the lack of land communication all intercourse is carried on by sea. 
"Wherefore the urgent necessity is seen for steam launches for the proper perform- 
ance of their duties in the various pueblos of the province by the provincial officers, 
for gathering up the prisoners to be brought to the provincial jail, and, at times, the 
witnesses, if it is desired that the administration of justice shall not suffer detriment. 

It is my belief that a coast-guard cutter should be permanently stationed here, in 
addition to a small steam launch. During the time of the Spanish Government 
Samar had a launch, the Pena Plata, the expenses of which were defrayed by the 
provincial treasury. The coast-guard cutter is necessary in the north and on the 
other side, the Pacific coast; and the small launch is suitable for going along this 
coast and up the navigable rivers, such as Gandara and Calbiga. The provincial 
board of Samar should be authorized to procure at the expense of the province one 
of these small steam launches, or to have placed at its disposal a military launch, 
the cost of coal and operation being borne by the province. 

Another of the necessities most felt is the lack of telegraphic communication 
between the provincial capital and the different pueblos of the province. At the 
very earliest moment possible there should be constructed a telegraph line to unite 
Catbalogan with Catarman, Laoang, Borongan, and Guiuan. The pueblos ask for 
the installation of a complete system of telephones to connect the pueblos with each 
other, promising to pay both the cost of installation and the cost of apparatus. It 
is not necessary to say that this would be a convenience, for it would shorten dis- 
tances and the provincial capital would be in close communication with the pueblos 
of the province. 

EXTENSION OF POSTAL SERVICE. 

Another service, until now disregarded, claims the attention of the authorities, 
and this is the interior service of the posts of the province. The undersigned believes 
that he contributed in Cebu, while governor of that province, to the organization 
of such a service there. He has desired to do likewise here, but the difficulty of 
personnel is encountered; the employees here not being able to attend to all the work 
that they have already been assigned. Therefore the office of the governor could 
not attend to the correspondence which would be received regularly for the different 
pueblos, as was done in Cebu, where there was a clerk who attended exclusively to 
this service. On the other hand, this being an insular service, the post-office depart- 
ment desires to organize the same. I believe that it is right in this. The department 
itself should operate the interior post-offices; should take charge of this service and 
carry on the business directly with the pueblos. The fact is, however, that up to 
the present time we have had no post-office service here. If, as seems likely, the 
post-office department is going to take this matter up in Samar, the provincial gov- 
ernment is ready to contribute in every manner possible to have this service organized 
as soon as possible, for no one is as interested in this question as greatly as the gov- 
ernment itself, which desires always to be in touch w T ith the various municipalties of 
the province. At present the government is at the expense of sending special dis- 
patches when it desires to communicate with the pueblos, or has to wait for a steamer 
for the place, or to avail itself of the opportunity of the return of some man, in order 
to carry the correspondence which is for his pueblo and for the municipal authori- 
ties near at hand. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

The situation of tne province of Samar in so far as relates to public health could 
not be better. Samar is one of the most healthful provinces of the archipelago. 
Like other provinces it has also been attacked by the cholera; but the terrible dis- 
ease did not cause the devastation here that it did in other places. In but one pueblo 
did the cholera become really virulent — at Paranas, where even the municipality 
was left unorganized owing to the death of nearly all the municipal officials and 
nearly all the members of the municipal police. Comparatively few pueblos were 
attacked, and of these we may mention Calbayog, Laoang, Borongan, and Guiuan, 
which are the most important of the island; but I believe that in all of them the 
disease was of quite a mild type. I think that the amount the provincial govern- 
ment was obliged to pay as indemnity for the houses burnt to prevent the spread of 
the cholera did not reach the sum of a thousand pesos Mexican. However, the 
smallpox and beriberi have been more destructive here, but it is because there have 
not been any neat cattle, nor are there any here now, so that the people have only 
rice and fish to eat. In Catbalogan when there is meat, which is very rarely the 
case, it costs a peso and a peso and a half per pound, a price which surely does not 
place it within the reach of the poor. Smallpox has been general throughout the 



912 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



province. Beriberi has attacked only a few of the pueblos; but even more general 
than the smallpox has been the influenza, from which, I believe, not a person in 
Samar has escaped, and which has not failed to cause even deaths. 

For lack of personnel no municipal boards of health have been organized, but the 
pueblos themselves have taken such precautionary hygienic measures as have been 
possible. In my visit to the more important pueblos of the island I was agreeably 
surprised to note the cleanliness which I found in them, their streets, squares, yards, 
and the dwelling houses of the residents. 

It may be stated that to-day the cholera has completely disappeared, as well as 
the influenza. Smallpox exists, but is decreasing. Leprosy, which ravages certain 
of the provinces, exists here only in one pueblo, Basey, where there seem to be some 
50 stricken. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Agriculture in this province is dead. The people have begun to work their fields 
and to sow rice upon the public lands in accordance with a late law for the preven- 
tion of famine, but they lack every kind of necessities. There is a scarcity of cara- 
baos, which are the principal requisite of cultivation, owing to their decimation by 
war and rinderpest, while war has converted many fields into wilds, and the people 
are without a single bolo for cutting plants. It is of no avail to furnish them plants 
for sowing if they are without implements with which to plant. The idea of import- 
ing into the provinces which are lacking in work animals, through the insular pur- 
chasing agent, carabaos, which will be sold to the natives or residents of those pueblos, 
of course without gain upon the part of the government, has been received by the 
pueblos of this province with enthusiasm and a sincere display of gratitude. 

This province is naturally rich. It produces the best and highest-priced articles, 
such as hemp, and cocoanut, from which copra is made. Samar exports hemp and 
copra in great quantities. There are also raised rice, tobacco, and cocoa, though 
these last in small quantities. As for articles of prime necessity, in addition to rice, 
Samar produces potatoes, tubers, and corn. With these articles, and the much or 
little rice that there is on hand in the province, it may be assured that there will be 
no real famine in Samar; and with the prices which hemp has commanded, every- 
one has more or less money, not only enough for living, but even enough to waste. 
Thus is explained how it is impossible to find here anyone to work; why laborers 
can not be found except at exorbitant prices. The wage fluctuates between a peso 
and a half and 2 pesos per day, and the reason is that they earn much money by 
working in abaca (hemp). It is calculated that one man will work 2 "arrobas" 
(50 pounds) per day; and as one-half belongs to the workman, and an arroba is 
ordinarily worth $4 Mexican, the result is that one workman earns $4 Mexican per 
day. So it is that everybody wants to work abaca, and no one wants to hire as a 
servant or as a day laborer. If a person who is willing to work as a servant or 
laborer can be found, it is only at high prices. 

Abaca - and copra constitute the chief articles of commerce in this province. 
Below I give an estimate of the number of piculs of each article produced in the 
pueblos in normal seasons per year, according to information furnished by the 
pueblos themselves: 



Pueblo. 



Almagro 

Balangiga . . 

Basey .. 

Bobon 

Borongan . . 
Calbayog . . . 

Calbiga 

Capul 

Catarman . . 
Catbalogan. 

Catubig 

Gandara 

Guiuan 

Hernani 

Jiabong 

La Gran j a . . 

Lanang 

Laoang 

Lavezares . . 
Mercedes . . . 
Mondragon 
Motiong 



Abaca. 



3,600 
500 
3,000 
2,500 
1,200 

10, 000 
1,200 
2,400 

20, 000 
3,500 
6,000 

25, 000 



500 
2,400 
6,000 
3,000 
1,500 
15,000 

100 
1,500 
4,800 



Copra. 



4,000 
10, 000 



15, 000 



15, 000 
1,500 



5,000 
'566' 



Pueblo. 



Oquendo 

Oras 

Palapag 

Pambujan 

Paranas 

Paric 

Pinabacdao 

Quinapundan... 

Salcedo 

San Julian 

San Sebastian... 

San Antonio 

Santa Rita 

Santo Niiio 

Santa Margarita 

Sulat 

Tarangnan 

Tubig 

Villa Real 

Weyler 

Zumarraga 



Abaca. 



6,000 

3,600 

3,000 

8,000 

8,000 

3,000 

600 

300 

400 

1,000 

300 

1,500 

6,000 

2,400 

2,000 

700 

2,400 

1,500 

1,500 

2,000 

6,000 



Copra. 



600 



000 



12,000 
4,000 



6,000 

'i,"66o 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 913 

All of these products are exported from the ports of Catbalogan, Calbayog, Lao- 
ang, Borongan, and Guiuan. It is calculated that 30,000 piculs of abaca" per year 
are exported from Catbalogan, 90,000 piculs from Calbayog, 28,000 piculs from 
Laoang, 14,500 piculs from Borongan, and 2,000 piculs from Guiuan. Borongan 
exports some 40,000 piculs of copra, and some 32,000 piculs are exported from 
Guiuan. On account of the proximity of the pueblos of Basey and Santa Rita to 
Leyte they send their abaca to Tacloban. 

All the pueblos produce abaca" except Guiuan, but copra is produced only in the 
pueblos above shown. Rice is grown in nearly all the pueblos, but the great pro- 
ducers of this article are Catubig, Gandara, and Catarman. Catubig produces from 
120,000 to 130,000 ca vanes of rice per year in favorable seasons, Catarman some 25,000 
cavanes, and Gandara some 15,000 cavanes. Catubig usually exports rice to Manila. 
By reason of the war the people have been unable to plant abac;! or rice, so that this 
year but little of either article will be produced. Especially will little rice be gath- 
ered. According to information which I have from the respective pueblos, in Catu- 
big but 1,000 cavanes of rice will be gathered as the next crop, another 1,000 cavanes 
in Catarman, and in Gandara some 6,000 cavanes, the last named raising more because 
they planted immediately after the coming of peace. There will also be less copra, 
because of the injury done to the cocoanut groves by the recent storm which passed 
over this province. 

As for animals used for food, the war finished with nearly all of them. Cows, 
pigs, chickens, goats, etc., are imported from other provinces and cost fabulous 
prices as compared with those formerly charged and which now obtain in other 
places. A cow costs $100 Mexican, a pig $20 Mexican, and a chicken $2 Mexican. 
The smallest price for a carabao is $100 Mexican. This will show how dear life is in 
Samar, whereas before it was exceedingly cheap. The price of rice is $8 Mexican 
per picul. 

INDUSTKIES. 

Industrial work is confined to certain natives who are engaged in the manufacture 
of u vino" (native wine) from nipa in a primitive manner; to some Chinos who 
make bread; to many who engage in fishery, and to what has been styled as "family 
industries." Many families in Basey are engaged in making "petates" (native 
mats), hats, hampers, baskets, etc., of "ticug," a finer material than "buri." 
Woven goods of abacd are made at Tubig and Sulat. If anyone engages in hunting, 
which is so abundant here, it is for pastime. 

COMMERCE. 

The commerce of the province, as in the whole of the archipelago, is delivered 
into the hands of foreigners. The most important foreign houses of Manila have 
representatives in this province; such are the firms of the Compania General de 
Tabacos de Filipinas, the houses of Smith Bell and Warner Barnes. The first has 
agents at various points along the coast on the western side, and in nearly all the 
pueblos of the east coast. The two American houses, the Pacific Oriental Trading 
Company and the American Commercial, also have representatives here. In addi- 
tion, the house of Oria Brothers, a Spanish firm, engaged principally in the abaca 
business, is located at Laoang. There are also representatives here of important 
Chinese firms, but there are comparatively few Chinese in the province, due to the 
fact that the natives do not like the Chinese, and the latter do not dare, as yet, to go 
to many of the pueblos. All of these houses import articles to the value of many 
thousands of dollars, but this office has no data for furnishing figures, even approxi- 
mated, of the amount to which the importation of goods into the provinces has 
ascended. 

FOEESTS. 

The forests of this province produce the best lumber that is known; but aside from 
a small amount that is taken to Tacloban to be used in construction, no one exports 
lumber from here to any other place. This is due to the lack of transportation, a 
difficulty which is fully appreciated when the topographical nature of Samar is 
considered, for it is an exceedingly mountainous country. 

MINERALS. 

And finally, it is claimed that Samar conceals in its bowels rich mines of coal, 
gold, petroleum, lead, copper, and, in a word, every kind of mineral. It is all very 
true, but no mine is in operation, nor even known. 

war 1903— vol 5 58 



914 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 

I must not conclude this task without saying a few words concerning the provincial 
government and the provincial buildings. 

All the offices of the government of this province are filled, with the exception of 
that of the provincial supervisor. Since there is not now any public improvement 
of importance to be constructed, I am of the opinion that it is not necessary to have 
a supervisor. Until times improve and large things can be done, I think that it is 
enough to appoint a clerk, who is a foreman of construction or an expert builder, 
with a salary of $50 gold per month, under the charge of the provincial treasurer. 
This employee, under the supervision also of the provincial board, should take charge 
of the work that may be approved by the bureau of engineering, which has lately 
been created. 

The work that has been intrusted to the offices of the treasurer and secretary has 
been enormous during these seven months which cover the existence of the govern- 
ment of Samar. In addition to other papers the number of letters and circulars sent 
to the various municipal governments of the province has been immense. Work has 
been done out of hours on all Saturday afternoons and nearly all holidays. Despite 
the small means at its disposal, the difficulty of communication, and the compara- 
tively small personnel, the office of the treasurer has been able to collect during the 
last year the sum of $89,451.36 Mexican and $170.43 gold, as taxes, there remaining, 
on December 31, 1902, after paying all the expenses of the province, as a balance 
in favor of the provincial treasury, the sum of $33,622.34 Mexican and $910.89 in 
money of the United States. With greater facilities it would have been possible to 
collect 25 per cent more. It must be remembered that, besides this lack of facilities, 
Samar has an area of 1,382,552 hectares; while Cebu has but 418,800 hectares, and 
Leyte 800,000 hectares. The provincial board, taking into consideration the enor- 
mous disproportion between the amount of work that has been and is being done by 
the clerical force, which never halts, and the salary ot $150 gold per annum which 
each of these clerks receives, has passed a resolution increasing their salaries by 20 
per cent, that is to say, to $180 gold each per annum, upon the approval, as is neces- 
sary, of the insular treasurer. This resolution refers to the clerks in the offices of 
the treasurer, the secretary, and the governor. 

I consider that I should fail in my duty should I not express to you my belief that 
the salaries received by the treasurer and also by the secretary of this province are 
too small, in my estimation. . The province of Samar is very large and the work 
which these officials have done and still do is very great. Three thousand dollars 
gold annually is the salary received by the treasurer of Leyte and $1,500 by the 
secretary. In Samar the treasurer and secretary receive, respectively, but $1,500 and 
$1,200 gold per annum. I believe that these salaries should be increased, taking into 
consideration the fact that Samar is much larger than the province of Leyte; that 
the work of these officials is very great; that living is excessively high here, and 
much money is needed in order to eat, dress, and have a fairly decent house. 

As for the provincial buildings, there is only the provincial jail, and this is in good 
condition, spacious, located within the town itself, and on account of this proximity, 
it can be more easily cared for. The cells of the jail are large and well ventilated. 
The necessary expenditures are being made to make the jail more comfortable for 
the prisoners and to increase its security. The government has no building of its 
own, but rents a building, which is too small for all the public needs, at $50 gold per 
month. It is true that the court of first instance has chambers in the same building, 
but no other building can be found. War reduced to ashes the best buildings of 
Catbalogan, and what fairly good houses are to be found are earning a rental 
of $75 or $50 gold per month, and are at present occupied. Such is the scarcity of 
buildings in this town that the public officials are obliged to live in rented houses, in 
company with the owner of the house. 

With regard to the jail, I take the liberty of making two observations; one with 
respect to the guarding of the jail, and the other concerning the rations furnished the 
prisoners. I am of the belief that the provincial governor, being directly responsible 
for the security of the prisoners, should have the power to correct the carelessness of 
the guards in the performance of their duties. For instance, a guard goes to sleep, 
leaving his arms liable to be stolen. The governor should have authority to arrest 
him or to impose upon him a fine, or both penalties. The loss of his position is no 
punishment at all in a place where one earns more working by the day, or working 
abaca, than in the modest position of provincial guard, and while such carelessness is 
an act which of itself does not constitute crime, it may be the occasion of the escape 
of an important prisoner, or of something worse. With respect to the rations 
furnished the prisoners, I consider it unjust to measure all the prisoners by one 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 915 

standard. The principal food here is fish and rice, so that prisoners in the provincial 
jail are given nothing else than that. European prisoners can not live on fish and 
rice, therefore, the provincial board has given orders to allow them bread, and upon 
certain days of the week, canned meat. 

I conclude, sir, referring to the subject of communications. The following are 
indispensable: Steam launches, postal service, a telegraph joining the capital of the 
province with the principal pueblos, at any rate those of the north, south, and east 
coasts of the island, and the opening up of the roads. The Commission has just 
voted a loan of §25,000 Mexican in favor of this province for the construction of roads, 
but this amount is insufficient. The least that is needed is $50,000 to open up a road 
from here to the opposite coast, owing to the cost of day labor at the present time 
and to the mountainous character of the province of Samar. The final recommenda- 
tion that I shall make is this: Because of the skill of the Filipino in arts and trades, 
there should be established at the earliest moment in the capital of this province, a 
school of arts and trades, good communications to place the various pueblos in con- 
stant contact with each other, the establishment of many primary schools for the 
instruction of the great mass of ignorant people, and the establishment of a school 
of arts and trades; all these will contribute without room for doubt to the consolida- 
tion of peace and the prosperity of the province of Samar. 

This is all, honorable sir, that I take the liberty of presenting for your consideration. 
Respectfully, 

Julio Llorente, Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Annual Report of the Provincial Governor of Sorsogon, 1902. 

[Translation.] 

Office of the Provincial Governor of Sorsogon, P. I., 

Sorsogon, July 14, 1903. 
The Hon. W. H. Taft, 

Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, Manila. 
Sir: I have the honor to remit you herewith my report covering the period from 
March to December 31, 1902. 

This work has been delayed so much by the large amount and the complicated 
nature of the Avork which I have had to perform since I took charge of the govern- 
ment of this province, and I therefore beg your pardon for this delay, it being due to 
the reasons aforementioned. 
Very respectfully, 

B. Monreal, 
Provincial Governor. 

[Translation.] 

Sorsogon, P. I., July 13, 1903. 
Sir: Pursuant to the provisions of the provincial act, the undersigned governor has 
the honor to give a brief account of the work of the government of this province in 
its several departments during the period beginning with March, 1902, and ending 
with the last day of December of the same year. In making this report I shall suc- 
cessively consider the following subjects: Personnel, Municipalities, Public order, 
Public health, Public instruction, Public funds, Work performed, General condition, 
Projects, and Suggestions. 

personnel. 

The members of the provincial board all conducted themselves perfectly well, with 
the exception of the provincial supervisor, who, on account of his poor health and of 
the hard work which his office brought with it in this province, where it is necessary 
to erect many and important buildings, was forced to tender his resignation in the 
beginning of July, which was accepted by the government. While this position was 
vacant the provincial treasurer acted as supervisor, and performed the duties of the 
said office admirably until the new supervisor took charge. As to the personnel of 
the treasurer's office, I have the satisfaction to state that the provincial treasurer, 
Mr. R. J. Fanning, is an officer worthy of all praise, because of his zeal and activity 
in the discharge of his duties. He lias cooperated considerably in work not incum- 
bent upon his office when I asked him for his advice and cooperation. The chief 
clerk of his office, Mr. Paul B. Weiss, is not less deserving of praise for his blameless 
conduct. 



916 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

During the last third of the year the provincial secretary, Mr. Leon Paras, who 
was perhaps influenced by his friends and favorites, did not conduct himself as he 
ought to have done. While acting provincial governor, during my absence in 
Manila, he caused serious trouble by rendering decisons in favor of his friends, 
thereby injuring many other persons. This conduct gave rise to antipathy against 
his person, and caused the loss of his moral prestige, wherefore, understanding that 
he Avas playing a very poor part in the government, he had to tender his resignation. 
His position being thus vacated the governor performed his duties, and will do so 
until the new secretary shall have been appointed. 

The provincial fiscal is performing his duties well, although this government could 
have expected more cooperation on his part, in view of his knowledge of the laws. 
He might have taken more pains in emitting his opinion in regard to the several 
requests for information on part of the provincial board and its members, and might 
have instructed the municipalities by circulars explaining the municipal laws, 
instead of contenting himself, as he seems to have done, with solving the difficulties 
and doubts in the interpretation and execution of the laws only when asked to do 
so. It is my opinion that instructions should be given regarding the execution of 
the municipal laws, as they have been but recently implanted in this country. 

MUNICIPALITIES. 

This province has 15 municipalities of the third and fourth classes, which are over 
10 miles distant from each other, and a number of "visitas" which aspire to be 
organized into municipalities. It is expected that all will follow the general trend 
toward progress, although some are very slow in doing so, and others would have pro- 
gressed more rapidly had it not been for the calamities which have befallen them so 
successively and under which they are still suffering. The rinderpest has caused 
heavy and incalculable losses throughout the province of Sorsogon, the fields of 
which the ruin of agriculture has converted into woods. The death of the animals is 
doubly felt by the pueblos of Barcelona, Bulusan, Yrocin, and Bulan, where the 
cultivation of rice is one of the sources of income. Other pueblos, where the cultiva- 
tion of hemp is the principal source of revenue, although they have no need of work 
cattle for this purpose, suffered by the disturbances caused successively by De la 
Cruz, Colache, and Dino. At present, however, the cultivation of hemp is recover- 
ing, the province having been pacified, and the inhabitants of the pueblos of 
Sorsogon are blessing the government for the providential resolution of selling rice of 
a better quality cheaper than any of the importers of this province. 

As a rule, the municipalities are progressing well, but I do not cease to inculcate 
the spirit of the Municipal Code in order to eradicate certain prejudicial inveterate 
customs, and have to suppress certain illegal radicalism, all of which is due to failure 
to understand the law. Matnog, Castilla, Bulusan, Yrocin, Barcelona, and Santa 
Magdalena are municipalities which require special attention on the part of the 
provincial government, as it has to keep correcting their errors. 

It was found necessary to dismiss the entire municipal council of Bulusan-. because 
the president was an opium smoker, and therefore neglected his official duties, and 
the councilors were either accomplices of Colache, or were manifestly negligent, and 
did not inform the authorities in regard to the large number of inhabitants of their 
districts who took to the field. Other councilors of several municipalities had to be 
severely reprimanded, because, although they should have been the first to obey the 
ordinance which they themselves had passed, they infringed the same. Thanks to 
these measures, the municipalities are working well now, and the presidents and 
councilors are honestly discharging the duties of their respective offices, some in an 
excellent manner and others fairly well, as their intellect permits. 

Among the presidents who distinguished themselves by their activity the follow- 
ing deserve special mention: Mr. Rufino Gerona, of Bulan, who was chairman of the 
committee of public order, and who, assisted by his talent and energy, cooperated 
considerably in the work of pacification in this province, capturing Colache and 
Francisco de la Cruz; the president of Sorsogon, the provincial capital, by the name 
of Justino Bautista, who succeeded in capturing Calaw and his companions, bandits 
who were disturbing the public order and terrorizing the people by their raids; the 
president of Bacon, who, with his police, succeeded in capturing Crisanto Diwand his 
companions, a band of outlaws who commenced to organize in March; the president 
of Gubat, who captured Francisco ('Adag) Estipona and his companions, the 
remainder of Colache' s bands; the president of Casiguran, who, with his volunteers, 
captured the companions of Colache, 300 pesos, and one revolver; and the president 
of Juban, who constructed the beautiful municipal building. 



BEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 917 

PUBLIC ORDER. 

Hardly had the campaign against Francisco de la Cruz been concluded by the cap- 
ture of this person by Rufino Gerona in March when, on the 15th of the same month, 
a disturbance originated in the mountains of Bacon; but, thanks to the determined 
action of the president and the police of that pueblo, it was quelled, Diw being killed 
by the police while being captured. On the 25th Mr. H. Nevill, the commanding 
officer of the Philippines Constabulary, informed the provincial government that 
Antonio Colache, Esteban Dino, Pablo Estipona, alias Adag, and Isaac Gimao, with 
many followers, were in the mountains of Barcelona, and that it was their intention 
to imitate the raids of Francisco de la Cruz, whose fanatic beliefs tliey also professed. 
Their first step in this direction consisted in the assassination of the sergeant of the 
municipal police of Bulusan, at the place denominated Capangihan (Bulusan), on 
the 30th of March. 

The government was devoting its attention to this disturbance when, on the same 
day, the 30th of March, it was preoccupied by an official telegram received from 
Manila, announcing that Asiatic cholera had made its appearance at that city. The 
government naturally took the necessary precautionary measures, and on the 1st of 
April I visited the pueblos of Magallanes, Bulan, Donsol, Pilar, and the island of 
Malawamawan. I decided to establish the pest house on the latter. 

Hardly had I returned from those pueblos when 1 received the official report of 
the assassination of three privates of the Philippines Constabulary by Colache' s band 
in the mountains of Bulusan. In view of these occurrences, the provincial board 
resolved on the 12th of April that the committee of public order be reorganized. 
The chairman of this committee was the never enough to be praised Rufino Gerona, 
the members being Messrs. Sabas Camara, Hermogenes Gollaba, Gil Bisco, and Isidoro 
Genavea, and the secretary Rosendo Gavionsa. A volunteer corps was organized 
for the purpose of conducting the campaign, the said corps being under the orders of 
the committee and the control of the commanding officer of the Philippines Constab- 
ulary. To this end all the pueblos of this province, except Donsol, Pilar, and Castilla, 
furnished on the 19th of April volunteers, who immediately mobilized for the purpose 
of drawing a cordon around the mountains of Bulusan, Barcelona, Gubat, Casiguran, 
and Irocin, on which the outlaws were encamped. 

I take great pleasure in stating that while engaged in this campaign in Bulusan on 
the 22d of April I was agreeably surprised by the presence of the Hon. Judge A. C. 
Carson and his secretary, Mr. Manuel V. del Rosario, who offered to me their serv- 
ices as volunteers. I accepted this opportune offer on the part of Judge Carson, who, 
with his advice, contributed much to the successful issue of the campaign. The 
campaign having been mapped out, the rebels were captured one after the other; but 
Colache, Gimao, and Difio succeeded in escaping through the lines, together with 
their families. In view of the satisfactory result of the operations, and having con- 
sidered a plan for the capture of the persons who succeeded in escaping through the 
cordon, the provincial government directed the cordon discontinued and the volun- 
teers dismissed. In issuing this order it was provided that the committee of public 
order should continue to exercise its functions and hunt down the three leaders of 
the seditious movement. To this end I remained at Irocin, and the committee 
worked so successfully that on the 25th of May their efforts were crowned by the 
capture of Colache and Gimao, who were taken, with their respective families, in the 
mountains of Santa Magdalena by the active and intelligent R. Gerona and I. Gena- 
vea, with 120 volunteers from Bulan. 

The south part of this province having been completely pacified by the capture of 
those two chiefs, the government could no longer disregard the seditious movements 
which were noticed in the mountains of Pilar. For this reason I went to that pueblo 
on the 20th of June, accompanied by Major Nevill, to the end of capturing Mariano 
Guiriba and his companions, who were in the mountains of that pueblo. Fortunately 
we succeeded in effecting this capture and taking the same Guiriba and his com- 
panions to the provincial capital. On the 27th of the same month I went to Gubat 
for the purpose of bringing to the provincial capital seven persons who used to belong 
to Colache' s band, and who had voluntarily surrendered with a Krag rifle and 37 
rounds of ammunition, upon the advice of Rev. Mariano Mercado, the parish priest of 
that pueblo. 

The province enjoyed tranquillity, when, on the 22d of August, another disturb- 
ance commenced at Talaofiga, a visita of the pueblo of Santa Magdalena, which was 
initiated by the murder of three members of the constabulary by Espocia and his 
companions. The murderers were pursued by the Philippine constabulary, but 
apparently succeeded in escaping into Samar. Later on, end of September, the 17 



918 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

men who composed Espocia's band were captured. Espocia died, gangrene having 
set in upon the amputation of his leg. 

It can be said that this band did not interrupt the public tranquillity, which was 
affirmed by the capture of the only chief of Colache's bands who remained, Esteban 
Dino, together with Emeterio Furio and the two young women who accompanied 
them, and who made the propaganda. 

Prior to closing this chapter, I must describe and praise the services rendered by 
the committee of public order, and particularly by its chairman, President Rufino 
Gerona, of Bulan, who, together with the Philippine constabulary, did not rest until 
the campaign against the disturbers of the peace had been brought to a successful 
close, and reestablished within a few days the peace and tranquillity which this 
province now enjoys. 

I must also mention the patriotism of the inhabitants of this province, which is 
deserving of eulogy. Part of them cheerfully offered their services as volunteers 
during this campaign, and part contributed money for the subsistence of the volun- 
teers and their families. 

Not deeming it just or advisable to have all the expenses paid by voluntary sub- 
scription, the provincial government suggested that each municipality appropriate 
a sufficient sum, in proportion to its means, to defray the expenses of their respective 
volunteers during the campaign. The municipalities, with a willingness worthy of 
commendation, appropriated a sufficient amount for these expenses. The provincial 
board also appropriated, on my motion, the sum of $3,500 Mexican for the purchase 
of rice at the provincial capital, the price of this article having gone up to an exorbi- 
tant figure at Gubat, Bulasan, and the neighboring pueblos, because Smith, Bell & 
Co., the only importers in those pueblos, were trying to benefit by the poverty of 
the people and the reconcentration. To the end of frustrating this scheme ana* of 
preventing the occurrence of further trouble I furnished rice to Bulasan and the 
adjacent pueblos. This action greatly satisfied the inhabitants and taught certain 
merchants the lesson that it would pay better to be more humane in case of public 
calamities. 

It will be needless to state that Mr. Nevill and his constabulary complied with 
their duties in a satisfactory manner, and acted so much in harmony with the pro- 
vincial government that not the slightest complication or disagreement took place 
during the field operations. The volunteers and the constabulary fraternized and 
worked hand in hand, as they should have done, bearing the hardships of the 
country willingly and uncomplainingly. 

Before closing, I desire to do justice to the attitude of the clergy of this province, who 
with their sermons and their advice to the people greatly contributed to the eradica- 
tion of all the germs of future disturbances, which seems to have been accomplished 
in the pueblos of this province. The parish priests of Bulasan, Gubat, and Barcelona 
are deserving of special mention, as they even gave me information of what they 
knew about the people who participated in the uprising. 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

During the entire year the public health in the pueblos could not have been bet- 
ter, excepting some cases of dengue, malaria, beriberi, rheumatism, and pulmonary 
tuberculosis. In December, however, several suspicious cases of diarrhea appeared, 
which were finally declared to be Asiatic cholera. The ravages caused by this dis- 
ease in the provincial capital greatly exceeded those which it caused in the other 
pueblos. 

The board of health directed many preventive measures to be adopted which, 
although unable to eradicate the disease altogether, greatly limited the number of 
cases. At the beginning the pueblos established quarantine lines on land, but in 
view of the obstacles which these caused to the securing of food and other means of 
subsistence the board of health resolved that they be discontinued. The munici- 
palities appropriated the necessary funds for the free distribution of medicine to 
cholera patients in their pueblos. 

Dr. Julio Ruiz, the president of the board of health, has gained for himself the 
love of everybody, especially of the people of the provincial capital, in view of the 
activity, self-denial, and zeal which he displayed during this period in fighting the 
epidemic. 

Municipal boards of health have been established in all the pueblos, but in view 
of the scarcity of physicians they are presided over by persons more or less learned 
in medical science. They also established hospitals, but these did not give very 
good results, on account of the lack of trained physicians and nurses. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 919 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

This department leaves much to be desired, because of several circumstances which 
can be easily explained. In view of the novelty of having an American teacher 
unacquainted with the native language, the children, unable to understand their 
teacher, did not care to frequent the public schools, but preferred to go to private 
schools. Religious intolerance still prevails in all the pueblos of this province, and 
the parents, who believed that their children would be taught other religious beliefs, 
were loath to send their children to the public schools. Little or no importance was 
attached to the study of English. However, all these reasons and objections are 
fortunately disappearing. The parents see that the children of ihe wealthiest and 
best-educated people are going to the schools; that there are some children now that 
can speak a little English, and nobody is attempting to take their religious beliefs 
away from them, religion not being taught at the public schools. 

On the other hand, the municipalities have issued ordinances making the school 
attendance compulsory, and some even establish in their ordinances fines for the 
parents, guardians, or tutors who fail to comply with their sacred duty of giving 
their children an education. This measure of the municipalities would have been 
accompanied by better results if the cholera, which still prevails in several pueblos, 
were not a great obstacle in this respect. 

As to the school buildings, none of the pueblos have a good schoolhouse which 
answers all the requirements, and many pueblos intend to construct them, but the 
scarcity of draft animals and the lack of architects have prevented them from carry- 
ing these plans into execution as soon as is to be desired. 

PUBLIC FUNDS. 

The province has cause to be proud so far as the administration of its funds is con- 
cerned. The total balance on hand in the several municipalities amounts to 
$136,450.34 Mexican, and there are $20,876.16 Mexican and $4,020.75 gold on hand 
in the provincial treasury. This is all that has to be said. 

It is true that up to the present writing very little public improvements of impor- 
tance have been undertaken, but it must be taken into consideration that besides the 
ordinary expenses we have had to make extraordinary disbursements on account of 
public calamities. The cholera and the campaign have doubtless cost several thou- 
sands of pesos. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS MADE. 

During the period embraced by this report the provincial board has only made 
the following public improvements and construction: The provincial jail, the Buhatan 
bridge (Sorsogon), a section of the Sorsogon-Bacon road, a section of the Sorsogon- 
Gubat road, and the drainage of this provincial capital, the purpose of which is to 
put the land on which the provincial government building is to be erected in 
a sanitary condition. 

The government could have undertaken other work if the Colache campaign, the 
cholera, and the rinderpest had not conspired against the plans made, because, like 
the municipalities, it had to devote its attention to the reestablishment of public order 
and to the public health. 

GENERAL CONDITION. 

As a consequence or recapitulation of the several subjects I have treated, I can 
affirm that as far as the political and financial condition of the province is concerned 
it could not be better. The disturbance of the public order caused by Colache in the 
mountains of Bulasan was offset by the patriotism of the people of the province, 
worthy of being imitated by other provinces of the archipelago, because, responding 
to the voice of the government, some of them readily offered their services as 
volunteers, while others paid the expenses incurred. The municipalities did not 
hesitate in making special appropriations for the expenses of the campaign and for 
the purchase of medicine and the erection of hospitals. In spite of all these calami- 
ties they still have money in their treasuries. 

We can therefore state as an unquestionable truth that during the entire year of 
1902 conditions were satisfactory in this province. 

The agriculture, of course, is prostrate, not to say ruined, in consequence of such 
public calamities as the cholera, the disturbances of the public order, and the rinder- 
pest; but, thank God, most of the pueblos of the province, being hemp-producing, 
support themselves by commerce, and are not in a destitute condition; especially in 



920 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

view of the circumstance that the insular government has taken the precaution to 
send rice to the pueblos of this province for sale at a reasonable price. 

The civic spirit of the people has improved, and the disturbances caused by 
Espocia, at Santa Magdalena, and by Diw, at Bacon, did not for this reason spread 
or gain a firm hold in this province. 

Gambling is losing ground. The houses which had been destroyed are being 
rebuilt, and new, spacious, and even beautiful houses are being constructed. 

A great desire for progress is noticeable. More boys and girls than ever before 
have gone to Manila to obtain a better education. 

PROJECTS. 

In order to cause the provincial government to inspire the respect which its 
administrative and judicial departments deserve, and in order to deliver the public 
treasury from the expenditure for the rent of the house which it now occupies, 
which amounts to $3,600 per annum, it is necessary that a provincial building be 
erected as soon as possible. The establishment of real penal establishments is also 
necessary, in the interest of the health and safe-keeping of the prisoners. A school 
of secondary instruction should be constructed in order to respond to the requirements 
of the time, and it is of urgent necessity that the most important roads and bridges 
be built. 

SUGGESTIONS. 

In view of the topography of this province and its special conditions, the installation 
of telephone lines connecting the pueblos with each other, and all with the pro- 
vincial capital, would be of great advantage from every point of view; as far as the 
government of the province is concerned, its utility would be unquestionable, because 
any disorder could be speedily quelled, and assistance could soon and in an effective 
way be brought to pueblos which, on account of their insufficient number of police, 
are unable to repel attacks by malefactors. 

The expenses for the installation and maintenance of these lines and for the salaries 
of the personnel necessary could be paid for with the time if private subscribers would 
be accepted against payment, in accordance with a tariff to be established. The mer- 
chants would greet this improvement with joy, and it would save us considerable 
expense. The general public would not be less benefited than the merchants and 
the public administration. 

One of the principal aims of the undersigned governor is to reform the public 
administration and eradicate all the prejudicial and even illegal usages still in vogue. 
Unfortunately the existing laws do not give him sufficient coercive power, because 
the criminal laws, although they provide for such power, do not answer the needs of 
the moment and conditions. There are infractions of the laws or irregularities which 
doubtless do not deserve a reprimand that need to be made public, as provided by 
the procedure established by law. The governor should, for instance, be empowered 
to impose a fine not exceeding $500 Mexican in cases of irregularities or infractions 
of the laws committed by municipal officers without any other proceeding than his 
conviction that the offense has evidently been committed; but giving the person thus 
fined the right to appeal to the provincial board or the court of first instance. 

To complete the reform in this province, and perhaps in the entire Philippine 
Archipelago, it is necessary that a change be made with respect of the justices of the 
peace. There should be a provincial justice, with limited jurisdiction, exceeding 
that of the justices of the peace. This provincial justice should be an attorney -at-law, 
be paid a sufficient compensation, and be the immediate superior officer of the jus- 
tices of the peace. He should have sufficient power to cause the latter to administer 
justice without the favoritism, caciquism, and partiality, which unfortunately still pre- 
vail in the pueblos. The provincial justice could at the same time be examiner of 
title deeds, and half of his salary could be paid from provincial funds, which would 
mean a saving for the insular treasury. 

In view of the length of the time which the judge of the district is absent from the 
province, many of the justices of the peace forget their responsibility, and the persons 
injured finally keep silent about the offenses committed against them, and sacrifice 
their rights and their tranquillity for fear of reprisals, as they are without protection 
in the absence of the judge of the district. 

The organization of district courts probably gives good results in the United States, 
because there they have railroads and other means for rapid transportation and com- 
munication, which shorten the distances; but in the Philippines the contrary is the 
case. 

If we would, therefore, have a provincial justice of the peace, residing in the capital 
of the province, with a jurisdiction more limited than that of a judge of first instance, 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 921 

and with sufficient powers to watch and correct the justices of the peace who, more 
from malice than from ignorance, commit errors which produce an unfavorable 
impression on the public and give rise to gossip, which is always prejudicial to 
society. 

In view of the existing laws of procedure it is difficult, not to say impossible, to 
exact responsibility from the justice of the peace in every case; besides, the persons 
offended themselves cause the offense to remain unpunished. 

It is also to be desired that each two or three municipalities keep a physician, with 
a compensation sufficient for their needs, because it is to be deplored that persons 
who are ignorant of medical science are appointed presidents of municipal boards of 
health. 

This, your honor, is a brief account of what has happened in this province during 
the entire year of 1902, and I beg leave to submit it to the consideration of your 
honor. 

Very respectfully, B. Monreal, 

Provincial Governor of Sorsogon, P. I. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of the Province of Surigao. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, 

Province ot Surigao, 

Surigao, January 24, 1903. 

Sir: The conditions of this province of Surigao during the last year of 1902, in so 
far as are concerned the public tranquillity, submission of the natives to the sovereignty 
of the United States of America, and obedience of the same to the constituted authori- 
ties, leave nothing to be desired. 

Owing to the small number of carabaos which was left alive by the rinderpest, 
much of the rice land was not cultivated, and the next crop of this grain is calculated 
at 60 per cent less than the ordinary crop. Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of 
the act to provide against the perils of famine, much is to be expected from the 
abundance of the tubers, which can be used as substitutes for the rice, and can be 
used consequently to alleviate the necessities of the lower classes. 

The terrible plague of cholera has afflicted certain of the pueblos of the province, 
including the provincial capital, and the dread disease still continues its ravages in 
the pueblos of Tanganaan, Placer, Bacuag, Gigaquit, Cantilan, and Lanuza, and the 
mortality is estimated at 980 deaths up to December 31, 1902, showing an average of 
48 per cent of those stricken. 

All the pueblos of the province have been benefited by the efforts of the municipal 
boards of health to promote hygienic and sanitary conditions in their respective 
municipalities; thanks also to the worth and constancy of Senor Antonio Fernando, 
president of the provincial board of health. 

On account of the lack of land communication of all the pueblos with the provin- 
cial capital, it is of the highest importance that this government be provided with a 
steam launch in order to avoid delay in the transaction of official business with the 
31 municipalities of the province, nearly all of which pueblos are on rivers. This 
would prove an economy to the province, as to the traveling expenses of the pro- 
vincial officials, especially the deputies of the treasurer who are constantly on the 
road collecting the revenues and taxes of the province; this assiduity being due to 
the energy, probity, and zeal of the provincial treasurer, Mr. Luther S. Kelly, in the 
compliance with his official duties. 

Many of the pueblos have no buildings for school purposes, and, due to their 
slender resources, are in no position to build these houses. It would be well to have 
these buildings constructed at the expense of the insular treasury so that the instruc- 
tion of the young may be carried on without interruption, and also that the general 
superintendent of instruction should take steps to provide teachers for those pueblos 
which are not able to support for themselves the expenses of this public service of 
such transcendental importance. 

I regret my inability to send the photographs alluded to in your circular of Novem- 
ber 20 last for lack of a photographer in the province, which, however, has gold 
mines in operation, coal undeveloped, and timber in abundance. 
Respectfully, 

Prudencio Garcia, Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



922 KEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Eepokt of the Provincial Governor of Tarlac. 

[Translation.] 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Tarlac, 

Tarlac, January 10, 1903. 

Sir: In compliance with the provisions of section 7 of the provincial act, I have the 
honor to hand you the annual report of this province for the year 1902. 

Owing to the approach of the taking of the census, and as this will undoubtedly 
include, in a detailed manner, the true statistical data covering the condition of this 
province in all the various branches, I shall limit myself in the present report to a 
brief exposition oi certain considerations and general information which may prove 
interesting at this time. 

The province of Tarlac is bounded entirely on the north by Pangasinan; on the 
south by Pampanga, which is separated from it by the river Paruao; on the east by 
Nueva Ecija, separated by the river Chico; and on the west by Zambales, separated 
by the mountains of both provinces. This province would therefore be separated 
from all those which touch it by natural boundaries, if the small pueblo of Bautista, 
in Pangasinan, on the railroad, should be annexed to Tarlac. In such case the said 
pueblo would be separated from Pangasinan by the great river Agno. 

There are at present in this province 17 municipalities, the names of which, in the 
order of their importance are as follows: Camiling, Conception, Victoria, Tarlac 
(capital), Gerona, Paniqui, Moncada, Capas, Murcia, Bamban, Anao, Pura, La Paz, 
O'Ponnell, San Clemente, Moriones, and Santa Ignacia. The first pueblo is of the 
second class, the next six of the third class, and the last ten of the fourth class. The 
estimated population of all the pueblos is 119,526 souls. 

This province, one of the newest in Luzon (its organization dates from the sixties 
in the last century), is formed by the pueblcs ceded by the contiguous provinces, 
and the people still preserve the customs and dialects of those tribes from which 
they sprang, so that those who belonged to Pampanga speak Pampangan and observe 
their customs; those of Nueva Ecija, Tagalog, and those of Pangasinan, Pangasinan. 
There is also a considerable contingent of those who came originally from Zambales 
and both the Ilocos provinces, and these speak their respective dialects. 

In the range of mountains which extend from Bamban, O'Donnell, Moriones, 
Santa Ignacia to Camiling, there are scattered about in various settlements a goodly 
number of Aetas, or Negritos, belonging to the non-Christian tribes, the total number 
of these being placed at 2,000, more or less. Everything possible is being done at 
present to lead these people to civilization. Various incipient municipalities have 
already been formed, with their respective chiefs, or municipal captains, and police 
agents, and to these municipalities, in my opinion, there should be granted certain con- 
cessions or privileges, and respect should be shown in some manner for their customs, 
usages, and religious beliefs, and, above all, they should be attracted and guided 
with persuasion and prudence, and they will thus in time become capable of main- 
taining a civil government. 

For these reasons it is difficult for a reasonably conscientious observer to fix any 
idea or establish any degree of reform consistent with the liberality and autonomy 
of existing laws which would be of benefit to each locality and municipality, owing 
to these differences in character, education, and customs of the people living in 
pueblos — of Tagalos, Pampangans, Pangasinans, or Ilocanos — these differences further 
causing distinct interpretations and exercise of their rights and social relations. This 
difficulty has also its great influence upon the governor of the province, since it is 
necessary for him to consider and govern himself according to these social variations 
and the local polyglotism, if it may so be called. 

public order. 

Notwithstanding this diversity of dialects and the uncultured state of these people, 
in the year covered by this report there has been no violent nor disturbing interrup- 
tion of the peace and public order which this province has enjoyed since the implan- 
tation of the civil regime, with the exception of some carabao stealing, which is the 
natural consequence of the lack of these animals; some two or three homicides result- 
ing from personal quarrels and revenge, and certain disturbances of a religious nature 
between the muicipalities and the parish priests of the same, owing to the prevalent 
religious excitement, and the occasional appearance of fanatical women who delude 
the ignorant people with their supposed miracles, which acts, however, the court of 
first instance is undertaking to disclose and punish. This tranquillity is the more 
noteworthy owing to the fact that the province has been visited by a lon£ series of 
the worst calamities which are usually productive of political and social disturbances— 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 923 

rinderpest, affecting domestic and work animals; thick clouds of locusts and grass- 
hoppers, which have consumed 80 per cent of the small crops that have been planted; 
continuous drought; and, to cap it all, a cyclone, with its accompanying inundations, 
completed the desperation of the landowners and poor farmers. So true is this that 
some of the pueblos, such as O'Donnell and Murcia, have gathered scarcely any rice, 
even for present consumption, according to information which I have received. 

The present condition, therefore, of agriculture and cattle raising in this province 
is so unfavorable and depressed that if relief is not afforded promptly, either by 
private and united effort or by Government aid, these resources will probably not 
be revived at all. It causes sadness for one to visit the pueblos and look upon the 
fields, formerly so flourishing and productive, but now filled with briers and fallen 
again in an uncultivated state, or covered with beds of sand from the inundations, 
the locusts, or the drought. Fortunate, indeed, it is that the forests, with the small 
utilization of their products, are able to afford in a measure efficient aid in the 
support of these people. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

Public instruction in this province is advancing perceptibly, thanks to the zeal and 
activity of the superintendent of this branch. Of the 17 pueblos, which constitute 
this province, the 7 most important, which have good and permanent schools, are 
provided with American teachers, men and women; 7 others, with Filipino teachers, 
most of them from the normal institute of this capital. Two pueblos, Moriones and 
Santa Ignacia, have no teachers, both on account of the lack of suitable buildings 
and because they are small pueblos and unable to support teachers with reasonable 
salaries. Only one town of importance, Victoria, which has a handsome school- 
house, has no* American teacher, for lack of the person. The pueblos of most im- 
portance also have Filipino teachers in some of their barrios, the instruction being 
similar to that provided in the central municipality. 

According to data furnished by the superintendent of public instruction of this 
province, there have attended the public schools of all the municipalities in the 
province during the year covered by this report, 2,930 boys and 1,252 girls, includ- 
ing the provincial school of this capital recently established. Besides the leading 
residents of the town, a large number of municipal and provincial officials and 
employees attend the night classes of the last-mentioned school. 

At the initiative of this provincial board there has been established in this capital 
a secondary or high school, the pupils of which, after terminating the course of study 
prescribed, will be prepared to enter any college or higher institution of academic or 
professional study. This high school is supported from the provincial treasury, and 
the provincial board has authorized the construction of a larger building, according 
to plans of the provincial supervisor, and much material has already been prepared 
and collected. 

PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 

In addition to the building above referred to, there have already been completed, 
or are in course of construction, at the expense of the province, additions to the 
provincial government house, in which each office, as well as the court of first 
instance, will have its own department or special office rooms, with the necessary 
equipment and space for its purposes. 

The principal wagon roads of the province have been repaired and drains and 
bridges built of strong materials between Capas and Concepcion, between Tarlac and 
Victoria, and between Gerona and Pura. Certain municipalities have themselves 
undertaken and completed many improvements of a local character, such as the con- 
struction of school and municipal buildings at Concepcion and Paniqui, and street 
lighting at the former; the schoolhouses at Victoria, Gerona, Capas, and Murcia; 
the municipal building at Gerona and street lighting at Mocada, as well as the repair 
of highways, streets, and the neighboring roads in all the municipalities. 

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

In the light of all these facts it may be deduced, therefore, that this province 
enjoys complete peace, uninterrupted until the present by either political or social 
disorders. But so far as the economic, industrial, and agricultural resources are con- 
cerned, we are now in the midst of such depression and prostration that great energy 
and easy, effectual measures for meeting this crisis have become absolutely necessary. 

There were formerly three great sources of wealth in this province: Cattle raising, 
forestry, and agriculture. The herds, flourishing and numerous, composed of carabaos 
and cattle, were pastured in multitudes upon the fields and plains, and were the prin- 
cipal resource of the people, for they served to cover their small needs. Animals of 



924 REPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

this kind were even brought in from Pampanga to this province on account of the 
abundance of the natural pasturage of the hills and valleys. To-day this source of 
wealth has disappeared completely on account of the rinderpest, which, beginning 
in 1888, has raged annually until the present time, when not even a sufficient number 
of animals for working the fields remains. Forestry, most abundant in this province, 
was also a perennial source of income to these people before the regulations were 
issued which provide for the utilization of forest products; but at present, owing to 
these regulations and the appropriation of the timber by the large estates of private 
individuals, this resource has been reduced to a minimum, and in order to make use 
of these products various formalities have to be complied with. Agriculture, which 
was formerly the least depended upon, has recently become the principal and almost 
sole resource of the people. But calamities, such as wars, rinderpest, cholera, 
thievery, overflows of rivers and inundations, locusts, etc. , threaten also to destroy 
this interest, the sole remaining one (burdened, too, with duties and taxes), unless 
Providence and the government intervene. 

SUGGESTED LEGISLATION. 

Therefore the following measures are suggested as necessary to the interests of this 
province: 

1. The establishment of an agricultural bank, to save the owners of rural property 
from the clutches of usury. 

2. The providing of work animals at prices accessible to the farmer and upon easy 
terms of payment. 

3. Permission for landowners to utilize forest products for agricultural purposes, or 
the concession and confirmation to the pueblos of their respective "community 
leagues. ' ' 

4. Canalization and dredging of the large rivers, which in their overflows destroy 
the crops and cover the extensive, cultivated fields with sand. 

5. The revision and equitable valuation of the lands subject to taxation, concern- 
ing the assessment of which the owners complain greatly since the larger part of these 
rural lands are at present very unproductive. And further, that the payment of 
taxes be allowed in local currency, which is also the opinion of the attorney-general 
upon this particular. 

Another suggestion which I take the liberty of offering for your consideration is 
one which I have already made in connection with the administration of justice in 
the court of first instance in this province. Notwithstanding the extreme diligence 
and activity which it is to be supposed is exercised by the official presiding over 
these matters, unfortunate delays are always occurring, and these redound to the 
injury of litigants in civil cases, and of the poor prisoners in criminal cases. There 
have been cases in which, after confinement in prison for months awaiting trial, the 
prisoner has been sentenced to three months' imprisonment. 

It is not my intention to blame anyone, nor still less to question the integrity, the 
great zeal and activity of the honorable judge at present presiding in this province, 
for he has sufficiently demonstrated and continues to demonstrate these qualities, by 
determining numerous cases and processes at every session ; but these sessions are 
not continuous, but alternate with those held in other provinces which go to make 
up this district, with an interval of several months between, consequently the cases 
accumulate to such an extent that it is virtually an impossibility to dispose of all of 
them in one session. In my humble opinion, three provinces are too many for one 
judge alone, considered from the standpoint of efficient administration of justice. As 
for the economy of the measure, in provinces like this in which the judge has not 
his fixed residence, the province is obliged to pay his expenses of travel and stay, as 
long as the sessions last. Both of these problems would be solved and the public and 
the provincial treasury benefited should the following suggestion be adopted: A 
district judge, such as the one in this district which comprises three provinces, re- 
ceives $4,500 gold per annum; by giving each province a judge with a salary of $1,500, 
which is the same as the salary received by the provincial governors, we would find 
that the administration of justice in each of them would be carried out with greater 
promptitude, and the expenses of travel and lodging would be avoided. These 
amount, in time, to a respectable sum. 

Let it not be said that there is a lack of suitable persons from whom to select, for 
this would be unjust to the respectable class of lawyers in the exercise of their pro- 
fession; nor that the salary would be too small, because each one would have his 
work in one province only; nor that they would soon find themselves with their 
arms crossed for lack of business to which to attend. The effect would be rather that 
the public would be well served, judicial matters promptly dispatched, and useless 
expense to the provincial treasury saved. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 925 

PUBLIC HEALTH. 

Now free from the terrors of cholera, with its accompanying quarantines and sani- 
tary precautions — and though it has not been considered particularly violent here, it 
has, nevertheless, caused the death of 1,552 victims — this province has been restored 
to its natural state of healthfulness, attacked only by malaria, now common in the 
places where evaporation from vegetable detritus in the large and dense forests inun- 
dated during the rainy season, and aided by the strong prevailing north winds, 
causes a great deal of these fevers at the present time. 

Vaccination has been practiced in all the pueblos of the province, as a result of the 
interest of the president of the provincial board of health and the activity of the 
municipal presidents of boards of health. 

Respectfully, Alfonso Ramos, 

Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, Manila, P. I. 



Report of the Provincial Governor of Tayabas. 

Provincial Government of Tayabas, 

Office of the Governor, 
Lucena, Tayabas, P. I., January 15, 1903. 

Sir: Complying with the requirements of section 7, act No. 83, I have the honor 
to submit the* following report upon the province of Tayabas for the year ending 
December 31, 1902: 

Upon assuming the office of provincial governor on March 3, 1902, I found this 
province seriously handicapped by having the reputation of being "pacified," which 
it never really was until Malvar's forces had all been captured or surrendered. 
While not questioning the sincerity of views to the contrary, in my opinion, a state 
of insurrection existed and always had existed throughout the province since the 
first American occupation, insurrecto activity being more or less marked at differ- 
ent times and in different localities, and being especially serious in and about the 
towns of Tiaon, Candelaria, Dolores, Sariaya, and Mauban, and to a less extent in 
the vicinity of the towns of Pagbilao, Tayabas, Lucban. Sampaloc, Lucena, Guina- 
yangan, and others. 

On the above date there existed a thorough military reconcentration of the towns 
of Tiaon, Candelaria, Dolores, and Sariaya, and a less complete one in the towns of 
Tayabas and Lucban. The towns of Candelaria and Tiaon had up to this time been 
practically under a dual government, recognizing both the United States Govern- 
ment and the insurrecto government under Malvar, a disproportionate share of the 
taxes, however, going to the latter. 

Gen. J. Franklin Bell carried on such an energetic campaign in the section referred 
to that the insurgents were all either captured or compelled to surrender, among the 
leaders being Marquez, Mayo, Masangcay, Cabunag, Cadiz, and others. After March 
3, 1902, there were captured by, or surrendered to, the military in this province, 202 
guns and 47 revolvers, and a very large number of prisoners. 

Upon the termination of this campaign the military posts in the province were 
gradually abandoned, all the troops in General Bell's brigade being withdrawn, and 
the only garrisons in the province at the present time are two companies of the 
Twenty-sixth Infantry at Atimonan, and Lieutenant Wray's company of Native 
Scouts at Lopez, both on the Pacific coast. However, a new post for four troops of 
cavalry is now undergoing construction at Lucena, the capital. 

In order to punish them for their deception, and upon my recommendation, the 
Civil Commission annexed, as barrios, the town of Dolores to Tiaon, and Candelaria 
to Sariaya. 

The termination of military operations in Tayabas Province did not, however, bring 
in all the native forces that had been permanently in the field, and there have since 
been either captured by, or surrendered to, the constabulary or police, about 150 guns, 
35 revolvers, and over 500 prisoners, among the more important not elsewhere men- 
tioned being, Encarnacion at Guinayangan, Florido and Verdadero at Lopez, 
Encallada at Mauban, Jalbuena at Pagbilao, and Silvala atMacalelon. A band under 
an able leader named Destajo for a long time infested the neighborhood of Mauban, 
levying contributions, but not committing any serious crimes. 

, Owing to the efficient and energetic work of Constabulary Insp. Mariano Castillo, 
a former colonel of the insurgent army, a large number of Destajo' s men were captured, 
and he himself with the remnant of his band were induced to surrender. 



926 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

In July, 1902, there was discovered an extensive organization which, for nearly a 
year, had existed in the neck of country between Atimonan and Gumaca on the 
Pacific coast, and Laguimanoc, Unisan, and Pitogo on the southern coast, under the 
leadership of a certain Ruperto Rios. This man Rios, originally bellowsman to 
the blacksmith at Atimonan, had been a major of bolomen under Lieut. Col. Emilio 
Zurbano of the insurrecto forces of this province, and had surrendered with him in 
July, 1901, at the town of Tayabas, immediately afterwards violating his oath of 
allegiance and taking to the mountains, as he feared punishment for the various 
crimes he had committed. In the beginning, representing himself to be an inspired 
prophet, he worked upon the superstition of the poor barrio people to such an extent 
that he succeeded in organizing, by the time stated, what he called "exterior municipal 
governments," with a very elaborate equipment of officials. 

Inspired by his successes, he promoted his followers and himself in rapid succes- 
sion, until finally he had with him one captain-general, one lieutenant-general, 25 
majors-general, and 50 brigadiers-general, without counting the numerous colonels 
and officers of lower grades; had elevated himself to the rank of generalissimo; 
declared himself viceroy and son of God, and stated that he proposed to enter 
Atimonan on the 8th of August to be crowned king of the Philippines. Before that 
date, however, I had personally visited Atimonan and effected the arrest of about 80 
of his high-ranking officials, and the coronation was postponed indefinitely. 

As a "son of God," he received confessions and granted absolutions considerably 
below market price, and which he claimed were much more efficacious than those 
dispensed by an ordinary padre. 

On one occasion he built a fire under a tree, and, by means of a rope, descended 
through the smoke announcing that he had just arrived from heaven. He is also 
understood to have done a thriving "anting-anting" (charm) business, which, how- 
ever, did not prevent many of his followers permanently retiring from business, 
owing to being perforated by constabulary bullets. 

For some time he carried with him a box, on the cover of which was painted the 
word ' ' Independence, ' ' and which was guarded by three picked virgins. He 
stated to the ignorant barrio people that the Filipinos had for a long time been 
struggling for independence which he now had in his possession, and that as soon as 
he was convinced that his followers deserved it, he would remove the lid from the 
box, "Independence" would jump out, they could catch her and be ever afterwards 
happy. 

Another idea which these people had of independence was that, once acquired, it 
would mean a go-as-you-please life; no taxes, no jails, and that each man could help 
himself to whatever he desired — his neighbor's pony, carabao, or other property. 

Rios frequently concealed himself at night and would appear in the morning 
announcing to his followers that he had spent the evening in conversation with the 
Emperors of Russia and Germany and the President of France, and that these poten- 
tates would soon send over large fleets which would distribute 10,000 arms with nec- 
essary ammunition on the shores of Tayabas Province. 

This organization of Rios was really an offshoot of the Colorum sect which had a 
"New Jerusalem" on Mount San Cristobal, near the dividing line of the provinces of 
Tayabas, Batangas, and La Laguna. 

Deciding that the only way to combat such an organization was through the more 
intelligent natives themselves, I notified the presidentes and councilors of all the 
towns that I would hold them responsible for bands existing within their respective 
jurisdictions. If brigandage was known to exist within the limits of a town for a 
week, I should assume it was because they were aided by some of the people of that 
town; that it was my recommendation that immediate measures be taken to prevent 
the spread of ladronism in their towns, and that they should promptly clean out the 
affected barrios by ordering them within limits of observation and control. The 
town councils, where necessary, all passed acts ordering the infected barrios into 
such locations where they could be watched by the constabulary and municipal 
police. 

At the same time in each of the towns of the disturbed district, and in fact all over 
the province, I organized companies of volunteers, composed of the higher class of 
natives, and armed them with guns, kindly loaned by the constabulary, with whom 
they cooperated so successfully that this pernicious organization has been completely 
destroyed and a large majority of its members captured or killed. 

The volunteers of Unisan, cooperating with the constabulary under the efficient 
command of Constabulary Inspector Julio Herrera, another former insurgent officer, 
succeeded in killing the so-called "lieutenant-general," Felipe Verastigui,and captur- 
ing all of his followers, as they were about to escape to the island of Marinduque. 

Ladronism from time immemorial has existed in parts of this province, and some 
of the people have looked upon it as an occupation. We are doing everything in our 



REPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 927 

power to render this occupation unpopular, and have succeeded beyond our original 
expectations. It will be necessary, however, to watch unceasingly, as certain classes 
of the people on the slightest provocation or opportunity will adopt the easy life of 
the ladron. 

The localities in which brigandage is liable to exist in this province is the one 
described, and on the western Batangas and Laguna border. In the latter place it 
is so easy for malefactors to slip from one province to another that this section has 
always offered special inducements to ladrones. While small migratory bands 
formerly passed to and from the province of Ambos Camarines on our eastern 
border, owing to its sparsely inhabited condition, they never located in that section. 
I have seen reports indicating that bands belonging in eastern Tayabas sometimes 
crossed over and committed depredations among our neighbors, but no such bands 
have existed since the capture of Encarnacion, and he never left the province. 

Owing to the unfortunate reputation of this province, which was usually sarcastic- 
ally alluded to as the "pacified province," she has naturally been obliged to bear 
many unjust burdens, and nothing was deemed too improbable to emanate from 
Tayabas. In August, about 150 of the followers of Rios, mostly generals and colonels, 
with one low-down sergeant, and nearly all barefoot and conspicuously uniformed in 
shirt tails, entered Unisan, whipped the municipal officials, and walked off with the 
five police; every one of whom was shortly afterwards recaptured. This occurrence 
was published by some of the newspapers at the time, but having again been men- 
tioned by somebody in December, it was immediately assumed to be a natural repe- 
tition of the deed, and again published and included in the bulletin. On a subse- 
quent occasion because the senior inspector of another province bore the same name 
as the senior inspector of this province, and had reported that ladrones had been 
mutilating prisoners, it was immediately published as "atrocities in Tayabas," or 
words to that effect. 

I not only do not believe the people here to be worse than in other provinces, but 
also do not believe that better people can be found in the Archipelago. In the be- 
ginning of my term of office our methods were more rigorous than the people had been 
accustomed to, and they considered us harsh, holding themselves very much aloof ; 
but they now appreciate that harsh measures were then necessary, and give every 
indication of hearty and loyal support. To-day I consider the state of feeling in this 
province to be most kindly toward American* sovereignty, and judge from conduct 
instead of from oral professions. 

This province, with an area of about 10,000 square miles, making it equal to the 
States of Vermont or Xew Hampshire, is now one of the largest provinces in the 
Philippines. Since I assumed control this area has been practically tripled, and its 
population, now over 200,000, has been doubled. I feel justified in stating that the 
province as a whole will compare most favorably with any equal portion of any 
country as to either morality or number of crimes committed. 

We Americans have been too impatient, have expected to accomplish too much at 
once, and have ignored the fact that we are struggling against the accumulated cus- 
toms and superstitions of three centuries of tyranny. In this province I feel that an 
astonishing amount has already been accomplished, and that our future prospects are 
of the brightest. Although there have been, and probably will continue to be, 
occasional misunderstandings between some of them and myself, I consider the 
people of Tayabas Province, as a class, to be all right. 

THE GARDENER BOARD OF INVESTIGATION. 

From about the middle of April until the fore part of June there was in session at 
Lucena a board of officers, consisting of Brig. Gen. T. J. Wint, U. S. Army; Lieut, 
Col. J. W. Duncan, Thirteenth U. S. Infantry, and Capt. W. T. Johnston, Fifteenth 
U. S. Cavalry, to investigate the charges preferred by Maj. Cornelius Gardener, Thir- 
teenth U. S. Infantry, my predecessor, in general terms against the officers who had 
conducted military operations in this province. 

I do not consider it proper for me to comment on this subject further than to state 
that in the beginning the arrival of this board appeared to me to have a bad influ- 
ence on the natives in this immediate section, and I was given to understand that it 
was their opinion that the board was sent here to receive complaints of whatever 
class, and that many of them understood that Major Gardener was to be punished 
for being friendly to them. This illusion was soon dispelled, and I did what was 
possible, by example and otherwise, to keep the erroneous impressions from spread- 
ing; for a time acting as counsel for Major Gardener and always furnishing the board 
and himself with whatever information was in my possession. A month after the 
departure of the board its existence was evidently forgotten, and now it is never 
alluded to. 



928 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Personally and officially my relations with my brother officers in this province 
have always been of the most satisfactory and pleasant character. They have been 
unfailingly courteous and have aided me in every way within their power; nor have 
I any abuses to report. 

CHOLERA. 

On July 3 the first recognized case of cholera appeared in Lucena, although Lucban 
had previously reported a case, and the disease spread afterwards to the neighboring 
towns, being especially virulent in Pagbilao and Pitogo and in the two towns of 
Gasan and Boac, Marinduque, which did not then belong to this province. Sporadic 
cases appeared in other towns, but it was fought so bitterly as to be kept within 
limits. 

In Lucena it was stamped out at an early date, owing to the cooperation and mag- 
nificent work of Capt. W. W. Quinton, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, and Capt. 
A. H. Eber, assistant surgeon, U. S. Volunteers, on duty at that time with troops in 
the town referred to. 

ANNEXATION OP ADDITIONAL TERRITORY. 

On June 12, 1902, the district of Infanta and Principe and the island of Polillo, 
containing the four towns of Kasiguran, Baler, Infanta, and Polillo, were annexed to 
Tayabas Province. This territory, while extensive, contains comparatively few inhab- 
itants and is undeveloped. The people, as a rule, are well behaved, well disposed, 
and are rapidly perfecting their organization. 

On November 10 the province of Marinduque, with its five towns of Boac^ Santa 
Cruz, Gasan, Mogpog, and Torrijos, was likewise annexed to this province, which 
thereby received a very material increase in population and riches, although but 
small additional territory. 

The island of Marinduque contains some over 50,000 inhabitants, and its western 
portion is exceedingly rich and fertile. The people, as regards intelligence and 
education, are very superior to the ordinary run of natives, are the most hospitable 
I have yet seen, and are industrious and very kindly disposed. They had, up to 
the time of annexation, been unable to derive many advantages from civil govern- 
ment, as the island was too small to be properly classified as a province with the 
attendant expenses. Its union to this province will be a great and lasting benefit to 
both Tayabas and Marinduque. 

Senor Ricardo Paras, ex governor of the former province of Marinduque, has been 
continued as lieutenant-governor for the island since its annexation. Senor Paras 
has the confidence and respect of the Marinduquenos, is a gentleman of culture and 
education, and has demonstrated in every way his fitness for both his former and 
present position. 

PRODUCTS. 

The main product of Tayabas Province, in which I believe it leads the Archipelago, 
is copra, and this is cultivated throughout the province, although especially in the 
regions of Sariaya, Lucena, Tayabas, Pagbilao, Atimonan, Gumaca, Lopez, Boac and 
Gasan. Rice is grown throughout the province, but to a small extent except in the 
vicinity of Tiaon. 

Hemp is also to be found, but in large quantities only near Mauban and Marin- 
duque, which undoubtedly produces the finest hemp in the world. 

The forestry products are especially rich in the districts of Principe and Infanta, 
about the towns of Calaoag, Guinayangan, Macalelon, and Pitogo, and on the island 
of Polillo and Alabat. In the small town of Sampaloc many of the "Harigues" in 
the houses are of ebony or camagon, which is used because of the expense of trans- 
portation from such a high altitude. 

In the town of Lucban, located about 1,500 feet above the sea level, on the slope 
of Mount Banahao, there is found a most energetic race of artisans and mechanics. 
The "Lucban" hat, made from the "buntal" palm and justly celebrated throughout 
the Archipelago, is made in this town, and the demand is far in exeess of the supply. 
The carpenters, painters, image-makers, embroiderers, silversmiths, tailors, masons, 
carabao-horn workers, and bolo and kris makers of Lucban are all of exceptional 
ability, and recognized as such throughout this portion of the island. 

Formerly a most superior grade of pina was made in large quantities at Atimonan, 
but the output has fallen off to nearly nothing. 

A fine quality and large quantity of "Sinamay," or hemp cloth, is made in all the 
towns of the island of Marinduque, and to a less extent in the t°wiis of Pitogo, 
Catanauan, and Mulanay, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 929 

Fine petates, or sleeping mats, are made in Lucban, Mauban, Baler, and Kasiguran, 
and of a distinctive type in each town. 

"Buri," a species of palm, is used in all parts for making hats, petates, and sacks, 
and bids fair to be a most impoitant product. 

Coal exists on the islands of Polillo and Alabat, and also on both coasts of the main 
island, although very little is known as to the quantity or quality of the deposits. 

Near Buenavista, on the island of Marinduque, there is a magnificent sulphur 
spring, and also a hot spring, offering a fine location for a sanitarium. 



Tayabas Province, like the rest of the Archipelago, has suffered from lack of crops 
and will be obliged to import large quantities of food stuffs. 

Over 90 per cent of the carabaos and ponies were either killed during the war or 
carried off by the rinderpest or surra, nearly ruining agriculture and seriously crip- 
pling transportation. 

Owing to the small harvest prices have risen, which works great hardship, espe- 
cially on the poor people. In some of the more distant towns rice sold as high as 
12 pesos per picul of 137£ pounds. The provincial board, however, immediately 
ordered 10,000 piculs of the supply purchased by the insular government, and this 
caused the price to drop throughout the province, so that it was in no place above 8 
pesos per picul. The rice was not ordered with the intention of interfering with 
tradesmen, but to prevent exorbitant prices and the attendant suffering. In this 
respect it has been very successful. 

In order to rehabilitate the crops I strongly recommend the importation of carabaos 
from other countries, if obtainable. 

LABOEEES. 

There is a complaint from all sides of the scarcity of hands, and it has been difficult 
to do road work on account of the impossibility of finding laborers. In years past 
20 cents Mexican was sufficient for the ordinary laborer who to-day asks 50 cents and 
subsistence. Good carpenters are getting as high as $2 or more per diem, and other 
laborers in proportion. For provincial work we have used convict labor and also 
imported some laborers from neighboring provinces. 



There are 26 organized schools in the towns of Tayabas and about 15 others under 
native teachers, with a total enrollment of about 9,000 pupils, which the division 
superintendent estimates to be an increase of at least 50 per cent over the previous 
year. The increase, however, in the town of Tayabas has been over 200 per cent, 
and this town has an enrollment of 1,074, which is believed to be the largest enroll- 
ment for any single school in the islands. 

The townof Santa Cruz, Marinduque, also of this province, is a close second, with 
about 1,000 enrolled. We have two high schools recently organized, one at Lucena 
and one at Boac, both of which are doing excellent work and give every promise of 
a brilliant success. The principal of each is thoroughly in earnest and excellently 
equipped for his duties. 

This province has suffered much from a lack of teachers, at present there being 
but 12 American teachers — at one time 14. There was an average attendance of 298 
pupils for each teacher. 

During the year ending December 31, 1902, the collections for school purposes 
amounted to $37,585.46 local currency, which sum is not sufficient to build the new 
houses required or to repair many of the old ones. New schools have been con- 
structed at Tayabas, Santa Cruz, Pitogo, Pagbilao, Lopez, and Gumaca, and are about 
to be constructed at Atimonan, Lucena, Sariaya, Sampaloc and Guinayangan. 

The people in all the towns are enthusiastic over American teachers, and it is 
believed that in proportion to the number of pupils in actual attendance at schools, 
Tayabas Province has far below its proper quota. 

The work of Mr. J. C. Muerman, division superintendent of schools, has been 
excellent in every respect. He has shown himself to be a thorough organizer, a 
conscientious worker, and a most competent manager. All the teachers under him, 
with a single exception, have cooperated with both him and the provincial authori- 
ties in every way possible, and have done a vast and lasting amount of good by their 
instruction and example. As a corps it is my desire to extend my heartfelt and sin- 
cere thanks to the teachers of Tayabas Province for the assistance I have always found 
them ready to extend to myself or to the other provincial officials. 

war 1903— vol 5 59 



930 REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



CHURCHES. 

Up to the present writing there has as yet been no extension of the Aglipay move- 
ment into this province, and I am unable to state as to how many of the churches 
would enter his fold. There is, however, an intense hostility to the friars. My 
relations with all of the local priests have been excellent in every respect, and they 
have never failed to aid me at every opportunity, but have shown themselves to be 
enlightened and law-abiding citizens. 

CONSTABULARY. 

Early during the year the constabulary practically replaced the military in. this 
province. The different senior inspectors have invariably treated me with respect 
and promptly followed all of my recommendations and requests. The work of the 
constabulary in this province has been excellent, and, as the organization is perfected, 
I believe they will be able to handle any situation that may arise, at least as I see 
conditions here. In this province they have practically committed no abuses. 

It might not be out of place here to refer to Capt. J. B. Murphy, senior inspector 
of constabulary, who in a short time has succeeded in practically reconstructing the 
constabulary in this province and placed it upon an excellent working basis. Cap- 
tain Murphy has shown himself to be a thorough disciplinarian, an excellent organ- 
izer, and a gentleman especially equipped for the position he holds and fills. 

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE. 

On November 10 Tayabas Province, including Marinduque, and the province of 
Batangas were incorporated into the seventh judicial district, under Judge Paul W. 
Linebarger, with courts in this province at Tayabas and Boac. 

Early this month Judge Linebarger opened an extraordinary session of the court 
at Tayabas, and by his prompt work and awarding of sentences proportionate to the 
gravity of the crime committed has done a great deal toward discouraging ladronism 
in this province, and it is believed that his court will be the most efficient auxiliary 
of the constabulary and police in stamping out this evil and in making the occupa- 
tion even of day laborer more popular than that of highwayman. 

PROVINCIAL JAIL. 

The law places provincial jails practically under the governor. In this province 
the jail is in the town of Tayabas, about 7 miles from Lucena, the capital. It has 
been impossible for me, without neglecting my other duties, to give the jail the super- 
vision which, in my opinion, it should receive, and I believe that provincial governors 
in other provinces are to a more or less extent similarly handicapped. 

I would therefore recommend that in this province, if not in others, the provincial 
jail be either placed directly under the provincial sheriff, who should receive a salary 
for his duties, or that it be placed in charge of the constabulary. 

In order to accomplish road work, the provincial board has placed the prisoners at 
work upon the roads under the provincial supervisor, and, so far, with excellent 
results. 

ROADS. 

During the past year work has been done on the roads from Lucena to Lucban, 
Tayabas to Candelaria, Lucena to Pagbilao, and Lucena to Sariaya, and a new trail 
constructed from Unisan to Gumaca. The revenues for this purpose are insufficient 
to build new roads or to keep old roads in proper repair. For the two purposes 
stated, $8,236.29, United States currency, were expended during the year. 

I have previously recommended that an insular road be constructed from Pagbilao 
to Atimonan, crossing the island of Luzon and opening up the rich Pacific coast. I 
have also recommended that an insular road be constructed from Lucena to Santa 
Cruz, Laguna, and both of these roads have been promised by the insular authorities. 
Their necessity, importance, and advantages can not be adequately described. 

MUNICIPALITIES. 

Except in the cases of those newly annexed, the finances of all the towns in this 
province are in excellent condition. " It has been necessary during the past year to 
suspend some presidentes and other officials for neglect of duty and incompetency, 
and to accept the resignation of many others. Everything considered, however, the 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 931 

municipal governments are in a most healthy condition and give every encourage- 
ment for future progress. The presidentes and municipal officials, as a class, are a 
very intelligent and efficient body of men, and have shown their loyalty and interest 
in the welfare and progress of the province by their long-continued and determined 
efforts to stamp out the curse of ladronism. I owe them a debt of gratitude for their 
energetic and sincere cooperation, which has enabled us to practically eradicate this 
evil. 

Lucena, the capital, has an urban population of about 5,000, and has been an incor- 
porated town for only twenty years. Although there are numerous small ports on 
the southern coast, Lucena is the commercial center and principal port for all this 
section and exports an immense quantity of copra. With 14 steamers stopping 
here at intervals, 7 of them with regularity and at least weekly, the means of com- 
munication with Manila are excellent. Lucena is at present one of the most flour- 
ishing towns in the Archipelago, and with its rapid growth bids fair to soon become 
a large city. 

The other large towns, ranged according to their estimated population, are: Santa 
Cruz, Tayabas, Boac, Atimonan, Lucban, Mauban, Sariaya, Tiaon, Infanta, and 
Gazan. 

Atimonan and Mauban are important and prosperous seaports on the Pacific coast; 
and Boac, Santa Cruz, and Gazan are the principal towns and ports on the island of 
Marinduque, exporting large quantities of the beautiful Marinduque hemp and also 
considerable copra. * 

FINANCES. 

xne following is a statement of revenues received and disbursements made from 
January 1, 1902, to December 31, 1902: 

RECEIPTS. 

Brought forward from December 31, 1901: U. S. currency. 

Provincial funds $11,424.27 

Municipal funds 1, 272. 905 

Tax collections from January 1 to March 31 15, 963. 225 

Kefunds and gains on warrants 588. 855 

Elimination of fractions . 045 

Tax collections from April 1 to June 30 13, 381. 60 

Refunds and gains on warrants - 64. 99 

On accountable warrant from insular government — forestry 16, 412. 26 

Tax collections from July 1 to October 31 59, 368. 04 

Miscellaneous revenue, July 1 to October 31 598. 44 

Tax collections from November 1 to December 31 6, 337. 44 

Eefunds and gains on warrants 41. 11 

On accountable warrant from insular government — insular revenue 577. 02 

Total receipts 126, 030. 20 

DISBURSEMENTS. 

For salaries 14, 363. 04 

General expense 7, 688. 345 

Improvement of roads 8, 236. 29 

Supplies 8, 751. 025 

Refund to insular government — forestry 569. 41 

Refund to municipalities municipal share of taxes % 63, 734. 93 

Loss on local currency ." 2, 571. 89 

Error in gain on warrants 9. 99 

Total disbursements 106, 024. 92 

Balance on hand December 31, 1902 ' 20, 005. 28 

Total 126, 030. 20 

Balance consists of $21,395.07 local currency and §11,766.41 United States currency, 
of which 86,552.33 local and $76.16 United States currency belongs to municipalities; 
$14,579. 89 local and 811,706.92 United States currency belongs to the province, and 
$362.85 local and $10 United States currency belongs to the insular government for 
forestry collections during December, 1902. 



932 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS. 



The provincial treasurer, Mr. C. C. McLain, has been on duty in this province 
throughout the past year. His work has been simply excellent. He has a thorough 
knowledge of his duties, of the conditions to be encountered, and of the province. 

The provincial supervisor, Mr. S. K. Fitzhugh, has worked arduously during the 
past year, but has tendered his resignation to take effect on February 1, 1903. 

The provincial secretary, Sehor Gervasio Unson, is exceptionally able and well 
qualified for the duties of his position, has rendered most valuable services to the 
province, and to me, most loyal support. 

The provincial fiscal, Senor Sofio Alandy, has at all times been thoroughly devoted 
to the interests of the province, and to his duties, and is well equipped and qualified 
for the position he holds. 

The president of the provincial board of health, Capt. A. H. Eber, assistant sur- 
geon, U. S. Volunteers, although but a short time on duty in that capacity, has been, 
off and on, for nearly three years, on duty in this province, has endeared himself to 
the people, and has shown himself to be everything to be desired in both professional 
and other capacities. 

All of the officials have rendered me the most hearty and sincere cooperation. 
Very respectfully, 

H. H. Bandholtz, 
Captain Second U. S. Infantry, Governor of Tayabas. 

The Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 



Report of the Governor of the Province of Zambales. 

Office of the Provincial Governor, Province of Zambales, 

Iba, May 26, 1903, 

Sir: The economic life of this province was profoundly affected by the crises 
through which it passed during the preceding term. Rinderpest began by destroy- 
ing the cattle in the year 1901, and the fatal and merciless disease continued during 
the following year, 1902, reducing the number of cattle in Zambales to so small a 
number that there is now a great scarcity, not only for purposes of public slaughter, 
but even for the cultivation of the cultivable lands of the province. The cholera 
came upon us in the year 1902, and its effect was disastrous both to agriculture and 
to commerce, not only because of the fatal effect of the dread disease upon the 
number of laborers who fell its victims, but also, and it may be, more particularly, 
because of the sanitary quarantines and other indispensable measures adopted for 
combating the prevalent malady by the department of health, and at the same time 
the terror which inspired the people and which was a natural consequence of con- 
templating the propinquity of death, and which tended greatly to impede the work 
in the fields and industries, which, while not completely abandoned, were still 
unable to recover from the depression in time to secure for their labors a successful 
result. Finally the locusts came, spreading over every portion of the province and 
causing such havoc to the fields that not a farmer was able to gather even one third 
of his ordinary, regular crops, by countervailing the ravages of the frightful plague. 

Moreover, the pacific and honest residents of this province suffered, in addition to 
the terrible calamities mentioned, an almost continuous perturbation and disquietude, 
not a few offenses, indignities, and outrages of every kind, at the hands of those evil 
doers who had taken part in the insurrection through selfishness alone, and who 
afterwards persisted in outlawry, influenced by their innate and savage love for idle- 
ness and crime. The honorable civil governor surely has not been blind to the 
efforts expended in compliance with his duties by the official who now has the honor 
to write this, in the extermination of ladronism and the restoration of the lost tran- 
quillity of these peaceful inhabitants, with the efficient and valorous assistance of 
the Philippine Constabulary in this province. 

It is necessary then, though a matter of regret, to confess that the conditions in 
this province during the past year, particularly in their economical aspect, were in 
truth unfavorable. The conviction that such a state was absolutely foreign to any 
act of the administration of the province, or to the officials charged with this admin- 
istration, consoles the spirit and satisfies the most honorable and righteous conscience, 
for they were due solely to accidents which were not possible to be avoided nor much 
less prevented. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 933 

Titanic efforts, which may or may not prove superior to my feeble capacity, are 
needful for the betterment and perfection of the conditions of the province; but there 
is no question that with the lapse of time, with constancy and good will, the happy 
regeneration, so longed for by all, will be reached. 

I stated in my former annual report, and I must now repeat, that the pueblos of 
the province form a very long and narrow mountain range, situated in one line, one 
after the other, and of such shape that the two pueblos which form the two opposite 
ends of the province are unable to communicate with each other without traversing 
the whole province, passing through the other pueblos which constitute the inter- 
mediary points along the mountain range mentioned, with the exception of the 
pueblos of San Antonio, Balincaguin, Alos, Alaminos, Anda, and Agno, which are 
separated from the said mountain range. 

This irregular topography of the province at least hinders that communication, 
and of course prevents the easy, prompt, and rapid communication which is possible 
in those provinces which do not have to contend with a similar irregularity of topo- 
graphical arrangement. This of course interrupts every kind of business transactions 
between these pueblos, which on account of this impediment would be of problem- 
atic success in most cases. 

The means of communication render difficult these transactions, because the roads 
pass over sandy ground and the bridges have been constructed, for the most part, of 
a provisional character, thus failing to provide expeditious and free passage for trav- 
elers. The sea route affords little or no safety, for it can not be used except by some 
of the small vessels which navigate along this coast and are the only means of carry- 
ing on the trade with the interior. River navigation is unknown here, with the 
exception of the river Agno, which can be used by the inhabitants of Agno, Balin- 
gaguin, and also of San Isidro to communicate with one another, though they do 
not take advantage of it. 

The economic resources of the province are truly depressed, so that at the present 
time it is not possible to adopt any measures that will tend to alleviate this critical 
situation unless it be the completion of the wagon roads and bridges, the repair and 
preservation of which will facilitate in a measure this public service. 

But this temporary or palliative remedy is merely a beginning. It is necessary to 
adopt measures whose success will be certain, radical, and permanent, by securing 
the substitution of the ordinary means of transportation now employed in the prov- 
ince whose slowness and discomfort increase appreciably the distances, by other 
special means, whose rapidity, beauty, and comfort lessen the distances and render 
travel agreeable. This will cause, as if by enchantment, the disappearance of that 
injurious and distasteful irregularity from which Zambales is to-day suffering. 

I am not blind to the fact that large enterprises, such as the one just indicated, can 
not be undertaken without one having at his disposal and utilizing great resources, 
but neither do I fail to appreciate the condition of economic prostration in which 
my province is enveloped. But while there are at present no great unemployed 
fortunes here, happily it is not because natural resources are lacking, for these are 
almost fabulous, but it is because of the lack of enterprise. 

For example, the natives are engaged in no other occupations except agriculture 
and cattle raising, and these, in truth, they operate in an antiquated, primitive, and 
defective manner. 

As far as is known no one here engaged in cattle raising has made any attempt to 
improve his stock nor to provide good and abundant pasturage for his cattle. So it is 
that the great profits which should be derived naturally from so lucrative and pro- 
lific a business have not yet been realized. The present conditions exist despite the 
great returns that should be realized by reason of the extensive and excellent pas- 
tures which exist in the province and which are not now being utilized in any prac- 
tical manner, though they could with little and easy preparation be made to feed 
thousands upon thousands of cattle. 

It must be added that of all the well-known kinds of large cattle, horses, neat cat- 
tle, and carabaos alone are raised. Sheep and swine, and small cattle, are raised in 
small numbers only. 

In agriculture rice is the only product cultivated extensively, and very few planters 
as yet avail themselves of artificial irrigation by means of irrigation ditches in culti- 
vating their fields of this grain. So it produces or fails, according to the accidents 
of season and of Providence. But even thus, the crops are ordinarily so abundant 
that there is enough and more produced to provide the necessary food for the sup- 
port of the farmers and their respective families. What would be the productivity 
of this soil, then, and what might the residents of Zambales not expect, with the 
complete development of agriculture as should be sought in this province? 

Still more might be expected if they should take advantage, by cultivating sugar 



934 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

cane, of the many and extensive uncultivated lands, which, are very suitable for the 
sowing of this plant which has so great and so profitable a demand upon the world's 
markets. 

Of no less mercantile importance is the planting of the cocoanut, for whose culti- 
vation equally extensive and numerous lands in this province are available, which 
are not utilized at present by any one nor even by their own owners. 

That coffee, which is not cultivated, might be made to satisfy the most exacting 
wishes of the agriculturist, by planting it, if not in every part of the province, at 
least in certain humid localities, has been demonstrated practically by attempts 
made here to cultivate this so rich and nutritious a product. As for" various other 
agricultural products, while they are very favorable, they are not in the interest nor 
the favor of the people. 

Such a condition of depression, I should be unable to explain if I were ignorant 
of its historic origin, which, happily for the Philippine Archipelago, has now ceased 
to exist. There remains only its fateful and sanguinary history, and there may 
exist for a time its odious and sorrowful memories. In its stead, thanks to the pro- 
tection and initiative of the United States Government of this Archipelago, as just as 
it is wise, we have now entered upon an era of instruction, of love and interest for 
work, a free and regenerating influence. For this reason the Zambales people, who 
have in times past almost always tried to quench their legitimate aspirations for 
enlightenment and aggrandizement, now cherish the most fervent desire to work out 
their happy and brilliant future; they are encouraged and propose to accomplish 
this by every means that is reasonable, efficacious, and honorable; they are con- 
vinced, in short, that material welfare is an indispensible requisite, among other no 
less necessary factors, for arriving, sooner or later, at the summit of progress and 
of civilization. 

So it is that the people are not now content to utilize solely the wealth that has in 
times past been turned to profit nor with further developing this wealth; but they 
also desire to undertake energetically the exploitation of the other sources of 
wealth — and they are not a few — which still remain untouched, and to make them 
as profitable as possible. 

Among the number of these undeveloped resources of Zambales, the industry of 
manufacturing cordage and rope is worthy of special mention. Various textiles of 
great utility in this manufacture are known here, although they are not developed 
even for the raw material. In the first place, at least for the reason that they are 
well known, figure maguey, hemp, "coliat," and "balibago," as well as many 
others which it is not necessary to mention. 

The manufacture of every kind of furniture known in the Archipelago, of many 
and distinct kinds, could be successfully undertaken and without competition; 
for in this province there are excellent woods, canes, rattan, and, in short, every 
kind of material useful in this industry. 

In a similar condition we find the manufacture of hats; for not only the cane, 
"nito" and "buri" (fibers) that are used in hatmaking by the weavers of the 
provinces of Tayabas, Bulacan, and Pangasinan, are abundant in this province, but 
other various fibers no less useful in this industry are also found. 

The cloth that could be manufactured here would be of a class superior to that of 
Europe so far as strength and durability are concerned. This industry is not carried 
on here except by a few women in some of the pueblos, and then not for market, 
but solely for the supply of their own families exclusively. 

The "esteras" (a sort of floor mat) of the pueblo of Bolinao, known in the coun- 
try as "petates," are unrivaled in their class. It is a great pity that there are so few 
produced, and this not even as an industry, but merely as a pastime for those who 
make them, and who, ordinarily, belong to the fair sex. This industry would surely 
produce a marvelous profit. 

The forestry resources of the province are great and excellent, but they are not 
utilized except in the pueblos of Olongapo and Subic. The other pueblos as a rule 
use these forest products only in the construction of their houses and small boats. 
It is unnecessary to say that the utilization of these products would realize fabulous 
profits, and that it would increase considerably the resources of the province and of 
the municipalities of Zambales, for the woods that are raised in the forests of this 
province are superior for their quality and abundance to those of other provinces. 

The mountains infold in their bosoms some minerals. This has been discovered 
in times past, and even recently, by certain prospectors. They say, though I am 
unable to confirm their statements, that deposits of gold, iron, quicksilver, copper, 
and coal have been found. But there is no question that there are clay and other 
substances that produce the distinct colors of paints. Since I am absolutely ignorant 
in such matters, I leave them to the consideration of persons who are competent to 



FvEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 935 

appreciate the utility and importance of the development of these mines. I am 
confident, however, that in any event this development would be favorable to the 
people of this province. 

Commerce, so important to man — an institution peculiar and inherent in his 
nature — is almost monopolized by the Chinos; the natives being deprived of so hon- 
orable a profession, one so vital and so profitable, because they are unable to com- 
pete with these Chinos, owing to their manner of living, which is not economical 
but penurious, and still less able to compete with the Chinos in their absolute toler- 
ance of trickery, and above all their practice of the art of deceiving. It may well be 
said, then, that this source of wealth is at least comparatively little utilized. It is 
of course true that commercial activity is necessarily very limited in a province 
which, like Zambales, has little developed its agriculture and industries, for the life 
of commerce is in direct ratio to the development of agriculture and industry, since 
the people have no other resource than these alone. 

Nevertheless, the people of Zambales hope to outwit the Chinos, with a little 
ability, union, and perseverance, in this honorable, peaceful, and legitimate strife 
for existence, especially since some of the pueblos, though few in number, have 
already taken the first step and set a good example by making it impossible for any 
Chino to engage in trade, because no resident traded at the Chino's store when he 
bought his goods. This example, so effective and at the same time so practicable, 
naturally encourages the other pueblos who are still tributaries of the Chinos to adopt 
similar measures. 

The public administration of affairs was worthily maintained. But in the judicial 
branch there occurred something of transcendental significance, viz. , the resignation 
from their offices of quite a number of justices of the peace and auxiliary justices of 
the peace, alleging ill-health as the motive. But I believe they took this step for 
another reason, which was that they received no salary. With so great a number of 
resignations the administration of justice will begin to suffer, sooner or later, by 
being unable in all probability to fill the vacancies with persons who are capable of 
performing these duties. 

For reasons easily comprehended, there are many who would like to have the 
money-order system installed here. 

In the foregoing report, sir, I believe that I have outlined, though merely in a 
general manner, the conditions of this province during the past year, and I shall 
conclude by proposing to the honorable civil governor of the Philippine Islands the 
following 

EXECUTIVE MEASUEES: 

First. That the carabaos asked for be ordered sent here to the province in order 
that they may be used in the coming season of planting, as far as may be, to alleviate 
the urgent needs of the farmers, who form the larger part of the residents of Zambales. 

Second. That cattle of other kinds than those now known in the province be intro- 
duced, that they may supply the lack of carabaos and provide against the fatal con- 
sequences of the public calamities now being suffered by the farmers and which may 
be repeated in the future. 

Third. That seeds of agricultural products such as, for example, the "lumbang" 
(a fertilizing tree), and others which might favor or improve the agriculture of 
Zambales, be furnished the province. 

LEGISLATIVE MEASURES. 

Fourth. That provision be made for the establishment in the proper department 
of a postal money-order system which shall have connections in Manila and in the 
other provinces. 

Fifth. That Act No. 590 of the United States Philippine Commission be amended 
so as to state which municipality shall pay the fees to be received by the justices of 
the peace of the provincial capitals in the preliminary investigations in cases of 
offenses or crimes committed in other pueblos. 

I improve this opportunity to reiterate myself, 

Respectfully, Potenciano Lesaca, 

Provincial Governor. 

The Civil Governor, 

Manila, P. T. 



936 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Appendix J. 

ANTIQUE. 

San Jose de Buenavista, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Impossible to make complete report as requested by your telegram of September 28. 
Rice has been distributed to nearly every town in province, but reports from persons 
in charge are not yet in, so can not state how much relief fund rice has been used. 

Salazar, Acting Governor. 



batangas. 

Batangas, October 1, 1908. 
Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Report road and bridge Congressional relief fund. September 1 to September 30, 
inclusive (work commenced September 1): 

Ibaan-Taysan road. — Repair, 6 miles cleared and 2 culverts; 74 laborers; 97J piculs. 

Balayan, Tuy-Nasugbu road. — Repairs, 1 ford, and 3 miles opened; 87 laborers; 86£ 
piculs. 

Lemery-Calaca road. — Two miles reconstructed, 2 culverts; 149 laborers; 126 piculs. 

Rosario-Tiaong road. — Four miles graded; 42 laborers; 49 piculs. 

Lipa-Alaminos road. — Two miles graded; 65 laborers; 59 J piculs. 

Batangas-Talahib road. — One ford, 1\ miles new road; 80 laborers; 59| piculs. 

Batangas-San Jose road. — Repairs, 1 culvert; 31 laborers; 33 J piculs. 

Road and culvert material purchased, 26 piculs. 

Transportation of rice to different pueblos, 45 carretons, 63 piculs. 

Total, 600£ piculs. 

Rice received, 4,000 piculs; rice on hand, 3,400 piculs. 

Owing to harvesting of rice and corn during September and October, labor, in 
exchange for rice, is more difficult to obtain than will be two weeks hence. 

Luz, Governor. 



BENGUET. 

Baguio, September 30, 1903. 
Hon. A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. 
Sir: In compliance with your telegraphic order September 28, I have the honor 
to report that I have expended from the executive fund in my hands, namely, 1*2,000, 
"P290. 72 to polistas for transporting rice to Baguio, leaving a balance in my hands of 
!P1,709.28. While some work has been done by native sawyers here at Baguio, to 
whom I have furnished rice for subsistence, I can not properly report the same, 
owing to the fact that Mr. Rowell, superintendent of constructions, is not on the 
ground to give vouchers for the rice thus furnished. I mean that I have furnished 
this rice on my own responsibility. Of course, as soon as he returns the vouchers 
will be furnished, the check made, and report will be made to you on the first of the 
month following. For the money already expended I sent vouchers this date to 
Mr. Lampman, disbursing officer of the executive bureau. 
Very respectfully, 

William F. Pack, Provincial Governor. 



bulacan. 



Malolos, October 1, 1903. 
The Executive Secretary, 

Manila, P. I.: 
Replying your wire of September 28, relating works made on roads and bridges 
for rice, state as follows: 

Malolos-Hagonoy. — One mile good road and 16 bridge approaches constructed; 
110 piculs. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 937 

Barasoain-Quingua. — Three and one-half miles of gravel road were put in first-class 
condition; 53 piculs. 

Malolos-Calanate. — Three-fourths of a mile of first-class gravel road, new; 33 piculs. 

Pulilan-Baliuag . — Three miles worn-out gravel road put in first-class condition; 354 
piculs. 

Malolos-Santa Isabel. — Two miles fair gravel road; 51 piculs. 

Malolos-Bidacan-Guiguinto. — Two bridge approaches, one-half mile Telford road 
resurfaced; 109 piculs of rice. 

Two hundred to 800 men were employed daily. 

No trouble was experienced in securing or keeping laborers. Foremen were paid 
money. Some provincial money was spent in connection with rice, as some materials 
could not be purchased with rice. 

Besides the above, work is under way on the following roads, but no payments 
have been reported by the municipal officers who have charge of this work. Six 
hundred to 700 piculs will be paid on these roads. 

Baliuag-San Miguel, Bustos-Angat, Polo-Station of Polo, Bocaue—Santa Maria are 
being done by contract. Contract price of gravel placed on road, eight-twenty- 
sevenths of 1 picul per cubic meter. No payments were made as yet. 

Total rice issued for road work up to date, 710 piculs. 

Pablo Tecson, Governor of Bulacan. 



CAGAYAN. 

Tuguegarao, October 1, 1903. 
Civil Governor, Manila: 

In reply to your telegram of the 28th of September, I would state that 3,400 are at 
present working on the road from Tuguegarao to Iguig. The work on roads and 
bridges which has been done so far and that which is being done is paid out of pro- 
vincial funds. The province did not ask for rice or other succor from relief fund for 
that work, according to report of supervisor. 

Gonzaga, Governor. 



CAVITE. 

Cavite, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Seceetaey, Manila: 

Road from Naic to Indang, about 14 miles, has been repaired and put in good 
shape at a cost of about 14,000 pesos. Bridges and a part of the road between 
Indang and Silang have been repaired at -a cost of about 500 pesos; work still con- 
tinued. Road from Binacayan through Imus toward Dasmariiias is now being 
repaired. Total rice from relief fund paid out is 298 piculs, which does not include 
a considerable quantity due for latter half of September. Work on road is now 
being pressed as much as practicable. 

Shanks, Governor. 



Cebu, October 1, 1903. 
Hon. Governor Taft, Manila: 

Rice arrived August 17; work started August 28; about 4,000 yards of road and 
two bridges completed; about 27,000 pounds of rice expended. Rice on sale in three 
interior towns; reports of sales not in yet. When reports are in can give exact 
figures. 

Climaco, Governor. 



ILOCOS SUR. 



Vigan, September 30, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

In compliance with your telegram of September 28, amount of money spent on 
roads and bridges in this province for year ending June 30, 1903, was $19,232.96 



938 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Mexican and $1,343.62 United States currency. Since July 1, up to September 30, 
1903, spent on the same work the sum of $7,503.09 Mexican. None of money paid 
out of the relief fund. 

Ceisologo, Governor. 



Iloilo, October 1, 1903. 
Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary, Manila: 
Rice expended for wages of laborers, 2,623 ca vanes, 9 gantas, and 6 chupas. Ex- 
pended for material 11 cavanes and 17 gantas. Length of the roads repaired 12,600 
feet. After the low places had been filled in, the road bed was raised 3 feet above 
its former level and canals were dug on both sides of the road, the depth of which is 
from 2 to 3 feet, width 30 feet. Length of road where stones were used 1,800 feet. 

Delgado, Provincial Governor. 



Ilagan, September 30, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Referring to telegram of September 28, report of work on roads and bridges for 
fiscal year, 1903, is given in annual report of supervisor-treasurer made to chief of 
supervisors August 1£). Only $296.76 have been expended on this work since July 1 
and liabilities outstanding at that time, owing to small amount of available cash 
until collection of land tax in August. No new work has been undertaken since 
July 1. 

Supervisor-treasurer has inspected, examined, and estimated cost of works most 
urgently needed, and with about $7,500 Mexican now available will be able to do con- 
siderable toward putting roads in good condition. Isabela Province has not 
received or needed any part of the relief fund in rice or otherwise, and consequently 
has paid only cash for labor. 

Dichoso, Provincial Governor. 



LA UNION. 

San Fernando, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying to your telegram of 28th of September, this province has not received any 
quantity of rice from the relief fund for roads and bridges, though rice was asked 
opportunely for that purpose. 

Ortega, Governor. 



LEPANTO-BONTOC. 

Cervantes, September 30, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Replying your telegram 28th, during fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, there were 
71 miles trails repaired and constructed, at a cost of $11,157.67 local currency, and 2 
small bridges completed, at cost $36.50 local currency,- and one large king-truss bridge 
partially completed, at cost $550.50 local currency. Appropriation bills Nos. 14 and 
490, for six months, July to December, inclusive, 1902, do not specify amount to be 
expended on roads and bridges annually, January to June, inclusive, 1903. Act 595 
provides for salaries and wages and for general provincial expenses, including repairs 
and construction of trails, roads, and bridges, not to exceed $5, 000 gold. For quarter 
ending September 30, 1903, no work has been done on roads and bridges. Now that 
rainy season is closing supervisor expects to start active work in week or ten days. 
Act 807 appropriates for contingent expenses, including purchase of official furniture 
and supplies, repairs to public buildings, labor, and material for improvements of 
bridges, roads, and trails; not to exceed $2,500 gold. 

Dinwiddie, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 939 



Tacloban, October 1, 1903. 
Taft, Governor, Manila: 

In compliance with telegram of September 28 calling for report upon road work I 
submit the following: 

Tacloban- Palo road. — Three and eight- tenths miles regraded and surfaced with 
coral; 7 bridges renewed varying in length from 36 to 37 feet. Side ditches are 
unclean and filled with growth. Three section men are employed upon this road, 
which force is insufficient. Roadbed and bridges in excellent condition. Bridge 
constructed in town of Palo, length 178 feet. 

Palo-Alang-Alang road. — Road completed, graded without surfacing to barrio of 
Malirong, 2J miles; road previously regraded without surfacing to barrio of Antibac, 
three-fourths mile, but due to the fact that the roadbed was not sufficiently elevated 
further work will be needed to make it complete. Beyond this point about one-half 
mile of roadbed is in process of construction. Two bridges 70 feet long, one 43 feet 
long, and one 33 feet long, and 7 culverts averaging 10 feet long have been constructed. 

Palo-Tanauan road. — About 1\ miles; roadbed regraded. 

Tanauan-Dagami road. — Reconstruction of three temporary cocoanut bridges; por- 
tions regraded but not complete. 

This work has all been paid from "Road and bridge funds," this province; no 
work has been done and no labor has been paid from "Relief rice fund." 

Dorseth, Acting Governor. 



MASBATE. 

Masbate, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

No work on roads and bridges as yet performed. Arrangements made by super- 
visor to commence the building of bridges in Island of Ticao this month, where same 
are very necessary. Road work hardly possible on account of continued rains. Rice 
sold by supervisor to the amount of 162 piculs for purchase of building material for 
provincial building, plan for same having been drafted by him and submitted to the 
provincial board which body approved same. 

Serrano, Provincial Governor. 



MINDORO. 

Calapan, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Eleven and one-fourth miles telephone line constructed Puerto Galera to Abra de 
Hog, at 30 pesos per mile, paid in rice $337.50 Mexican. Road from sea to Naujan 
and bridge over river, 175 sacks rice, or $1,181.25 Mexican. Total, $1,518.75 Mexican. 

Ofpley, Governor. 



MISAMIS. 

Cagayan, September 28, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

The 3,000 piculs of rice for use on the roads in this province arrived here the 27th 
and were discharged but yesterday. Work upon the roads will begin the first part of 
October. 

In view of the above, no report can well be made as yet as requested in your tele- 
gram of the 28th instant. 

Corrales, Governor. 



940 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

NEGROS ORIENTAL. 

Dumaguete, October 1, 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

In reply to your telegram of the 28th of September, report that this provincial board 
having no authority to use the relief-fund rice for the works on roads and bridges, no 
rice has been invoiced for said purposes. The works accomplished by the supervisor- 
treasurer have been paid for out of the provincial funds. 

Larena, Governor. 



NUEVA ECI.TA. 

San Isidro, October 1, 1903. 
Taft, Governor, Manila: 

Have up to date not disbursed rice for road and bridge work, there being no rice for 
this purpose on hand. 

Roque, Acting Governor. 



NUEVA VIZCAYA. 

Bayombong, September 30, 1903. 
Taft, Civil Governor, Manila: 

I am unable to submit report on road building and rice-relief fund, because time 
is too short to get information together to-day, and to-morrow the telegraph line 
is to be abandoned. Will forward by mail. 

Bennett, Provincial Governor. 



PAMPANGA. 

Bacolor, October 1, 1903. 
Hon. Civil Governor, Manila: 

Supervisor reports having expended 91 piculs of rice on road Guagua to Lubao, 
general repairs; road in Betis, general repairs; road San Fernando to Mexico, general 
repairs; and bridge between Angeles and Porac, repairs to floor. He estimates that 
1,500 piculs have been expended elsewhere in this province, but as pay rolls are not 
yet completed to date, can not give detailed account now. 

Joven, Governor of Pampanga. 



PANGASINAN. 

Lingayen, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Relative to your telegram of September 28, I would state that I shall inform you 
of the sum spent for road and bridge work as soon as the pay rolls of the supervisor 
shall be received. No rice of the relief fund has been expended so far. To-day 
commences shipment of rice to Sual, where there is work, to be used as part of wages 
of laborers. It is proposed to pay 30 cents Philippine currency and 3 pounds of 
rice per day to each laborer. The road and bridge work is well distributed through- 
out the province and paid with provincial funds. There is no real scarcity in any of 
the pueblos, with exception of Sual, and the board is providing for its needs. 

Favila, Governor. 



Lingayen, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Supervisors' pay rolls and material used, roads and bridges, month of September, 
total, $2,533.41 Philippine currency. All provincial funds. 

Favila, Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 941 

PARAGUA. 

Cuyo, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

No road or bridge work has been done in the province of Paragua during the 
past year except repair work done by municipalities. All towns and settlements in 
the province being on sea coast nearly all communication and transfer of products 
carried on by water. Foot trails are kept open by contributed labor. There are no 
wagon roads in the province. No relief-fund rice has been used in the province of 
Paragua. 

Miller, Governor. 



RIZAL. 

Pasig, October 1, 1903. 
The Hon. William H. Taft, 

Civil Governor in the Philippines, Manila. 
Sir: In compliance with your telegram dated the 28th ultimo, relative to the direc- 
tions contained in Executive Order No. 64, of the 31st of July last, I beg leave to 
state that the board has only yesterday discussed this matter, so far as the repair of 
roads and bridges of the province is concerned. 

Nevertheless, as soon as the estimates for the requisition of rice from the insular 
purchasing agent and the resolutions regarding the repair of roads and bridges shall 
have been completed, I shall immediately advise you, as prescribed in the aforesaid 
order, for your information. 
I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, 

A. Dancel, Provincial Governor. 



ROMBLON. 

Romblon, September 29, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila, P. L: 

Roads in province have been repaired from time to time as required. No improved 
roads in province. Bridges all in fair condition. Contracts recently let for repair 
three bridges on Sibuyan Island. No relief- fund rice received by province. 
Construction of improved roads in this province would cost about $1,000 United 
States currency per mile, and would not be of any great commercial value, as 
Romblon is only protected port in the province. 

Sanz, Governor. 



Catba logan, October 1, 1903. 
Governor Taft, Manila: 

No rice has been expended for road and bridge work in this province, none having 
been requested by the municipalities who are, by order of this provincial govern- 
ment, repairing same in their districts as well as they can. 

Singson, Governor. 



SORSOGON. 



Sorsogon, September 30, 1903. 
The honorable the Civil Governor, Manila: 

Although still "weak on account of my illness, I commenced to work to-day, in 
order not to neglect administration of government. Report in full of road and bridge 
work done in which rice was expended will be remitted by mail. Provincial super- 
visor in charge of management of rice is away from provincial capital. 

Monreal, Governor. 



942 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

SURIGAO. 

Surigao, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I. : 

From July 1, 1901, to July 14, 1903, about one-half mile of road has been built and 
two small- bridges and 1 mile of road repaired under supervision of provincial 
supervisor. From July 14, 1903, to September 30, 1903, two small bridges have been 
built and provincial grounds improved. No relief-fund rice expended. 

Rafael Eliot, Acting Governor. 



TAYABAS. 

Lucena, October 1, 1903. 
Executive Secretary, Manila: 

Road work done during September: Lucena-Tayabas road, filling ditches, brushing 
and grading, 2 miles. Sariaya-Candelaria road, brushing and grading, 4 miles. 
Candelaria-Tiaong road, brushing, filling ditches and grading, 1 mile. Total, 7 miles 
of road work. Rice expended, 400 piculs. 

Paras, Governor. 



ZAMBALES. 

Iba, October 1, 1903. 
Mr. Fergusson, Executive Secretary, Manila, P. I.: 

Have to-day received your telegram of September 28 last, relative to report upon 
roads and bridges. I reply that steamship Masbate brought rice to Iba on Septem- 
ber 15, to Santa Cruz on the 16th, to Bolinao on the 17th. From these points it was 
immediately distributed to the pueblos of the province, the amount of this rice being 
1,989 piculs. Work on roads and bridges could not be commenced in all the towns until 
the 28th of September, and as there has been no time for receiving data from the 
municipalities, it is not possible for me to inform you now of the amount of work 
done and of the amount of the relief fund expended. However, I shall do so as soon 
as possible. 

Lesaca, Governor. 



EXHIBIT Y. 



EXECUTIVE ORDERS AND PROCLAMATIONS, OCTOBER 1, 1902, TO 
SEPTEMBER 30, 1903. 

Executive Order ^ Office of the Civil Governor 

[■ of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 104. J Manila, P. I., October 7, 1902. 

No collecting, disbursing, or other officer or employee of the insular government, 
or of the various provincial and municipal governments, upon being discharged, 
transferred, or otherwise vacating his office, will remove therefrom any retained paper 
or other official record. This prohibition applies particularly to retained copies of 
accounts-current and property returns, together with their vouchers, official cor- 
respondence, files of acts of the Philippine Commission, executive orders, depart- 
ment and bureau circulars and orders, all of which must be preserved in good order. 
The attention of all collectors, inspectors, and disbursing officers of customs, col- 
lectors and disbursing officers of internal revenue, postmasters, provincial treasurers, 
and supervisors is especially called to the foregoiug instructions. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Office of the Civil Governor 

y of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 105. J Manila, P. I., October 17, 1902. 

To insure prompt action and render possible systematic control in the matter of 
the execution and cancellation of fidelity bonds required by law of certain officials 
and employees, the following rules are published for the guidance of all chiefs of 
bureaus and offices of the insular and provincial governments and of the government 
of the city of Manila. In so far as the latter is concerned the secretary of the munic- 
ipal board will perform the duties hereinafter prescribed for the chief of bureau or 
office: 

1. A list of officials and employees pertaining to the bureau or office, who are 
required to furnish bonds, will be at once prepared and forwarded direct to the 
treasurer of the Philippine Archipelago, who will verify the records of his office 
thereby and without delay take proper steps to secure the cancellation of bonds 
still in force in behalf of officials or employees out of service and the execution 
of bonds for their successors and any others who have not qualified in that respect. 
This list will set forth the name and official designation of each individual, his salary 
or other compensation, the amount of bond as fixed by competent authority, date of 
appointment to present position on account of which bond is required, and name of 
predecessor, if any. 

2. When a bonded position is created and appointment made thereto, or a bond 
required in a position theretofore existing, or appointment made of a successor to a 
bonded official or employee discharged or otherwise relieved, the chief of the bureau 
or office to which the position pertains will at once forward, to the treasurer of the 
Philippine Archipelago a statement setting forth the designation of the position, 
financial or property responsibility thereof, salary attached thereto, the name of 
the appointee, date of his appointment to the position in question, and such further 
information in the premises as may be required by the treasurer. Upon receipt of 
the report above required the treasurer will promptly furnish the chief of bureau 
or office in interest the required blank forms of application for fidelity bond, to be 
filled in and signed with the least delay practicable by the person in whose behalf the 
surety is required, and the complete application will be forwarded promptly to the 
treasurer for submission to the surety company for consideration. The acceptance 
or rejection of the risk by the company will be promptly communicated by the 
treasurer to the chief of the bureau or office concerned. 

943 



944 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

3. Whenever a bonded official or employee is discharged or otherwise relieved and 
a successor not immediately appointed, the treasurer of the Philippine Archipelago 
will be at once advised by the chief of bureau or office in which the change has 
occurred. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order 1 Office of the Civil Governor 

j- of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 106. J Manila, October 22, 1902. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 
and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States currency and insular currency 
is hereby fixed at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and forty-six 
cents insular currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until 
further order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Office of the Civil Governor 

V of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 107. J Manila, November 11, 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 
and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States currency and insular currency 
is hereby fixed at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and fifty cents 
insular currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until further 
order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ~\ Office of the Civil Governor 

y of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 108. . J Manila, P. I., November 17, 1902. 

On the recommendation of the Director of the Census, in order to prevent the 

change of municipal officials during the taking of the census, municipal elections in 

all provinces are hereby postponed, pursuant to the provisions of act numbered 

five hundred and two, until the first Tuesday in May, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Office of the Civil Governor 

|- of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 109. J Manila, November 21, 1902. 

Captain Robert H. Noble, Third United States Infantry, is announced as aide-de- 
camp to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands, to date from October twenty- 
first, nineteen hundred and two, when he reported to the undersigned in accordance 
with orders from the War Department. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order "| Office of the Civil Governor 

j- of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 110. J Manila, November 23, 1902. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred and 
two, the ratio for the reduction of United States currency and insular currency is 
hereby fixed at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and sixty cents 
insular currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until further 
order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 945 

Executive Order ^ Office of the Civil Governor 

> of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 111. J Manila, P. I., November 23,1902. 

The chief of the bureau of public lands is designated to act as administrator of 
the estate of the San Lazaro Hospital, and to perform all the duties connected with 
such position formerly imposed upon the insular treasurer, who is relieved from such 
duty upon the termination of an accounting which the chief of the bureau of public 
lands shall proceed immediately to have with the insular treasurer. 

All authority previously vested in the insular treasurer by virtue of the provisions 
of Executive Order No. 7 shall hereafter be vested in the chief of the bureau of 
public lands. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Office of the Civil Governor 

y of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 112. J Manila, December 1, 1902. 

The following regulations shall govern the matter of leaves of absence granted 
under the provisions of Act Numbered Eighty to all officials, including heads of offices 
or bureaus, and to all employees rilling appointive offices and positions of trust and 
employment under the government of the Philippine Islands, and are hereby pub- 
lished for the information and guidance of all concerned in order that a uniform 
practice may obtain throughout the service. All orders heretofore issued from the 
office of the military governor and from this office relating thereto are hereby 
revoked : 

I. Heads of offices or bureaus are directed to keep a systematic record, on a form 
provided for that purpose, of leaves of absence of all officers and employees con- 
nected with their offices or bureaus respectively, and to enter daily upon this record 
all absences from duty showing whether with leave, without leave, or on sick leave, 
and to forward to the civil service board at the beginning of each month, on form 
three furnished by said board, a statement of the absences of all officers and 
employees from any cause whatever during the preceding month. 

II. In submitting statements of leaves of absence, preliminary to granting leave to 
officers and employees under the provisions of sections two and three of Act Num- 
bered Eighty, all heads of offices or bureaus will forward a prompt and clear report 
through the civil service board on a form prescribed by said board showing all 
absences from duty, including therein the period or periods of leave, if any, 
previously enjoyed, and whether with leave, without leave, or on sick leave. 

III. (a) Applications for accrued leave for a period of more than two days must be 
made in writing one week in advance, wherever possible, of the date on which the 
leave is desired to become effective, upon Form Numbered Thirty-nine, Philippine 
civil service board, to the head of the office or bureau for recommendation and 
transmission through said board to the proper executive officer authorized to exer- 
cise executive control as contemplated in act numbered two hundred and twenty-two. 

(6) Accrued leave of absence of an employee in the insular civil service shall be 
computed pro rata in accordance with the schedule contained in section two of act 
numbered eighty. The leave of an employee accruing while he was connected with 
the Army or Navy shall be computed from the date of detail to civil duty; in the 
case of an officer, on the basis of the pay and allowance last received by him during 
his detail; and in the case of an enlisted man, on the basis of the annual salary first 
received by him after discharge from the Army or Navy: Provided, That no time 
intervened between the time of such discharge and his appointment in the civil 
service, in which event no leave will be allowed during the period of his detail while 
connected with the Army or Navy. 

(c) An employee who is separated from the civil service without prejudice (namely, 
without cause) may be given leave with pay and his name shall remain on the pay 
roll at the rate he is then receiving for a period equaling in money value the period 
of accrued leave estimated in accordance with the schedule provided in section two 
of act numbered eighty. 

(d) An employee who is granted leave for vacation purposes shall be given leave 
with pay at the rate he is then receiving for a period equaling in money value the 
period of accrued leave estimated in accordance with the schedule provided in section 
two of act numbered eighty; and he may be granted, if he so desires, such addi- 
tional leave, without pay, as will give him the aggregate length of time on leave, 
with and without pay, as provided in the aforesaid schedule. 

IV. (a) All applications for leave of absence on account of illness for a period of 
more than two days must be made on Form Numbered Forty, Philippine civil 

WAR 1903— VOL 5 60 



946 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

service board, and transmitted as in the case of applications for accrued leave: 
Provided, That sick leave shall not be granted in advance. 

(6) When it becomes necessary for an officer or an employee to avail himself of 
the provisions of section three of Act Numbered Eighty, notice must be sent immedi- 
ately to the head of the office or bureau in which he is employed. Where an officer 
or an employee contemplates leaving the islands on account of illness he must submit an 
application on Form Numbered Forty and a medical certificate on Form Numbered 
Forty-one described in paragraph c of this section. Permission to be absent may 
thus be obtained and the office record will show " absent with leave " each day until 
return to duty, which shall not be construed as sick leave unless satisfactory evidence 
of illness is furnished as required in paragraph c of this section. 

(c) Within five days after return to duty from said leave of absence, the officer or 
employee shall file with the head of the office or bureau a statement in regard to his 
absence on account of illness (on Form Numbered Forty, if not previously filed), 
which must be made under oath before an officer in the Philippine Islands duly 
authorized to administer oaths, accompanied by a certificate made on Form Num- 
bered Forty-one by the attending physician or physicians during the period of his 
illness. Said certificate or certificates shall give specifically the name, nature, and 
description of the disease from which the employee was suffering, the exact period 
or periods, giving dates, during which the physician writing the certificate treated 
him, the period or periods, if any, during which he was a patient in a hospital, and 
the length of time such disease incapacitated him from performing the duties of his 
position. In all cases the certificate of illness must be made by a reputable practicing 
physician or surgeon. A medical reexamination maybe made and a report rendered 
thereon by a duly authorized medical examiner when so directed by the civil 
governor or by a secretary of one of the departments. If it shall be shown that the 
disease named was due to immoral or vicious habits, no allowance for leave on 
account of illness shall be made, but such leave shall be chargeable against unused 
accrued leave, and if in excess of accrued leave it shall be without pay, as no such 
cases will be regarded as meritorious. If the evidence of illness submitted is satis- 
factory, sick leave will be granted with pay for the time during which such employee 
was incapacitated on account of such illness, provided that such period shall not 
exceed sixty days in any one calendar year. 

V. Leaves of absence not exceeding two days may be granted in the discretion of 
the head of an office or bureau, and in case of illness without the certificate of an 
attending physician, but the applicant must certify that he was ill and unable to 
perform his official duties. 

VI. Temporary and emergency employees are not entitled to the benefits of leaves 
of absence provided by any existing law or order. 

VII. Leave of absence for any reason other than serious illness must be contin- 
gent upon the necessities of the service, and although definitely provided by law it 
it is not an inherent right which may be recognized without due regard for the 
interests of the public service. 

VIII. In computing periods of absence from duty, there is no authority of law 
for considering such absence on Saturday as less than one entire day, Saturday 
being a short day and not a half holiday. 

IX. Officials and employees on leave of absence are required to report to the heads 
of their respective offices or bureaus at the end of each month by registered mail 
their post-office addresses for the ensuing month, and shall promptly report in a 
similar manner and in sufficient detail every unexpected and unavoidable delay 
which may have occurred during the period contemplated by their leaves of absence. 

X. No official or employee holding a classified position in the Philippine civil 
service shall be dropped from the rolls of his office for unexplained absence in the 
United States until at least forty days after the expiration of the period of absence 
contemplated by the leave granted. 

XL All officers and employees who are granted leave of absence for the purpose 
of visiting the United States and who contemplate returning to duty upon the expi- 
ration of such leave of absence shall, before leaving the Archipelago, make applica- 
tion to this office for transportation from San Francisco returning to Manila. In each 
such application the date of the expiration of leave of absence and the post-office 
address of the applicant while in the United States will be stated. Subsequent com- 
munication regarding return transportation and prompt report of any change occurring 
in the applicant's post-office address will be directed by him to the Chief of the Bureau 
of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, District of Columbia, and a dupli- 
cate copy of each such communication mailed at the same time to the Executive 
Secretary, Manila. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 947 

Executive Order] Office of the Civil Governor 

y of the Philippine Islands, 

No. 113. J Manila December 8, 1902. 

The distinguishing flag of the coast guard and transportation service shall be 
white with a blue border one and five-tenths inches in length for every foot of 
length of the flag. On the white ground there shall be a yellow spread eagle, hold- 
ing in its claws an anchor, the shank of which is nearly horizontal. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order 1 Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 1. J Manila, January 2, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section one, act numbered five, of the Philippine 
Commission, enacted September nineteenth, nineteen hundred, William S. Wash- 
burn, chairman Philippine civil service board, is designated as chief examiner of 
said board. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 2. J Manila, January 25, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 
and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States currency and insular currency 
is hereby fixed at one dollar, United States currency, for two dollars and sixty-six 
cents insular currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until 
further order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 3. J Manila, January 31, 1903. 

Pursuant to instructions from the War Department, Captain Henry T. Allen, 
Sixth United States Cavalry, is announced as Chief of the Philippines Constabulary, 
with the rank, pay, and allowances of brigadier-general, United States Army. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 4. J Manila, March 1, 1903. 

Executive Order Numbered One hundred and twelve, dated December 1, 1902, is 
amended to read as follows: 

The following regulations shall govern the matter of leaves of absence granted 
under the provisions of Act Numbered Eighty to all officials, including heads of offices 
or bureaus, and to all employees, filling appointive offices and positions of trust and 
employment under the government of the Philippine Islands, and are hereby pub- 
lished for the information and guidance of all concerned in order that a uniform 
practice may obtain throughout the service. All orders -heretofore issued from the 
office of the military governor and from this office relating thereto are hereby revoked. 

I. Heads of offices or bureaus are directed to keep a systematic record, on a form 
provided for that purpose, of leaves of absence of all officers and employees con- 
nected with their offices or bureaus respectively, and to enter daily upon this record 
all absences from duty, showing whether with leave, without leave, or on sick leave, 
and to forward to the civil-service board at the beginning of each month, on Form 
Three furnished by said board, a statement of the absences of all officers and 
employees from any cause whatever during the preceding month. 

II. In submitting statements of leaves of absence, preliminary to granting leave to 
officers and employees under the provisions of sections two and three of Act Num- 
bered Eighty, all heads of offices or bureaus will forward a prompt and clear report 
through the civil-service board on a form prescribed by said board, showing all 



948 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

absences from duty, including therein the period or periods of leave, if any, 
previously enjoyed, and whether with leave, without leave, or on sick leave. 

III. (a) Applications for accrued leave for a period of more than two days must 
be made in writing one week in advance, wherever possible, of the date on which 
the leave is desired to become effective, upon Form Numbered Thirty-nine, Philippine 
civil-service board, to the head of the office or bureau for recommendation and trans- 
mission through said board to the proper executive officer authorized to exercise 
executive control as contemplated in Act Numbered Two hundred and twenty-two. 

(b) Accrued leave of absence of an employee in the insular civil service shall be 
computed pro rata in accordance with the schedule contained in section two of Act 
Numbered Eighty. The leave of an employee accruing while he was connected with 
the Army or Navy shall be computed from the date of detail to civil duty; in the 
case of an officer, on the basis of the pay and allowance received by him during his 
detail; and in the case of an enlisted man, on the basis of the annual salary first 
received by him after discharge from the Army or Navy: Provided, That no time 
intervened between the time of such discharge and his appointment in the civil serv- 
ice, in which event no leave will be allowed during the period of his detail while 
connected with the Army or Navy. 

(c) An employee who is separated from the civil service without prejudice 
(namely, without cause) may be given leave with pay and his name shall remain on 
the pay roll at the rate he is then receiving for a period equaling in money value the 
period of accrued leave estimated in accordance with the schedule provided in sec- 
tion two of Act Numbered Eighty. 

(d) An employee who is granted leave for vacation purposes shall be given leave 
with pay at the rate he is then receiving for a period equaling in money value the 
period of accrued leave estimated in accordance with the schedule provided in sec- 
tion two of Act Numbered Eighty; and he may be granted, if he so desires, such 
additional leave, without pay, as will give him the aggregate length of time on leave, 
with and without pay, as provided in the aforesaid schedule. 

IV. (a) All applications for leave of absence on account of illness for a period of 
more than two days must be made on Form Numbered Forty, Philippine civil-serv- 
ice board, and transmitted as in the case of applications for accrued leave: Provided, 
That sick leave shall not be granted in advance. 

(b) When it becomes necessary for an officer or an employee to avail himself of the 
provisions of section three of Act Numbered Eighty, notice must be sent immediately 
to the head of the office or bureau in which he is employed. Where an officer or an 
employee contemplates leaving the islands on account of illness he must submit an 
application on Form Numbered Forty and a medical certificate on Form Numbered 
Forty-one described in paragraph c of this section. Permission to be absent may 
thus be obtained and the office record will show "absent with leave" each day until 
return to duty, which shall not be construed as sick leave unless satisfactory evi- 
dence of illness is furnished, as required in paragraph c of this section. 

(c) Within five days after return to duty from said leave of absence, the officer or 
employee shall file with the head of the office or bureau a statement in regard to his 
absence on account of illness (on Form Numbered Forty, if not previously filed) , 
which must be made under oath before an officer in the Philippine Islands duly 
authorized to administer oaths, accompanied by a certificate made on Form Num- 
bered Forty-one by the attending physician or physicians during the period of his 
illness. Said certificate or certificates shall give fully and specifically the name, 
nature, etiology, history, and description of each disease or disability from which 
the employee was suffering, the exact period or periods, giving dates, during which 
the physician writing the certificate treated him, the period or periods, if any, during 
which he was a patient in a hospital, and if not in a hospital the exact length of 
time the employee was actually confined to his house, and the length of time such 
disease wholly incapacitated him from performing the duties of his position. A 
duplicate copy of report of laboratory test or examination made in each case must 
accompany the medical certificate. In all cases the certificate of illness must be 
made by a reputable practicing physician or surgeon. A medical reexamination 
may be made and a report rendered, thereon by a duly authorized medical exam- 
iner when so directed by the civil governor or by a secretary of one of the depart- 
ments. If it shall be shown that the disease named was due to immoral or vicious 
habits, no allowance for leave on account of illness shall be made, but such leave 
shall be chargeable against unused accrued leave, and if in excess of accrued leave 
it shall be without pay, as no such cases will be regarded as meritorious. The 
physician must state whether or not there are any indications whatever that the 
disease named was due to immoral or vicious habits: Provided, That the physician, 
before making a report or expressing an opinion, as required herein, shall state to the 
applicant that he will not make any report whatever or submit a medical certificate, 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 949 

if he formally withdraws his application for sick leave for the period of such illness, 
and substitutes therefor an application for accrued leave. If the evidence of illness 
submitted is satisfactory, sick leave will be granted with pay for the time during 
which such employee was incapacitated on account of such illness, provided that 
such period shall not exceed sixty days in any one calendar year. 

V. Leaves of absence not exceeding two days may be granted in the discretion of 
the head of an office or bureau, and in case of illness without the certificate of an 
attending physician, but the applicant must certify that he was ill and unable to per- 
form his official duties. 

VI. Temporary and emergency employees are not entitled to the benefits of leaves 
of absence provided by any existing law or order. 

VII. Leave of absence for any reason other than serious illness must be contingent 
upon the necessities of the service, and although definitely provided by law, it is not 
an inherent right which may be recognized without due regard for the interests of 
the public service. 

VIII. In computing periods of absence from duty, there is no authority of law for 
considering such absence on Saturday as less than one entire day, Saturday being a 
short day and not a half holiday. 

IX. Officials and employees on leave of absence are required to report to the 
heads of their respective offices or bureaus at the end of each month by registered 
mail their post-office addresses for the ensuing month, and shall promptly report in 
a similar manner and in sufficient detail every unexpected and unavoidable delay 
which may have occurred during the period contemplated by their leaves of absence. 

X. No official or employee holding a classified position in the Philippine civil serv- 
ice shall be dropped from the rolls of his office for unexplained absence in the 
United States until at least forty days after the expiration of the period of absence 
contemplated by the leave granted. 

XL All officers and employees who are granted leave of absence for the purpose of 
visiting the United States and who contemplate returning to duty upon the expira- 
tion of such leave of absence shall, before leaving the Archipelago, make application 
to this office for transportation from San Francisco returning to Manila. In each 
such application the date of the expiration of leave of absence and the post-office 
address of the applicant while in the United States will be stated. Subsequent com- 
munication regarding return transportation and prompt report of any change occur- 
ring in the applicant's post-office address will be directed by him to the Chief of the 
Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, District of Columbia, and 
a duplicate copy of each such communication mailed at the same time to the execu- 
tive secretary, Manila. 

Wm. H. Tapt, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order, ^| Government op the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 5. J Manila, March 1, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section five of Act Numbered Three hundred and fifty- 
five, Philippine Commission, as amended by section one of Act Numbered Six hundred 
and twenty-five, the captain of the port of Manila is hereby directed to turn over to 
the collector of custums for the Philippine Archipelago, upon proper receipts therefor, 
all public records and property held by him as said captain of the port. Upon 
receipt from the captain of the port of Manila of such public records and property, 
the collector of customs for the Philippine Archipelago shall assume all the duties of 
the said office of the captain of the port of Manila. 

The following employees of the office of the captain of the port of Manila will be 
transferred to the office of the collector of customs for the Philippine Archipelago: 

One harbormaster, at two thousand five hundred dollars per annum. 

One inspector of boilers, at two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars per annum. 

One inspector of hulls, at two thousand dollars per annum. 

One clerk, at one thousand two hundred dollars per annum. 

Three patrolmen, at three hundred dollars per annum. 

The disbursing officer of the captain of the port of Manila shall deposit with the 
insular treasurer, to the credit of his appropriation, all his unexpended balances. 
Such funds shall then be available for the payment of salaries of officers and 
employees transferred by this order to the office of the collector of customs for the 
Philippine Archipelago, to the extent to which they may be needed, and for the neces- 
sary expenses of discharging the functions hereby transferred to said collector of 
customs. 

Wm. II . Tapt, Civil Governor. 



950 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

I Executive Bureau, 

No. 6. J Manila, March 11, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred and 
two, the ratio for the reduction of United States and insular currency is hereby fixed 
at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and sixty cents insular currency; 
this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until further order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 7. J Manila, March 12, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section one of Act Numbered Five hundred and forty- 
three, as amended by section one of Act Numbered Six hundred and thirty-nine, Hon- 
orable James F. Smith, secretary of public instruction, is hereby designated to perform 
the duties of secretary of the department of finance and justice, in the absence of the 
present head of that department. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order "| Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 8. J Manila, March 21, 1903. 

Hereafter no person will be permitted to appear before any bureau or office of the 
government of the Philippine Islands, as an attorney in the prosecution of any claim 
against said government, without first filing with the head of such bureau or office 
either a duly executed power of attorney, or a letter signed by the claimant as evi- 
dence of his attorneyship, which letter shall specifically define the authority conferred 
in the premises. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 9. ) Manila, March 25, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section twenty-four of Act Numbered One hundred 
and seventy-five, Philippine Commission, as amended by Act Numbered Six hundred 
and ten, and as amended and substituted by act numbered six hundred and fifty- 
two, empowering the Civil Governor, by executive order, to issue regulations as 
to the form of written authority to be issued for purchasing or receiving firearms 
and to provide for the exaction of a bond, upon terms to be fixed by him, which 
shall be for the safe-keeping of the weapon or weapons authorized to be purchased 
or held under the provisions of said act, the following regulations are hereby issued 
for said purpose: 

1. When it shall be decided by any competent authority, under the provisicns of 
said section twenty-four, act numbered one hundred and seventy-five, Philippine 
Commission, as amended, that a license shall be issued to any resident to purchase 
and hold arms for his reasonable protection, or for use in hunting or other lawful pur- 
poses, such license shall not issue until the person making application therefor shall 
execute and deliver to the officer issuing such license a good and sufficient bond in 
the penal sum of two hundred dollars, conditioned that the principal in such bond 
shall safely keep the said arms authorized to be purchased or held and will deliver 
the same to the government of the Philippine Islands on demand. 

2. When it shall be decided by competent authority, under the provisions of sec- 
tion one, act numbered six hundred and ten, Philippine Commission, to deliver arms 
and ammunition to any municipality for the purpose of equipping the municipal 
police, such arms and ammunition shall not be issued to the municipality until the 



EEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



951 



president and all the municipal councilors of such municipality shall execute and 
deliver to the provincial governor a good and sufficient bond in the penal sum of one 
hundred dollars for each gun to be issued and received by the municipality, condi- 
tioned that the same shall be delivered upon order of the provincial or the civil gov- 
ernor to the insular government, and shall not be lost or taken from the municipal 
police authorized to use them and into whose custody they shall be delivered. 

3. The form of application for a license to possess firearms under the provisions of 
said section twenty-four, Act Numbered One hundred and seventy-five, as amended, 
shall be substantially as follows: 

"application to possess firearms. 

"[Under the provisions of section 24, Act No. 175, Philippine Commission, as amended by Act No. 652, 

Philippine Commission.] 



I. 



tion 



residing 



age 



years, born in 



a citizen of 



and whose mail address is 



-, by occupa- 



request authority to 



have in my possession or purchase the following-described arms and ammunition: 



Arms. 


Ammunition. 


Kind. 


Make. 


Caliber. Number. 


Caliber. 


Make. 


Quantity. 


































































1 







'And to use the same for the purpose of 



"(Signature of applicant.)' 1 



4. The form of the bond to be executed by the applicant upon receiving a license 
to possess or purchase firearms under the above-mentioned provisions of law and 
these regulations shall be substantially as follows: 

' ' BOND. 



"Know all men by these presents, Thatwe 
province of 



— , residing in the town of 

, Philippine Islands, as principal, and , resid- 



-, Philippine Islands, and , 

-, Philippine Islands, as sureties, are 



ing in the town of , province of 

residing in the town of , province of 

held and firmly bound unto the government of the Philippine Islands in the penal 

sum of dollars (two hundred dollars for each firearm) United States currency, 

to the payment of which sum well and truly to be made we bind ourselves, our heirs, 
executors, and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. 

" The condition of this obligation is such that whereas has on this 

day of , 190 — , issued to the above bounden a license to purchase 

and keep the following firearms, viz: , and the above bounden 

has covenanted and agreed, and does hereby covenant and agree, that he will safely 
keep the said arms, and each of them, and will deliver the same to the government 
of the Philippine Islands on demand: 

' 'Now, therefore, if the above bounden ■ — shall and will in all respects 

duly and fully observe and perform all and singular the aforesaid covenants, con- 
ditions, and agreements by the said to be observed and performed, 

according to the true intent and meaning thereof, then the above obligation shall be 
void and of no effect; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. 

11 In vntness whiereof, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands this day 

of , 190—. 



952 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 



5. The form of the license to be issued to the applicant under the above-mentioned 
provisions of law and these regulations shall be substantially as follows: 

"No. . 

"permit to possess firearms. 



" [Under the provisions of section 24, Act 175, Philippine Commission, as amended by Act 652, 
Philippine Commission.] 



* (Town.) (Province.) (Date.) 

2 • "Mr. , a resident of , born in , age years, by 

h ^ occupation , whose mail address is , is herewith authorized to 

« «j possess 

§ § ARMS. AMMUNITION. 

§ CM 

a* I::;;;;;;:::::::;:::::;:":";;;:;:::::;;;;:;;::;;::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;: 

W m for the purpose of . 

w M • 

M " ( Signature of issuing officer. ) 

W << 

H 



'THIS PERMIT SHALL RUN FOR THE PERIOD OF ONE YEAR FROM THE DATE OF 
ISSUE, UNLESS SOONER REVOKED BY COMPETENT AUTHORITY." 



6. A stub of the foregoing license or permit shall be retained by the officer issuing 
same, which stub shall be substantially in the following form: 

"No. . 

" , , 190—. 

1 ' Name -, resident of , born in , age years, occu- 
pation , mail address . 

ARMS. 



Kind. 


Make. 


Caliber. 


Number. 


































AMMUNITION. 


Caliber. 


Make. 


Quantity. 



























" Permit mailed to 

" Date of mailing . 

" To be signed by 

" Date of application 

" Number of application 



(Signature of issuing officer.) 



7. The form of the bond to be executed by the president and municipal councilors 
of a municipality upon receiving arms and ammunition for the purpose of equipping 
the municipal police under the provisions of section one, Act Numbered Six hundred 
and ten, Philippine Commission, shall be substantially as follows: 



of 



"Know all men by these presents: That we, 

-, and , councilors of and residing in the town of 



president, and 



province 



, Philippine Islands, are held and firmly bound unto the government of the 
Philippine Islands in the penal sum of dollars (one hundred dollars for each 



KEPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 953 

firearm) United States currency, to the payment of which sum well and truly to be 
made we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, and administrators, jointly and sever- 
ally, firmly by these presents. 

"The condition of this obligation is such that, whereas, the government of the Phil- 
ippine Islands, through its proper official, has on the day of , 190 — , 

delivered to us the firearms and ammunition mentioned in the list hereto attached, 
and we have covenanted and agreed, and do hereby covenant and agree, to deliver 
the said arms and ammunition to the government of the Philippine Islands upon 
the order of either the civil or the provincial governor, and that no part of the said 
arms and ammunition shall be lost or taken from the municipal police authorized to 
use the same: 

"Now, therefore, if we, the above-bounden president and councilors, shall and will 
in all respects duly and fully observe and perform all and singular the aforesaid 
covenants, conditions, and agreements by us to be observed and performed accord- 
ing to the true intent and meaning hereof, then the above obligation shall be void 
and of no effect; otherwise, to remain in full force and effect. 

"In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this day of , 190 — . 



8. The bonds hereinbefore referred to shall be approved by the officer receiving 
same and all such bonds shall be deposited with the chief of the Philippines Constab- 
ulary for safe-keeping, with the record of all persons to whom written authority shall 
be issued for keeping an arm or arms. 

9. When application for a license to possess and hold firearms is made to the gov- 
ernor of a province, or to the chief of police within the city of Manila, as provided in 
said section twenty-four, Act Numbered One hundred and seventy-five, as amended, 
the consent and approval of the civil governor shall be necessary before the license 
shall issue. 

10. When application for a license to possess and carry firearms is made to an 
inspector of constabularly, the consent and approval of the chief of the Philippines 
constabulary shall be obtained before the license shall issue. 

11. No license issued under the provisions of said section twenty-four, act num- 
bered one hundred and seventy-five, as amended, shall be transferable, and every 
license or permit shall have plainly written or printed thereon that the same is not 
transferable. 

12. Every license issued under said provisions of law and these regulations shall 
run for the period of one year from the date of issue, unless sooner revoked by com- 
petent authority. 

13. For the purpose of securing a new and complete registration under the pro- 
visions of section twenty-four, act numbered one hundred and seventy-five, as 
amended, of all arms now held by private persons resident in the Philippine 
Islands, the provincial governor in each province is hereby authorized and directed 
to issue a proclamation calling upon all residents of the province in possession of 
firearms and ammunition without a license under the provisions of section twenty- 
four, Act Numbered One hundred and seventy-five, as amended by Act Numbered 
Six hundred and fifty-two, to deliver all such arms and ammunition to the governor 
of the province, or to any of his duly authorized agents or deputies, with the assist- 
ance of the inspectors of constabulary, in order that such arms and ammunition 
may be registered, bonds executed, and permits issued, as provided by said law and 
these regulations. Every private person resident in the Philippine Islands who 
shall deliver any arms or ammunition to the provincial governor, or to his authorized 
agent or deputy, shall be furnished a blank application for a permit to possess fire- 
arms; and upon signing same and executing the bond prescribed by these regulations, 
if duly approved by competent authority, such resident may again receive and pos- 
sess such arm or arms and ammunition, subject to the provisions of existing law and 
these regulations. 

14. The provisions of the foregoing paragraph shall be applicable to the city of 
Manila, except that the proclamation shall be issued by the chief of police of said 
city, and the arms and ammunition shall be delivered to him for registration; and 
upon the execution of the bond required by these regulations and the issuance of the 
license provided for by law, with the approval of the civil governor, the persons 
surrendering such arms and ammunition to the chief of police may again receive and 
possess the same, subject to the provisions of existing law and these regulations. 



954 KEP0RT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

15. For the purpose of securing a complete registration under the provisions of 
section one, act numbered six hundred and ten, of all arms now held by municipali- 
ties for the purpose of equipping the municipal police, the provincial governor in 
each province is hereby authorized and directed to communicate with the president 
of each municipality in his province and direct them to have all arms and ammunition 
so held by the municipalities delivered to the governor of the province, or to any of 
his duly authorized agents or deputies, with the assistance of the inspectors of con- 
stabulary, in order that such arms and ammunition may be examined and repaired 
and an accurate description and registration made thereof. Upon the execution of 
the bond prescribed by these regulations by the president and councilors of a munici- 
pality, the provincial governor, with the approval of the civil governor, may make 
redelivery to the municipality of all such arms and ammunition turned in for exam- 
ination and registration, as herein prescribed, if suitable for the purpose, such arms 
and ammunition to be held by the municipality subject to the provisions of section 
one, act numbered six hundred and ten, and these regulations. 

Wm, H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ~\ Government op the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 10. J Manila, April 2, 1903. 

Executive order Numbered Forty-nine, dated January fifteenth, nineteen hundred 
and two, is amended to read as follows: 

"Kef erring to section three of Act Numbered Two hundred and sixty-eight, which 
provides that the construction and repair of public buildings shall be made in accord- 
ance with plans and specifications presented by the chief of the bureau of architec- 
ture under the superintendence of the chief of the bureau of architecture, or of an 
officer of the bureau appointed for that purpose, it is hereby ordered that all lumber 
and other building material belonging to the insular government now in the posses- 
sion of any bureau, except such lumber and other building material as is purchased 
and held for sale to the municipal or provincial governments by the insular pur- 
chasing agent, shall be transferred to the chief of the bureau of architecture, 
together with all lumber and other building material taken from public buildings in 
the process of repair or destruction. 

Such transfer of property shall be consumated on auditor's Form Seven Hundred 
and seven. Subsequently, the property shall be taken up by the receiving officer on 
his quarterly return (auditor's form seven hundred) and in like manner dropped 
by the invoicing officer. Lumber received by the bureau of architecture through 
the destruction of public buildings shall be taken up on Form Seven Hundred, under 
the heading 'Otherwise received, etcetera.'" 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order, "] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 11. J Manila, April 3, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 

and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States and insular currency is hereby 

fixed at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and fifty-five cents insular 

currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until further order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order, } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

\ Executive Bureau, 

No. 12. J Manila, April 3, 1903. 

Upon request of the commanding general, Division of the Philippines, and in 
order to enable the military and naval authorities to have official notice of such 
action, the clerk of the supreme court and clerks of the courts of first instance are 
hereby directed to forward to the office of the executive secretary a certified copy, 
under the seal of the court, of the judgment, sentence, or decree entered in their 
respective courts against any person connected with the military or naval service of 
the United States at the time of arrest or detention. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 955 

Executive Order, } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[ Executive Bureau, 

No. 13. J Manila, April 7, 1903. 

The following regulations regarding issuance of passports are published for the 
guidance of all concerned, in accordance with the provisions of Act Numbered Six 
hundred and eleven, entitled "An act authorizing the civil governor to issue pass- 
ports to citizens of the Philippine Islands," enacted February second, nineteen 
hundred and three: 

I. 

Philippine passports may be issued to all the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands 
continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said islands, and their chil- 
dren born subsequent thereto, except such as shall have elected to preserve their 
allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of 
peace between the United States and Spain signed at Paris, December tenth, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-eight. 

II. 

Those applying for a Philippine passport must present their application, make an 
affidavit with respect to birth, and state that they were subjects of Spain as defined 
in Rule I. They must take the oath of allegiance and furnish an identification by a 
creditable person, in accordance with a form prescribed for such purpose. 

III. 

A passport expires two years after the date of its issuance and will not be renewed. 
A new passport may be issued upon a new application in accordance with the provi- 
sions of Rule II. 

IV. 

When a person applies for a new passport before his old passport has expired, the 
latter, coupled with proof that the person in whose behalf it is presented is the per- 
son named therein, may be taken two years from its date as prima facie evidence of 
the right of the person to obtain a passport under Rule I. 



When the applicant for a passport is accompanied by his wife, minor children, or 
by a servant who is entitled to a passport under Rule I, it will be sufficient to state 
in the passport the names of such persons and their relationship to, or connection 
with, him. A separate passport must be issued to each person of full age not the 
wife or servant of another with whom he or she is traveling. 

VI. 

An official fee of two dollars, in money of the United States, shall be collected by 
the disbursing officer, executive bureau, for each passport issued, and the fee shall 
be deposited by him in the insular treasury. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order"] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

I- Executive Bureau, 

No. 14. J N Manila, April 8, 1903. 

Section eleven of Executive Order Numbered Nine, dated March twenty-fifth, nine- 
teen hundred and three, is hereby amended to read as follows: 

"11. No license issued under the provisions of said section twenty-four, Act Num- 
bered One hundred and seventy-five, as amended, shall be transferrable, and every 
license or permit shall have plainly written or printed thereon that same is not 
transferrable: Provided, That importers or other persons in the Philippine Islands 
possessing a special authorization of the civil governor for landing firearms, gun- 
powder, ammunition, and so forth, pursuant to part first of section six of Act Num- 
bered Two hundred and thirty of the Philippine Commission, entitled 'An act to 
revise and amend the tariff laws of the Philippine Archipelago,' shall not be required 
to obtain a further permit to possess said firearms, gunpowder, or ammunition, but 
no such firearms, gunpowder, or ammunition, or any portion thereof, shall be sold, 



956 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

transferred, or otherwise released from the personal custody of said authorized im- 
porter or other specially authorized person, except to persons authorized to purchase 
and hold arms or ammunition for their protection, or for use in hunting or other 
lawful purposes, in accordance with section one of said Executive Order Numbered 
Nine of March twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and three: Provided further, That all 
special authorizations issued by the civil governor to importers or other persons to 
import firearms, gunpowder, or ammunition shall be first presented to the chief of 
the Philippine constabulary for registration in accordance with law." 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Y Executive Bureau, 

No. 15. J Manila, April 20, 1903. 

Vice-Governor Luke E. Wright, after having rendered distinguished service as 
acting civil governor of the Philippine Islands for nearly a year during a most critical 
period, visited the United States in October last for vacation. He was permitted, 
however, to enjoy very little of his well-earned leisure, because his presence was 
required in Washington during the entire session of Congress from the first of 
December to the fourth of March, during which he labored incessantly for legislation 
of the utmost importance to the welfare of the Filipino people and the business 
prosperity of these islands. Largely due to his efforts three measures of great benefit 
were passed by Congress: The currency bill, the constabulary bill, and the three 
million dollar agricultural relief bill. Governor Wright is now returning to take up 
again his onerous executive and legislative duties as secretary of commerce and police 
and as a member of the Commission, and will arrive in Manila on the steamship 
Korea about May first. It is fitting that he should be accorded a cordial public and 
official reception as a sincere and grateful expression of welcome. To this end, 1 
hereby appoint Honorable James F. Smith, secretary of public instruction; Dr. 
Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, United States Philippine commisssoner; Arthur W. 
Fergusson, esquire, executive secretary; W. Morgan Shuster, esquire, collector of 
customs for the Philippine Archipelago; Percy G. McDonnell, esquire, member of 
the municipal board of Manila; and Senor Jose - Alemany, member of the advisory 
board of Manila, as a committee, of which Secretary Smith will act as chairman, to 
make the necessary arrangements for a public reception worthy of the guest, includ- 
ing a public meeting at the Ayuntamiento. The committee will confer with Major- 
General George W. Davis, United States Army, commanding the Division of the 
Philippines, with a view to securing a suitable military escort from the place of land- 
ing to the Ayuntamiento. The committee will further confer with the commercial 
bodies of Manila and the various political and other organizations of the city desir- 
ing to take part in the reception, and by means of joint committees or otherwise 
secure the cooperation of all the public necessary to a successful result. The com- 
mittee is given power to act for the civil governor in authorizing the heads of bureaus 
and departments to allow their subordinates such recess from service during the 
reception as may enable them to take part therein. 

If, as now seems probable, the civil governor, by urgent advice of his physicians 
and to his deep regret, shall be prevented from traveling to Manila from Benguet to 
take part in the reception, Secretary Smith will act for him and in his stead. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order') Government op the Philippine Islands, 

\ Executive Bureau, 

No. 16. J Manila, April U, 1908. 

W. L. Goldsborough, assistant attorney-general for the Philippine Islands, is 
hereby appointed a member of the committee organized under the provisions of 
Executive Order Numbered One hundred, September sixth, nineteen hundred and 
two, to investigate each item of the Spanish seized funds, returns at the mint, returns 
at the treasury, and so forth, to succeed Beekman Winthrop, assistant executive 
secretary for the Philippine Islands, at present on leave of absence in the United 
States. All that portion of Executive Order Numbered One hundred inconsistent 
herewith is repealed. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 957 

Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 17. J Manila, May 1, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 
and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States and insular currency is hereby 
fixed at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and fifty cents insular 
currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until further order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order 'j Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 18. J Manila, May 14, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 

and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States and insular currency is hereby 

fixed at one dollar United States currency for two dollars and forty-five cents insular 

currency; this rate to remain in force for at least ten days and until further order. * 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 19. j Manila, May 14, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified by Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-one for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax assessment list of Manila, namely, May fifteenth, 
nineteen hundred and three, is hereby extended to September fifteenth, nineteen 
hundred and three, and the date upon which the payment of taxes under such 
revised assessment shall become delinquent is also extended to December fifteenth, 
nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 20. J Manila, May 15, 1903. 

To insure the proper custody and safe-keeping of all prisoners sentenced to long 
terms of imprisonment, inasmuch as the insecurity of several of the provincial jails 
has already been demonstrated, all provincial governors are directed to send to the 
warden of Bilibid Prison all prisoners at present serving sentences of two years or 
more in the provincial jail, or who may hereafter be received at the provincial jail 
under sentence of two years or more, with all the necessary papers in the cases of 
such prisoners transferred. These papers should include the original commitment of 
the court, or a copy of the same certified to as a true copy by the clerk of the court, 
with the seal of the court stamped thereon, and, where such prisoners have not been 
duly committed to the prison mentioned above, a statement from the provincial gov- 
ernor that they are transferred under the provisions of this order. These prisoners 
should be sent under proper guard by coast-guard steamers where practicable. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



958 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 21. J Manila, May 16, 1903. 

Heads of bureaus and offices are expected to exercise a reasonable supervision over 
the affairs of all cashiers or disbursing officers serving under them, consistent with 
the responsibility imposed upon such officers and the discretion conferred by law 
upon each disbursing officer. 

For this purpose each head of a bureau or office is directed to cause to be counted 
and verified the cash with which each cashier or disbursing officer under his juris- 
diction is chargeable at least once each month. 

In every case where a disbursing officer is disbursing for more than one bureau or 
office, he shall submit to each head of bureau or office for which he disburses a state- 
ment of the whole amount of the balances with which he is accountable on account 
of the several bureaus for which he disburses, and shall also state the amount on 
hand in cash and the amount on deposit and the name of the depository. 

Every disbursing officer shall state, on every account current rendered by him to 
the auditor, the kind or kinds of currency comprising the balance shown on the 
account current, and shall also state the amount on hand in cash and the amount on 
deposit and the name of the depository. 

Each head of a bureau or office who is required to make the examination herein 
directed shall report to the auditor the amount of cash on hand and on deposit at 
the date of such investigation. 

All outstanding or unpaid checks shall be excluded from the credit allowed to a 
disbursing officer on account of funds on deposit in any depository. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Y Executive Bureau, 

No. 22. J Manila, May 16, 1903. 

In order that the new Philippines currency may be substituted for local or Mexican 
currency as rapidly as possible, each and every disbursing officer of the insular gov- 
ernment is hereby directed to deposit any local or Mexican currency in his hands 
which will not be required for disbursement before June thirtieth, nineteen hundred 
and three. 

No payments whatever in local or Mexican currency will be made by any disburs- 
ing officer after June thirtieth, nineteeen hundred and three, the close of the fiscal 
year, but every disbursing officer who is unable to complete his payments for the 
fiscal year nineteen hundred and three on or before June thirtieth will be permitted 
to hold his accounts open until July fifteenth, including all payments to said date as 
of June thirtieth. 

Immediately upon so closing his accounts for June thirtieth, each and every dis- 
bursing officer will deposit at once in the insular treasury all balances due the gov- 
ernment as shown by said accounts current, using for this purpose Auditor's Form 
Number One hundred and twenty-two. 

The provisions of Auditor's Circular Number Twenty-three are hereby modified as 
indicated herein. 

Every disbursing officer concerned will acknowledge to the insular auditor by wire 
or mail the receipt of this executive order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order 1 Government of the Philippine Islands, 

l Executive Bureau, 

No. 23. J Manila, May 22, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified by act numbered five hundred and eighty -two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Batangas, is hereby 
extended to June twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which 
the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 

" and three. 
Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 959 

Executive Order! Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 24. J Manila, May 22, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified by Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Pangasinan, is hereby 
extended to June twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which 
the payment under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also extended 
to October first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Feegusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

f . Executive Bureau, 

No. 25. J Manila, May 22, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, 
in his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete 
their work," the time specified by Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax assessment list — that is, May 
twentieth, nineteen hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Sor- 
sogon, is hereby extended to September twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, 
and the date upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall 
become delinquent is also extended to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Feegusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Ordee 1 Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 26. J Manila, May 27, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, 
in his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their 
work," the time specified by Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the com- 
pletion of the revision of the real-estate tax assessment list — that is, May twentieth, 
nineteen hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Ilocos Sur, is 
hereby extended to August fifth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon 
which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent 
is also extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order 1 Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 27. J Manila, May 27, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in 
his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their 
work," the time specified by Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty -two for the 
completion of the revision of the real estate tax-assessment list — that is, May 
twentieth, nineteen hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of 



960 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Rizal, is hereby extended to August first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date 
upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become 
delinquent is also extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ^ Government op the Philippine Islands, 

[• Executive Bureau, 

No. 28. J Manila, May 27, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty -three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled ' 'An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two, for the completion 
of the revision of the real estate tax-assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Oriental Negros, is hereby 
extended to August first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the 
payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 29. J Manila, June 3, 1903. 

The execution of Sebastian Palmadres, pursuant to the sentence of the court of 
first instance, seventh judicial district, dated November fifth, nineteen hundred and 
two, which sentence was confirmed by the supreme court under date of April sixth, 
nineteen hundred and three, having been postponed by telegraphic instructions, to 
enable the civil governor to receive and consider an application for commutation of 
sentence to life imprisonment, the papers having been received, and the matter 
thoroughly considered and investigated, executive clemency is denied, there appear- 
ing no valid reason for commuting sentence. The case is a plain one of deliberate 
murder for robbery, without any extenuating circumstances. The execution will 
take place on Friday, June twelfth, nineteen hundred and three, between the hours 
of six o'clock antemeridian and twelve o'clock meridian. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Y Executive Bureau, 

No. 30. J Manila, June 4, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty -three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real estate tax-assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three— in so far as it relates to the province of Pampanga, is hereby 
extended to July first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the 
payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to October first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 961 

Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 31. J Manila, June 4, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Philip- 
pine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real estate tax-assessment list — that is, 'May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Tayabas, is hereby 
extended to September twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon 
which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent 
is also extended to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 32. j Manila, June 4, 1908. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion of 
the revision of the real estate tax-assessment list; that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Tarlac, is hereby 
extended to July first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the 
payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to October first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 33. J Manila, June 5, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in 
his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their 
work," the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-tw r o for the 
completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list — that is, May twen- 
tieth, nineteen hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Occidental 
Negros, is hereby extended to September first, nineteen hundred and three, and the 
date upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become 
delinquent is also extended to December first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 34. J Manila, June 5, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Six hundred and forty-eight, Philip- 
pine Commission, entitled "An act authorizing the civil governor to reserve for civil 
public purposes, and from sale or settlement, any part of the public domain not 
appropriated by law for special public purposes, until otherwise directed by law, and 
extending the provisions of Act Numbered Six hundred and twenty-seven so that 
public lands desired to be reserved by the insular government for public uses, or 

war 1903— vol 5 61 



962 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

private lands desired to be purchased by the insular government for such uses may- 
be brought under the operation of the land-registration act, ' ' I hereby reserve and 
withdraw from sale, settlement, or private mining claims, for the purpose of gov- 
ernmental coal mining, all the public domain within the following description: All that 
part of the island of Batan west of the shortest straight line drawn from the center of 
the mouth of the creek which empties into the head of Caracaran Bay, on the south 
side of the island, to the waters of Gaba Bay, on the north side of said island. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ^j Government op the Philippine Islands, 

Y Executive Bureau, 

No. 35. J • Manila, June 8, 1903. 

Executive Order Number Thirty is hereby revoked. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ~\ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 36. J Manila, June 8, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled ' ' An act providing that the civil governor may, in 
his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax re- 
vision in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their 
work," the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the com- 
pletion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list, that is, May twentieth, 
nineteen hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Abra, is hereby 
extended to August thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon 
which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent 
is also extended to December first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 37. J Manila, June 8, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled ' 'An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct on extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list, that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Albay, is hereby extended 
to July first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the payment of 
taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also extended to 
October first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, ExecutiveSecretary. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 38. J Manila, June 12, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 963 

in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list, that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Iloilo, is hereby extended 
to June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the pay- 
ment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also extended 
to October first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

>- Executive Bureau, 

No. 39. J Manila, June 15, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list, that is, "May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Ilocos Norte, is hereby 
extended to July eleventh, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which 
the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to October eleventh, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order "j Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 40. J Manila, June 15, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list, that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Masbate, is hereby 
extended to June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which 
the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to October first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



Executive Order ") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 41. J . Manila, June 15, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax-assestment list, that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Bataan, is hereby extended 
to August first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the payment 
of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also extended to 
November first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor, 
By A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



964 KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 42. J Manila, June 22, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, 
in his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila, and provincial boards of revision shall complete 
their work," the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list, that is, May 
twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of 
Cagayan, is hereby extended to August first, nineteen hundred and three, and the 
date upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become 
delinquent is also extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Tapt, Civil Governor. 



Executive Orders Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 43. J Manila, June 22, 1908. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Twenty-four, current series, for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province 
of Pangasinan, that is, June twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, is hereby 
extended to July twentieth, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by 
the said executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised 
assessment shall become delinquent, that is, October first, nineteen hundred and 
three, is also extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three. 1 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order \ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 44. J Manila, June 24, 1908. 

Officers of the United States Army engaged in road, bridge, or wharf building, or 
upon public works in general, in the Department of Mindanao, are relieved from 
compliance with the provisions of Executive Order Numbered Twenty-two, 
current series, in so far as the said order relates to depositing in the insular treasury 
balances due the government as shown by accounts current. They will render 
upon the auditor's form, provided for the purpose, a full statement of the funds on 
hand. 

In case any funds have been shipped to the insular treasury, pursuant to the 
provisions of Executive Order Numbered Twenty-two, the treasurer of the Philip- 
pine Archipelago is directed to return to the proper officer such funds as soon as 
received, and to report each case promptly to the auditor for the Philippine Archi- 
pelago. 

Wm. H. Taft. Civil Governor. 



Executive Order \ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Execuiive Bureau, 

No. 45. j Manila, June 29, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in 
his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their 
work," the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the 
completion of the revision of the real estate tax assessment list, that is, May twen- 
tieth, nineteen hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Bohol, is 
hereby extended to September thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date 
upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delin- 
quent is also extended to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



EEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 965 

Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islaxds, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 46. J Manila, June 29, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Phil- 
ippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real estate tax assessment list, that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the province of Cebu, is hereby extended 
to September thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the 
payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 47. J Manila, July 1, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section one of Act Numbered Five hundred and forty- 
three, as amended by section one of Act Numbered Six hundred and thirty -nine, the 
Honorable Luke E. Wright, secretary of commerce and police, is hereby designated 
to perform temporarily the duties of secretary of the department of the interior in 
the absence of the present head of that department. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

>■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 48. J Manila, July 6, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, 
in his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete 
their work," the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for 
the completion of the revision of the real estate tax assessment list, that is, May 
twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, in so far as it relates to the Province of 
Ambos Camarines, is hereby extended to August fifteenth, nineteen hundred and 
three, and the date upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment 
shall become delinquent is also extended to November fifteenth, nineteen hundred 
and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

I Executive Bureau. 

No. 49. J Manila, July 7, 1903. 

In order that the authority of the officer having control of an appropriation — that 
is, the chief or head of a bureau or office — and the responsibility of the disbursing 
officer may be more fully defined, the following order is published for the informa- 
tion and guidance of all concerned: 

Every disbursing officer is responsible to the government, under his bond, for pay- 
ments made by him, whether such payments are made by direction of his superior 
officer or not, "and the fact of such direction will not relieve him from responsibility. 

Provision is made by law (Act Numbered One hundred and forty-five, section one) 
that "A disbursing officer or the head of any department, bureau, or office may 
apply for, and the auditor shall render his decision upon any question involving a 
payment to be made by them or under them, which decision, when rendered, shall 
govern the auditor in passing upon the account containing the said disbursement," 
and in all cases of doubt such action should be taken. Pending such decision, the 
disbursing officer may properly refuse to make payment in any case wherein he 
believes the payment ordered is not warranted by law. 

No disbursing officer shall make any payment or payments in excess of the amount 
appropriated for a given purpose (subhead) without the authority of the Philippine 



966 KEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Commission, and no chief of bureau shall contract any indebtedness in excess of the 
appropriation from which it should be paid without authority therefor. Intentional 
violation of the foregoing will be considered a serious offense, and will justify the 
proper authority in imposing the penalty of summary dismissal. 

All pay rolls must be examined by the head of each bureau or office, and approved 
by him before payment, especially in respect of labor paid from a general appropria- 
tion therefor. 

A disbursing officer, in determining the legality of expenditures, must act inde- 
pendently of the head of his bureau or office, and at his own peril. 

In Manila, the chief supply officer, Philippines Constabulary, and in the provinces, 
the senior inspectors of constabulary, will conform to the instructions outlined above 
for the chief or head of a bureau or office. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 50. J Manila, July 7, 1903. 

No chief of bureau or office shall, directly or indirectly, invite, solicit, or even dis- 
cuss with an employee, subordinate, or officer of another bureau or office his transfer 
to the bureau or office of such chief until the consent in writing of the head of the 
bureau or office in which the desired employee or officer is a subordinate, or of the 
civil governor, is first had. 

Wm. H. Tapt, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order 1 Government op the Philippine Islands, 

>- Executive Bureau, 

No. 51. J Manila, July 10, 1903. 

In order to secure a basis for comparison of the mortuary statistics collected in the 
recent census, each provincial governor will distribute to the municipal secretaries 
of his province a supply of census schedules numbered four, and instruct them to 
enter thereon the deaths occurring in their respective municipalities during the 
present year ending December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three. 

These schedules should be placed in the hands of the municipal secretaries imme- 
diately upon receipt thereof, with instructions to enter at once the data for the past 
months of the present year, and at the end of each succeeding month to enter the 
data for that month. The data for the month of December, nineteen hundred and 
three, should be entered upon the schedules not later than January tenth, nineteen 
hundred and four, and the schedules immediately returned to the provincial gov- 
ernor by the municipal secretaries. Upon receipt thereof, and not later than Janu- 
ary twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and four, these completed schedules should be 
forwarded to the executive secretary, who will in turn forward them to the United 
States Census Office, through the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Wash- 
ington, District of Columbia. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order"] Government op the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 52. J Manila, P. I., July 13, 1903. 

The following instructions are issued for the information and guidance of all con- 
cerned : 

In view of the fact that the Congress has established as the unit of value in these 
islands the Philippine peso, of the value of fifty cents in gold or United States cur- 
rency, and of the further fact that it is the policy of the insular government here- 
after to make payment of its obligations in such Philippine pesos, or an equivalent in 
United States currency, all contracts hereafter made by the various bureaus and 
offices should provide for payment in the new Philippine currency or the established 
equivalent in United States currency, at the option of the government, and, where 
possible^ all existing contracts should be so amended. 

Likewise all wages of insular employees hereafter properly expressed in Mexican 
currency should be readjusted and made payable in Philippine currency or the estab- 
lished equivalent in United States currency. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



KEPORT OZT THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 967 

Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 53. J Manila, July 13, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section three, Act Numbered Seven Hundred and 
Eighty-one, Philippine Commission, and upon the recommendation of the chief of 
the Philippines Constabulary, concurred in by the governor of the province of Tarlac, 
it is hereby ordered that the ordinary method of arrests now in force in said prov- 
ince in respect of the arrest and detention of members of the constabulary shall 
cease to apply to said province until further orders, and that the method outlined in 
section four of the act above mentioned shall be applicable thereto. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 54. J Manila, July U, 1903. 

Inasmuch as it is impracticable for the chief of the Philippines Constabulary to 
comply with the provisions of Executive Order Numbered Twenty-one, current series, 
in Manila the chief supply officer, and in the provinces the senior inspectors of con- 
stabulary, will conform to the instructions contained in the above-mentioned execu- 
tive order for the chief or head of a bureau or office. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order 1 Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 55. J Manila, July 18, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 
and two, the ratio for the reduction of United States currency and Mexican or 
Spanish-Filipino currency is hereby fixed at one dollar United States currency for 
two dollars and thirty-eight cents Mexican or Spanish -Filipino currency; this rate 
to remain in force for at least ten days, and until further order. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

v Executive Bureau, 

No. 56. J Manila, July 24, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Thirty-eight, current series, for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province 
of Iloilo, that is, June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three, is hereby extended to 
July thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent, that is, October first, nineteen hundred and three, is 
also extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order \ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 57. j Manila, July 27, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Twenty-seven, current series, for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province 
of Eizal, that is, August first, nineteen hundred and three, is hereby extended to 
October first, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent, that is, November first, nineteen hundred and three, 
is also extended to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



968 EEP0ET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order ^) Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 58. J Manila, July 27, 1903. 

Executive Order Numbered Twenty-one, current series, which requires heads of 
bureaus and offices to exercise a reasonable supervision over cashiers and dis- 
bursing officers, and directs each head of bureau or office to cause to be counted and 
verified once each month the cash of such disbursing officers or cashiers, is hereby 
modified to require such heads of bureaus and ofnces as have jurisdiction over cashiers 
or disbursing officers located outside of the city of Manila to cause such counting 
and verification of cash of such cashiers and disbursing officers at least once each 
quarter, instead of once a month. 

For the purpose of executing the requirements of this order the special agents and 
examiners authorized for the various bureaus and offices should be employed. 

Cases in which there are no special agents or examiners available should be 
brought to the attention of the civil governor for specific direction. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 59. J Manila, July 28, 1903. 

Executive Order Numbered Sixty-six, series nineteen hundred and two, is hereby 
amended by adding the sheriff of Manila to the list of officials mentioned therein. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 60. J Manila, July 28, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Six hundred and forty-eight, Philip- 
pine Commission, entitled "An act authorizing the civil governor to reserve for civil 
public purposes, and from sale and settlement any part of the public domain not 
appropriated by law for special public purposes, until otherwise directed by law, and 
extending the provisions of Act Numbered Six hundred and twenty-seven, so that 
public lands desired to be reserved by the insular government for public uses, or pri- 
vate lands desired to be purchased by the insular government for such uses may be 
brought under the operation of the land registration act, ' ' I hereby reserve for light- 
house purposes and withdraw from sale or settlement the following described par- 
cels of the public domain which have been designated by the Philippine Islands 
Light-House Establishment as necessary for light-house purposes, to wit: 

1. Eeservation for Cape Engailo light station, island of Palaui, province of Cagayan. 
All that part of Palaui Island lying north of an east and west line passing through 

a point one thousand meters south of the present light tower, with right of way to 
said station from the nearest landing place, and from the harbor of San Vicente, at 
the south end of Palaui Island. 

2. Eeservation for Linao light station, island of Luzon, province of Cagayan. 

A rectangular plot of ground whose longer axis passes through the center of the 
present light tower, having a frontage of one hundred meters on the highway sea- 
ward of the present light station, known as the Linao and Abulug highway, and a 
depth of one hundred and fifty meters to the southward of the said highway. 

3. Eeservation for Cape Bojeador light station, island of Luzon, province of Ilocos 
Norte. 

An area of ground surrounding the light-house, bounded by the highway to the 
northwestward of the light station, generally known as the Bangui road, and by a 
circumference described about the center of the present light tower with a radius of 
three hundred and fifty meters. 

4. Eeservation for San Fernando range lights, island of Luzon, province of Union. 
The ground actually occupied by the existing posts or beacons, and for five meters 

on all sides of same, together with right of way to said structures from the streets of 
the town. 

5. Eeservation for San Fernando port light, south point of entrance to San Fer- 
nando Bay, island of Luzon, province of Union. 

An area of ground surrounding the present structure, bounded by the shore line 
and by a circumference described about the center of the present light with a radius 
of two hundred meters, with right of way thereto from the nearest village and 
public highway. 



KEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 969 

6. Reservation for Dagupan port light, entrance to river, island of Luzon, province 
of Pangasinan. 

An area of ground surrounding the present light supports, bounded by the shore 
line of Lingayen Gulf and by a circumference described about the center of the 
present light with a radius of fifty meters, and a right of way thereto from the 
nearest public highway. 

7. Reservation for Capones Islands light station, island of Capon Grande, province 
of Zambales, west coast of Luzon. 

The entire island of Capon Grande, on which the present light-house stands. 

8. Reservation for Grande Island light station, Grande Island- entrance to Subig 
Bay, province of Zambales. 

An area of one hundred meters' radius described around center of present light 
tower, and right of way thereto from the nearest regular landing place. 

9. Reservation for Cabra Island light station, island of Cabra, province of Mindoro. 
An area of three hundred meters' radius described around the center of the 

present light tower, with right of way thereto by roads from the two usual landing 
places on either side of the island of Cabra, distant, respectively, about one thousand 
six hundred meters and two thousand eight hundred meters from the light-house. 

10. Reservation for Bajo Apo light station (proposed), island of Bajo Apo, 
province of Mindoro. 

The entire island known as Bajo Apo, off the west coast of Mindoro. 

11. Reservation for Puerto Princesa port light, island of Paragua, province of 
Paragua. 

An area bounded by the shore line and by a circumference of fifty meters' radius 
described about the center of the present light, and right of way thereto from the 
nearest public highway. 

12. Reservation for Cape Melville light station, island of Balabac, province of 
Paragua. 

_ An area of three hundred meters' radius described about the center of the present 
light tower, and also the service road leading thereto from the landing place in 
Clarendon Bay. 

13. Reservation for Point Santiago light station, island of Luzon, province of 



An area of land surrounding the light-house and inclosed by metes and bounds as 
follows: Beginning at a point south eighty-three degrees and twenty-four minutes, 
east forty meters from the center of the existing light tower; thence north five 
degrees forty-three minutes, east fifteen meters; thence north fifteen minutes, east 
fifty-eight meters; thence south sixty-four degrees thirty-six minutes, west one hun- 
dred and twenty and five-tenths meters to the shore line; thence southerly and 
easterly, following said shore line, to the mouth of the canyon or gully southeast of 
the light station; thence along the axis of said canyon or gully to the point of begin- 
ning; all as shown more particularly on a map filed in the office of the light-house 
engineer, the above bearings being magnetic, in the year eighteen hundred and 
ninety-three. 

14. Reservation for Point Malabrigo light station, island of Luzon, province of 
Batangas. 

An area of one hundred meters' radius described about the center of the present 
light tower, and the right of way byroad from the tower to the landing place and to 
the nearest public highway. 

15. Reservation for proposed light station on Bagatao island, province of Albay. 
The entire island of Bagatao, at the entrance to Sorsogon Bay. 

16. Reservation for Bugui Point light station, island of Masbate, province of 
Masbate. 

All that part of Masbate Island lying north of an east and west line through a 
point one thousand meters south of the present light tower, with right of way 
thereto from the landing places on either shore of Bugui Point and from the nearest 
public highway. 

17. Reservation for Jintotolo Island light station, island of Jintotolo, province 
of Masbate. 

An area of one hundred meters' radius described about the center of the present 
light tower, and the right of way thereto from the landing place and from the nearest 
public highway. 

18. Reservation for Manigonigo Island light station, province of Capiz. 

The entire island of Manigonigo, on which the present light-house structures 
stand. 

19. Reservation for Gigantes Island light station, province of Iloilo. 

The entire island of Gigantes Norte, on which the present light-house structures 
stand. 



970 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

20. Reservation for Calabazas Islands light station, province of Iloilo. 

The entire island of Calabaza Norte, on which the present light-house structures 
stand.. 

21. Reservation for Siete Pecados light station, province of Iloilo. 

The entire island of the Siete Pecados group on which the present light-house 
structures stand. 

22. Reservation for Iloilo port light, entrance to Iloilo River, island of Panay, 
province of Iloilo. 

An area on the right bank of the Iloilo River at its junction with the sea, sur- 
rounding the present light-house structures and inclosed by metes and bound as 
follows: Beginning at a point on the shore line of Iloilo Strait, thirty-one meters 
southward from a point on said shore line opposite the center of the present light, 
thence on a line parallel to the longer side of the light keeper's dwelling thirty-six 
meters, thence on a line parallel to the shorter side of the light keeper's dwelling 
forty-six meters, thence due east thirty meters, more or less, to the shore line, thence 
along said shore line to the point of beginning. 

23. Reservation for Point Luzaran light station, island of Guimaras, province of 
Iloilo. 

An area surrounding the present light-house and bounded by the shore line and by 
a circumference of two hundred and fifty meters described about the center of the 
present light tower with right of way thereto from the landing place and from the 
nearest public highway. 

24. Reservation for Capitancillo light station, island of Capitancillo, province of 
Cebu. 

The entire islet of Capitancillo, lying off the east coast of Cebu. 

25. Reservation for Point Bagacay light station, island of Cebu, province of Cebu. 
An area surrounding the present sixth-order light tower and inclosed by metes and 

bounds as follows: Beginning at a point north forty-seven meters from the center of 
the present sixth-order light tower; thence north seventy-seven degrees fifty-one 
minutes west three hundred meters; thence south eighteen degrees thirty minutes 
west three hundred meters; thence south seventy-seven degrees fifty-one minutes east 
one hundred and seventy meters to the shore line; thence along said shore line in a 
northeasterly and northerly direction to a point on the prolongation of the northern 
boundary of the reservation ; thence north seventy-seven degrees fifty-one minutes 
west twenty -five meters more or less to the point of beginning. The above bearings 
are magnetic in the year nineteen hundred and three. 

26. Reservation for Mactan Island port light, island of Mactan, province of Cebu. 
An area surrounding the present light-house structures and inclosed by metes and 

bounds as follows: Beginning at a point north twenty-five degrees forty-eight 
minutes west nine meters from the center of the present light; thence north eighty- 
five degrees fifty-four minutes east sixty-nine and seventy-five hundredths meters; 
thence south sixteen degrees thirty-five minutes east sixty-one meters; thence south 
forty-eight degrees two minutes west twenty and four-tenths meters to the southeast 
corner of the pilot station grounds; thence north thirty-six degrees fifty-eight minutes 
west forty-two meters to the northeast corner of said pilot station grounds; thence 
south fifty-three degrees thirty-two minutes west eighty-five and five-tenths meters 
to the northwest corner of said pilot station grounds; thence north thirty-nine degrees 
eight minutes west sixty-nine meters; thence north sixty-four degrees twenty-four 
minutes east seventy-three and twenty-five hundredths meters to the point of begin- 
ning and containing an area of six thousand seven hundred and twenty square 
meters more or less, and right of way to said area from the landing and from the 
nearest public highway. 

27. Reservation for San Bernardino Island light station, province of Sorsogon. 
The entire island of San Bernardino occupied by the present light-house structures, 

situated off the southeast coast of Luzon. 

28. Reservation for Capul Island light station, province of Samar. 

All that part of Capul Island lying north of an east and west line through a point 
two hundred meters south of the center of the present light tower and the right of 
way thereto from the landing on either coast of Capul Island and from the nearest 
public highway. 

29. Reservation for Canauay Island port light, province of Leyte. 

The entire island of Canauay, on which the present light-house structures stand, 
situated on the south side of Janabatas Island and north of the island of Leyte. 

30. Reservation for Tacloban port or anchorage light, island of Leyte, province of 
Leyte. 

An area of fifty meters' radius described about the center of the present light 
structures with right of way thereto from the streets of the town of Tacloban. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 97l 

31. Reservation for Dapitan port light, island of Mindanao, province of Misamis. 

An area on Point Tagolo, entrance to Dapitan Bay, surrounding the present light- 
house structure bounded by the shore line and by a circumference of fifty meters' 
radius described about the center of the present light supports and right of way 
thereto from the landing and from the nearest public highway. 

32. Reservation for Davao port light, island of Mindanao, province of Davao. 

An area surrounding the present light-house structure bounded by the shore line 
and by a circumference of fifty meters' radius described about the center of the pres- 
ent light support and right of way thereto from the landing and from the nearest 
public highway. 

33. Reservation for proposed light station on Maniguin Island, province of Antique. 
The entire island of Maniguin off the west coast of Panay. 

34. Reservation for proposed light station on Tanguingui Island, province of Cebu. 
The entire island of Tanguingui, northwest of the northern extremity of Cebu 

Island. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order] Government op the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 61. J Manila, July 29, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Forty-three, current series, for the 
completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province of 
Pangasinan, that is, July twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, is hereby extended 
to August twentieth, nineteen hundred and three, and the date specified by said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised 
assessment shall become delinquent, that is, November first, nineteen hundred and 
three, is also extended to December first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 62. J Manila, July 30, 1903. 

In order that the circulation of the new Philippines currency may be promoted and 
expedited in the provinces, the insular treasurer is hereby authorized and directed 
to exchange, in his discretion, with any provincial treasurer, pursuant to a resolution 
of the provincial board, Philippines currency for Mexican and Spanish-Filipino cur- 
rency, heretofore known as local currency, at the authorized ratio at the time such 
provincial funds are received at the insular treasury for such exchange. 

The cost of transportation of such funds from and to the provincial treasury shall 
be a proper charge against the insular government and payable by the insular 
treasurer. 

For the further purpose of carrying into effect the act of Congress creating as the 
unit of value the Philippine peso of the value of fifty cents in United States currency 
all obligations or contracts for labor or materials hereafter executed shall be made 
payable only in Philippines currency or the legal equivalent thereof in United States 
currency, at the option of the government, and all such obligations or contracts now 
existing which are payable only in Mexican or local currency will be readjusted to 
the new basis as soon as practicable. 

Payments from provincial funds should hereafter be made when practicable in 
Philippines or United States currency, and all Mexican or Spanish-Filipino currency 
not absolutely required for current use should be reserved for exchange for Philip- 
pines currency as herein provided. 

Hereafter all accounts of provincial treasurers as rendered to the auditor which 
involve United States or Philippines currency will be expressed in the latter currency 
pursuant to instructions of the auditor, Mexican or local currency being carried as 
heretofore. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 63. j Manila, July 31, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred 
and two, the ratio of value between the new Philippines currency and the Mexican 



972 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

or Spanish-Filipino currency is hereby fixed at one peso, Philippines currency, for 
one peso and fifteen centavos, Mexican or Spanish-Filipino currency, and the ratio 
of value between United States currency and Mexican or Spanish-Filipino currency 
is hereby fixed at one dollar, United States currency, for two pesos and thirty centavos 
of Mexican or Spanish-Filipino currency. These rates shall be in force August first, 
for at least ten days and until further order. 

The insular treasurer has been instructed on demand to make exchange at the rate 
of one dollar, United States currency, for two pesos, new Philippines currency, on 
presentation of not less than twenty Philippine pesos. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^| Government op the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 64. J Manila, July 31, 1903. 

The following regulations will govern the sale and distribution of rice furnished 
under the appropriation by Congress for the relief of the people of the Philippine 
Islands : 

Before rice is furnished to any province its provincial board will submit to the 
civil governor an estimate of the quantity of rice which can be used to advantage in 
a given period and a statement of the conditions in the province which make the 
distribution of rice desirable. 

All rice furnished by the civil government will be consigned to the supervisor or 
the supervisor-treasurer of the province to which it is shipped. At the time of ship- 
ment the insular purchasing agent will forward to the insular auditor a copy of the 
notice of shipment, together with a statement of the price at which the rice is to be 
sold, which shall include cost of transportation and handling, but shall exclude duty, 
if any. The expense of storing and subsequent handling of the rice shall be at the 
expense of the province, except when the civil governor shall order otherwise. 

All rice shall be receipted for to the insular purchasing agent, by thes upervisor or 
supervisor-treasurer to whom consigned, and shall be taken up by the latter officer, 
who shall be accountable on his official bond for the same, and render accounts 
therefor to the insular auditor as hereinafter provided. 

Where the rice is used for public works, a full report of its issue and distribution 
shall be made to the civil governor, in addition to the account which is required by 
the auditor, with a definite statement of the public improvement upon which it has 
been used, the number of days of labor, and the amount of material secured. 

No rice shall be distributed gratuitously except in limited quantities to deserving 
persons unable to work, and upon the recommendation and order of the provincial 
board, approved by the civil governor, to whom will be made a statement of the 
peculiar circumstances calling for such action. 

In cases where rice is sold, the proceeds of the sales will be deposited in the pro- 
vincial treasury. The money so received shall be placed to the credit of a "Con- 
gressional relief fund," and thereafter may be disbursed as other funds on the order 
of the provincial board, for public works, and accounted for in the usual manner to 
the auditor, full report thereon being made to the civil governor. 

The accounts of the supervisor or supervisor-treasurer to the insular auditor will 
be rendered on a regular property return, Auditor's Form Seven hundred, monthly 
instead of quarterly, supported as follows: 

(a) In the case of direct sales, by proper abstracts, showing date of sale, name of 
purchaser, quantity sold, with price and total amount received. This abstract 
should be certified as correct by the person in charge of the sales and by the super- 
visor, and be accompanied by the receipt of the provincial treasurer for the amount 
deposited in the provincial treasury. 

Sales to commercial firms will not be allowed except upon advance approval of the 
civil governor. 

(b) In the case of the issue of rice in payment of labor performed, the regular 
labor pay roll, Provincial Form Fifty-seven, will be used, modified so as to show 
in the columns marked "Rate of pay" and "Amount paid," certain fixed units of 
measure in rice instead of money. The certificates at the bottom of the roll should 
also be modified by substituting the words "issue" and "issued," respectively, for 
"payment" and "paid." The money value of the rice so issued in payment for 
labor will be computed and stated on the pay roll, and the amount represented by 
such money value of such pay roll will be taken up by the provincial treasurer in 
his revenue account as receipts from rice sales and placed to the credit of the afore- 
said "Congressional relief fund." Credit will be taken for the same amount as a 
disbursement for labor on public works, the voucher being the pay rolls received 



REPOKT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 973 

from the supervisor or supervisor-treasurer. The latter officer will drop the rice so 
disposed of on his return, supporting the same by the receipt of the provincial 
treasurer for the amount represented by the pay roll, and taken up by the latter, as 
in the case of sales made in the regular way. 

(c) In case of gratuitous distribution ordered by the provincial board and approved 
by the civil governor, the same abstract will be used as in the case of sales, modified 
to show gratuitous distribution instead of sale, certified as correct by the officer mak- 
ing the distribution, which distribution will be witnessed by two disinterested, rep- 
utable citizens, whose certificate that they were present and witnessed the issue must 
appear on the abstract. 

In order to facilitate the operation of this order throughout the province, the pro- 
vincial supervisor or the supervisor-treasurer shall have power to designate in writing 
any municipal officer as his deputy for the purpose of this issue, who shall serve 
without additional compensation. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

j- Executive Bureau, 

No. 65. J Manila, August 3, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled ' ' An act providing that the civil governor may, in 
his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work, ' ' 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion 
of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Samar, is hereby extended 
to October fifteenth, nineteen hundred and three; and the date upon which the pay- 
ment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also extended 
to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ~\ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 66. J Manila, August 3, 1903. 

The following character will be used by all officials of this Government as the des- 
ignation for the new Philippine pesos, in contradistinction to the $ mark for United 
States currency, and Pf s. for Mexican or Spanish currency : 



Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 67. J Manila, August 5, 1903. 

Disbursing officers are hereby expressly prohibited from paying any salary to, or 
upon the order of, any employee appointed in the United States to a position in the 
Philippine civil service under the provisions of Act Numbered Two hundred and 
twenty-four or Act Numbered Six hundred and forty-three, while such employee is 
enjoying accrued leave of absence which may have been granted him prior to his 
having completed two years of service under the insular government, until five 
days after the return to duty of such employee, and during which five days he shall 
have demonstrated his good faith and shown to the satisfaction of the head of the 
bureau or office in which he is employed that it is his intention to continue in the 
performance of his duties. In the event that it shall appear during such five days of 
employment that it is not the intention of the employee to continue in the perform- 
ance of his duties any longer than to enable him to withdraw all back salary which 
may at that time be due him, such payment shall be withheld, and full report thereof 
forwarded for proper action by the head of the bureau or office, through the Philip- 
pine civil service board, to the civil governor, or head of the executive department, 
respectively, to which such bureau or office may pertain. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



974 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order "| Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 68. J Manila August 12, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section one, Act Numbered Eight hundred and seven, 
Philippine Commission, the clerk, class eight, bureau of statistics, therein appro- 
priated for, is hereby assigned to the office of the Official Gazette, and the said bureau 
of statistics is abolished. 

The editor of the Official Gazette will take over and receipt for all property and 
records, and until otherwise provided perform all the duties incumbent under exist- 
ing law upon the official in charge of said bureau of statistics. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 69. J Manila, August 17, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Philip- 
pine Commission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his 
discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision 
in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their work," 
the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion of 
the revision of the real estate tax assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nine- 
teen hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of La Union, is hereby 
extended to October first, nineteen hundred and three, and the date upon which the 
payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also ex- 
tended to January first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 70. J Manila, August 18, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, 
Philippine Commission, entitled ' 'An act providing that the civil governor may, in 
his discretion, direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax 
revision in the city of Manila and provincial boards of revision shall complete their 
work," the time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the com- 
pletion of the revision of the real estate tax assessment list — that is, May twentieth, 
nineteen hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of Zambales, is 
hereby extended to September first, nineteen hundred and three ; and the date upon 
which the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent 
is also extended to December first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order 'j Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Y Executive Bureau, 

No. 71. J Manila, August 27, 1903. 

Paragraph Numbered Thirteen of Executive Order Numbered Nine, dated March 
twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and three, is hereby amended to read as follows: 

"13. For the purpose of securing a new and complete registration under the pro- 
visions of section twenty-four, Act Numbered One hundred and seventy-five, as 
amended, of all arms now held by private persons resident in the Philippine Islands, 
the provincial governor in each province is hereby authorized and directed to issue 
a proclamation calling upon all residents of the province in possession of firearms 
and ammunition without a license under the provisions of section twenty-four, Act 
Numbered One hundred and seventy-five, as amended by Act Numbered Six hundred 
and fifty-two, to deliver all such arms and ammunition to the governor of the prov- 
ince, or to any of his duly authorized agents or deputies, with the assistance of the 
inspectors of constabulary, in order that such arms and ammunition may be regis- 
tered, bonds executed, and permits issued, as provided by said law and these regu- 
lations: Provided, however, That the provincial governor, within his discretion, may 
dispense with the necessity of the arms and ammunition being actually delivered up 



RE POET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 975 

for registration as hereinabove provided, in cases where it is not deemed necessary 
to take away the arms and ammunition altogether, and may require only the regis- 
tration of such arms and ammunition. Every private person resident in the Phil- 
ippine Islands who may be required to deliver any arms or ammunition to the pro- 
vincial governor or to his authorized agent or deputy may be furnished a blank 
application for a permit to possess firearms, and upon signing same, and executing 
the bond prescribed by these regulations, if duly approved by competent authority, 
such resident may again receive and possess such arm or arms and ammunition sub- 
ject to the provisions of existing law and these regulations. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order "| Government of the Philippine Islands, 

[■ Executive Bureau, 

No. 72. J Manila, August 27, 1903. 

The question having arisen as to the relation which the provincial governor, the 
provincial board, the provincial jailer and guards occupy to the senior inspector of 
constabulary when the latter, under section five of Act Numbered Six hundred and 
ten, is directed by the civil governor to take custody of the jail, it becomes necessary 
to issue an executive order defining the powers and duties of the senior inspector of 
constabulary when lawfully in custody of the jail. 

The jail is in charge of the provincial governor, and the ultimate responsibility of 
the custody of the prisoners therein is necessarily in him. The effect of the order of 
the civil governor placing the senior inspector of constabulary in charge of the jail is 
merely to substitute the senior inspector of constabulary and his subordinates for the 
jailer and guards previously provided. It is the duty of the inspector, in order to 
perform his duties properly, to keep a true and exact calendar of all prisoners com- 
mitted to the provincial jail, with all the details provided in section four of Act 
Numbered Four hundred and thirteen. No one but the provincial governor has any 
authority to interfere with the custody thus given to the senior inspector in charge. 
The senior inspector is required to honor and obey only the orders of the provincial 
governor and of any court of competent jurisdiction. The duty of the provincial 
board, under the law, is by contract and by regulations to secure the supplying of 
the proper food and clothing for the prisoners and proper sanitary provision for their 
health. If the jailer or warden is retained in office after the civil governor shall 
direct the senior inspector to take custody of the jail, then the function to be per- 
formed by him must be limited to the supplying of proper food and clothing and the 
making of proper accommodation for the health of the prisoners. 

The effect of Act Numbered Six hundred and ten, when the senior inspector is given 
custody of the jail, is to oust the jailer or warden from duties in respect to the custody 
of prisoners. Should the provincial board conclude to abolish the office of warden or 
jailer under such circumstances, there is no objection to extending the duties of the 
senior inspector to include the immediate supervision of the food, clothing, and health 
of the prisoners. The senior inspector will always promptly comply in respect to the 
custody of the prisoners, their health, and their discipline, with orders received from 
the provincial governor and with regulations adopted in accordance with law by the 
provincial board. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order") Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Y Executive Bureau, 

No. 73. j ^Manila, August 29, 1903 

Forage allowance for animals the property of the insular government or of the city 
of Manila are hereby fixed as follows: 

For one American or Australian horse, per day: Twelve pounds of oats and four- 
teen pounds of hay, or ten pounds of palay and nine pounds of rice hay, or seven 
pounds of cut feed and thirty pounds of grass, or ten pounds of corn and eight pounds 
of chopped straw. 

For one mule or Chinese pony, per day: The same allowance as for one American 
or Australian horse, with the exception of oats, nine pounds instead of twelve, and 
hay, eleven pounds instead of fourteen. 

For one native pony, per day: Five pounds of oats and ten pounds of hay, or five 
pounds of palay and six pounds of rice hay, or five pounds of cut feed and twenty 
pounds of grass, or five pounds of corn and four pounds of chopped straw. 



976 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

One hundred pounds of straw per month will be allowed as bedding to each horse, 
Chinese pony, or mule. Hay may not be used for bedding, except that which may 



have been condemned. 



Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 74. J Manila, September 1, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Forty-five, current series, for the 
completion of the revision of the real estate tax assessment list for the province of 
Bohol — that is, September thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three — is hereby extended 
to November first, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent — that is, January first, nineteen hundred and four — is 
also extended to February first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order \ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 75. J Manila, /September 2, 1903. 

In order that there may be uniformity of action by heads of departments in the 
matter of the return to the service of persons separated therefrom before having 
served the full period prescribed by law or the contracts under which they were 
appointed, it shall be the rule that no person separated from the public service of the 
Philippine government before having served the full period prescribed by law or 
contract shall again be allowed to enter the same in any of its branches until he shall 
have made good all loss caused by such separation and shall have refunded to the 
government that proportion of the total expense incurred by it by reason of his appoint- 
ment, including salary and traveling expenses prior to the date he actually took up 
the duties of his position, as the time he failed to serve is to the time required by said 
law or contract, and then only on the recommendation of the head of the depart- 
ment from which he was separated. 

All amounts so refunded to the insular government shall be paid to the disbursing 
officer of the executive bureau, and by him deposited in the insular treasury to the 
credit of the insular salary and expense fund, and proper accounting therefor shall 
be rendered to the insular auditor. 

Any person desiring to qualify for reentrance to the service under the provisions 
or this executive order shall first take the matter up with the civil service board. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 76. J Manila, September 2, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Twenty-six, current series, for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province of 
Ilocos Sur — that is, August fifth, nineteen hundred and three — is hereby extended to 
September thirtieth, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent — that is, November first, nineteen hundred and three — 
is also extended to December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 77. J Manila, September 7, 1903. 

The time specified by the Executive Order Numbered Thirty-three, current series, 
for the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the prov- 
ince of Occidental Negros — that is, September first, nineteen hundred and three — is 
hereby extended to October thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three; and the date 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 977 

specified by the said executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under 
such revised assessment shall become delinquent — that is, December first, nineteen 
hundred and three — is also extended to December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and 
three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order ^ Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 78. J Manila, September 8, 1903. 

Pursuant to the Act Numbered Seven hundred and thirty-three, Philippine Com- 
mission, entitled "An act providing that the civil governor may, in his discretion, 
direct an extension of the period within which the board of tax revision in the 
City of Manila, and provincial boards of revision, shall complete their work," the 
time specified in Act Numbered Five hundred and eighty-two for the completion of 
the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list — that is, May twentieth, nineteen 
hundred and three — in so far as it relates to the province of La Laguna, is hereby 
extended to November first, nineteen hundred and three; and the date upon which 
the payment of taxes under such revised assessment shall become delinquent is also 
extended to February first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

> Executive Bureau, 

No. 79. J Manila, P. I. , September 10, 1903. 

In the exercise of the powers reposed in me as civil governor by Act Numbered 
Six hundred and forty-eight of the Philippine Commission, I hereby reserve from 
public sale or settlement, or mining or mineral claim and set aside as an agricultural 
station all the Government land in the town of Trinidad, in the province of Benguet, 
inclosed within a line beginning at notice post numbered one immediately to the 
northward of the property of Sefior Camps and on the right-hand side of the high- 
way between Baguio and Trinidad; extending thence in a straight line in a northerly 
direction to post numbered two; thence following a small creek in an easterly direc- 
tion to post numbered three, which is at the junction of said creek and the Baliti 
River; thence following said Baliti River in a southerly direction to post numbered 
four; and thence from said post numbered four in a straight line in a westerly direc- 
tion to post numbered one, the point of beginning. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order"] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 80. J Manila, September 17, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Nineteen, current series, for the 
completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the City of Manila — 
that is, September fifteenth, nineteen hundred and three — is hereby extended to 
October fifteenth, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent — that is, December fifteenth, nineteen hundred and 
three — is also extended to January fifteenth, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order"] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

I Executive Bureau, 

No. 81. j Manila, September 18, 1903. 

The provisions of Executive Orders Numbered Nine, Fourteen, and Seventy-one, 
current series, will not apply to the Moro Province, organized under the provisions 
of Act Numbered Seven hundred and eighty-seven, Philippine Commission. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor 

war 1903— vol 5 62 



978 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

Executive Order ] Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 82. J Manila, September 19, 1903. 

Pursuant to the provisions of section one of Act Numbered Five hundred and forty- 
three, as amended by section one of Act Numbered Six hundred and thirty -nine, the 
Honorable James F. Smith, secretary of public instruction, is hereby designated to 
perform the duties of secretary of the interior in the absence of the present head of 
that department, the provisions of Executive Order Numbered Forty-seven, current 
series, being revoked. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

y Executive Bureau, 

No. 83. J Manila, September 22, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Fifty-six, current series, for the 
completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province of 
Iloilo — that is, July thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three — is hereby extended to 
October fifteenth, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent — that is, November first, nineteen hundred and three — 
is also extended to December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



Executive Order } Government of the Philippine Islands, 

V Executive Bureau, 

No. 84. J Manila, September 26, 1903. 

The time specified by Executive Order Numbered Sixty-nine, current series, for 
the completion of the revision of the real-estate tax-assessment list for the province 
of La Union — that is, October first, nineteen hundred and three — is hereby extended 
to November first, nineteen hundred and three; and the date specified by the said 
executive order as that upon which the payment of taxes under such revised assess- 
ment shall become delinquent — that is, January first, nineteen hundred and four — is 
also extended to February first, nineteen hundred and four. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 



BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

Whereas the Philippine Commission did, on the twelfth day of November, nine- 
teen hundred and two, pass the following act: 

•'AN ACT to provide against the danger of famine in the provinces of the Philippine Archipelago. 

' ' By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Philippine Commission, that — 

"Section 1. To provide against the danger of famine, due to the short crop for the 
coming year in rice and other foodstuffs usually produced in the provinces of the 
Philippine Archipelago, it shall be the duty of all municipal presidents to call meet- 
ings of the people of their respective municipalities, to notify them of the impending 
danger of famine, and to urge them at once to take steps to secure the necessary seed 
and to plant quick-growing crops of corn, camotes, rice, or other food plants, which- 
ever may furnish the most abundant crop in the particular locality, sufficient in 
quantity to produce the requisite food for the people of the municipality for the 
coming year. 

"Sec. 2. Any municipal president is authorized to allot to the citizens of his 
municipality such public land as there may be within the boundaries of the munici- 
pality at present unoccupied, for the planting of the seed and the raising of the crops 
provided for in this act. 

"Sec. 3. The crops planted and gathered under this act shall belong to the persons 
planting and gathering the same, even though they be planted upon the public land, 
and no rent for the public land thus used shall be chargeable against the persons so 
using same. 

"Sec. 4. In cases where it is impossible in the municipality or province to secure 
the proper seed, the municipal council shall call upon the provincial board to pro- 
cure the needed seed through the insular purchasing agent. The provincial board 
shall purchase the needed seed from the general funds of the province, and shall sell 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 979 

the same to the presidents of the municipalities whose councils have called for seed. 
The seed furnished by a provincial board to any municipality shall be receipted for 
by the municipal president, and paid for out of the municipal funds by order of the 
municipal council. The seed shall then be sold to the residents of the municipality 
at the cost price thereof. If any person having land of his own or tilling the public 
land shall be known to be unable to pay for the seed, the municipal president may 
furnish him the seed without receiving the price thereof, in which case he shall col- 
lect an amount equal to the value of the seed furnished from the new crop, and shall 
sell the same and reimburse the municipal treasury with the proceeds. 

"Sec. 5. Each municipal president shall keep a record of the amount of seed fur- 
nished to the inhabitants of his municipality and the number of hectares planted by 
each inhabitant in accordance with the requirements of this act; and it shall be his 
further duty to make monthly reports of his proceedings under this act to the pro- 
vincial governor. 

"Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the provincial governor to see that the municipal 
presidents discharge their duties under this act, and if they fail to do so to suspend 
them and bring them before the provincial board to answer to the charges of non- 
compliance therewith. 

"The provincial governor shall make monthly reports of the proceedings of the 
municipal presidents and his own proceedings under this act to the civil governor. 

"Sec. 7. Any municipal president receiving seed from the provincial board under 
section four of this act who shall appropriate it to his own use or shall fail to distribute 
it in accordance with the terms of this act, or who shall knowingly permit or con- 
nive at the use of the seed for any other purpose than planting a new crop, as in this 
act provided, shall be held to be guilty of embezzlement, and shall be punished by 
a fine not exceeding $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding three years, or both, 
'in the discretion of the court. 

"Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the civil governor to issue a proclamation to the 
governors of the provinces, reciting the terms of this act and directing them to order 
the municipal presidents in accordance herewith to call the people of their respective 
municipalities together and secure the action required by this act. 

"Sec. 9. The said proclamation of the civil governor shall be printed in English 
and Spanish and in the principal dialects of the islands, and shall be forwarded to the 
various provincial governors to be by them distributed among the municipalities of 
their respective provinces. 

"Sec. 10. The public good requiring the speedy enactment of this bill, the passage 
of the same is hereby expedited in accordance with section two of 'An act prescrib- 
ing the order of procedure by the Commission in the enactment of laws,' passed 
September twenty-sixth, nineteen hundred. 

"Sec. 11. This act shall take effect on its passage." 

Now, therefore, I, William H. Taft, civil governor of the Philippine Islands, do 
hereby direct all provincial governors to order the municipal presidents to call the 
people of their respective municipalities together and secure the action required by 
the provisions of the act just quoted. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the gov- 
ernment of the Philippine Islands to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Manila this nineteenth day of November, one thousand nine 
hundred and two. 

[seal.] Wm. H. Taft. 

By the Civil Governor: 
Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

Whereas the President of the United States did, on the twenty-ninth day of 
October, issue the following proclamation: 

"THANKSGIVING. 

"By the President of the United States of America — A Proclamation. 

" According to the yearly custom of our people it falls upon the President at this 
season to appoint a day of festival and thanksgiving to God. 

" Over a century and a quarter has passed since this country took its place among 
the nations of the earth, and during that time we have had on the whole more to be 



980 EEPOET OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 

thankful for than has fallen to the lot of any other people. Generation after genera- 
tion has grown to manhood and passed away. Each has had to bear its peculiar 
burdens, each to face its special crises, and each has known years of grim trial when 
the country was menaced by dangers to be apprehended, domestic or foreign levy, 
when the hand of the Lord was heavy upon it, in drouth or flood or pestilence, 
when in bodily distress and anguish of soul it paid the penalty of folly and a fro ward 
heart. Nevertheless, decade by decade we have struggled onward and upward. 
We now abundantly enjoy material well-being and under the favor of the Most High 
we are striving earnestly to achieve moral and spiritual uplifting. The year that has 
just closed has been one of peace and of overflowing plenty. Rarely has any people 
enjoyed greater prosperity than we are now enjoying. For this we render heartfelt 
and solemn thanks to the Giver of Good and we seek to praise him not by words only 
but by deeds, by the way in which we do our duty to ourselves and to our fellow men. 

"Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, do hereby 
designate as a day of general thanksgiving the twenty-seventh of the coming Novem- 
ber and do recommend that throughout the land the people cease from their ordinary 
occupations, and in their several homes and places of worship render thanks unto 
Almighty God for the manifold blessings of the past year. 

"In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the 
United States to be affixed. 

"Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-ninth day of October, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and two, and of the independence of the 
United States the one hundred and twenty-seventh. ' 

[seal.] "Theodore Roosevelt. 

"By the President: 

' ' John Hay, Secretary of State. ' ' 

And whereas, though the year past closing has not been one of overflowing plenty 
in the Philippine Islands, and the people thereof have suffered much from cholera 
and pestilence, and the coming year is to be one of grim trial due to agricultural 
depression, nevertheless the war has ceased and the goal of prosperty, happiness, 
and peace under well-ordered government is in sight of the people of the Philippines, 
and will be reached if only they will summon to their aid self-restraint, courage, 
industry, and intelligent patriotism. 

Now, therefore, I, Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, do 
hereby recommend the observance of the foregoing proclamation by the residents 
of the Philippine Islands. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the 
Government of the Philippine Islands to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Manila this twentieth day of November, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand nine hundred and two. 

Wm. H. Taft. 

By the Civil Governor: 
Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

In accordance with the policy of President McKinley, announced in his instruc- 
tions of April 7, 1900, the Philippine Commission has extended to the people of the 
Philippine Islands complete autonomy in the matter of municipal government, and 
partial autonomy in the matter of provincial government. By actual experience the 
qualified electors of the Philippine Islands are learning the science of self-government. 
The policy of the late President McKinley has been sincerely adopted and followed 
by President Roosevelt, and the aim of the Commission, in accordance with its 
instructions, gradually to extend self-government to the people of the islands was 
approved and adopted by the Congress of the United States at its last session in the 
so-called Philippine act, by which provision was made for the election of a popular 
Philippine assembly within two years after the taking of a comprehensive census of 
the Philippine Islands. The taking of the census is indispensable to the calling of a 
general election for this popular assembly. No other object beyond the collection of 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 981 

the necessary data for determining the social and industrial condition of the people 
as the basis of intelligent legislative action is involved in the taking of this census. 
By the terms of the census law passed by the Philippine Commission it will be seen 
that the census is to be largely in the hands and under the control of the Filipinos. 
The taking of the census will therefore form a test of the capacity of the Filipinos to 
discharge a most important function of government. The information secured by 
the census will form the basis upon which capital will be invested in the islands 
and the material prosperity of the people brought about. The census, therefore, is 
to be taken solely for the benefit of the Filipino people, and if they desire to have a 
larger voice in their own government within the near future; if they desire to 
demonstrate to the world a growing capacity for self-government, and if they would 
aid the investment of capital and the improvement of their material condition they 
should lend their unanimous support to the successful taking of the census. 

Now, therefore, I, William II. Taft, civil governor of the Philippine Islands, in 
pursuance of the duty imposeed on me by section 16 of the act enacted by the 
Philippine Commission October 6, 1902, do hereby issue this my proclamation, 
announcing as census day March 2, 1903, on which day the enumeration of the Chris- 
tian population shall begin in all parts of the Philippine Islands, and continue until 
completed. 

It is the expectation of the government that the enumeration of the Christian 
population will be carried on by the enumerators of urban districts at the rate of 
fifty persons per day, and of suburban or rural districts at the rate of thirty-three 
persons per day. Any reduction in any district in the rate of enumeration thus 
established will be made the subject of investigation by the supervisor, and unless it 
shall be found that such reduction in the rate of enumeration was due to causes 
beyond the control of the enumerator, his (or her) pay for the period beyond which 
the enumeration should have been completed, at the specified rate, shall be with- 
held, pending the decision of the director of the census. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the gov- 
ernment of the Philippine Islands to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Manila this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand nine hundred and two. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

By the civil governor: 
Beekman Winthrop, 

Acting Executive Secretary. 



Office of the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, 

Manila, January 10, 1903. 

My Dear Sir: The schism in the Roman Catholic Church and the establishment 
and organization of an independent Filipino Catholic Church, because of the zeal and 
heat which frequently accompanies religious discussion, and especially because of the 
conflicting claims in respect to church property, may result in attempts at disposses- 
sion of those in charge of the churches and consequent disorder and disturbance of 
the peace. I have thought it necessary, therefore, to write you a letter calling your 
attention, and through you that of the municipal presidentes, to the functions which 
it is proper for civil executives to discharge in respect to religious controversies 
involving disputes over property. 

The policy of complete separation of church and state is enjoined upon those who 
serve under the American sovereignty. This does not mean that officers of the state 
as individuals may not attend church and may not take an interest in religious con- 
troversies, and may not aid the churches of which they are members, but it does 
mean that no officer of the government has the right to use his official position or 
the authority which he exercises as an official to further the interests of the church 
of which he is a member as against the rights and claims of other churches to which 
he may be opposed in his religious views. In these islands it is difficult for the man 
to separate himself from the office in the eyes of the people, and I therefore extend 
a word of caution to you and to the municipal presidentes of your province against 
making yourselves so prominent in the religious controversies to which I have referred 
on one side or the other that charges may be made against you that you are using 
your official influence and exercising your official authority in favor of either the 
Roman Catholic Church or the Filipino Catholic Church. You should, as far as 



982 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

possible, as an official pursue a line of conduct absolutely impartial between the two 
conflicting parties, and you should only intervene as officials whenever the pub- 
lic peace is disturbed and must be restored and conserved. To deal justly with 
all individual interests should be the pride of every government, and the capacity 
of a people for self-government may be largely measured by the ability and courage 
of their elective officers to do justice in the face of clamor or passion or prejudice of 
some of those who elected them. No controversy so arouses the participants to pas- 
sion and violence as that which grows out of religious differences, and if peace can be 
maintained where the people of a country divide under a new schism into two relig- 
ious bodies without violence, it speaks volumes for the law-abiding character of the 
people and for the capacity and ability of their self-chosen officers. I urge upon you, 
therefore, and upon the municipal presidentes over whom you so worthily exercise 
supervisory and disciplinary authority, to use your every effort now and in the 
months to come to prevent the religious schism that exists in parts of the islands from 
resulting in any disturbance of the peace. 

Again let me call your attention to one phase of the schism which is most impor- 
tant, and that is, as to the possession of churches and conventos. Executive officers 
have no function whatever to perform in respect to the determination of the question 
who owns private property. The questions of ownership of title, and even the right 
of possession, are questions to be decided by courts which are open to all parties in 
interest for the purpose of settling just such questions. The only function of the 
executive is to see to it that the peace is not disturbed by attempts on the part of 
one not in possession forcibly or by fraud to disturb another in the possession of 
property and to deprive him of it. Where therefore the priest or other representive 
of the Roman Catholic Church shall be in possession representing his church, it is 
not your function to decide that the people of the town who, because they may have 
assisted in building church believe themselves to be the owners of the church, may 
oust him and may let the priest of the Independent Filipino Catholic Church into 
possession. Whatever you may think of the merits of such a question, it is your 
duty to preserve the possession of the priest or other representative of the Roman 
Catholic Church by arresting any person who attempts forcibly to dispossess him or 
actually succeeds in doing so and allow the priest or other person having had peace- 
able possession to resume it; but beyond this you can not go. Such rights as the 
people of a town may have either to ownership or possession of the church property 
may be asserted in the courts. They can not assert such rights by force. 

On the other hand, should a priest in possession leave the Roman Catholic com- 
munion, and, retaining possession of the church property, allow it to be used for 
the service and ceremonies of the Filipino Church, it is not for you to decide that 
this is an unlawful act on his part, and to seek to remedy it by dispossessing him of 
the church, because the change which is effected is not effected by a disturbance 
of the peace, and the remedy for the wrong done, if it be a wrong, can only be had 
in the courts organized to decide such questions. You must respect the person in 
peaceable possession, and you must protect him against forcible dispossession, no 
matter how lawful or equitable in your opinion are the claims to the property on the 
part of the attempted dispossessor. If he has a lawful right he can have it vindicated 
in court. He can not be permitted to take the law into his own hands. To allow 
him to do so would be to produce riot and confusion throughout these islands. The 
question is one of actual possession, not of constructive possession. Indeed, the 
question, so far as you and the presidentes are concerned, is one really not of pos- 
session at all, but of the disturbance of the peace. 

Should any priest, or other person in charge of a church or convent, notify a pres- 
idente that he has reasonable ground to suspect that an attempt will be made to 
dispossess him, the presidente should detail policemen to maintain him in his pos- 
session and prevent an assault or forcible dispossession. A failure on the part of the 
presidente with energy to protect peaceable possession of church property will be 
good cause for dismissal. 

If the course which I have attempted to mark out for executive action be followed, 
the conflicting parties will be remitted to the courts to vindicate their rights, and 
the peace which is so absolutely essential to the welfare of the country and to the 
conduct of decent government will be fully preserved. With the confidence that 
you will observe the rules laid down in this letter, and will see to it that your munic- 
ipal presidentes do the same thing, I beg to subscribe myself, 
Your very obedient servant and well-wisher, 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 

The honorable Provincial Governor. 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION". 983 

BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

The following act of the Congress of the United States, having been approved by 
the President of the United States on the thirtieth day of January, anno Domini 
nineteen hundred and three, is hereby published for the information and guidance 
of all concerned : 

"AN ACT to promote the efficiency of the Philippine Constabulary, to establish the rank and pay 
of its commanding officers, and for other purposes. 

' ' Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That officers of the Army of the United States may be detailed 
for service as chief and assistant chiefs, the said assistant chiefs not to exceed in 
number four, of the Philippine Constabulary, and that during the continuance of 
such details the officer serving as chief shall have the rank, pay, and allowances 
of brigadier-general, and the officers serving as assistant chiefs shall have the rank, 
pay, and allowances of colonel: Provided, That the difference between the pay and 
allowances of brigadier-general and colonel, as herein provided, and the pay and 
allowances of the officers so detailed in the grades from which they are detailed shall 
be paid out of the Philippine treasury. 

' ' Sec. 2. That any companies of Philippine Scouts ordered to assist the Philippine 
Constabulary in the maintenance of order in the Philippine Islands may be placed 
under the command of officers serving as chief or assistant chiefs of the Philippine 
Constabulary, as herein provided: Provided, That when the Philippine Scouts shall 
be ordered to assist the Philippine Constabulary, said scouts shall not at any time be 
placed under the command of inspectors or other officers of the constabulary below 
the grade of assistant chief of constabulary. 

"Approved, January 30, 1903." 

Done at the city of Manila this twenty-seventh day of March, in the year of our 
Lord nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By the civil governor: 
A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

The following act of Congress of the United States, having been approved by the 
President of the United States on the ninth day of February, anno Domini nine- 
teen hundred and three, is hereby published for the information and guidance of all 
concerned: 

AN ACT to provide for the removal of persons accused of crime to and from the Philippine Islands 

for trial. 

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That the provisions of section ten hundred and fourteen of the 
Revised Statutes, so far as applicable, shall apply throughout the United States for 
the arrest and removal therefrom to the Philippine Islands of any fugitive from jus- 
tice charged with the commission of any crime or offense against the United States 
within the Philippine Islands, and shall apply within the Philippine Islands for the 
arrest and removal therefrom to the United States of any fugitive from justice charged 
with the commission of any crime or offense against the United States. Such fugitive 
may, by any judge or magistrate of the Philippine Islands, and agreeably to the 
usual mode of process against offenders therein, be arrested and imprisoned, or 
bailed, as the case may be, pending the issuance of a warrant for his removal to the 
United States, which warrant it shall be theduty of a judge of thecourtof hrstinstance 
seasonably to issue, and of the officer or agent of the United States designated for 
the purpose to execute. Such officer or agent, when engaged in executing such war- 
rant without the Philippine Islands, shall have all the powers of a marshal of the 
United States so far as such powers are requisite for the prisoner's safe keeping and 
the execution of the warrant. 



984 REPOPT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

"Sec. 2. That the provisions of sections fifty-two hundred and seventy-eight and 
fifty-two hundred and seventy-nine of the Revised Statutes, so far as applicable, shall 
apply to the Philippine Islands, which, for the purposes of said sections, shall be 
deemed a Territory within the meaning thereof. 

"Approved, February 9, 1903." 

Done at the city of Manila this twenty-eighth day of March, in the year of our 
Lord nineteen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By the civil governor: 
A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

The following act of the Congress of the United States, having been approved by 
the President of the United States on the second day of March, anno Domini nine- 
teen hundred and three, is hereby published for the information and guidance of all 
concerned : 

"AN ACT to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine 

Islands. 

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That the unit of value in the Philippine Islands shall be the 
gold peso consisting of twelve and nine-tenths grains of gold, nine-tenths fine, said 
gold peso to become the unit of value when the government of the Philippine Islands 
shall have coined and ready for, or in, circulation not less than five million of the 
silver pesos hereinafter provided for in this act, and the gold coins of the United 
States at the rate of one dollar for two pesos hereinafter authorized to be coined shall 
be legal tender for all debts, public and private, in the Philippine Islands. 

"Sec. 2. That in addition to the coinage authorized for use in the Philippine 
Islands by the act of July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled ' An act tempo- 
rarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Phil- 
ippine Islands, and for other purposes,' the government of the Philippine Islands is 
authorized to coin to an amount not exceeding seventy-five million pesos, for use in 
said islands, a silver coin of the denomination of one peso and of the weight of four 
hundred and sixteen grains, and the standard of said silver coins shall be such that 
of one thousand parts, by weight, nine hundred shall be of pure metal and one 
hundred of alloy, and the alloy shall be of copper. 

" Sec. 3. That the silver Philippine peso authorized by this act shall be legal tender 
in the Philippine Islands for all debts, public and private, unless otherwise specific- 
ally provided by contract: Provided, That debts contracted prior to the thirty-first 
day of December, nineteen hundred and three, may be paid in the legal tender cur- 
rency of said islands existing at the time of the making of said contracts, unless 
otherwise expressly provided by contract. 

"Sec 4. That section seventy-seven of the act of July first, nineteen hundred and 
two, is hereby amended so that it shall read: 

" 'Sec. 77. That the government of the Philippine Islands is authorized to coin for 
use in said islands a coin of the denomination of fifty centavos and of the weight of 
two hundred and eight grains, a coin of the denomination of twenty centavos and of 
the weight of eighty-three and ten one-hundredths grains, and a coin of the denomi- 
nation of ten centavos and of the weight of forty-one and fifty -five one-hundredths 
grains; and the standard of said silver coins shall be such that of one thousand parts, 
by weight, nine hundred shall be of pure metal and one hundred of alloy, and the 
alloy shall be of copper.' 

" Sec 5. That the Philippine peso herein authorized and the subsidiary silver coins 
authorized by section seventy-seven of the act of July first, nineteen hundred and 
two, as amended by the preceding section of this act, shall be coined under the 
authority of the government of the Philippine Islands in such amounts as it may 
determine, with the approval of the Secretary of War of the United States, except 
as limited in section two of this act, from silver bullion purchased by said govern- 
ment, with the approval of the Secretary of War of the United States: Provided, 
That said government may, in its discretion, in lieu of the purchase of bullion, recoin 
any of the silver coins now in or hereinafter received by the treasury of the govern- 
ment of the Philippine Islands into the coins provided for in this act or in the act of 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 985 

July first, nineteen hundred and two, as herein amended, at such rate and under 
such regulations as it may prescribe; and the subsidiary silver coins authorized by 
this act and by the act of July first, nineteen hundred and two, shall be legal ten- 
der in said islands to the amount of ten dollars. 

" Sec. 6. That the coinage authorized by this act shall be subject to the conditions 
and limitations of the provisions of the act of July first, nineteen hundred and two, 
entitled ' An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil 
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes,' except as herein 
otherwise provided; and the government of the Philippine Islands may adopt such 
measures as it may deem proper, not inconsistent with said act of July first, nineteen 
hundred and two, to maintain the value of the silver Philippine peso at the rate of 
one gold peso, and in order to maintain such parity between said silver Philippine 
pesos and the gold pesos herein provided for, and for no other purpose, may issue 
temporary certificates of indebtedness, bearing interest at a rate not to exceed four 
per centum annually, payable at periods of three months or more, but not later than 
one year from the date of issue, which shall be in the denominations of twenty-five 
dollars, or fifty pesos, or some multiple of such sum, and shall be redeemable in gold 
coin of the United States, or in lawful money of said islands, according to the terms 
of issue prescribed by the government of said islands; but the amount of such cer- 
tificates outstanding at any one time shall not exceed ten million dollars, or twenty 
million pesos, and said certificates shall be exempt from the payment of all taxes or 
duties of the government of the Philippine Islands, or any local authority therein, 
or of the Government of the United States, as well as from taxation in any form by 
or under any State, municipal, or local authority in the United States or the Philip- 
pine Islands: Provided, That all the proceeds of- said certificates shall be used exclu- 
sively for the maintenance of said parity, as herein provided, and for no other 
purpose, except that a sum not exceeding three million dollars at any one time may 
be used as a continuing credit for the purchase of silver bullion in execution of the 
provisions of this act. 

"Sec. 7. That the Mexican silver dollar now in use in the Philippine Islands and 
the silver coins heretofore issued by the Spanish Government for use in said islands 
shall be receivable for public dues at a rate to be fixed from time to time by the 
proclamation of the civil governor of said islands until such date, not earlier than 
the first day of January, nineteen hundred and four, as may be fixed by public 
proclamation of said civil governor, when such coins shall cease to be so receivable: 
Provided, That the public offices of the government of said islands shall give a prefer- 
ence for all public dues to the silver pesos and the silver certificates authorized by 
this act, and may at any time refuse to receive such Mexican dollars and Spanish 
coins as may appear to be counterfeit or defective. 

"Sec. 8. That the treasurer of the Philippine Islands is hereby authorized, in his 
discretion, to receive deposits of the standard silver coins of one peso authorized by 
this act to be coined, at the treasury of the government of said islands or any of its 
branches, in sums of not less than twenty pesos, and to issue silver certificates there- 
for in denominations of not less than two nor more than ten pesos, and coin so 
deposited shall be retained in the treasury and held for the payment of such cer- 
tificates on demand, and used for no other purpose. Such certificates shall be 
receivable for customs, taxes, and for all public dues in the Philippine Islands, and 
when so received may be reissued, and when held by any banking association in 
said islands may be counted as a part of its lawful reserve. 

"Sec 9. That for the purchase of metal for the silver Philippine peso authorized 
by this act, an appropriation may be made by the government of the Philippine 
Islands from its current funds, or as hereinbefore authorized, which shall be reim- 
bursed from the coinage under said sections. 

"Sec 10. That the silver Philippine pesos hereinbefore authorized may be coined 
at the mint of the government of the Philippine Islands at Manila, or arrangements 
may be made by the said government with the Secretary of the Treasury of the United 
States for their coinage, or any portion thereof, at any of the mints of the United States, 
at a charge covering the reasonable cost of the work. 

' ' Sec 11. That the silver Philippine peso hereinbefore authorized shall bear devices 
and inscriptions to be prescribed by the government of the Philippine Islands, and 
such devices and inscriptions shall express the sovereignty of the United States, that 
it is a coin of the Philippine Islands, the denomination of the coin, and the year of 
the coinage. 

"Sec 12. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed, 
when requested by the government of the Philippine Islands, to cause to be made 
and prepared any drawings, designs, and plates, and execute any coinage, engraving, 
or printing of notes and certificates authorized by this act, and to make a proper 



986 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

charge for -the same, covering as nearly as may be the actual cost, which shall be 
defrayed from the revenues of said islands. 

"Sec. 13. That section seventy-eight of the act of July first, nineteen hundred and 
two, and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act, and 
all provisions of law in force in the Philippine Islands making any form of money 
legal tender after December thirty-first, nineteen hundred and three, except as pro- 
vided in this act, are hereby repealed. 

"Approved, March 2, 1903." 

Done at the city of Manila this fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord nine- 
teen hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Civil Governor. 
By the civil governor: 
A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 



The Government of the Philippine Islands, 

Executive Bureau, 
Manila, June 15, 1903. 
To All Notaries Public: 

Numerous complaints are being received by this office that notaries public are 
failing to comply with the provisions of law in the matter of instruments acknowl- 
edged by them. Particular mention is made of the fact that in many instances a 
rubber stamp is used as a seal; that there is a failure to affix the date of expiration 
of commission, and that the acknowledgments do not include a reference to the 
cedula certificates of the parties executing the contract. 

The attention of all notaries is invited to the provisions of sections seventy-nine to 
ninety-one, inclusive, of Act Numbered One hundred and thirty-six, and to section 
twenty-eight of Act Numbered One hundred and thirty-three; the seal to be procured 
by notaries, under section eighty-six of Act Numbered One hundred and thirty-six, 
must be a metal seal. 

Documents should neither be signed nor sealed with a rubber stamp. 

The date of expiration of commission should be affixed to acknowledgments in 
every instance, as provided in section ninety of Act Numbered One hundred and 
thirty-six. 

Section twenty-eight of Act Numbered One hundred and thirty-three provides that: 

"No contract, deed, or other document acknowledged before a notary public shall 
be valid or recognized by any court unless the notary shall have certified thereon 
that the parties thereto have presented their certificates of registration, or are exempt 
from the tax, and shall have entered in such certification the number, place of issue, 
and date of each certificate of registration." 

Notaries, in acknowledging instruments, must not only require that the parties 
thereto exhibit their cedulas, but must enter in their certificate of acknowledgment 
the number, place of issue, and date of each such cedula. 

A strict compliance with the above instructions is enjoined upon all notaries, and, 
so far as applicable, upon clerks of court acting as ex-officio notaries public, and all 
other officials performing notarial functions. 
Very respectfully, 

A. W. Fergusson, Executive Secretary. 



BY THE CIVIL GOVERNOR OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— A PROCLA- 
MATION. 

The following act of the Congress of the United States, having been approved by 
the President of the United States on the third day of March, anno Domini nineteen 
hundred and three, is hereby published for the information and guidance of all 
concerned : 

"AN ACT to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States. 

' l Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of two 
dollars^ for each and every passenger not a citizen of the United States, or of the 
Dominion of Canada, the Republic of Cuba, or of the Republic of Mexico, who shall 
come by steam, sail, or other vessel from any foreign port to any port within the United 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 987 

States, or by any railway or any other mode of transportation, from foreign contiguous 
territory to the United States. The said duty shall be paid to the collector of cus- 
toms of the port or customs district to which said alien passenger shall come, or, if 
there be no collector at such port or district, then to the collector nearest thereto, by 
the master, agent, owner, or consignee of every such vessel or transportation line. 
The money thus collected shall be paid into the United States Treasury and shall 
constitute a permanent appropriation to be called the 'immigrant fund,' to be used 
under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury to defray the expense of regu- 
lating the immigration of aliens into the United States under this act, including the 
cost of reports of decisions of the Federal courts, and digests thereof, for the use of 
the Commissioner-General of Immigration, and the salaries and expenses of all offi- 
cers, clerks, and employees appointed for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of 
this act. The duty imposed by this section shall be a lien upon the vessel which 
shall bring such aliens to ports of the United States, and shall be a debt in favor of 
the United States against the owner or owners of such vessels, and the payment of 
such duty may be enforced by any legal or equitable remedy; the head tax herein 
provided* for shall not be levied upon aliens in transit through the United States nor 
upon aliens who have once been admitted into the United States and have paid the 
head tax who later shall go in transit from one part of the United States to another 
through foreign contiguous territory: Provided, That the Commissioner-General of 
Immigration, under the direction or with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, 
by agreement with transportation lines, as provided in section thirty-two of this act, 
may arrange in some other manner for the payment of the duty imposed by this sec- 
tion upon aliens seeking admission overland, either as to all or as to any such aliens. 

" Sec. 2. That the following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into 
the United States: All idiots, insane persons, epileptics, and persons who have been 
insane within five years previous; persons who have had two or more attacks of 
insanity at any time previously; paupers; persons likely to become a public charge; 
professional beggars; persons afflicted with a loathsome or with a dangerous con- 
agious disease; persons who have been convicted of a felony or other crime or mis- 
demeanor involving moral turpitude; polygamists, anarchists, or persons who believe 
in or advocate the "overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United 
States or of all government or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public offi- 
cials; prostitutes and persons who procure or attempt to bring in prostitutes or 
women for the purpose of prostitution; those who have been, within one year from 
the date of the application for admission to the United States, deported as being 
under offers, solicitations, promises or agreements to perform labor or services of 
some kind therein; and also any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the 
money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and 
satisfactorily shown that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing excluded 
classes; but this section shall not be held to prevent persons living in the United 
States from sending for a relative or friend who is not of the foregoing excluded 
classes: Provided, That nothing in this act shall exclude persons convicted of an 
offense purely political, not involving moral turpitude: And provided further, That 
skilled labor may be imported, if labor of like kind unemployed can not be found in 
this country: And provided further, That the provisions of this law applicable to con- 
tract labor "shall not be held to exclude professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers, 
ministers of any religious denomination, professors for colleges or seminaries, persons 
belonging to any recognized learned profession, or persons employed strictly as 
personal or domestic servants. 

"Sec. 3. That the importation into the United States of any woman or girl for the 
purposes of prostitution is hereby forbidden; and whoever shall import or attempt 
to import any woman or girl into the United States for the purposes of prostitution, 
or shall hold or attempt to hold any woman or girl for such purposes in pursuance 
of such illegal importation, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction 
thereof, shall be imprisoned not less than one nor more than five years and pay a 
fine not exceeding five thousand dollars. 

"Sec 4. That it shall be unlawful for any person, company, partnership, or cor- 
poration, in any manner whatsoever, to prepay the transportation or in any way to 
assist or encourage the importation or migration of any alien into the United States, 
in pursuance of any offer, solicitation, promise, or agreement, parole or special, 
expressed or implied, made previous to the importation of such alien to perform 
labor or service of any kind, skilled or unskilled, in the United States. 

"Sec. 5. That for every violation of any of the provisions of section four of this 
act the person, partnership, company, or corporation violating the same, by know- 
ingly assisting, encouraging, or soliciting the migration or importation of any alien 
to the United States to perform labor or service of any kind by reason of any offer, 



988 EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

solicitation, promise, or agreement, express or implied, parole or special, to or with 
such alien shall forfeit and pay for every such offense the sum of one thousand dol- 
lars, which may be sued for and recovered by the United States, or by any person 
who shall first bring his action therefor in his own name and for his own benefit, 
including any such alien thus promised labor or service of any kind as aforesaid, as 
debts of like amount are now recovered in the courts of the United States; and sepa- 
rate suits may be brought for each alien thus promised labor or service of any kind 
as aforesaid. And it shall be the duty of the district attorney of the proper district 
to prosecute every such suit when brought by the United States. 

"Sec. 6. That it shall be unlawful and be deemed a violation of section four of 
this act to assist or encourage the importation or migration of any alien by a prom- 
ise of employment through advertisements printed and published in any foreign 
country; and any alien coming to this country in consequence of such an advertise- 
ment shall be treated as coming under a promise or agreement as contemplated in 
section two of this act, and the penalties imposed by section five of this act shall be 
applicable to such a case: Provided, That this section shall not apply to States or 
Territories, the District of Columbia, or places subject to the jurisdiction of the 
United States advertising the inducements they offer for immigration thereto, respec- 
tively. 

"Sec. 7. That no transportation company or owner or owners of vessels or others 
engaged in transporting aliens into the United States, shall, directly or through 
agents, either by writing, printing, or oral representations, solicit, invite, or encour- 
age the immigration of any aliens into the United States, except by ordinary com- 
mercial letters, circulars, advertisements, or oral representations, stating the sailings 
of their vessels and terms and facilities of transportation therein; and for a violation 
of this provision any such transportation company and any such owner or owners 
of vessels, and all others engaged in transporting aliens to the United States, and 
the agents by them employed, shall be subjected to the penalties imposed by section 
five of this act. 

" Sec 8. That any person, including the master, agent, owner, or consignee of any 
vessel, who shall bring into or land in the United States, by vessel or otherwise, or who 
shall attempt, by himself or through another, to bring into or land in the United 
States, by vessel or otherwise, any alien not duly admitted by an immigrant in- 
spector, or not lawfully entitled to enter the United States, shall be deemed guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine not exceeding one 
thousand dollars for each and every alien so landed or attempted to be landed, or by 
imprisonment for a term not less than three months nor more than two years, or by 
both such fine and imprisonment. 

' ' Sec 9. That it shall be unlawful for any person, including any transportation 
company other than railway lines entering the United States from foreign contiguous 
territory, or the owner, master, agent, or consignee of any vessel to bring to the United 
States any alien afflicted with a loathsome or with a dangerous contagious disease; 
and if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury that any alien 
so brought to the United States was afflicted with such a disease at the time of for- 
eign embarkation, and that the existence of such disease might have been detected 
by means of a competent medical examination at such time, such person or trans- 
portation company or the master, agent, owner, or consignee of any such vessel shall 
pay to the collector of customs of the customs district in which the port of arrival is 
located the sum of one hundred dollars for each and every violation of the provisions 
of this section ; and no vessel shall be granted clearance papers while any such fine 
imposed upon it remains unpaid, norshall such fine be remitted. 

" Sec 10. That the decision of the board of special inquiry, hereinafter provided 
for, based upon the certificate of the examining medical officer, shall be final as to 
the rejection of aliens afflicted with a loathsome or with a dangerous contagious dis- 
ease, or with any mental or physical disability which would bring such aliens within 
any of the classes excluded from admission to the United States under section two 
of this act. 

"Sec 11. That upon the certificate of a medical officer of the United States Marine- 
Hospital Service to the effect that a rejected alien is helpless from sickness, physical 
disability, or infancy, if such alien is accompanied by another alien whose protection 
or guardianship is required by such rejected alien, the master, agent, owner, or 
consignee of the vessel in which such alien and accompanying alien are brought shall 
be required to return said alien and accompanying alien in the same manner as 
vessels are required to return other rejected aliens. 

"Sec 12. That upon the arrival of any alien by water at any port within the 
United States it shall be the duty of the master or commanding officer of the 
steamer, sailing, or other vessel having said alien on board to deliver to the 



REPORT OF THE PHIIIPPINE COMMISSION. 989 

immigration officers at the port of arrival lists or manifests made at the time and 
place of embarkation of such alien on board such steamer or vessel, which shall, in 
answer to questions at the top of said lists, state as to each alien the full name, age, 
and sex; whether married or single; the calling or occupation; whether able to read 
or write; the nationality; the race; the last residence; the seaport for landing in the 
United States; the final destination, if any, beyond the port of landing; whether 
having a ticket through to such final destination; whether the alien has paid his 
own passage, or whether it has been paid by any other person or by any corporation, 
society, municipality, or government, and if so, by whom; whether in possession of 
fifty dollars, and if less, how much; whether going to join a relative or friend, and 
if so, what relative or friend and his name and complete addrees; whether ever 
before in the United States, and if so, when and where; whether ever in prison or 
almshouse or an institution or hospital for the care and treatment of the insane or 
supported by charity ; whether a polygamist; whether an anarchist; whether coming 
by reason of any offer, solicitation, promise, or agreement, expressed or implied, to 
perform labor in the United States, and what is the alien's condition of health, 
mental and physical, and whether deformed or crippled; and if so, for how long and 
from what cause. 

"Sec. 13. That all aliens arriving by water at the ports of the United States shall 
be listed in convenient groups, and no one list or manifest shall contain more than 
thirty names. To each alien or head of a family shall be given a ticket on which 
shall be written his name, a number or letter designating the list in which his name, 
and so forth, is contained, and his number on said list, for convenience of identifi- 
cation on arrival. Each list or manifest shall be verified by the signature and the 
oath or affirmation of the master or commanding officer or the first or second below 
him in command, taken before an immigration officer at the port of arrival, to the 
effect that he has caused the surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith to make a phy- 
sical and oral examination of each of said aliens, and that from the report of said 
surgeon and from his own investigation he believes that no one of said aliens is an 
idiot, or insane person, or a pauper, or is likely to become a public charge, or is suf- 
fering from a loathsome or a dangerous contagious disease, or is a person who has 
been convicted of a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, 
or a polygamist, or an anarchist, or under promise or agreement, express or implied, 
to perform labor in the United States, or a prostitute, and that also, according to the 
best of his knowledge and belief, the information in said lists or manifests concern- 
ing each of said aliens named therein is correct and true in every respect. 

" Sec. 14. That the surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith shall also sign each of 
said lists or manifests and make oath or affirmation in like manner before an immi- 
gration officer at the port of arrival, stating his professional experience and qualifica- 
tions as a physician and surgeon, and that he has made a personal examination of 
each of the said aliens named therein, and that the said list or manifest, according to 
the best of his knowledge and belief, is full, correct, and true in all particulars rela- 
tive to the mental and physical condition of said aliens. If no surgeon sails with any 
vessel bringing aliens the mental and physical examinations and the verifications of 
the lists or manifests shall be made by some competent surgeon employed by the own- 
ers of the said vessel. 

"Sec 15. That in the case of the failure of the master or commanding officer of any 
vessel to deliver to the said immigration officers lists or manifests of all aliens on board 
thereof as required in sections twelve, thirteen, and fourteen of this act, he shall pay 
to the collector of customs at the port of arrival the sum of ten dollars for each alien 
concerning whom the above information is not contained in any list as aforesaid. 

"Sec 16. That upon the receipt by the immigration officers at any port of arrival 
of the lists or manifests of aliens provided for in sections twelve, thirteen, and four- 
teen of this act, it shall be the duty of said officers to go or send competent assistants 
to the vessels to which said lists or manifests refer and there inspect all such aliens, 
or said immigration officers may order a temporary removal of such aliens for exam- 
ination at a designated time and place, but such temporary removal shall not be 
considered a landing, nor shall it relieve the transportation lines, masters, agents, 
owners, or consignees of the vessel upon which such aliens are brought to any port 
of the United States from any of the obligations which, in case such aliens remain 
on board, would, under the provisions of this act, bind the said transportation lines, 
masters, agents, owners, or consignees : Provided, That where a suitable building is 
used for the detention and examination of aliens the immigration officials shall there 
take charge of such aliens, and the transportation companies, masters, agents, 
owners, and consignees of the vessels bringing such aliens shall be relieved of the 
responsibility for their detention thereafter until the return of such aliens to their 



990 REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

" Sec. 17. That the physical and mental examinations of all arriving aliens shall be 
made by medical officers of the United States Marine-Hospital Service, who shall have 
had at least two years' experience in the practice of their profession since receiving 
the degree of doctor of medicine, and who shall certify for the information of the immi- 
gration officers and the boards of special inquiry hereinafter provided for, any and all 
physical and mental defects or diseases observed by said medical officers in any such 
alien, or, should medical officers of the United States Marine-Hospital Service be not 
available, civil surgeons of not less than four years' professional experience may be 
employed in such emergencies for the said service, upon such terms as may be pre- 
scribed by the Commissioner-General of Immigration, under the direction or with 
the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. The United States Public Health and 
Marine-Hospital Service shall be reimbursed by the immigration service for all 
expenditures incurred in carrying out the medical inspection of aliens under regula- 
tions of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

"Sec. 18. That it shall be the duty of the owners, officers, and agents of any vessel 
bringing an alien to the United States to adopt due precautions to prevent the landing 
of any such alien from such vessel at any time or place other than that designated 
by the immigration officers, and any such owner, officer, agent, or person in charge 
of such vessel who shall land or permit to land any alien at any time or place other 
than that designated by the immigration officers, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
meanor, and shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine for each alien so permitted 
to land of not less than one hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, or by 
imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprison- 
ment, and every such alien so landed shall be deemed to be unlawfully in the United 
States and shall be deported, as provided by law. 

"Sec. 19. That all aliens brought into this country in violation of law shall, if prac- 
ticable, be immediately sent back to the countries whence they respectively came on 
the vessels bringing them. The cost of their maintenance while on land, as well as 
the expense of the return of such aliens, shall be borne by the owner or owners of the 
vessels on which they respectively came; and if any master, person in charge, agent, 
owner, or consignee of any such vessels shall refuse to receive back on board thereof, 
or of any other vessel owned by the same interest, such aliens, or shall neglect to 
detain them thereon, or shall refuse or neglect to return them to the foreign port 
from which they came, or to pay the cost of their maintenance while on land, such 
master, person in charge, agent, owner, or consignee shall be deemed guilty of a mis- 
demeanor, and shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine not less than three hundred 
dollars for each and every such offense; and no such vessel shall have clearance 
from any port of the United States while any such fine is unpaid: Provided, That the 
Commissioner-General of Immigration, under the direction or with the approval of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, may suspend, upon conditions to be prescribed by the 
Commissioner-General, the deportation of any alien found to have come under prom- 
ise or agreement of labor or service of any kind if, in his judgment, the testimony of 
such alien is necessary on behalf of the United States Government in the prosecution 
of offenders against the provisions of sections four and five of this act: Provided, 
That the cost of maintenance of any person so detained resulting from such suspen- 
sion of deportation shall be paid from the 'immigrant fund,' but no alien certified, 
as provided in section seventeen of this act, to be suffering with a loathsome or with 
a dangerous contagious disease other than one of a quarantinable nature, shall be 
permitted to land for medical treatment thereof in the hospitals of the United States. 

"Sec. 20. That any alien who shall come into the United States in violation of 
law, or who shall be found a public charge therein, from causes existing prior to 
landing, shall be deported as hereinafter provided to the country whence he came at 
any time within two years after arrival at the expense, including one-half of the cost 
of inland transportation to the port of deportation, of the person bringing such alien 
into the United States, or, if that can not be done, then at the expense of the 
immigrant fund referred to in section one of this act. 

"Sec. 21. That in case the Secretary of the Treasury shall be satisfied that an alien 
has been found in the United States in violation of this act, he shall cause such 
alien, within the period of three years after landing or entry therein, to be taken 
into custody and returned to the country whence he came as provided in section 
twenty of this act, or, if that can not be so done, at the expense of the immigrant 
fund provided for in section one of this act; and neglect or refusal on the part of the 
masters, owners, or consignees of vessels to comply with the order of the Secretary 
of the Treasury to take on board, guard safely, and return to the country whence he 
came any alien ordered to be deported under the provisions of this section shall be 
punished by the imposition of the penalties prescribed in section nineteen of this act. 

"Sec. 22. That the Commissioner-General of Immigration, in addition to such 
other duties as may by law be assigned to him, shall, under the direction of the Secre- 



EEPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 991 

tary of the Treasury, have charge of the administration of all laws relating to the 
immigration of aliens into the United States, and shall have the control, direction, 
and supervision of all officers, clerks, and employees appointed thereunder. He 
shall establish such rules and regulations, prescribe such forms of bonds, reports, 
entries, and other papers, and shall issue from time to time such instructions, not 
inconsistent with law, as he shall deem best calculated for carrying out the provisions 
of this act and for protecting the United States and aliens migrating thereto from 
fraud and loss, and shall have authority to enter into contracts for the support and 
relief of such aliens as may fall into distress or need public aid; all under the direc- 
tion or with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. And it shall be the duty 
of the Commissioner-General of Immigration to detail officers of the immigration 
service from time to time as may be necessary, in his judgment, to secure information 
as to the number of aliens detained in the penal, reformatory, and charitable institu- 
tions (public and private) of the several States and Territories, the District of Colum- 
bia, and other territory of the United States, and to inform the Officers of such 
institutions of the provisions of law in relation to the deportation of aliens who have 
become public charges: Provided, That the Commissioner-General of Immigration 
may, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, whenever in his judgment 
such action may be necessary to accomplish the purposes of this act, detail 
immigration officers for temporary service in foreign countries. 

"Sec. 23. That the duties of the commissioners of immigration shall be of an 
administrative character, to be prescribed in detail by regulations prepared under 
the direction or with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

"Sec 24. That immigrant inspectors and other immigration officers, clerks, and 
employees shall hereafter be appointed and their compensation fixed and raised or 
decreased from time to time by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon the recom- 
mendation of the Commissioner-General of Immigration and in accordance with the 
provisions of the civil-service act of January sixteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty- 
three: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to alter the mode 
of appointing commissioners of immigration at the several ports of the United States 
as provided by the sundry civil appropriation act approved August eighteenth, eight- 
een hundred aud ninety-four, or the official status of such commissioners heretofore 
appointed. Immigration officers shall have power to administer oaths and to take 
and consider testimony touching the right of any alien to enter the United States, 
and, where such action may be necessary, to make a written record of such testi- 
mony, and any person to whom such an oath has been administered under the pro- 
visions of this act who shall knowingly or wilfully give false testimony or swear to 
any false statement in any way affecting or in relation to the right of an alien to 
admission to the United States shall be deemed guilty of perjury and be punished as 
provided by section fifty-three hundred and ninety -two, United States Revised Stat- 
utes. The decision of any such officer, if favorable to the admission of any alien, 
shall be subject to challenge by any other immigration officer, and such challenge 
shall operate to take the alien whose right to land is so challenged before a board of 
special inquiry for its investigation. Every alien who may not appear to the exam- 
ining immigrant inspector at the port of arrival to be clearly and beyond a doubt 
entitled to land shall be detained for examination in relation thereto by a board of 
special inquiry. 

"Sec. 25. That such boards of special inquiry shall be appointed by the commis- 
sioners of immigration at the various ports of arrival as may be necessary for the 
prompt determination of all cases of aliens detained at such ports under the pro- 
visions of law. Such boards shall consist of three members, who shall be selected 
from such of the immigrant officials in the service as the Commissioner-General of 
Immigration, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall from time to 
time designate as qualified to serve on such boards: Provided, That at ports where 
there are fewer than three immigrant inspectors, the Secretary of the Treasury, upon 
recommendation of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, may designate other 
United States officials for service on such boards of special inquiry. Such boards 
shall have authority to determine whether an alien who has been duly held shall be 
allowed to land or be deported. All hearings before boards shall be separate and 
apart from the public, but the said boards shall keep complete permanent records of 
their proceedings and of all such testimony as may be produced before them; and 
the decision of any two members of a board shall prevail and be final, but either the 
alien or any dissenting member of said board may appeal, through the commissioner 
of immigration at the port of arrival and the Commissioner-General of Immigration, 
to the Secretary of the Treasury, whose decision shall be final; and the taking of such 
appeal shall operate to stay any action in regard to the final disposal of the alien 
whose case is so appealed until the receipt by the commissioner of immigration at 
the port of arrival of such decision. 



992 KEPOBT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

" Sec. 26. That no bond or guaranty, written or oral, that an alien shall not become 
a public charge shall be received from any person, company, corporation, charitable 
or benevolent society or association unless authority to receive the same shall in each 
special case be given by the Commissioner-General of Immigration, with the written 
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. 

" Sec. 27. That no suit or proceeding for a violation of the provisions of this act 
shall be settled, compromised, or discontinued without the consent of the court in 
which it is pending, entered of record, with the reasons therefor. 

"Sec 28. That nothing contained in this act shall be construed to affect any prose- 
cution or other proceeding, criminal or civil, begun under any existing act or any 
acts hereby amended, but such prosecutions or other proceedings, criminal or civil, 
shall proceed as if this act had not been passed. 

"Sec 29. That the circuit and district courts of the United States are hereby 
invested with full and concurrent jurisdiction of all causes, civil or criminal, arising 
under any of the provisions of this act. 

"Sec 30. That after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and three, all 
exclusive privileges of exchanging money, transporting passengers or baggage, or 
keeping eating houses, and all other like privileges in connection with any United 
States immigrant station, shall be disposed of after public competition, subject to 
such conditions and limitations as the Commissioner-General of Immigration, under 
the direction or with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, may prescribe: 
Provided, That no intoxicating liquors shall be sold in any such immigrant station; 
that all receipts accruing from the disposal of such exclusive privileges as herein pro- 
vided shall be paid into the United States Treasury to the credit of the immigration 
fund provided for in section one oi this act. 

"Sec 31. That for the preservation of the peace and in order that arrests may be 
made for crimes under the laws of the States and Territories of the United States 
where the various immigrant stations are located, the officers in charge of such sta- 
tions, as occasion may require, shall admit therein the proper State and municipal 
officers charged with the enforcement of such laws and for the purposes of this sec- 
tion the jurisdiction of such officers and of the local courts shall extend over such 
stations. 

"Sec 32. That the Commissioner-General of Immigration, under the direction or 
with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe rules for the entry 
and inspection of aliens along the borders of Canada and Mexico, so as not to 
unnecessarily delay, impede, or annoy passengers in ordinary travel between the 
United States and said countries, and shall have power to enter into contracts with 
foreign transportation lines for the same purpose. 

"Sec 33. That for the purposes of this act the words 'United States' as used in 
the title as well as in the various sections of this act shall be construed to mean the 
United States and any waters, territory, or other place now subject to the jurisdiction 
thereof. 

"Sec 34. That no intoxicating liquors of any character shall be sold within the 
limits of the Capitol building of the United States. 

"Sec 35. That the deportation of aliens arrested within the United States after 
entry and found to be illegally therein, provided for in this act, shall be to the trans- 
Atlantic or trans-Pacific ports from which said aliens embarked for the United States; 
or, if such embarkation was for foreign contiguous territory, to the foreign port at 
which said aliens embarked for such territory. 

"Sec 36. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby 
repealed: Provided, That this act shall not be construed to repeal, alter, or amend 
existing laws relating to the immigration, or exclusion of, Chinese persons or persons 
of Chinese descent. 

"Sec 37. That whenever an alien shall have taken up his permanent residence 
in. this country, and shall have filed his preliminary declaration to become a citizen, 
and thereafter shall send for his wife or minor children to join him, if said wife, or 
either of said children, shall be found to be affected with any contagious disorder, 
and if it is proved that said disorder was contracted on board the ship in which they 
came, and is so certified by the examining surgeon at the port of arrival, such wife or 
children shall be held under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall 
prescribe, until it shall be determined whether the disorder will be easily curable, 
or whether they can be permitted to land without danger to other persons, and they 
shall not be deported until such facts have been ascertained. 

' ' Sec 38. That no person who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized 
government, or who is a member of or affiliated with any organization entertaining 
and teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government, or who 
advocates or teaches the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or 



REPORT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 993 

killing of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals or of officers generally, 
of the Government of the United States or of any other organized government, 
because of his or their official character, shall be permitted to enter the United States 
or any Territory or place subject to the jurisdiction thereof. This section shall be 
enforced by the Secretary of the Treasury under such rules and regulations as he shall 
prescribe. 

"That any person who knowingly aids or assists any such person to enter the 
United States or any Territory or place subject to the jurisdiction thereof, or who 
connives or conspires with an> person or persons to allow, procure, or permit any 
such person to enter therein, except pursuant to such rules and regulations made by 
the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars or 
imprisoned for not less than one nor more than five years, or both. 

"Sec. 39. That no person who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized 
government, or who is a member of or affiliated with any organization entertaining 
and teaching such belief in or opposition to all organized government, or who advo- 
cates or teaches the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing 
of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals or of officers generally, of the 
Government of the United States or of any other organized government, because of 
his or their official character, or who has violated any of the provisions of this act, 
shall be naturalized or be made a citizen of the United States. All courts and tri- 
bunals and all judges and officers thereof having jurisdiction of naturalization pro- 
ceedings, or duties to perform in regard thereto, shall, on the final application for 
naturalization, make careful inquiry into such matters, and before issuing the final 
order or certificate of naturalization cause to be entered of record the affidavit of the 
applicant and of his witnesses so far as applicable, reciting and affirming the truth 
of every material fact requisite for naturalization. All final orders and certificates 
of naturalization hereafter made shall show on their face specifically that said affida- 
vits were duly made and recorded, and all orders and certificates that fail to show 
such facts shall be null and void. 

"That any person who purposely procures naturalization in violation of the pro- 
visions of this section shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars, or shall be 
imprisoned not less than one nor more than ten years, or both, and the court in 
which such conviction is had shall thereupon adjudge and declare the order or decree 
and all certificates admitting such person to citizenship null and void. Jurisdiction 
is hereby conferred on the courts having jurisdiction of the trial of such offense to 
make such adjudication. 

"That any person who knowingly aids, advises, or encourages any such person to 
apply for or to secure naturalization or to file the preliminary papers declaring an 
intent to become a citizen of the United States, or who in any naturalization pro- 
ceeding knowingly procures or gives false testimony as to any material fact, or who 
knowingly makes an affidavit false as to any material fact required to be proved in 
such proceedings, shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned 
not less than one nor more than ten years, or both. 

"The foregoing provisions concerning naturalization shall not be enforced until 
ninety davs after the approval hereof. 

"Approved, March 3, 1903." 

It has been decided by the legal adviser of the Secretary of War that while this 
law in its restrictions upon the admission of aliens to the United States applies to the 
Philippine Islands, the provisions therein made for the enforcement of the law by 
the Treasury Department of the United States and the Commissioner-General of 
Immigration do not apply here, and that the new immigration law should be 
enforced in the same manner in these islands as the previous law on the same sub- 
ject was enforced — that is, through the collector of customs and his subordinates in 
office. Until reversed by competent authority, this construction of the new immi- 
gration law above set forth will be followed by the collectorof customs for the Phil- 
ippine Archipelago and his subordinates, and will be observed by all people within 
the jurisdiction of the Philippine Islands. 

Done at the city of Manila this twenty-sixth day of June, anno Domini nineteen 
hundred and three. 

Wm. H. Taft, Oivil Governor. 

By the Civil Governor: 
A. W. Fergusson, 

Executive Secretary. 

war 1903— vol 5 63 



INDEX TO PART I. 



Abra, Province of: Page. 

Area 732 

Under cultivation 732 

Catholic religion, effect of, on savages 732 

Capital, former 732 

Cattle, reduction in number 732, 733 

Cholera 734 

Coal deposits 733 

Cockfighting, suppression of in certain pueblos 734 

Corn — 

Increase in price of 734 

Insufficiency of crop 732 

Education, conditions 733 

Establishment of province 732 

Food conditions, report of governor 712 

Friars, feeling against 733 

Gold in 733 

Governor, Annual report of 731 

Gypsum deposits 733 

High schools, establishment of 734 

Ilocanos, character of 732 

Iron deposits 733 

Legislation suggested 735 

Loan to by insular government ; 82 

Locusts, report of governor relative extermination of 695 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Non-Christian tribes 732 

Noteworthv events 734 

Outlawry 732 

Peace conditions 732 

Population 732 

Religion, sentiment of people 733 

Rice- 
Increase in price 734 

Insufficiency of crops 732 

Amount distributed 21 

Report of governor on 712 

Tinguianes, effect of act of Commission relative to 734 

Timber _ 732 

Tobacco, exported 732 

Treasuries, deficits in municipal 734 

Abreu, Jose: 

Appointed first assistant prosecuting attorney 634 

Advisory board, city of Manila: 

Acknowledgment of services of 544 

Personnel of 544 

Work of 543-544 

Agcaoili, Julio, governor of Ilocos Norte: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Ilocos Norte 700 

food conditions and rice crop 715 

Annual report of - 814 

Aglipay movement: 

Spread of, in Cavite 780 

Agoncillo, member Hongkong- Junta: 

Intention of, to come to Manila 35 

995 



996 INDEX TO PART I. 

Agricultural Society of Panay and Negros: Page. 

Petition of, for abolition of duty on Philippine sugar 353-354 

Agriculture: 

Conditions in province of — 

' Abra 732 

Albay 738 

Ambos Camarines 743 

Antique 751 

Bataan 756 

Batangas 758 

Benguet 760 

Bohol 761 

Bulacan 767 

Cagayan 770 

Capiz 777,778 

Cavite 782 

Cebu 812 

Ilocos Norte 816 

Ilocos Sur 819 

Iloilo 716 

Isabela 716 

Laguna 829 

Leyte 840 

Masbate 854 

Misamis 718 

Negros Occidental 881 

Negros Oriental 891 

Nueva Ecija 862 

Nueva Vizcaya 868 

Pampanga 719 

Pangasinan 719 

Paragua 719 

Rizal 903 

Romblon 720 

Samar 912 

Sorsogon 919 

Surigao : 720 

Tarlac 720 

Tayabas 928 

Union, La 830 

Zambales 933 

Efforts to alleviate embarrassment in, due to absence of draft cattle 4 

Aguilar, Luis: 

Mentioned 728 

Aguinaldo, Emilio: 

Mentioned 409 

Ahern, George P., captain, XJ. S. Army, chief of forestry bureau: 

Mentioned 408 

Alandi, Sofio, provincial fiscal, Tayabas: 

Mentioned 932 

Albay, Province of: 

Bridges and highways 736 

Cable connection, necessity of 738 

Commerce 738 

Communication with other provinces, etc 738 

Constabulary force 740 

Copra, amount of production of 738 

Court of first instance, sessions of 736 

Disturbances in 31 

Loss caused by 32 

Finances 740 

Food conditions, report of governor on 712 

General conditions 741 

Hemp, complaints regarding quality of 738-739 

Method of classification of 739 

Increase in price of 738 

Exportation of 738 

Condition of industry 32 



INDEX TO PAET I. 997 

Albay, Province of— Continued. Page. 

Highways and bridges 736 

Inhabitants of, authority granted by Commission to reconcentrate, etc... 31 

Locusts, report of governor on 696 

Mail routes in 738 

Minerals 740 

Municipalities in, number of 83 

Loan to 82 

Paper, opportunities for the manufacture of 741 

Police 740 

Presidentes of municipalities, assembly of 736 

Eevenues 740 

Rice, amomit produced 738 

conditions in province 712 

distributed to province, and purposes of 21 

Schools 740 

Sinamay, value of exports of 738 

Social conditions 741 

Stage line, establishment of - 737 

Taxes 739 

Introduction of territorial or land 739 

Eeceipts from 739 

Transportation 737 

Traffic over Camino Eeal 737 

United States military forces in ... 740 

Wages 741 

Ylang-ylang production, value of 738 

Albert, Dr. Jose: 

Appointment of, on committee to report on restriction of sale of opium . . 63 

Alemany, Dr. Jose E. : 

Appointed a member of civil-service board 433 

Algue, Father, director of the weather bureau: 

Mentioned 408 

Allen, Chief Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 413 

Ambos Camarines, Province of: 

Agriculture 743 

Area of 744 

Cholera epidemic in 742 

Coal deposits 744 

Constabulary and police 746 

Efficiencv of 746 

Strength of 746, 747 

Copra exported 743 

Finances , 748 

Food conditions, report of governor on 713-744 

Suffering from lack of food 22 

Forestry 744 

Forest land 744 

Governor, annual report of 741 

Health conditions 743 

Hemp exports 743 

culture, increase of 23, 743 

Locusts, report of governor on measures to exterminate 696 

Minerals -" 744 

Mining claims filed 744 

Municipal affairs 742 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Peaceful conditions in 742 

Post-offices and postal routes 745 

Where established 745 

Products of 744 

Railway plan 745 

Rice crop of, report of governor on 713 

distributed to province, etc 21 

Roads 747 

Anderson, A. E. : 

Prize awarded to 412 

Appointed architect for exposition board 412 



998 INDEX TO PART I. 

Andrews, Richard Henry: Page. 

Conveyance of lands of Dominican friars to 39 

Organization of Philippines Sugar Estates Developing Company (Limited) 

by 39 

Conveyance by, of Dominican friars' lands to Philippines Sugar 

Estates Development Company 39 

Antique, Province of: 

Agriculture 751 

Bridges 752 

Cattle, number in province 752 

Climate 750 

Cocoa . 752 

Coffee 752 

Commerce 752 

Constabulary 755 

Copra 752 

Food conditions, report of governor 713 

Forestry 752 

Governor, annual report of 749 

Hemp 752 

Justices of the peace 754 

Legislation suggested _ 752 

Loan to 82 

Locusts, report of governor regarding measures against 697 

Mangoes 752 

Municipal police 754 

Municipalities 752 

Population 749 

Public health 750 

Public order 755 

Public instruction - . 751 

Rice — 

Production 751 

Crops, etc. , report of governor 713 

Distribution to 21 

Rivers 750 

Roads 752 

Sheriff 754 

Sugar production 752 

Apacible, member of Hongkong Junta: 

Intention of, to come to Manila 35 

Oath of allegiance taken by 35 

Apostolic delegate. (See Guidi, Jean Baptiste. ) 

Appointments in civil service: 

Act governing 439 

Conditions of, of persons in the United States to the Philippine service. 427, 428 

In the United States to Philippine classified civil service 430 

Made in the United States 465 

Made by Philippine Commission 722, 726 

Made through changes in the service 464 

Number of 425 

Original made upon certification by civil-service board 463 

Provisions governing 427, 451 

Arguelles, Manuel: 

Mentioned , 729 

Army of the United States: 

Act forbidding sale of liquor within 2 miles of reservation 49 

Arthur, John, lieutenant, Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 746 

Assessments and collections, department of, city of Manila: 

Division of assessments, character of work of 648 

collections, work of 648 

Employees, number of American and Filipino 572 

Expenditures 559,560,569,571,656 

Personnel 656 

Receipts and disbursements, statement of 658 

Recommendations 656 

Report of chief of 648 

Total collections 655 



INDEX TO PART I. 999 

Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company: Page- 
System employed by, regarding laborers 54, 55 

Opposition of, to Chinese labor 55 

Attorney, city, Manila. (See City Attorney. ) 
Auditor, insular: 

Statement of, showing actual expenditures under Congressional relief 

fund 129-139 

Augustinian friars: 

Conveyance of agricultural holdings of, to Sociedad Agricola de Ultramar. 39 

Lands of, estimated value of 41, 200-202 

Amount offered by Government for 42 

Extent and character of Mandaloya estate 43 

Number of, in Philippine Islands 45 

Baguio, Benguet: 

Advantages of, as a summer capital 58 

Sale of lots at 59 

Baldwin, Frank D., Brigadier-General, U. S. Army: 

Mentioned 79 

Baldwin, R. C, disbursing" officer, municipal board, Manila: 

Commendation of 544 

Report of 566 

Bandholtz, H. H., captain, Second U. S. Infantry, governor of 
Tayabas: 

Annual report of 925 

Bandolerismo statute: 

Text of 34-35 

Effectiveness of 35 

Banilad estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 200 

Banks, Charles S. : 

Placed in charge of exhibits of insects , 414 

Barascoain estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 202 

Barker, Fred. F., law clerk, executive bureau: 

Report of 694 

Mentioned 729 

Barrett, Hon. John, commissioner-general to Asia and Australia, 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition: 

Statement of, regarding Doctor Niederlein . <$,406 

Barrios: 

Number of, in Philippine Islands 688 

Barrooms: 

Number of, in Manila 652 

Bassett, Miss Kate L., school-teacher: 

In charge of Manila kindergartens 668 

Bataan, Province of: 

Agricultural products 756 

Cholera 755 

Constabulary force 756 

Crimes, conviction for 755 

Fishing industry 756 

Food supply, report of governor 713 

Governor, annual report of >. 755 

Locusts 689 

Report of provincial secretary regarding measures against 697 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Resources 756 

Rice — 

Crop, report of governor 713 

Distribution 21 

Insufficiency of production 756 

Timber cutting, extent of 756 

Batangas, Province of: 

Agriculture 758 

Commerce 758 

Courts 757 

Food supply, report of governor 713 

Food, suffering from lack of 22 



1000 INDEX TO PART I. 

Batangas, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Governor, annual report 756 

Health, establishment of municipal boards 757 

Hemp, increase in culture 23 

Industry 758 

Justice, administration of 757 

Loan to. 82 

Locusts, report of governor on measures against 697 

Military control, end of 756 

Municipalities, number of 23 

Political aspect 758 

Public instruction 757 

Rice 758 

Bates, J. C, Maj. Gen. U. S. Volunteers: 

Letter of to Sultan of Jolo, etc., communicating approval by President of 

agreement between, and Sultan of Jolo and others 492 

(See Bates treaty. ) 

Bates treaty: 

Concurrence of Commission in recommendations of General Wood regard- 
ing 3 

Failure of Sultan of Jolo to comply with terms of 80 

Abrogation of, necessity for 81 

Report of General Wood as to 489 

Reasons for recommending T 489 

Ineffectiveness of 80 

Beahan, James E., defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 65 

Beall, M. E., chief compilation division, Insular Bureau, "War Depart- 
ment: 

Mentioned 409, 413 

Benguet, Province of: 

Agriculture 760 

Cholera in 759 

Ravages of 759 

Measures against 759 

Crimes in 760 

Food conditions, report of governor on 714 

Governor, annual report of - 759 

Igorrotes, superstitions and customs of 759 

Locusts, report of governor on 697 

Freedom of province from 689 

Peace conditions 760 

Pueblos, financial condition of 760 

Rice crop, etc., report of governor on 714 

distributed to, and purposes of 21 

Roads 759 

Smallpox in 759 

Benguet road: 

Filipino laborers employed on 54 

Engineering mistakes made in 58 

Report concerning alleged sufferings and deaths among laborers sent to 

work on 358-391 

Bennett, L. E. , governor of Nueva Vizcaya: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in 706 

food conditions and rice crop 719 

Annual report of 864 

Betts, Arlington T7., governor of Albay: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Albay 696 

food conditions and rice crops 712 

Annual report of 735 

Bicycle licenses, city of Manila: 

Increase in number of 557 

Bilibid prison: 

Statement of expenditures for the care of city prisoners confined in 573 

Binagbag estate (Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 201 

Binan estate (Dominican): 

Valuation of 199 



INDEX TO PART I. 1001 

Bishops: - Page. 

Resignation of, who were Spanish friars 45 

Influence of 45 

Blanchard, R. D., provincial treasurer, Batangas: 

Mentioned 756 

Board of health, city of Manila: 

Receipts from fees 559 

Bohol, Province of: 

Agriculture 761 

Bridges 763 

Cause of bad condition of 763 

Carabaos, number of , in 761 

Cattle and horses, mortality among 760, 761 

Number of, in 761 

Cholera in 762 

Commercial organization 762 

Constabulary, necessity of 762 

Famine, measures to prevent 762 

Food conditions, report of governor on 714 

Governor of, annual report of 760 

Hogs, number of , in 761 

Locusts, report of governor on 697 

Freedom of province from 689 

Municipal governments, reduction in number of 764 

Protests against 764 

Municipalities in, number of 83 

Peace conditions 760 

Provincial officials, dissatisfaction of, regarding salaries 766 

Public instruction 763 

Progress of 763 

Public order 762 

improvements 763 

Records, destruction of _ _ 765 

Rice conditions, report of governor on 714 

Roads 763 

Swine, number of, in 761 

Boiler inspection, city of Manila: 

Record of. 604-606 

Bonds: 

For purchase of friar lands, exemption from taxation 7, 44 

Recommendations regarding issuing of, for permanent improvements, 

etc 6,10,75,87 

To pay for water supply and sewer system of Manila 7 

Bonner, Hugh, chief of fire department: 

Report of 637 

Borseth, Peter, acting" governor of ILeyte: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Ley te 703 

food conditions and rice crop 717 

Special mention of 839 

Bourne, Edgar K,, chief bureau of architecture: 

Architectural contest held under presidency of 412 

Brent, Rev. Charles H., Protestant Episcopal bishop of the Philip- 
pine Islands: 

Appointment of, on committee to report on restriction of the sale of opium. 63 

Collaboration of, in collecting exhibits 408 

Bridges: 

Construction and condition of in provinces of — 

Albay 736 

Antique 752 

Bohol 763 

Bulaean 767 

Ilocos Sur 818 

Leyte 841, 845, 846, 847, 848, 851 

Negros Oriental 890 

Nuevo Ecija 863 

Nueva Vizcaya 866 

Pampanga 895 



1002 INDEX TO PART I. 

Bridges — Continued. 

Construction and condition of in provinces of — Continued. Page. 

Pangasinan 901 

Eomblon 905 

Samar 910 

Union 831 

In Manila, plans for improvement of 547 

British Manila Estates Company (Limited): 

Agreement of, to transfer former friar lands to Philippine government . 204-205 

Transfer of "Imus" estate to..: 39 

Browne, G. d'Erf, employee exposition board: 

Mentioned 414 

Buencamino, Felipe: 

Resignation of, as member civil-service board 433 

Value of services of 433 

Building- operations: 

City of Manila 87, 88, 611 

permits, receipts from 611 

Buildings and illumination, department of, city of Manila: 

Amount of construction 548 

Lighting service, increase of 548, 609 

Aggregate number of lights 609 

Superintendent in charge of, report of 607 

Rented for public purposes 607 

Bulacan, Province of: 

Agriculture, unsatisfactory condition of 767 

Assassination of the presidente of Meycauyan 766 

Bridges 767 

Cattle, deaths among 767 

Cholera epidemic, measures taken by municipalities against 768 

Deaths from 769 

Commerce 767 

Disturbances in 25 et seq. 

Economic conditions 767 

Food conditions, report of governor on 714 

Governor, annual report of 766 

Industries 767 

Ladrones, existence of bands of, and ravages committed by _ . 766 

Surrenders of 766 

Locusts, report of governor on 698 

Destroyed - 689 

Ravages of 767 

Measures taken by municipalities against 768 

Municipalities, number of 83, 768 

Municipal treasuries, condition of 768 

Policy of attraction adopted 766 

Public health, satisfactory condition of 769 

improvements 767 

instruction 768 

progress of 768 

order in 766 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

conditions in, report of governor on 714 

Taxes, lack of opposition to payment of 766 

Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department: 

Mentioned 689 

Burt, Andrew J. , captain police department, Manila: 

Separation from service 550 

Business conditions 47 et seq. 

Cabanero, Juan, document clerk, property division, executive bureau: 

Mentioned 730 

Cabeza de Vaca, Manuel: 

Mentioned 729 

Caedo, Florencio, provincial secretary, Batangas: 

Mentioned 756 



INDEX TO PART I. 1003 

Cagayan, Province of : Page. 

Agricultural conditions, remedies suggested for 770 

Agriculture 770 

Critical condition of 770 

Carabao, ravages among from rinderpest, etc 770 

Cholera epidemic 770 

Climatic conditions 770 

Commerce 771 

Communication, means of '. 771 

Food conditions in, report of governor on 714 

Governor, annual report of 769 

Locusts, measures taken against 769 

Eeport of governor on 698 

Municipalities, condition of 770 

Number of in province 83 

Disadvantage of organizing pueblos into 772 

Recommendations regarding 771 

Peace conditions in 769 

Public improvements 771 

instruction 770 

health 770 

Rice, increase in price of 769 

crop, report of governor on 714 

distributed to, and purposes of 21 

Rinderpest, ravages caused by 770 

Roads 771 

Smallpox in 770 

Suggested legislation 771 

Tobacco, cause of depression in price of 771 

Remedies suggested 771 

Cailles, Juan, governor of La Laguna: 

Report of on measures taken against locusts in La Laguna 701 

Annual report of 827 

Calamba estate (Dominican) : 

Valuation of 199 

Calderon, F. : 

Commission to, to write a history of the Philippines for Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition 413 

Calumpit estate ( Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 202 

Calvin, C. W., recorder, Philippine Commission: 

Mentioned 691,728 

Commendation of 691 

Camiguin, Island of: 

Disturbances in 30,693 

Capiz, Province of: 

Agriculture 777, 778 

Births 776 

Cholera epidemic in 774 

Cocoanuts, increase in growth of 778 

Corn 778 

Court of first instance — 

Term of court 776 

Cases disposed of by ,, 776 

Criminal statistics 776 

Crops harvested 777 

Deaths 776 

Disease, ravages of among men and animals 774 

Finances 777 

Food conditions in, report of governor on 699 

Governor, annual report of 774 

Hemp, increase in growth of 778 

Ladrones, depradations of 779 

Ladronism in . 31, 33 

Land, area assessed 779 

Value of 779 



1004 INDEX TO PART I. 

Capiz, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Loan to 82, 775 

Locusts, report of governor on 699 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Palay, experiments with 777 

Public order 779 

Revenues and expenditures 778 

Rice — 

Crop, report of governor 715 

Distribution of and purposes of 21 

Roads in 775 

Statistics — 

Demographic 775 

Vital 775 

Surrenders and pardons 779 

Witnesses, judicial procedure regarding summoning, etc 776, 777 

Carabaos : 

Act providing measures for purchase and distribution of 24 

Attitude of Chinese Government regarding importation of 24, 25 

Cost to insular government of per head 25 

Contract for purchase of 23 

Deaths among 24 

Efforts to purchase immunized 23 

Immunization of, how effected 23 

Importation of from China 23, 24 

Number purchased 24 

Number in Bohol 761 

Cagayan 770, 783 

Carpenter, Frank W. : 

Appointed assistant executive secretary 693 

Carrington, Frank de L.., major, Philippines Constabulary: 

Placed in charge of scouts for Louisiana Purchase Exposition 413 

Carson, Judge A. C. : 

Mentioned 917 

Carter, major and surgeon, U. S. Army, commissioner of health of the 
Philippine Islands: 

Appointment of on committee to report upon restrictions on the sale of 

opium, etc 63 

Case, C. F., civil engineer: 

Mentioned 55 

Appointed engineer in charge of preliminary work of new water system, 

Manila 546 

Report of 573 

Castillo, Mariano, inspector, Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 925 

Catholic Church. (See Roman Catholic Church. ) 

Cattle: 

Influence of absence of, on rice production 23 

Efforts of Commission to alleviate embarrassment caused by lack of 4 

Appropriation for purchase of 23 

Act making 94 

Cavite, Province of: 

Aglipay movement, development of 780 

Agricultural conditions 782 

Carabaos, shortage of 783 

Cholera 782 

Exhibits for St. Louis Exposition 781 

Food conditions, report of governor on 715 

Governor, report of 780 

Hemp, increase in culture of 23 

Qualitvof 782 

Labor ....". 782 

Ladrone situation 782, 783 

Loan to 82 

Locusts, measures taken against 784 

Report of governor on 700 

Establishment of board 781 



INDEX TO PART I. 1005 

Cavite, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Municipal officers, list of 785 

police, resolution of provincial board fixing number of 784 

organization of 781 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Population of 780 

Pound, establishment of 783 

Prisoners, escape of from provincial jail 783 

Number awaiting trial 783 

Provincial officials and employees 791 

Keligious questions 780 

Rice distributed to and purposes of 31 

Extent of crop 715 

Roads 781 

School attendance 783 

Taxes, revenues from 782 

Cebu, Cebu, P. I.: 

Appropriation for harbor improvements at 73 

Cebu, Province of: 

Administration, political 801 

Agriculture 812 

Principal products 812 

Beriberi, appearance of 809 

Building, increase in 808 

Cholera 806 

Mortality from 808 

Measures taken to prevent spread of 808, 809 

Opposition to quarantine and other measures 809 

Commerce 813 

Constabulary, complaints against actions of 793 

Proceedings regarding 794 et seq. 

Convention of municipal presidentes, resolution adopted by 804 

Disturbances in 30 

Expenditures 806 

Financial administration 805 

Food conditions, report of governor on 715 

Governor, annual report of 792 

Health 808 

Imports and exports, value of 814 

Locusts 689 

Report on measures taken against 700 

Malarial fevers, prevalence of 808 

Manufactures 812 

Municipalities in 83 

Municipal presidentes, suspension of and reasons for 803 

treasurers, suspension of and reasons for 803 

government, effect of introduction of new system of 805 

Political aspect 792 

Port works 808 

Postal service 810 

Complaints with relation to 810 

Scheme of reorganization 810 

Public instruction 804 

order 792 

works and improvements ^. 807 

Amount expended on 806 

Revenues 806 

Rice distributed to and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 715 

Roads, amount expended on 808 

Lack of 808 

Streets, bad condition of 808 

Taxes, method pursued in collection of 807 

Cedulas. (See Certificates of Registration. ) 
Cemeteries: 

City of Manila 548 

Report on 594 



1006 INDEX TO PART I 

Census: Page. 

Expenditures for taking of 5, 73 

Satisfactory result of 62 

Certificates of registration, city of Manila: 

From whom tax collected 649 

Issued 650 

Keceipts from 558, 650 

Chaffee, AdnaR., Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, commanding 1 Division of the 
Philippines: 

Mentioned 876 

Chanco, Dionisio: 

Appointed judge of first instance 634 

Charter, city of Manila: 

Amendment changing number of districts 543 

China: 

Importation of carabao from 23, 24, 25 

Attitude of Chinese Government regarding 25 

Chinese : 

Inadvisability of admitting 54 

Cholera: 

Expenditures caused by 5 

Continued prevalence of 57 

Cases and deaths 57- 

Prevalence of, in provinces of — 

Abra 734 

Ambos Camarines 742 

Bataan 755 

Benguet 759 

Bohol 762 

Bulacan 768 

Cagayan 770 

Capiz 774 

Cavite 782 

Cebu 806, 808, 809 

Ilocos Norte 815 

Ilocos Sur 819 

Iloilo 823 

Leyte 842 

Masbate 855 

Negros Occidental 881 

Negros Oriental 891 

Pampanga . 895 

Pangasinan 900 

Paragua 902 

Romblon 905 

Samar 911 

Sorsogon 917, 918 

Surigao 921 

Tarlac 925 

Tayabas 928 

Union, La 830, 831 

Zambales 932 

Church. (See Roman Catholic Church. ) 
Cigarettes: 

Amount exported 48 

Cigars: 

Amount exported 48 

City attorney, city of Manila: 

Report of operations of 631 

Receipts from fees 559 

City engineer, Manila: 

Report of 584 

Civil governor of the Philippine Islands : 

Report of 15 

Civil service: 

Act for establishment and maintenance of an efficient 433 



INDEX TO PART I. 1007 

Civil service— Continued. 

Appointments in — Page. 

Act governing 439 

Conditions of, of persons in theUnited States to the Philippine service . 427, 428 

In the United States to Philippine classified civil service 430 

Made by Philippine Commission 722, 726 

Made in the United States 430, 465 

Made through changes in the service 464 

Number of 425 

Original, made upon certification by civil-service board 463 

Provisions governing , 427, 451 

Defalcations — 

Effect of 64 

Cause of 64, 65 

History of 65-70 

Discussion of 63 

Extension of classified 429 

Extent of, in Philippine Islands 444, 445, 446 

(See Civil-service rules.) 

Offices exempt from classified service 436 

Provincial 430 

Transfers to the United States civil service 430 

within the Philippines 430 

Civil-service act: 

Amendments to 426 

Observance of 431 

Civil-service board: 

Correspondence 432 

Duties of 431 

Examinations held by 425, 460-462 

for original appointment, result of 425 

Expenses of 433 

Increase work of 432 

Personnel of - 432 

Publications of 432 

Report of 425-479 

(See Civil service. ) 
Civil-service rules: 

Observance of 431 

Revision of 426-427 

Text of 443 et seq. 

General provisions and definitions of terms 444 

Extent of civil service in Philippine Islands 444-446 

Applications for examinations 446 

Examinations 447 

Rating of papers and eligibility 447 

Certifications 448 

Reinstatements - 449 

Transfers 449 

Promotions 450 

Appointment and employment 451 

Official roster of employees 451 

Prohibitions and penalties . 451 

Salary classifications , 452 

Special rule governing the employment of laborers* 453 

General regulations governing promotions by competitive examinations.. 453 
Regulations governing promotions in the uniformed police force of the city 

of Manila 454 

(See Civil service. ) 
Clarin, Aniceto, governor of Bohol: 

Report of, on locusts in Bohol .. 697 

food and rice conditions in 714 

Annual report of 760 

Clark, captain, Philippines Constabulary: 

Killed 30 



1008 INDEX TO PART I. 

Climaco, Juan, governor of Cebu: Page. 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in 700 

rice crop and food conditions in Cebu 715 

Annual report of 792 

Coal: 

Deposits of 733,744,857,913 

Coast guard and transportation, bureau of: 

Allowance made to, by exposition board 413 

Coastwise trade laws of the United States: 

Suspension of, in regard to trade between islands of Philippine Archi- 
pelago, etc 7 

Recommendations regarding 7, 8, 71-72 

Inadvisability of applying to Philippine Islands 7 

Necessity for legislation by Congress 71 

Coates, Thomas P., defaulting official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 69 

Cobb, David Lewis: 

Mentioned 727,728 

Cockfighting: 

Suppression of, in Abra Province 734 

Cocoa: 

Production of . . 752 

Cocoanuts: 

Production of 778,892,901,934 

Coffee: 

Production of 752,934 

Coinage: 

Difficulty of circulating new 47 

Cause of 47 

Policy of government regarding 47 

Colton, Colonel, collector of customs at Iloilo: 

Mentioned 52 

Statement of, as to necessity for removal of duty from Philippine sugar . . 355 
Congress of the United States: 

Application of appropriation for relief of conditions in Philippine Islands. 3-4 
Congressional relief fund: 

Expenditures from, etc 20, 25 

Disbursing officer's statement of 123-124 

(See Famine.) 

Statement showing actual expenditures under 129-139 

Constabulary, Philippines: 

Companies of, ancl band ordered sent to Louisiana Purchase Exposition.. 61 
Operations in provinces of — 

Albay 740 

Ambos Camarines 746 

Antique 755 

Bataan 756 

Bohol 762 

Cebu . 793, 794 

Iloilo 822 

Leyte 839 

Masbate 853 

Moro 78 

Negros Occidental 872 

Nueva Viscaya - . 865 

Pampanga 894 

Pangasinan 901 

Paragua 902 

Romblon 905 

Samar 909 

Sorsogon 917 

Tayabas 930 

Union 832 

Zambales 932 

Contreras, insurgent leader: 

Mentioned 28 

Copper: 

Deposits of 857,913 



INDEX TO PART I. 1009 

Copra: Page. 

Exportation of 48 

Production of 738, 743, 752, 912 

Corn: 

Production of 732, 734, 881 

Corrales Roa, Manuel, governor of Misamis : 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Misamis 704 

food conditions and rice crop 713 

Annual report of 858 

Cotabato, district of, Moro Province: 

District treasurer of, act providing for organization of office of 483 

Couden, A. R. , captain, U. S. Navy, commandant TJ. S. Naval Station, 
Cavite: 

Report of, on Filipino labor employed at navy-yard 392 et seq. 

Mentioned 55 

Crame, Jose de, captain, police department, Manila: 

Mentioned 617 

Crematories, city of Manila: 

Loads cremated 596 

Number of animals cremated 595 

Report on 595 

Crisdlogo, Mena, governor of Ilocos Sur: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Ilocos Sur 701 

food conditions and rice crop in Ilocos Sur 716 

Annual report of 818 

Crone, Frank L., principal of Ambos Camarines high school: 

Mentioned 746 

Crops: 

Act providing for the planting of, as a measure to provide against famine. 19 
Crowley, Thomas F. : 

Promoted to lieutenant, police department, Manila 550, 620 

Curry, Capt. George, ex-governor of Ambos Camarines: 

Mentioned 745 

Plan of, for railways in Ambos Camarines 745 

Customs : 

Falling off of income from 5 

Customs revenues 73 

Dampol, duincua, estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of - - 200 

Dancel, A., governor of Rizal: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Rizal 707 

food conditions and rice crop 719 

Annual report of 902 

Davao district, Moro Province: 

Treasurer of, act organizing office of 483 

Davies, A. L. B., secretary municipal board, Manila: 

Mentioned 543,563 

Davis, George B., Maj. Gen., U. S. Army: 

Mentioned - - 33, 76 

Extracts from report of, on Bates agreement 491 

Davis, W. R. , assistant surgeon, TJ. S. Volunteers, president board of 
health, Paragua: 

Mentioned 902 

Dawson, Jack, captain, police department, ManilaT 

Mentioned 617 

Defalcations: 

List of, and histories of defaulting officials 65 et seq. 

Delgado, Martin, governor of Iloilo: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Iloilo 701 

food conditions in and rice crop of 716 

Annual report of 821 

Deloso, Rufi.no, insurgent leader: 

Surrender of, etc 859-861 

De Witt, Charles J., defaulting official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 66 

AVAR 1003— VOL 64 



1010 INDEX TO PART I. 

Dichoso, Francisco, governor of Isabela: Page. 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Isabela 701 

food conditions and rice crop 716 

Annual report of 825 

Dieck, R. Gr., superintendent of water supply and sewers, Manila: 

Mentioned 584 

Report of 597 

Dingley tariff: 

Arguments in favor of reduction of 4 

Dinwiddie, William, governor of Lepanto-Bontoc: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Lepanto-Bontoc 702 

food conditions and rice crop 717 

Annual report of „ 833 

Disbursing- officer, municipal board, city of Manila: 

Report of 566 

Disbursing officers in the Philippine Islands : 

List of 70 

Distress: 

Act making appropriation for relief of 94 

(See Famine.) 
Dog licenses, city of Manila: 

Increase in number of 557 

Dominican friars: 

Conveyance of lands of 39 

Lands of, estimated value of 41 

Amount offered by government for 42 

Number of, in Philippine Islands 45 

Renunciation of parish work by 5, 46 

Statement of valuations of estates of 199-200 

Dorrington, A. L., superintendent of buildings and illumination, 
Manila: 

Report of 607 

Drainage system, city of Manila: 

Proposed 615 

Drew, C. D., civil engineer: 

Commendation of 405 

Drouth: 

Prevalence of 19 

Dudley, F. W., Dr., president provincial board of health, Pampanga: 

Mentioned 895 

Commendation of 896 

Duncan, J. W., Lieut. Col. U. S. Army: 

Member of board to investigate charges preferred by Major Gardener 927 

Dwellings, Manila: 

Inspection of private 611 

Eber, A. H. , captain and assistant surgeon, TJ. S. Volunteers, presi- 
dent board of health, Tayabas: 

Commendation of 928 

Eddy, Bert, chief clerk municipal board, Manila: 

Mentioned 543, 563 

Education: 

Number of schools, buildings, teachers, etc. , in province of — 

Abra •. . 733, 734 

Albay 740 

Ambos Camarines 745 

Antique 751 

Batangas 757 

Bohol 763 

Bulacan 768 

Cagayan 770 

Capiz 725 

Cavite 783 

Cebu 804 

Ilocos Norte 816 

Ilocos Sur 819 

Iloilo 822, 823 



INDEX TO PART I. 1011 

Education — Continued. 

Number of schools, buildings, teachers, etc., in province of — Continued. Page. 

Isabela 825 

Laguna 828 

Masbate 855 

Moro 78, 486, 487 

Negros Occidental 883 

Negros Oriental 890, 891 

Nueva Ecija 863 

Nueva Vizcaya 867 

Pampanga 896 

Pangasinan 900 

Paragua 902 

Eizal 904 

Eomblon 906 

Samar 907 

Sorsogon 919 

Surigao 921 

Tarlac 923 

Tavabas 929 

Union, La 832 

Of Filipinos in the United States 60 

Plan of selecting 60 

Edwards, Clarence R., colonel, U. S. Army, Chief Insular Bureau, 
"War Department: 

Mentioned 409, 412 

Electric street railway, etc., city of Manila: 

Advantage of 545 

Acceptance of bid for construction of 89, 545 

Charter of 674 

Charter, terms of, covering fares 89 

Franchises, bid for 545 

Eliot, Rafael, acting- governor of Surigao: 

Eeport of, on measures taken against locusts in Surigao 710 

Employees (see also Civil service) : 

Tables giving list of, showing distribution, number of Americans and 

Filipinos, etc 466-479 

Employees, city of Manila: 

Number and nationalities 572 

Engineering and public works, department of, city of Manila: 

Emplovees, number of American and Filipino 561, 572 

Expenditures 559,560,571,615 

Proposed drainage system 615 

Surveying and drafting division, report of work of 613 

English: 

Desire of Filipinos to learn 59 

Enright, JohnE., examiner, civil-service board: 

Mentioned 432 

Escamilla, A. E. : 

Appointed interpreter exposition board 407 

Espino, Leoncio 3d. : 

Mentioned 728 

Esteros, city of Manila: 

Conditions of ^ 88 

Examinations held by civil-service board 425, 460-462 

Rules governing 447 

Executive bureau: 

Administration and finance division, report of chief of 721 

Jurisdiction, duties and functions of 722 

Employees of 722 

Work performed by 723 

Commendation of clerk of 691 

Correspondence, extent of 692 

Duties, functions, and jurisdiction of 687, 688 

Law clerk, report of , 694 

Creation of office of 694 

Duties of 694 



1012 INDEX TO PART I. 

Executive bureau — Continued. 

Legislative division — Page. 

Eeport of 723 

Office force of 728 

Personnel — 

Commendation of 91 

Increase in 693 

Nationality of employees 693 

Shortage of 693 

Property division, report of chief of 730 

Qualifications required of appointees 692 

Kecorder, report of 723 

Records of, provisions for filing 692 

Secretary, report of 687 

Translating division — 

Report of chief of 728 

Duties of 728 

Work done by 728, 729 

Office force of 729 

Executive orders and proclamations 943 et seq 

Expenditures, city of Manila: 

Assessments and collection, department of 559, 560, 569, 571 

City schools, department of 569, 571 

Engineering and public works, department of 559, 560, 568, 571 

Estimated, for fiscal year 1904 562 

Fire department 567, 571 

Law department 567, 571 

Municipal board 567, 571 

Police department 568, 571 

Exports: 

Total for fiscal year ending June 30, 1902 47 

Of silver coin 47 

To United States 48 

Of sugar. (See Sugar. ) 

Falconer, Bolivar L., examiner, civil-service board: 

Mentioned 432 

Famine : 

Measures to provide against 19 

Act to provide against danger of 19 

Proclamation 96 

Relief fund, statement of 118-120 

Text of 97 

(See Food conditions. ) 
Fanning", provincial treasurer, Sorsogon: 

Commendation of 915 

Farnham, C. H. : 

Mentioned 584 

Fauntleroy, J. D. , provincial supervisor, Occidental Negros: 

Commendation of 875 

Favila, Macario, governor of Pangasinan: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Pangasinan 707 

food conditions and rice crops 719 

Annual report of 900 

Felizardo, insurgent leader: 

Mentioned 28 

Fergusson, Arthur "W. , chief of executive bureau: 

Commendation of 91 

Report of 687 

Fergusson, R. D., chief translator, executive bureau: 

Report of 728 

Fernando, Antonio, president of the provincial board of health, Surigao: 

Mentioned 921 

Filipinos: 

As laborers 54 

Education of, in the United States 60 

Plan pursued in selecting 60 

Reports regarding, employed at Cavite Naval Station , , , , 392-398 



INDEX TO PART I. 1013 

Finances, city of Manila. (See Revenues and expenditures. ) Page. 
Fire department, city of Manila: 

Alarm system 641 

Alarms, number received by 637 

Apparatus received and purchased by 639, 640 

in service 640 

Causes of fires 554 

Development of 553 

Distribution 638 

Electrical branch of, work done by 641 

Expenditures 555, 559, 560, 571 , 637 

Fire stations, new, recommended 641 , 642 

Fires, report of 644 

Horses owned by 639 

Loss by fires 554 

Number of Americans and Filipinos employed 561, 572 

Organization 638 

Personnel 638 

Eeceipts 637 

Eeport of chief of 637 

Fishing- industry: 

Condition of 756 

Fischer, Leo, translator: 

Mentioned 729 

Fitzgerald, Desmond: 

Employment of by Commission in connection with water supply and 

sewer system of Manila 86-87 

Fitzhugh, S. K. , provincial supervisor, Tayabas: 

Mentioned 932 

Fogerty, Emory H., defaulting official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 68 

Folkmar, Dr. Daniel: 

Mentioned 411 

Food conditions: 

Reports on, in province of — 

Abra 712 

Albay 712 

Ambos Camarines 22, 713, 714 

Antique 713 

Bataan 713 

Batangas 22, 713 

Benguet 714 

Bohol 714 

Bulacan 714 

Cagayan 714 

Capiz 699 

Cavite 715 

Cebu 715 

IlocOs Norte 715 

Ilocos Sur. 716 

Iloilo 716 

Isabela 716 

Leguna 716 

Leyte 717 

Masbate I 717 

Mindoro 717 

Misamis 718 

Negros Occidental 718 

Negros Oriental 718 

Nueva Ecija 718 

Nueva Viscaya 719 

Pampanga 719 

Pangasinan 719 

Paragua 719 

Rizal 719 

Romblon 720 

Samar 720, 915 

Sorsogon 720 



1014 INDEX TO PART I. 

Food conditions — Continued. Page. 
Reports on, in province of — Continued. 

Surigao 720 

Tarlac 720 

Tayabas 721 

Union La 717, 830 

Zambales 721 

Suffering caused by lack of 17 

Utility of aid by Congress to ameliorate condition 3 

(See Famine.) 
Forests: 

Area and value of 744,752,820,857,913,928,934 

Fountain, S. J., architect: 

Work done by 612 

Francis, D. R., president Louisiana Purchase Exposition: 

Mentioned 409 

Franciscans: 

Number of, in Philippine Islands 45 

Freer, "W. B., division superintendent of schools, Ambos Camarines: 

Commendation of 746 

Friars: 

Feeling toward 733, 913 

Number in Philippine Islands 5 

Tayabas 930 

Reduction of number of Spanish 5 

Resignation of bishops who were 45 

Friar lands: 

Agreement relative to value of 142-198 

Conveyance of by religious orders 39 

(See Dominicans; Recoletos; Augustinians. ) 

Disposition of, burden upon Philippine Islands government, of 5 

Extent of 39 

Letter from civil governor to apostolic delegate regarding 40-42 

Price paid for 1 . 43 

Purchase of 4 

Exemption of bonds for, from taxes, etc 5 

Importance of, by government 38 

Directions to civil governor to confer with Pope regarding 38 

Negotiations for 38 et seq. 

Purpose of 44 

Survey of, ordered 39 

Value of, estimated 40, 41 , 199-203 

Testimony relative to 142-198 

Funds, public. (See Public funds. ) 

Gale, Herbert D. : 

Appointed assistant prosecuting attorney, Manila 634 

Gambling-: 

Number of persons arrested for, in Manila 551 

Gannett, Henry, assistant director Philippine census: 

Mentioned 62 

Garbage, city of Manila: 

Disposition of 548,589,590 

Cost of collection 588 

Garcia, Prudencio, governor of Surigao: 

Report of, on food conditions and rice crops 720 

Annual report of 921 

Gardener, Cornelius, major, U. S. Army: 

Charges preferred by, regarding military operations in Tayabas 927 

Appointment of board to investigate 927 

Gardiner, Guillermo: 

Prize awarded to 412 

Germinal cigar factory: 

Mentioned 410 

Gillies, John S. : 

Mentioned 408 

Gimenez, Alcibiades: 

Mentioned _ 729 



INDEX TO PART I. 1015 

Gloria, Diego, provincial fiscal, Batangas: Page. 

Mentioned ^ 756 

Gold: 

Deposits of 733, 857 

Imports of 47, 48 

Goldman, J. H. , governor of Bataan: 

Report of 755 

Goldsborough, W. L. : 

Resignation of, as city attorney, Manila 632 

Mentioned 637 

Gomez y Jesus, Dominador: 

Sketch of 36 

Newspaper established by 36 

Application of, for pardon of Faustino Guillermo 36 

Prosecution of 36 

Conviction and sentence of 37 

Opposition of, to American sovereignty 36 

Gonzaga, Gracio, governor of Cagayan: 

Report of, on locusts in Cagayan 698 

rice crops and food conditions 714 

Annual report of 769 

Gonzalez, Q,uintin K-., defaulting official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 69 

Grant, J. H. , governor of Leyte: 

Annual report of 836 

Correspondence with General Smith regarding withdrawal of troops from 

Leyte 836 et seq. 

Green, F. E., member school board, city of Manila: 

Mentioned 558 

Green, John F. : 

Promoted to assistant inspector, police department, Manila 550, 620 

Green, John W., inspector Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 859, 860, 861 

Report of, on surrender of Rufino Deloso 861 

Guerrero, Leon M. : 

Appointed secretary exposition board 61, 407 

Guidi, Jean Baptiste, Monsignor, Archbishop of Staurpoli: 

Arrival of, in Philippine Islands 38 

Guiguinto Estates (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 202 

Guild, James J., Philippines Constabulary: 

Report of, on disturbances in Capiz 33 

Guillermo, Faustino, insurgent leader: 

Mentioned 28 

Captured 29 

Application for pardon of, by Doctor Gomez 36 

Gutierrez, Francisco, representative of Philippines Sugar Estates 
Development Company: 

Mentioned 39 

Gutierrez, Ricardo, defaulting official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 68 

Guzman, Hilarion de, lieutenant, police department, Manila: 

Discharge of, from service 550 

Gypsum: 

Deposits in Abra Province : 733 

Hager,*A. B-. : 

Placed in charge of educational exhibit 411 

Harding, J. E. : 

Promotion of, to chief police department, Manila 550, 620 

Report of 617 

Hassan, Panglima: 

Leader of disturbances 490 

Hastings, A. W. : 

Appointed city assessor and collector, Manila 555 

Report of 657 

Haynes, Natus J. : 

Mentioned 728 



1016 INDEX TO PART I. 

Page. 

Health 57-59 

Importance of bureau of 58 

(See Cholera; Plague, etc.) 
Health, Board of. (See Board of health.) 

Heistand, H. O. S., colonel, U. S. Army, adjutant-general, Division of the 
Philippines: 

Mentioned 411 

Hemp: 

Cultivation and production of, in provinces of — 

Al bay 32, 738, 739 

Ambos Camarines 23, 743 

Antique 752 

Batangas 23 

Capiz 778 

Cavite - 23, 782 

Leyte 841 

Negros Occidental 881 

Negros Oriental 891 

Samar 713, 912 

Tayabas 928 

Union, La 23 

Culture, increase in 23 

Exportation of 48 

Proposed official inspection and classification of 50 

Report of Hon. Luke E. Wright on 351, 352 

Herdman, It. E., member school board, city of Manila: 

Mentioned 558 

Herrera, Arsenio Cruz, president municipal board, Manila: 

Mentioned 543 

Hidalgo, Resurreccion: 

Commission for painting for Louisiana Purchase Exposition given to 413 

Higley, A. H., provincial supervisor, Nueva Ecija: 

Mentioned 862 

History of the Philippines: 

Commission given to F. Calderon to write, for Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition 413 

Hollis, William G., defaulting- official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 69 

Hongkong Junta: 

Arrival of members of, in Manila 35 

Hours of labor. (See Office hours.) 
Hurd, George N. : 

Appointed assistant city attorney, Manila 632 

Igorrotes: 

Superstition and customs of, in Benguet 759 

Appointment of commissioners 864 

Ilocanos: 

Character and polution of, in Abra Province 732 

Ilocos Norte, Province of: 

Agriculture 816 

Cholera in 815 

Ravages of 815 

Commerce 817 

Disturbances in 814 

Economic conditions * . 816 

Elections, favorable results of 815 

Food conditions; report of governor on 715 

General conditions 814 

Governor, annual report of 814 

Industry 817 

Legislation suggested ^ 817 

Locusts, report of measures taken against 700 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Peace prevailing in 814 

Public health 815 

improvements 816 



INDEX TO PART I. 1017 

Ilocos Norte, Province of— Continued. Pa s e . 

Public instruction 816 

Rice distributed to and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on. . .- 715 

Roads 816 

Smallpox 815 

Ilocos Sur, Province of: 

Agriculture 819 

Births 821 

Bridges, amount appropriated for 818 

Cholera epidemic 819 

Commerce 820 

Deaths 819 

Diseases prevalent 819 

Economic conditions 818 

Food conditions, report of governor on 716 

Forests . . .. 820 

Governor, annual report of 818 

Indiso, decrease in production of „ 820 

Industries 820 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 701 

Maguey, importance of, in province 820 

Marriages 821 

Mines 820 

Municipalities, number of, in 83 

Political situation 818 

Products, principal 819 

Public health 819 

improvements, appropriations for 818 

instruction 819 

Receipts and expenditures, provincial 818 

municipal 818 

Rice crop 819 

Report of governor on 716 

Distributed to and purposes of ; 21 

Roads, amount appropriated for 818 

Method of construction 819 

Schools 819 

Attendance at 819 

Smallpox, measures taken against 819 

Social conditions 820 

Sugar crop, size of 820 

Teachers 819 

AVages 821 

Iloilo, Province of: 

Cattle stealing, measure to prevent 822 

Cholera 823 

Measures taken against 823 

Number of cases and deaths 824 

Constabulary, commendation of 822 

Economic conditions - 821 

Food conditions, report of governor on 716 

Suffering from lack of 22 

Governor, annual report of : . . 821 

Jail, need of provincial . 824 

Xumber of prisoners held in 824 

Ladrones, difficulty in prosecuting 822 

Ladronism in 31 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 1 701 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Effect of reduction in number of 821 

Political conditions 822 

Public improvements 823 

health 823 

order 822 

instruction 823 

Religious controversies 824 



1018 INDEX TO PART I. 

Iloilo, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 716 

School attendance i 822 

normal, establishment of 823 

of arts and trades, establishment recommended 823 

Well poisoning, charges of 824 

Iloilo, Iloilo, P. I. : 

Appropriation for harbor works at 73 

Imports: 

From United States 48 

Of rice : 23, 48 

Of silver and gold 47, 48 

Total 47 

Improvements : 

Recommendations of Commission regarding 8 

Indigo: 

Production and exports from provinces of — 

Ilocos Sur 820 

Pangasinan 901 

Industrial tax, city of Manila: 

Collections 649 

Delinquencies 649 

Patents, number issued and canceled 649 

Receipts from 558 

Ingalls, O. Xi., city engineer, Manila: 

Report of 584 

Ingersoll, F. B. : 

Appointed first assistant prosecuting attorney, Manila 634 

Resigned 634 

Insular purchasing" agent: 

Countries from which purchases made 103 

Purchases by 75 

Receipts and disbursements 105-108 

Report of 1 03 

as to carabao 127-1 28 

Statement of departmental sales 108 

outstanding accounts 109 

sales for the year ending September 30, 1903 109 

cashier : 110 

provincial sales and indebtedness 110 

disbursements for the year ending September 30, 1903 113-118 

famine relief fund 118-120 

rice. 121-122 

Congressional relief fund 123-124 

rice distribution 125-126 

Insular revenues. (See Revenues, insular.) 
Insurg-ents: 

Correspondence between Governor Taft and Apolinario Mabini regarding. 26-29 
Operations against, in province of — 

Ley te 36, 838, 839 

Masbate 854 

Mindoro 857 

Misamis 859, 861 

Tayabas 925, 926 

Policy of government to treat as outlaws and ladrones 32 

Internal revenues: 

Amount of 73 

Stamps sold 649 

Iriarte, Manuel de: 

Mentioned 410 

Iron: 

Deposits in Abra Province . 733 

Irrig-ation: 

Value of, in Nueva Vizcaya 868 

Irwin, J. L.: 

Appointed clerk to Dr. W. P. Wilson 412 



INDEX TO PART I. 10 1.9 

Isabela, Province of: Page. 

Expenditures 826 

Food, report of governor on conditions in 716 

Gaddanes, murders committed by 826 

Governor, annual report of 825 

Justice, recommendation regarding administration of 825 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 701 

Means of communication 825 

Municipalities: 

Progress of „ 825 

Number of . _ 83 

Outlawry 825 

Public instruction 825 

Eevenues 826 

Rice crop, report of governor on , 716 

School attendance 825 

Japanese labor: 

Importation of 56 

Johnson, Charles G. , defaulting- official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 70 

Johnston, W. T., captain, TJ. S. Army: 

Member of board to investigate charges p referred by Major Gardener 927 

Jolo: 

Bates treaty, recommendations of General Wood regarding, concurred in 

by Commission 3 

Report of General Wood as to abrogation of Bates treaty 489-542 

(See Moro Province.) 
Sultan of — 

Failure of, to comply with terms of Bates agreement 80 

Character of 80 

Jones, Arthur K., chief of property division, executive bureau: 

Report of 730 

Joven, Ceferino, governor of Pampanga: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Pampanga 706 

food conditions and rice crop 719 

Annual report of governor of 894 

Juramentados : 

Explanation of 489 

Justices of the peace: 
City of Manila — 

Receipts from fees 559 

Statement of business transacted by 637 

Number removed from office, etc 694 

Recommendations regarding 86 

Kaemmerling, Gustave, lieutenant-commander, XJ. S. Navy: 

Report of, concerning Filipino laborers employed at Cavite Naval Station . 395-397 
Karelson, J. Valentine, defaulting official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 67 

Keithley, Ira, inspector Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 904 

Kelly, Amzi B. , treasurer of Nueva Ecija: 

Mentioned 862 

Kelly, Luther S., treasurer of Surigao: 

Mentioned « 30, 921 

Kendall, Charles, provincial supervisor, Batangas: 

Mentioned 756 

Kendall, H. F., property clerk exposition board: 

Mentioned 414 

Keylock & Pratt: 

Cantract with, for carabao 23, 24 

Kidnaping: 

Act to prevent, in Moro Province 81 

Laborers: 

Report of investigation concerning alleged sufferings and deaths among, 

etc 358-391 

System employed by Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company, regarding 54,55 



1020 INDEX TO PART I. 

Labor question: Page. 

Effect of, on the investments of capital 56 

Filipinos as laborers 54, 55 

In Philippine Islands 54 (it seq. 

Japanese labor, importation of „ 56 

Opposition to Chinese 54, 55 

Policy of Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company 54, 55 

Reports on Filipino labor employed at Cavite Navy- Yard 392-398 

Lacalle, Julian M. : 

Mentioned 728 

Lacayo, E.: 

Appointed to take charge of construction of Filipino buildings at St. Louis. 412 

Ladronism 854,858,901,926 

Bandolerismo statute — 

Text of 34,35 

Effectiveness of 35 

Laguna, Province of: 

Agriculture 829 

Food conditions in, report of governor on 716 

General conditions 827 

Governor, annual report of 827 

Hemp, increase in culture of 23 

Industries 829 

Locusts in, report on measures taken to exterminate 701 

Municipal police, organization of 827 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Organization of 827 

Provincial board and employees „ 828 

Rice, crop, report of governor on 827 

Distributed to, and purposes of 21 

Roads ... 828 

Schools 828 

Lamb, C. H., provincial treasurer of Mindoro: 

Mentioned 856 

Lampman, H. A. disbursing- officer, executive bureau: 

Mentioned... 692 

Lamson-Scribner, F., chief of bureau of agriculture : 

Mentioned 408 

Land: 

Limitation upon holding of, by corporations, a hindrance to the develop- 
ment of the islands 9 

Recommendations of commission regarding holdings of 10 

Land tax, city of Manila: 

Revenues from 558 

Land-tax law, city of Manila: 

Effects of operation of 557 

Larena, Demetrio, governor of Negros Oriental: 

Annual report of 894 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Negros Oriental 705 

food conditions and rice crop 718 

Lawshe, A. L., insular auditor: 

Report of, snowing actual expenditures under Congressional relief fund. 129-139 

Lawton, Brigadier-General: 

Plot to explode dynamite bombs during funeral of 35 

Lead: 

Deposits of .' 913 

Leave, sick: 

Accrued, provisions governing 428-429 

Act regulating leaves of absence - 439 

Provisions governing, of civil-service employees 428 

Legaspi, Albay: 

Hemp shipped from 737 

Rice entering port of 737 

Lepanto-Bontoc, Province of: 

Food conditions, report of governor on 717 

Government of , 833 

Governments, district, inauguration of 833 

Governor, annual report of 833 



INDEX TO PART I. 1021 

Lepanto-Bontoc, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Ilocanos, feeling against 835 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 702 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 717 

Taxes 834 

Lesaca, Potenciano, governor of Zambales: 

Annual report of 935 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Zambales 711 

food conditions and rice crop 721 

Leyte, Province of: 

Agricultural conditions 840 

Bridges 841,845,846 

Amount expended on 847 

Schedule of 848-851 

Cholera hospital 846 

Cholera in 842 

Constabulary, campaign against insurgents 839 

Surrenders to and captures by 839 

Disturbances in 838, 839, 840 

Finances 842 

Food conditions, report of governor on 717 

Governor, annual report of 836 

Correspondence with General Smith regarding withdrawal of 

troops 836 et seq. 

Health and sanitation 841 

Hemp, cultivation of 841 

Insurgents, depredations by 838 

Campaign against and surrender of 839 

Cause of renewed activity among 836 

Jails 842 

Necessity of provincial 842 

Labor, prices paid for 845 

Labor problem 846 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 703 

Military authorities, complaint of actions of 838 

Arrest of municipal officials by 838 

Municipalities in, number of 83 

Municipal governments 841 

Pacified conditions in 840 

Pueblos, consolidation of, recommended 841 

Reservation, provincial 846 

Buildings on 846 

Rice crop, report of governor on 717 

Roads 841 

Present condition of *. 843 

Construction of 845 

Proposed 847 

Amount expended on 847 

Smallpox ■ 842 

Supervisor of, report of 843 

Taxes, delay in collection of 842 

Timber, price paid for 845 

Librarian, collecting-, of the insular government: 

Appointment of r 692 

Licenses, city of Manila: 
Bicycle — 

Number issued 653 

Revenues from 653 

Increase in number of 557 

Dog- 
Number issued 653 

Increase in number of 557 

Issued 652 

Liquor, reduction in number of 557 

Pawnbroker, regulation of 557 

Receipts from 558 



1022 INDEX TO PART I. 

Licenses, city of Manila — Continued. 

Vehicle — Page. 

Number issued 653 

Revenues from 653 

Increase in number of 557 

Liddell, J. M., judge of first instance: 

Mentioned _ _ _ 535 

Linden, George P. : 

Appointed curator exposition board 407 

Commendation of „ 412 

Linebarger, Judge L. E. : 

Mentioned 930 

Liquor: 

Act forbidding sale of, within 2 miles of reservations 49 

Liquor licenses, city of Manila: 

Reduction in number of . 557 

Live-stock registration, city of Manila: 

Number of animals registered 653 

Receipts from 559, 654 

Llorente, Julio, governor of Samar: 

Report of, on food conditions and rice crop 720 

Annual report of 906 

Locsin Rama, Leandro, governor of Negros Occidental: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Negros Occidental 704 

food conditions and rice crop 718 

Annual report of 871 

Locust fungus: 

Ineffectiveness of 21 

Locusts: 

. Act providing for destruction of 95 

Creation of locust board 689 

Damage done by 19 

Measures for destruction of 19, 20, 21, 22, 95 

Measures for destruction of, in province of — 

Abra 695 

Albay 696 

Ambos Camarines 696 

Antique 697 

Bataan P . 689, 697 

Batangas 697 

Benguet 689, 697 

Bohol 689, 697 

Bulacan 689, 698, 767, 768 

Cagayan 698, 769 

Capiz 699 

Cavite ..'. 700, 781, 784 

Cebu 689,700 

Ilocos Norte 700 

Ilocos Sur - 701 

Iloilo 701 

Isabela - 701 

Laguna - 701 

Leyte 703 

Masbate 689, 703 

Mindoro 703 

Misamis 704 

Negros Occidental - 689 

Negros Oriental 705 

Nueva Ecija - 706 

Nueva Vizcaya 706 

Pampanga 706 

Pangasinan 707, 900, 901 

Paragua 689,707 

Rizal - 689, 707, 904 

Romblon 708 

Samar : 709 

Sorsogon 689,710 

Surigao 710 



INDEX TO PART I. 1023 

Locusts — Continued. 

Measures for destruction of, in province of — Continued. Page. 

Tarlac . 710 

Tayabas 711 

Union, La 689, 702 

Zambalea 711, 932 

Provinces unaffected by ' : 689 

Purchase of rice to pay for destruction of . 20 

Severity of plague in provinces 689 

Weight of destruction in provinces 689 

Lolomboy Estates (Dominican) : 

Valuation of 199 

Loper, It. M., inspector of buildings: 

Report on inspection of private dwellings 611 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition: 
Philippine exhibit at — 

Exhibits -. 781 

Expenditures for 5, 61, 73 

Facilities extended by insular government for collecting exhibits 408 

Honorary commissioners, number of 62 

Purposes of appointment of 62 

Land obtained for 61 

Resolution of Philippine Commission regarding appropriation for 

Philippine exhibit 406 

Scouts and constabulary ordered with 61 

Philippine exposition board — 

Appointment of 60 

Authority granted and directions given to. 60, 61 

Circulars sent out by. 407 

Collectors sent out by 410 

Employees of 407 

Establishment of permanent museum 408 

Methods employed by, to secure exhibits 409 

Personnel of 61 

Lukens, Benjamin J., storekeeper, police department, Manila: 

Report of 627 

Luthi, E. S.: 

Promoted to assistant chief, police department, Manila 550, 620 

Luz, Simeon, governor of Batangas: 

Report on measures against locusts 697 

food supply and rice crop in 713 

Annual report of 756 

Mabini, Apolinario: 

Correspondence with Luciano San Miguel 26-27 

Governor Taft 27-29 

Death of 29 

McColley, W. C, poundkeeper, Manila: 

Report of 626 

McDonald, A. James: 

Mentioned „ 728 

McDonnell, P. J., member municipal board, Manila: 

Mentioned 543 

McGregor, Marcus, representative of British. Manila Estates Company, 
Limited: 

Mentioned 39 

McGregor, B,. E., captain, Engineer Corps, TJ. S. Army: 

Mentioned 584 

McLain, C. C, provincial treasurer of Tayabas: 

Mentioned 932 

Macomb, Captain, TJ. S. Army: 

Placed in charge of military exhibit, Philippine exhibit 411 

Mahon, Carrie F. : 

Mentioned 729 

Mahon, William N. : 

Mentioned 729 

Mahurin, Guy H. : 

Prize awarded to 412 



1024 INDEX TO PART I. 

Mail routes. (See Postal service.) Page. 
Malibot, Bernabe de, lieutenant, police department, Manila: 

Resignation of 550 

Malinta Estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 201 

Mandaloya Estate ( Augustinian) : 

Extent of •_ 43 

Character of 43 

Valuation of 201 

Mangoes: 

Cultivation of 752, 901 

Manila, city of: 

Advisory board, personnel of 544 

Acknowledgment of services of 544 

Work of .' 543-544 

Assessments and collections, department of — 

Division of assessments, character of work of 648 

collections, work of 648 

Employees, number of American and Filipino 572 

Expenditures 559, 560, 569, 571, 656 

Personnel 656 

Receipts and disbursements, statement of 658 

Recommendations 656 

Report of chief of 648 

Total collections 655 

Boiler inspection, record of 604-606 

Bridges, plans for improvement of 547 

' Building operations 87, 88, 611 

permits, receipts from 611 

Buildings and illumination, department of — 

Amount of construction 548 

Lighting service, increase of 548, 609 

Aggregate number of lights 609 

Rented for public purposes 607 

Superintendent in charge of, report of 607 

Cemeteries 548 

Report on 594 

Certificates of registration — 

From whom tax collected 649 

Issued 650 

Receipts from. 558, 650 

Charter of, amendment changing number of districts 543 

City attorney — 

Receipts from fees 559 

Report of operations of 631 

City engineer, report of 584 

Crematories — 

Loads cremated 596 

Number of animals cremated 595 

Report on 595 

Disbursing officer, municipal board, report of 566 

Drainage system, proposed 615 

Dwellings, private — 

Inspection of 548 

Report on 611 

Electric street railway, etc. — 

Advantage of 545 

Acceptance of bid for construction of 89, 545 

Charter of 674 

Charter, terms of covering fares 89 

Franchises, bid for 545 

Employees, number and nationalities 572 

Engineering and public works, department of — 

Employees, number of American and Filipino , 561, 572 

Expenditures 559, 560, 571, 615 

Proposed drainage system 615 

Surveying and drafting division, report of work of. *»»-,-,,--, - 613 



INDEX TO PART I. 1025 

Manila, city of— Continued. Page. 

Esteros, conditions of 88 

Expenditures — 

Assessments and collection, department of 559, 560, 569, 571 

City schools, department of 569, 571 

Engineering and public works, department of 559, 560, 568, 571 

Estimated, for fiscal year 1904 562 

Financial condition, statement of 560 

Fire department 567, 571 

Law department 567, 571 

Municipal board 567, 571 

Police department 568, 571 

Fire Department — 

Alarm system 641 

Alarms, number received by 637 

Apparatus received, and purchases by 639, 640 

in service 640 

Causes of fires 554 

Development of 553 

Distribution 638 

Electrical branch of, work done by 641 

Expenditures 555, 559, 560, 571, 637 

Fire stations, new, recommended ! 641, 642 

Fires, report of 644 

Horses owned by 639 

Loss by fires 554 

Number of Americans and Filipinos employed 561, 572 

Organization 638 

Personnel 638 

Receipts 637 

Report of chief of 637 

Garbage — 

Cost of collection 588 

Disposition of 548,589,590 

Improvements of, recommendations regarding issue of bonds for 87 

Expenditures for 570 

Industrial tax — 

Collections 649 

Delinquencies 649 

Patents, number issued and canceled 649 

Receipts from 558 

Justices of the peace — 

Receipts from fees 559 

Statement of business transacted by 637 

Land tax, revenues from 558 

Land-tax law, effects of operation of 557 

Law department — 

Expenditures 559, 560, 567, 571 

Number of Americans and Filipinos employed by 561, 572 

Report of 631 

Work done by 552,553 

Licenses — 
Bicycles — 

Increase in number of 557 

Number issued 1 653 

Revenues from 653 

Dog- 
Increase in number of 557 

Number issued 653 

Issued 652 

Liquor, reduction in number of 557 

Pawnbroker, regulation of 557 

Receipts from 558 

Vehicle — 

Increase in number of 557 

Number issued . . 653 

Revenues from 653 

war 1903— vol 5 65 



1026 INDEX TO PART I. 

Manila, city of — Continued. Page. 

Live-stock registration — 

Number of animals registered 653 

Receipts from 559, 654 

Markets — 

Collections, expenses, etc 651 

Improvements 556 

Location of 650 

Revenues from 558, 650 

Municipal board — 

Contracts entered into by 565 

Disbursing officer, commendation of 544 

report of 566 

scope of duties of office of 566 

personnel of 566 

Employees, American and Filipino 561, 572 

Expenditures 559, 560, 567, 571 

Ordinances presented to 564 

Personnel of 543 

Report of 543 

Amended 671 

Secretary of, report of 563 

Sessions, number held by 543, 564 

Municipal court — 

Receipts from court fines 559 

Statement of operations of 635 

Parks 547 

Force employed in care of 591 

List of 590 

(See Streets and parks.) 

Playgrounds 547 

Police department — 

Alarrii system 617 

Appointments and separations 550, 621 

Arms 620 

Buildings 617 

Cells 622 

Changes in 549 

City pound 619 

Civil service 618 

Clerical force 619 

Criminal identili cation 621 

Detective bureau 618 

Discharges 550 

Expenditures 559, 560, 568, 571, 626 

Gambling 621 

Health of the department 621 

Metropolitan police 618 

Mounted detachment 619 

Native police 618 

Number of Americans and Filipinos employed by 561, 572 

Officers, promotions and resignations of 620 

Offices of 622 

Patrol wagon 620 

Personnel and salaries - - - 617 

Police fund 621 

Police qualifications 618 

Prisoners apprehended by 629 

Recommendations 622 

Report of chief of police 617 

Salaries, recommendation to increase 622 

Secret-service bureau. (See Secret service.) 

Storekeeper, report of 627 

Transportation of prisoners 622 

Uniform 620 

Vagrants 621 



INDEX TO PART I. 1027 

Manila, city of— Continued. Page. 
Population — 

Falling off of 88 

Explanation of 88 

Pound keeper — 

Receipts 559 

Eeport of 626 

Prosecuting attorney — 

Cases instituted by 633 

Report of 633 

Work done by 553 

Eeal property — 

Amount sold during year 565-566 

Register of deeds — 

Fees collected by 636 

Statement of operations of office of 636 

Rents, receipts from 559 

Revenues — 

Estimated for fiscal year 1904 562 

From board of health fees 559 

building permits 559 

certificates of registration 558 

city attorney's fees 559 

fire department 637 

industrial tax 558 

justice of the peace fees 559 

land tax , 558 

licenses 557, 558 

live-stock registration 559 

market fees 558 

miscellaneous 655 

municipal-court fines 559 

pound receipts 559 

registration of cocheros 559 

deeds 636 

rents 558,559 

sheriff 's fees 553, 559 

slaughterhouse fees 557, 558 

vehicle tax 559 

water service 559 

weights and measures 559 

Increase and decrease of collections of 1903 over 1902 556 

Saloons, number of , in 652 

Schools — 

Attendance at 558, 667 

Classes into which divided 668 

Elementary 668 

Where established 668 

Enrollment in. 667 

Expenses, statement of r 559, 560, 571 

Improvements effected 670 

Kindergartens 668 

Night 669 

Normal, number of , 670 

Terms of study 670 

Number of 668 

Progress of 558 

Report of superintendent of 667 

Secondary 668 

Course of study 669 

Enrollment 668 

Where established 668 

Secret-service bureau — 

Arrests made by 624 

Cooperation of, with division of information, Philippines Constabulary . 625 

Development of 552 

Duties of 623 

Force of 623 



1028 INDEX TO PART I. 

Manila, city of— Continued. Page. 

Secret-service bureau — Continued. 

Gambling, statement regarding, arrests, etc 625 

Increase in work of 622, 623 

Money and property recovered by 552 

Pawnshop inspection by 623 

Quarters of 625 

Recommendations regarding rank of personnel 626 

Report of chief of 622 

Sewer system — 

Estimated cost of 87 

Plans for 87 

Superintendent in charge, report of 597 

Work done on 602 

Sheriff- 
Courts served by office of 634 

Receipts from fees 553, 559, 635 

Report of . , 634 

Statement of processes passing through office of 635 

Slaughterhouse — 

Animals slaughtered in 557, 650 

Increase in receipts 557, 558 

Revenues produced by 557, 558, 650 

Street cleaning and parks — 

Cleaning, cost of 588, 589 

Efficiency of 548 

Report of superintendent of 548 

System employed 548 

Street construction and bridges, report of superintendent of 584 

Streets — 

Extension of, plans for 546 

Repairs, etc 88 

Survey work, extent of 549 

Vehicle licenses — 

Increase in number of 557 

Receipts from 559, 654 

Vehicle tax, on what assessed 654 

Water supply — 

Analysis, report on 584 

Bacteriological examination, report on 582 

Consumption of 597 

Cost of, estimated 87 

Engineer in charge of, report of 573 

Fire and sprinkling hydrants 600 

Fire service — 

High pressure 600 

Estimated cost of installation 601 

Necessity of - 86 

Pipe extensions 599 

Plans for 86 

Pumping station 598 

Buildings 598 

Repairs 598 

Cost of 599 

Street plugs 599 

Superintendent in charge of, report of 597 

Weights and measures — 

Receipts 559 

Report of sealer of 614 

Zoological park, installation of 590 

Manila, port of: 

Appropriations for improvement of 73 

Improvement of, report of officer in charge of 682, 685 

Progress of works in 90 

Manilang", insurgent leader: 

Mentioned 28 

Manalao, Ramon, provincial fiscal, Nueva Ecija: 

Mentioned 862 



INDEX TO PART I. 1029 

Marble: Page. 

Deposits of .' 906 

Marinduque, Province of: 

Organization of, discontinued 688 

Territory merged in province of Tayabas 688 

Mariquina fire sufferers: 

Rice gratuitously distributed to 21 

Markets, city of Manila: 

Collections, expenses, etc 651 

Improvements 556 

Location of 650 

Revenues from 558, 650 

Masbate, Province of: 

Agriculture 854 

Cholera epidemic 855 

Conditions in 853 

Constabulary, number stationed in 853 

Financial conditions 854 

Fiscal, necessity of employing provincial 855 

Food conditions, report of governor on 717 

Governor, annual report of 853 

Recommendations of - 855 

Health conditions 855 

Insurgents, capture of 854 

Ladrones, capture of 854 

Locusts, freedom of province from 689 

Report of governor on measures taken against 703 

Municipalities, number of, in 83 

Freedom of, from malefactors 853, 854 

Peace in 853 

Prisoners, escape of, from provincial jail 854 

Public instruction 855 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 717 

Schools in 855 

Stock raising 855 

Timber cutting 854 

Matadero. (See Slaughterhouse.) 

Mehan, J. C, superintendent street cleaning and parks: 

Mentioned 584 

Report of 586 

Metric system: 

Exclusive use of, recommended as to mining claims 9, 10, 11 

Mexican silver. (See Silver, Mexican. ) 

Miller, Lieut. Edward Y., Twenty-ninth Infantry, XJ. S. Army: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Paragua 707 

Acting supervisor and secretary-treasurer of Paragua 902 

Milne, O. G. , defaulting official Philipine civil service: 

Statement of history of 66 

Mindoro, Province of: 

Civil government extended to, date of 856 

Coal in 857 

Copper 857 

Food conditions, report of governor on > 717 

Forests 857 

Gold 857 

Governor, annual report of 856 

Inhabitants of mountains of 858 

Insurrectos in, surrender and capture of 857 

Ladrones 858 

Loan to 82 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 703 

Minerals in _ 857 

Municipalities 857 

Petroleum 857 

Pueblos, reorganization of 856 

Railroad, survey for 857 

Revenues of townships, application of 858 



1030 INDEX TO PAET I. 

Mindoro, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Rice distribution and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 717 

suitability of land for raising 857 

Sanitary conditions in 858 

Secretary, provincial, appointment of 857 

Surrender of, to insurgent government 857 

Treasurer, appointment of 856 

Wealth of 857 

Mineral resources: 

Value of 740,820,857,869,913 

Minglanilla Estate ( Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 201 

Mining claims: 

Recommendations regarding 9, 10 

Misamis, Province of: 

Disturbances in, in connection with taking of census 30 

Food conditions, report of governor on 718 

Governor, annual report of .. 858 

Insurgents in j 859 

Measures to secure surrender of 859-861 

Loan to 82 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 704 

Municipalities in, number of 83 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 718 

Monet, Joaquin, captain police department, Manila: 

Mentioned 617 

Monreal, Bernardino, governor of Sorsogon: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Sorsogon 710 

food conditions and rice crop 720 

Annual report of - 915 

Montillon, insurgent leader: 

Mentioned . 28 

Moro country: 

Centers of disturbance in 3 

Moro Province: 

Acts passed by legislative council of 480-488 

Appropriation for the service of 486 

Assistant attorney, act providing for employment of 485 

Bates treaty, ineffectiveness of 80 

Boundaries of 76 

Cedula tax, act providing for imposition and collection of 481 

Collection of internal revenue taxes 76 

Conditions in 79 

Constabulary system, extension of , to 78 

Courts, jurisdiction of 78-79 

Districts of 76 

District officials, how appointed 76 

Education in 78 

Engineer of, act providing for employees in office of 485 

Government of 76-81 

Act providing for, provisions of 76 

Governor of, first 79 

Act of legislative council providing for employees in office of 484 

Internal revenue taxes, act providing that the Moro Province shall be the 

beneficiary of 483 

Collection of 76 

Kidnapping, act to prevent 81 

Legislative council, personnel of 76 

Authority granted to 77-78 

Personnel of 486 

Prisoners, civil, act providing for feeding and clothing of, in military 

guardhouse 486 

Revenues set aside for support of 76 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

School system, act providing for establishment and maintenance of 487 



INDEX TO PAET I. 1031 

Moro Province — Continued. Page. 

Schools, superintendent of, act providing for employees in office of 486 

Seal, act providing for temporary use 481 

Secretary of, act providing for employees in office of 485 

Slavery, act to prevent . . . . 81 

Treasurer, act providing for employees in office of 480 

Moros: 

Crimes committed by 489 

Method of warfare pursued by „ 81 

Murders among, punishment for 489 

Eeport of General "Wood as to abrogation of Bates treaty 489-542 

Morse, Esrom J. : 

Mentioned 617 

Promoted to lieutenant, police department, Manila 550, 620 

Muerrnan, J. C, division superintendent of schools, Tayabas: 

Commendation of 929 

Mulder, Jacob C, supervisor of Bohol Province: 

Opinion of, regarding reduction in number of municipalities 765 

Munian, Antonio, mailing clerk, property division, executive bureau: 

Mentioned 730 

Municipal board, city of Manila: 

Contracts entered into by 565 

Disbursing officer, commendation of 544 

Eeport of 566 

Scope of duties of office of 566 

Personnel of 566 

Employees, American and Filipinos 561, 572 

Expenditures 559, 560, 567, 571 

Ordinances presented to 564 

Personnel of 543 

Eeport of 543 

Amended 671 

Secretary of, report of 563 

Sessions, number held by 543, 564 

Municipal court, city of Manila: 

Eeceipts from court fines 559 

Statement of operations of 635 

Municipal governments: 

Unsatisfactory operations of 84 

Misuse of funds by 84 

Municipal officials: 

Number of, removed from office, etc 694 

Municipalities: 

Number of barrios in 688 

Number of, in provinces 83, 688 

Officials in, and form of appointment 688 

Eecommendations regarding issue of bonds for improvements in 85-86 

Eeduction of number of 83, 688 

Muntinlupa Estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 201 

Murphy, Capt. J. B. , senior inspector, Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 930 

Museum of Philippine products: 

Establishment of, by exhibition board 408 

Opening of - 410 

Naic Estate ( Dominican): 

Valuation of 199 

Native wine shops, Manila: 

Total number of 653 

Navigation laws. (See Trade. ) 

Neddo, Joseph R., constabulary inspector: 

Murder of 839 

Commendation of 839 

Negros Occidental, Province of: 

Agriculture 881 



1032 INDEX TO PART I. 

Negros Occidental, Province of — Continued. 

Arms— Page. 

Applications for licenses to carry 877 

Registration of 876 

Bandits in 872 

Births 889 

Bridges 874 

Carabao thieves 881 

Cholera epidemic in 881 

Attributed to the poisoning of wells 882 

Measures taken against 881 

Number of cases and deaths 881 

Conditions generally 872 

Constabulary operations against bandits 872 

Corn, estimated crop of 881 

Deaths 889 

Disbursements 886 

Municipal 887 

Education, satisfactory progress of 883 

Electors, number of 879 

Food supply, report of governor on 718 

Games 880 

Governor of, report of 871 

Hemp, estimated crop of 881 

Jail, provincial — 

Condition of 875 

Number of prisoners confined in 875 

Justices of the peace 879 

Labor 875 

Locusts destroyed in 689 

Marriages, births, and deaths 889 

Municipalities in 83 

Financial condition of 878 

Fusion of 878 

Municipal officers, satisfactory performance of duties by 878 

police 879 

Salaries, arms, etc. , of 888 

treasurers 879 

Postal service 882 

Receipts — 

Municipal 887 

Provincial 884 

Resources of provincial government 874 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 718 

Roads, statement of condition of 874, 889 

Scouts, disturbances caused by 877 

Sugar, estimated crop 881 

Telegraph service 882, 883 

Tobacco, estimated crop 881 

Wages _ 875 

Witnesses for the government in criminal cases, fees of 877 

Negros Oriental, Province of: 

Agriculture 891 

Bandits in 892 

Bridges 890 

Cholera epidemic 891 

Cocoanuts, suitability of soil of, for raising 892 

Deaths in 891 

Financial condition of province 890 

Food conditions, report of governor on 718 

Governor, annual report of 890 

Hemp exports 891 

Justices of the peace 893 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 705 

Municipalities, number of, in 83 



INDEX TO PART I. 1033 

Negros Oriental, Province of— Continued. Page- 
Municipal code, proposed amendments to 894 

governments 893 

Financial condition of 893 

Progress in organization of 893 

police 894 

Political situation 892 

Presidentes, conventions of 894 

Public health 891 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 718 

Rinderpest 891 

Roads 890 

Schools — 

Attendance 891 

Number of, in 890 

Teachers, number of 890 

Tobacco, extent of .exportation of 892 

Nevill, H. , inspector, Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 917 

Niederlein, Dr. Gustavo, assistant director, Philadelphia Commercial 
Museums: 

Appointed member exposition board 61, 406, 407 

Commendation of 406 

Memorandum of, on proposed work of Philippine Commission for the 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition 417-424 

Tour of 410 

Nip a wine: 

Exports 901 

Noble, R. H., captain, TJ. S. Army: 

Report of, concerning disposition made by, of Poblete laborers, etc 389-391 

Non-Christian tribes: 

In Province of Abra 732 

Norton, J. T., civil engineer: 

Report of, on proposed railway lines in the island of Luzon 399-405 

Nueva Ecija, Province of: 

Agriculture, prostrated condition of 862 

Animals, demand for registration of 862 

Bridges 863 

Conditions in 862 

Constabulary in, called upon to maintain order 862 

Disturbances caused by Felipe Calderon, ladron . . .- 32-33 

Food conditions, report of governor on 718 

Government of, monthly expenses of 862 

Governor — 

Annual report of 862 

Recommendations of 863 

Hurricane in, damage caused by 862 

Loan to 82 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 706 

Municipalities, number of 83 

Post-offices, establishment of, recommended 863 

Public instruction 863 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of -. 21 

crop, report of governor on 718 

price of 862 

Roads 863 

Funds collected for 863 

Sanitation 862 

Schoolhouses, necessity of funds for building of 863 

Supervisor, recommendation that office of, be abolished 863 

Taxation, complaint of property owners regarding assessment and 862 

Telegraph lines, recommendations regarding 863 

Nueva Vizcaya, Province of: 

Agricultural resources 868 

Bridges 866 

Cattle in 869 



1034 INDEX TO PAET I. 

Nueva Vizcaya, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Cholera 862 

Climate 867 

Constabulary 865 

Cost of living 866 

Civil government, date of establishment of 864 

Food conditions, report of governor on 719 

Forest products 868 

Governor, annual report of 864 

Igorrote commissioners, appointment of 864 

Irrigation 868 

Labor and wages 866 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 706 

Mineral resources 869 

Native population of 870 

Habits and practices of 870, 871 

Police organizations — 

Difficulty in securing 865 

List of _ 864 

Possessory rights 869 

Present conditions of 871 

Provisions, cost of 866 

Public health 867 

Public lands 869 

Rainfall 867 

Eice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 719 

cost of 866 

Roads and communications , 866 

Schools — 

Buildings, character of 867 

Enrollment 867 

Number and nationality of teachers 867 

Number of 867 

Studies 867 

Taxes, dissatisfaction with schedule of 865 

Temperature 867 

Wages - 866 

Occidental Negros. (See Negros Occidental.) 

Office hours: 

Act regulating 439 

Provisions governing, of civil-service employees 429 

Offices exempted from classified civil service 436 

(See Appointments, Civil-service.) 

Offiey, Capt. It. S. , governor of Mindoro: 

Annual report of 856 

Detail of, as governor of Mindoro 856 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Mindoro 703 

Ola, insurgent: 

Disturbance caused by 31 

Mentioned 31 

Surrender of 32 

Olmsted, Victor H., assistant director, Philippine census: 

Mentioned 62 

Opium: 

Appointment of committee to investigate restrictions of sale of 63 

Personnel of 63 

No restrictions on sale of 63 

Spread of habit 63 

O'Reilly, G. A. : 

Appointed superintendent of schools, city of Manila 558 

Report of 671 

Orion estate (Dominican): 

Valuation of 200 

Ortega, Joaquin, governor of La Union: 

Annual report of 833 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in La Union 702 

food conditions and rice crop 717 



INDEX TO PAKT I. 1035 

Orwig, H. B., major Philipt>ines Constabularv: Page. 

Mentioned 872, 874, 876 

Osborn, Charles H., defaulting- official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 69 

Ottofy, Doctor: 

Collaboration of, in collecting exhibits 408 

Overtime work: 

Provisions governing 429 

Pack, William F., governer of Benguet: 

Annual report of 759 

Beport of,' on locusts in Benguet 697 

food and rice conditions in 714 

Pampanga, Province of: 

Board of health 895 

Bridges. 895 

Cholera, cases and deaths 895 

Constabulary 894 

Financial conditions 895 

Food conditions, report of governor on 719 

General conditions 894 

Governor, annual report of 894 

Justices of the peace 898 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 706 

Municipalities, number of, in 83 

Consolidation of 899 

Public improvements 895 

instruction 896 

Eice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 719 

Eoads 895 

Pangasinan, Province of: 

Board of health, provincial, organization of 900 

Bridges 901 

Cholera, measures to prevent spread of 900 

Number of cases and deaths 900 

Cocoanuts exported 901 

Food conditions, report of governor on 719 

Governor, annual report of 900 

Indigo, exportation of 901 

Ladrones in 901 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 707 

Eavages of 900 

Fungus, unsatisfactory results from use of 901 

Mangoes, exportation of 901 

Municipalities, number of 83, 900 

Municipal police, unsatisfactory services of 901 

Kipa wine, exportation of 901 

Peaceful conditions prevailing in 901 

Eice distributed, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 719, 901 

exports 901 

Einderpest, ravages of 900 

Eoads -. 901 

Salt, exportation of 901 

Schools, number of 900 

lack of buildings 900 

Teachers, number of 900 

Paper: 

Manufacturing opportunities 741 

Paragua, Province of: 

Cholera, comparative freedom of province from 902 

Constabulary, organization of 902 

Disturbances, freedom from 902 

Extension of boundaries of 688 

Food conditions, report of governor on 719 

(Governor, annual report of 901 

Loan to 82 



1036 INDEX TO PART I. 

Paragua, Province of— Continued. Page. 

Locusts, freedom from 689 

Report of governor on measures taken against 707 

Municipalities, self-supporting . 902 

Organization of province, date of 901 

Rice crop, report of governor on 719 

Schools 902 

Paras, Leon, provincial secretary, Sorsogon: 

Criticism of actions of _ 916 

Paras, Fvicardo, governor of Tayabas: 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Tayabas 711 

food conditions and rice crop 721 

Parker, J. F., commander, TJ. S. Navy: 

Report of, regarding Filipino laborers employed at Cavite Naval Station. . 394 

City of Manila 547 

Force employed in care of 591 

List of 590 

(See Streets and parks. ) 

Partridge, H. E.: 

Mentioned 728 

Passports: 

Act authorizing civil governor to issue to citizens of the Philippine Islands. 689 

Executive order prescribing form and rules governing issue of 690 

Fees for 690 

Paterno, Pedro A. : 

Appointed member exposition board 61, 407 

Mentioned 411 

Patstone, L. F., superintendent of street construction and "bridges, 
Manila: 

Report of 584 

Patterson, S. B., supervisor of Leyte: 

Report of 843 

Pawnbroker licenses, city of Manila: 

Regulation of 557 

Pershing, Capt. J. J., TJ. S. Army: 

Mentioned 79 

Petroleum: 

Deposits of 857,913 

Philippine Commission: 

Acts passed by, number of 726 

Appointments, executive, made by 726 

Laws of, provision for revised edition of 727 

Report of 3 

Resolutions adopted by, number of 726 

Sessions of, number — 726 

Philippine Sugar Estates Development Company, Limited: 

Conveyance of friar lands to 39 

Organization 39 

Representatives of 39 

Agreement of, to convey former friar lands to Philippine govern- 
ment 210-212 

Philippines Constabulary. (See Constabulary, Philippines.) 

Philipps, Capt. William A., governor of Paragua: 

Annual report of..: 901 

Report of, on food conditions and rice crop 719 

Piedad Estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 201 

Pimentel, , governor of Ambos Camarines: 

Report of, on measures to exterminate locusts 696 

Plague: 

Reduction in number of cases of 57 

Playgrounds : 

Public, city of Manila 547 

Poblete laborers: 

Report of investigation concerning alleged sufferings and deaths among, 

sent to work on the Benguet road 358-391 

Report of Capt. R. H. Noble, U. S. Army, concerning disposition of... 389-391 



INDEX TO PART I. 1037 

Police Department: rage. 

Alarm system 617 

Appointments and separations 550, 621 

Arms 620 

Buildings 617 

Cells 622 

Changes in 549 

City pound 619 

Civil service 618 

Clerical force 619 

Criminal identification 621 

Detective bureau 618 

Discharges 550 

Expenditures 559, 560, 568, 571, 626 

Gambling 621 

Health of the department 621 

Metropolitan police 618 

Mounted detachment 619 

Native police 618 

Number of Americans and Filipinos employed by 561, 572 

Officers promoted and resignations of 620 

Offices of 622 

Patrol wagon 620 

Personnel and salaries 617 

Police fund 621 

Police qualifications 618 

Prisoners apprehended by 629 

Recommendations * 622 

Report of chief of police 617 

Salaries, recommendation to increase 622 

Secret-service bureau. (See Secret service. ) 

Storekeeper, report of 627 

Transportation of prisoners 622 

Uniform 620 

Vagrants 621 

Police, municipal: 

Organization and operation in province of — 

Albay 740 

Ambos Camarines 746 

Antique 754 

Nueva Vizcaya 864, 865 

Rizal 903 

Union, La 832 

Act to improve efficiency of 84, 140 

Policy of Philippine Islands government as to persons in arms 32 

Population: 

Provinces of — 

Abra 732 

Antique , 749 

Cavite 780 

Nueva Vizcaya 870, 871 

Tarlac 922 

City of Manila: 

Falling off of 88 

Explanation cf . 88 

Porter, Harry A., captain, Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 746 

Port works: 

Expenditures for 5 

Postal service: 

Mail routes and post-offices, establishment and maintenance in provinces 
of— 

Albay 738 

Ambos Camarines 745 

Cebu 810 

Negros Occidental 882 

Nueva Ecija 863 

Samar 912 



1038 INDEX TO PAKT I. 

Post-offices. (See Postal service.) Page. 

Postal revenues 73 

Poundkeeper, city of Manila: 

Keceipts 559 

Report of 626 

Preysler, J., distribution clerk, property division, executive bureau: 

Mentioned 730 

Proclamations and executive orders 943 et seq 

Promotions in civil service: 

Application of merit system in making 427 

General regulations governing, by competitive examinations 453 

Rules governing 450 

Prosecuting" attorney, Manila: 

Cases instituted by 633 

Report of 633 

Work done by 553 

Provinces: 

Changes in boundaries of organized 688 

Nationality of governors of 688 

Number comprising government of Philippine Islands 688 

Number organized by special acts 688 

under provincial government act 688 

Provincial officials: 

Number of, removed from office, etc 694 

Public funds: 

Officers handling 70 

Defalcations among. 64-70 

Public lands: • 

In province of Vizcaya 869 

Purchasing" agent, insular. (See Insular purchasing agent.) 

Q,uingua Estate ( Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 202 

Q,uinton, W. "W. , captain and assistant surgeon, U. S. Army: 

Commendation of 928 

Raffles, Sir Stamford: 

Mentioned _ 80 

Railroads: 

Recommendations of Commission regarding building of 8, 9, 10 

civil governor regarding 57 

Report on proposed, in the island of Luzon 399-405 

Dagupan to Laoag 401 

Manila to Aparri 399 

Manila to Batangas 403 

Eamos, Alfonso, governor of Tariac: 

Annual report of . 925 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Tariac 710 

food conditions and rice crop 720 

Bampolla, Cardinal: 

Announcement of policy > of Roman Catholic Church regarding Spanish 

friars 45 

Mentioned 5, 38, 42 

Real-estate tax, Manila: 

Amounts collected 649 

unpaid 649 

Collection of 648-649 

Real property, city of Manila: 

Amount sold during year 565-566 

Rebaya, Mariano: 

Mentioned 729 

Recoletos: 

Conveyance of Imus Estate by 39 

Lands of, estimated value of 41, 202 

Amount offered by government for „ 42 

Number of, in Philippine Islands 45 

Agreement of, to convey holdings to Philippine government 208-210 



INDEX TO PART I. 1039 

Reconcentration: Pa &e. 

Authority granted by Commission for, in Albay Province 31 

Effectiveness of . 34 

Justification of 34 

Voluntarily adopted in Tayabas 34 

Register of deeds, Manila: 

Fees collected by -. 636 

Statement of operations of office of 636 

Reinstatements in civil service: 

Rules governing 449 

Religion: 

Abra Province, sentiment of people of 733 

Freedom of 46 

Protection to, afforded by government 46 

(See Aglipay movement. ) 
Religious controversies: 

Report on 213, 350 

Religious orders. (See Friars; Dominicans; Franciscans, etc.) 

Testimony taken with regard to value of lands belonging to 142-198 

Remington, Carl: 

Mentioned 728 

Revenues, city of Manila: 

Estimated for fiscal year 1904 562 

From board of health fees 559 

building permits 559 

certificates of registration 558 

city attorney's fees 559 

fire department 637 

industrial tax 558 

justice of the peace fees 559 

land tax 558 

licenses 557, 558 

live stock registration 559 

miscellaneous 655 

market fees 558 

municipal court fines 559 

pound receipts '. 559 

registration of cocheros 559 

deeds 636 

rents 558, 559 

sheriff's fees 553, 559 

slaughterhouse fees 557, 558 

vehicle tax 559 

water service 559 

weights and measures 559 

Increase and decrease of collections of 1903 over 1902 . . 556 

Revenues, insular: 

Comparative statement of 73 

Maintenance of 4 

Reyes, Francisco, president Philippine Chamber of Commerce: 

Mentioned 413 

Reyes, Isabelo de los: 

Organizer of Union Obrera Democratica 36 

Reyes, Manuel: 

Mentioned 729 

Reyes, Modesto: 

Appointed city attorney, Manila . 632 

Report of 631 

Ricard, O. F. , clerk, municipal board, Manila: 

Mentioned 543, 563 

Ricarte, insurgent leader: 

Plots to explode bombs, etc., instigated by 35-36 

Refusal of, to take oath of allegiance 36 

Sent to Guam 36 

Richmond, Shannon, captain and assistant surgeon, u. S. Volunteers, 
president provincial board of health, Ambos Camarines: 

Mentioned 742 



1040 INDEX TO PAET I. 

Rice: Pa ? e - 

Acreage planted in, increase of , 22 

Cost of 20 

Crops — 

Condition of, in provinces of — 

Abra 712,732,734 

Albay „ 712,738 

Ambos Camarines 713 

Antique 713, 751 

Bataan 713,756 

Batangas 758 

Benguet 714 

Bohol 714 

Bulacan 714 

Cagayan ." 714,769 

Capiz 715 

Cavite 715 

Cebu 715 

Ilocos Norte 715 

Ilocos Sur -. 716, 819 

Iloilo ' 716 

Isabela 716 

Laguna 827 

Leyte 717 

Masbate 717 

Mindoro 717,857 

Misamis 718 

Negros Occidental 718 

N egros Oriental 718 

Nueva Ecija 718, 862 

Nueva Vizcaya 719, 866 

Pampanga 719 

Pangasinan 719, 901 

Paragua 719 

Eizal 719 

Eomblon 720 

Samar 720, 913 

Sorsogon .- 720, 918 

Surigao 720,921 

Taflac 720 

Tayabas 721,928,929 

Union 717 

Zambales 721, 933 

Distribution of — 

Act making appropriation for expenses in connection with 98, 100 

Amount distributed 20 

Appropriation for 17 

Excerpts from minutes of Philippine Commission concerning 101 

Gratuitous 21 

Executive order governing 93 

Provinces receiving, and purposes of 21 

Statement of 125, 126 

Importation, amount of 23, 48 

Increase in price of 17 

Influence of lack of draft cattle on production of 23 

Loss from wastage, etc 13 

Purchase of — 

Act making appropriation for 98, 100 

Amount of 18,20 

Appropriation for 17 

From Saigon, efforts of Commission 17 

Siam and Calcutta, reasons for 17, 18 

Calcutta, class of rice 18 

Not profitable as an investment 18 

Eestrictions as to price of 17 

Sale of — 

Executive order governing 93 

Terms of contract 18 



INDEX TO PART I. 1041 

Bice— Continued. Page. 

Supply on hand 20 

To pay for destruction of locusts 20 

Rinderpest: 

Efforts of Commission to improve conditions created by ravages of 3-4 

Prevalence of, in provinces of — 

Cagayan 770 

Negros Oriental Province 891 

Pangasinan _ 900 

Sorsogon 916 

Tavabas 929 

Zainbales 932 

Rios, Ruperto, Ladron: 

Disturbances caused by 926 

Rizal, Province of: 

Agriculture '. 903 

Bandits in 902, 903 

Disturbances in 25 

Food conditions in, report of governor on 719 

Governor, annual report of 902 

Ladrones, surrenders of 905 

Loan to 82 

Locusts destroyed in 689 

Report on measures taken against 707 

Ravages of 904 

Municipalities, number of, in province 83 

Municipal police, disarmament of 903 

Political conditions '. 902, 903 

Public improvements - 904 

instruction 904 

order 904 

Rice distributed to and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on . 719 

Roads 904 

Schools, enrollment in 904 

Attendance at 904 

Rizal: 

Contract for monument of, to be erected in Louisiana Purchase Exposition . 413 
Roads: 

Construction and condition of, in province of — 

Albay 736 

Ambos Camarines 747 

Antique 752 

Benguet 759 

Bohoi 763 

Capiz 775 

Cavite 781 

Cebu 808 

Ilocos iNorte 816 

Ilocos Sur 818, 819 

Laguna 828 

Leyte . , - . . . 841, 843, 845, 847 

Negros Occidental 874, 889 

Negros Oriental : 890 

Nueva Ecija 863 

Nueva Vizcaya 866 

Pampanga 895 

Pangasinan 901 

Rizal 904 

Romblon 905 

Samar 910 

Sorsogon 923 

Tarlac 923 

Tayabas 930 

Union, La 831 

Zambales 933 

Cost of construction and maintaining, compared with that of railroads ... 8 

Work done in connection with 22 

war 1903— vol 5 60 



1042 INDEX TO PART I. 

Robert, W. P., assistant naval constructor, U. S. Navy: Page. 

Report of, concerning Filipino labor employed at Cavite Naval Station . . . 398 

Roberts, Albert C, defaulting" official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 67 

Robertson, A. J., chief paymaster, Philippines Constabulary: 

Mentioned 567 

Roman Catholic Church: 

Criticism of attitude of Government toward 46 

Difference of spirit of American from Spanish church 46 

Intention of, to Americanize church in Philippine Islands 5 

Policy of, regarding Spanish friars 45 

Rental of and damages to buildings belonging to 5 

(See Friars; Augustinians ; Recoletos; Dominicans.) 

Romblon, Province of: 

Boards of health, municipal, organization of 905 

Bridges 905 

Cholera regulations 905 

Cases and deaths 906 

Constabulary posts 905 

Food conditions, report of governor on 720 

Governor, annual report of 905 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 708 

Marble in 906 

Municipalities, number of, in province 83 

Peace in 905 

Public instruction 906 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 720 

Roads 905 

Roque TJbaido, Roman, provincial secretary of Nueva Ecija: 

Mentioned 862 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Nueva Ecija 706 

Rosa, R. de la: 

Prize awarded to 412 

Rosario, Manuel V. del: 

Mentioned 917 

Ross, Miss Emma R. : 

Appointed stenographer, exposition board r 407 

Ross, James, governor of Ambos Camarines: 

Annual report of 741 

Report of, on food conditions and rice crop, Ambos Camarines 713 

Ross, James, supervisor of fiscals: 

Report of investigation concerning alleged sufferings and deaths among 

laborers sent to work on Benguet road 358-391 

Roxas, Doctor: 

Commendation of and recommendation for increase of salary of 550 

Ruiz, Julio, president provincial board of health, Sorsogon: 

Commendation of 918 

Ryan, D. J., stenographer, exposition board: 

Mentioned 414 

Salary classifications: 

Philippine civil service 452 

Salazar, Angel, provincial secretary, acting governor of Antique: 

Annual report of 749 

Report of, on measures against locusts - - - 697 

food supply and rice conditions in 713 

Saloons, city of Manila: 

Number of 652 

Salt: 

Exports 901 

Salvador, Felipe, ladron: 

Attempt of, to create disturbances in Nueva Ecija and Tarlac 32-33 

Samar, Province of: 

Agricultural conditions 912 

Area 914 

Bridges 910 



INDEX TO PART I. 1043 

Samar, Province of— Continued. Page. 

Cholera in 911 

Civil government, date of organization of 906 

Coal 913 

Constabulary 909 

Copper deposits 913 

Copra, production of 912 

Food- 
Conditions, report of governor on 720 

Principal articles of 915 

Forests 913 

Gold deposits 913 

Governor, annual report of 906 

Hemp — 

Exports of 913 

Production of 912 

Industries 913 

Jail, provincial 914 

Justices of the peace 908 

Ladrones in 1 908, 909 

Lead deposits 913 

Loan to 82 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 709 

Means of communication 910 

Minerals 913 

Municipalities, number of , in 83 

Petroleum deposits 913 

Postal service, extension of 912 

Provincial government 914 

Public health 911 

instruction _ 907 

order 908 

Pueblos, burning of 906 

Rice — 

Crop, report of governor on 720 

Distributed to province and purposes of 21 

Extent of crop of 913 

Roads 910 

Secretary, provincial, salary of * 914 

Smallpox in 911 

Taxes, amount collected 914 

Telegraphic communication, necessity of 911 

Treasurer, salary of 914 

Troops in 909 

Wages 912 

Samson, Apolonio, insurgent leader: 

Mentioned 28 

San Agustin, Fernando de, provincial secretary of Mindoro: 

Mentioned 857 

Report of, on food conditions and rice crop 717 

San Francisco de Malabon estate (Augustinian): 

Valuation of 201 

Sanger, J. P., major-general, U. S. Army, director Philippine census: 

Mentioned ,. 62, 407 

San Juan estates (Recoleto): 

Valuation of 202 

San Juan del Monte estate (Dominican): 

Valuation of 200 

San Miguel Brewery: 

Mentioned 410 

San Miguel, Luciano, insurgent leader: 

Correspondence regarding 26-29 

Letter to, from Apolinario Mabini 26-27 

San Nicolas estate (Recoleto): 

Valuation of 202 

Santa Cruz de Malabon estate (Dominican) : 

Valuation of 200 



1044 INDEX TO PART I. 

Santa Isabel estate ( Augustinian) : Page. 

Valuation of 202 

Santalo, John B. : 

Mentioned 729 

Santa Maria de Pandi estate (Dominican) : 

Valuation of 200 

Santa Rosa estate (Dominican): 

Valuation of 200 

Santiago, Alejandro, insurgent leader: 

Captured 29 

Mentioned 28 

Santos y Cristobal, Epifanio de los, governor of Nueva Ecija: 

Annual report of 862 

Report on food conditions and rice crop 718 

Santos, Julien, insurgent leader: 

Mentioned 28 

Sanz, Francisco, governor of Romblon: 

Annual report of 906 

Report of, on measures taken against locusts in Romblon 708 

food conditions and rice crop 720 

Saria, ladron: 

Mentioned : 31 

School board, city of Manila: 

Personnel of 558 

Schoolhouses: 

Necessity of 59 

Recommendations of Commission regarding issue of bonds for, and other 

permanent improvements 6 

Schools: 

City of Manila- 
Attendance at 558, 667 

Classes into which divided 668 

Elementary 668 

Where established 668 

Enrollment in 667 

Expenses, statement of 559, 560, 571 

Improvements effected 670 

Kindergartens 668 

Night schools 669 

Normal schools — 

Number of 670 

Terms of study 670 

Number of 668 

Progress of 558 

Report of superintendent of 667 

Secondary schools 668 

Course of study 669 

Enrollment 668 

Where established 668 

General increase in attendance at 59 

Scott, H. L. , major, TJ. S. Army, governor Sulu district, Moro Province: 

Report on conditions in Sulu district 490-491 

Scott, Mark: 

Mentioned 617 

Promoted to lieutenant, police department, Manila 550, 620 

Scouts: 

Number of, in use 33 

ordered sent to Louisiana Purchase Exposition 61 

Use of, with constabulary 33 et seq. 

native companies of, success of 33 

Seaver, George: 

Mentioned 617 

Promoted to captain, police department, Manila 550, 620 

Secretary of the Philippine Commission: 

Abolition of office of 691 



INDEX TO PART I. 1045 

Secret service bureau, city of Manila: Page. 

Arrests made by 624 

Cooperation of, with division of information, Philippines Constabulary .. 625 

Development of 552 

Duties of 623 

Force of 623 

Gambling, statement regarding, arrests, etc 625 

Increase in work of 622, 623 

Money and property recovered by 552 

Pawnshop inspection by 623 

Quarters of . 625 

Kecommendations regarding rank of personnel 626 

Eeport of chief of 622 

Semirara, island of: 

Conditions existing on 856 

Serrano, Bonifacio, governor of Masbate: 

Annual report of 853 

Eeport of, on measures taken against locusts in Masbate 703 

food conditions and rice crop 717 

Sewer system, city of Manila: 

Estimated cost of 87 

Plans for 87 

Superintendent in charge, report of 597 

Work done on 602 

Shanks, D. C, governor of Cavite: 

Annual report of 783 

Eeport of, on locusts in Cavite 700 

Sheriff, city of Manila: 

Courts served by office of 634 

Eeceipts from fees . 553, 559, 635 

Eeport of 634 

Statement of processes passing through office of 635 

Shultz, "Walter, defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 67 

Shuster, W. Morgan, collector of customs of the Philippine Archi- 
pelago: 

Mentioned 7 

Eecommendations of, regarding laws affecting interisland trade 72 

Silva, Gregorio de, defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 6g 

Silver, Mexican: 

Demonetization of 47 

Effects of demand for 47 

Importation of , 47, 48 

Sinamay: 

Value of exports of 738 

Sinclair, Bartlett, defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 67 

Singson, governor of Samar: 

Eeport of, on measures taken against locusts in Samar 709 

Slaughterhouse, city of Manila: 

Animals slaughtered in 557, 650 

Increase in receipts 557, 558 

Eevenues produced by ^ 557, 558, 650 

Slaveholding and slave hunting in Moro Province : 

Act of legislative council defining crimes of, and prescribing punishments 

therefor 484 

Slavery in the Moro Province : 

Act denouncing 81 

Eefusal of Moros to observe provisiona of Bates treaty regarding 489 

Correspondence and records relative to slavery in Jolo Archipelago. . 491 et seq. 

Sleeper, C. H. , member municipal board, city of Manila: 

Mentioned 563 

Smallpox: 

Prevalence of, in provinces of — 

Benguet 759 

Cagayan 770 

Ilocos Norte 815 



1046 INDEX TO PART I. 

Smallpox — Continued. 

Prevalence of, in provinces of — Continued. Page. 

Ilocos Sur 819 

Leyte 842 

Samar 911 

Smith, Charles H. : 

Appointed prosecuting attorney, Manila 634 

Smith, J. H., brigadier-general, U. S. Army: 

Correspondence with governor of Leyte regarding withdrawal of troops 

from Leyte 836 et seq. 

Sociedad Agrfcola de TJltramar: 

Agreement of, to convey former Augustinian lands to Philippine govern- 
ment 206-208 

Conveyance to, of Augustinian friars' lands 39 

Sorsogon, Province of: 

Agriculture, prostrated condition of 919 

Boards of health, municipal, establishment of 918 

Cholera, appearance of 917, 918 

Measures adopted against 917 

Clergy, attitude of 918 

Constabulary, assassination of members of 917 

Food conditions, report of governor on 720 

General conditions 919 

Governor of, annual report of 915 

Ladrones, campaign against 917 

Capture of 917, 918 

Locusts in, report of governor on measures taken against 710 

Freedom of province from 689 

Municipalities, number of, in province 83, 916 

Presidentes of, mentioned 916 

Provincial board, members of 915 

Public health 918 

instruction 919 

improvements 919 

order 917 

Pice, appropriation by provincial board for purchase of 918 

distribution of, and purposes 21 

crop, report of governor on 720 

Rinderpest, losses from 916 

School attendance, compulsory 919 

buildings, lack of 919 

Treasury, balance on hand in 919 

Starvation: 

No cases brought to notice of government 22 

Stewart, M. L., assistant and acting insular purchasing agent: 

Report of 103 

as to carabao 127 

(See Insular purchasing agent. ) 
St. Louis Exposition. (See Louisiana Purchase Exposition. ) 
Stockraising: 

InMasbate 855 

Stone, Mason S. : 

Retirement of, as superintendent of schools, Manila 558 

Street cleaning and parks, city of Manila: 

Cleaning, cost of 588, 589 

Efficiency of 548 

Report of superintendent of 548 

System employed 548 

Street construction and bridges: 

Report of superintendent of, Manila 584 

Streets, city of Manila: 

Extension of, plans for 546 

Repairs, etc - - - 88 

Street railway, city of Manila. (See Electric street railway. ) 
Sugar: 

Classification of 52 

Conditions regarding 4 



INDEX TO PART I. 1047 

Sugar— Continued. Pa ge. 

Duty on, recommendation for decrease of 8,9 

Petition of Agricultural Society of Panay and Negros for abolition of. 353 

Exports, amount of 48, 51, 52 

First official record of 52 

To United States 52 

Through port of Iloilo since American occupation 52 

Introduction of cultivation of, in Philippine Islands 52 

Market price of 52 

Production, present method of 52 

cost of 52 

in province of — 

Antique 752 

IlocosSur 820 

Negros Occidental . 831 

Panay 52 

Zambales 933 

Qualities produced, proportion of 52 

Statement of Colonel Colton, collector of customs at Iloilo, as to necessity 

for removal of duty from Philippine sugar 355, 356 

Statement of Governor Wright as to necessity for action by Congress in 

removing duty on 357 

Sulu Archipelago: 

Anarchy in 490 

Lack of government by Sultan of 490 

Punishments for crimes, etc . 491 

Eeport on conditions in 490-491 

(See Bates treaty. ) 
Sulu district, Moro Province: 

Governor of, act providing for employees in office of 487 

Eeport of governor of, regarding conditions in 490 

Secretary of, act providing for employees in office of 487 

Treasurer of, act providing for organization of office of 483 

Supreme court: 

Salaries of justices of, insufficiency of 74 

Surigao, Province of: 

Boards of health, municipal, measures taken by, against cholera, etc 921 

Cholera, ravages of 921 

Food conditions, report of governor on 720 

Governor, annual report of 921 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 710 

Municipalities in, number of 83 

Bice distributed to and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 720 

estimated 921 

School buildings, lack of 921 

Surveying- and drafting division, engineering department, Manila: 

Eeport of work of ». 613 

Sutherland, Richard H., acting provincial treasurer, Bohol: 

Eecords ordered destroyed by 765 

Sweeney, John C. : 

Appointed prosecuting attorney, Manila 634 

judge of first instance . 634 

Swettenham, Sir Frank: 

Mentioned * 80 

Swift, Charles: 

Acceptance of bid of, for construction of electric street car line in Manila. 89 

Bid of, for franchise for electric railway, etc . . 545 

Swift, J. T. , gunner, U. S. Navy, acting inspector of ordnance, Cavite 
Naval Station: 

Eeport of, concerning Filipino labor employed at Cavite Naval Station . . 397-398 
Swindell, George M. , acting chief administration and finance division, 
executive bureau: 

Eeport of 721 

Swine: 

Number raised 761 



1048 INDEX TO PAET I. 

Taft, William H., civil governor, Philippine Islands: Page. 

Correspondence with Apolinario Mabini regarding disturbances, etc . 26-29 

(See Civil governor.) 

Tala Estate (Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 201 

Talamban Estate (Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 200 

Talisay Estate (Augustinian) : 

Valuation of 201 

Tampinco, Isabelo: 

Contract for Rizal monument for Louisiana Purchase Exposition executed 

with 413 

Prize awarded to 412 

Tariff, Dingley. (See Dingley Tariff. ) 

Tarlac, Province of: 

Boundaries of 922 

Cholera, deaths from 925 

Disturbances in, caused by Felipe Salvador 32-33 

Economic conditions 923 

Food conditions, report of governor on 720 

Governor, annual report of 922 

Legislation suggested by governor : 924 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 710 

Municipalities, number and names of 83, 922 

Population 922 

Public order 922 

instruction 923 

improvements 923 

health 925 

Rice distributed to, and purpose of 21 

crop, report of governor on 720 

Roads 923 

School attendance 923 

School buildings, construction of 923 

Teachers 923 

Tavera, H. Pardo de, member Philippine Commission: 

Visit of, to province of Albay 32 

Tayabas, Province of: 

Annexation of additional territory 928 

Area of 927 

Carabaos, ravages among, from rinderpest 929 

Cholera 928 

Churches 930 

Constabulary 930 

Copra 928 

Court of first instance 930 

Disbursements 931 

Extension of boundaries of 688 

Food conditions, report of governor on 721 

Forestry products 928 

Friars, hostility to 930 

Governor of, annual report of 925 

Hemp 928 

Insurrection in 925, 926 

Insurgents in — 

Surrender of 925 

Campaign against 925 

Jail, provincial 930 

Labor 929 

Ladronism, measures taken to stamp out 926 

Locusts, report of governor on measures taken against 711 

Means of communication 931 

Municipalities — 

Number of, in province 83 

Finances of 930 

Products 928 

Reconcentration in 925 

Revenues 931 



INDEX TO PART I. 1049 

Tayabas, Province of — Continued. Page. 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 721, 928 

increase in price of 929 

Roads 930 

Amount expended on 930 

Schools, number of, organized 929 

Enrollment 929 

Amount of collections for purposes of - 929 

Construction of new 929 

Wages 929 

Taylor, Carson: 

Appointed disbursing officer of exposition board 407 

Taylor, Colonel, assistant chief of constabulary: 

Mentioned . 30 

Teachers, Manila schools: 

American, satisfactory character of work of 670 

Native, criticism of work of ... '. 670 

Tecson, Pablo, governor of Bulacan: 

Report of, on locusts in Bulacan. . . 698 

food and rice conditions in 714 

Annual report of . . 766 

Telegraph service: 

Operation of 863, 882, 883, 911 

Thomas, Sidney, chief of records division, executive bureau: 

Report of 731 

Timber: 

Value of, in provinces of — 

Abra 732 

Bataan _ 756 

Leyte 845 

Masbate 854 

Tobacco: 

Amount exported 48 

Statement of Governor Wright as to necessity for action by Congress 

in removing duty on 357 

Conditions regarding 4, 54 

Cultivation and exports, provinces of — 

Abra 732 

Negros, Occidental 881 

Negros, Oriental 892 

Union, La _.. 830 

Recommendations for reduction of duties on 8, 9, 54 

Toledo, ladrone: 

Mentioned 31 

Surrender of 32 

Tompkins, Frank Dean, defaulting" official Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 68 

Toone, H. G. , lieutenant, police department, Manila: 

Discharge from service 550 

Toro estate (Dominican): 

Valuation of 200 

Townsend, C. McD., major, Engineer Corps, XJ. S. Army, in charge 
Manila Harbor improvements: 

Report of 682, 685 

Trade of Philippine Islands: 

Amount of balance against islands in 1902 4, 47 

in favor of islands, 1903 4 

Coastwise. (See Coastwise trade. ) 

Recommendations of Commission regarding application of TJ. S. laws to. 7, 8, 10 
Tranquillity: 

Conditions as to, in Philippine Islands 3, 25 et seq. 

Transfers in Philippine civil service: 

Rules governing 449 

Transportation of appointees under Philippine civil service: 

Act regulating - - - 439 

Translators: 

Lack of expert in Philippines and United States 691 



1050 INDEX TO PAET I. 

Traveling" expenses: Page. 

Conditions governing, of persons appointed in the United States to the 

Philippine service 427 

Treasurers: 

Municipal — 

To be appointed by provincial boards 84 

Placed under the classified service 84 

Advantages of 84 

Provincial, difficulty about using Filipinos as 84 

Trias, Mariano, governor of Cavite: 

Report of, on food conditions and rice crop of 715 

Troops: 

Number of, in Saniar 909 

Trowbridge, C. K., chief secret service: 

Report of 622 

Tuther, John M. : 

Appointed secretary municipal board, Manila 543 

Report of 563 

Twight, William E., translator: 

Death of _ 729 

Twombly, Frank: 

Forfeiture by, for failure to execute contract 563 

Union, La, Province of: 

Agriculture 830 

Causes of loss to 830 

Boards of health 831 

Bridges 831 

Cholera 830, 831 

Constabulary 832 

Fiscal, provincial, business disposed of by 831 

Food conditions, report of governor on 717 

. Means taken to provide against a scarcity of 830 

Governor, annual report of 829 

Matters considered by 831 

Hemp, increase in culture of 23 

Legislation suggested 833 

Loan to 82 

Locusts destroyed in „ 689 

Report of governor on measures taken against 702 

Municipalities, number of, in province 83 

Municipal police 832 

Prisoners in provincial jail 830 

Provincial board, actions taken by 830, 831 

Public instruction 832 

Public order 829 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 717 

Roads 831 

School attendance 832 

Schools, number of, in 832 

Supervisor, provincial, work accomplished by 831 

Tobacco, character and size of crop 830 

Unson, Cervasio, provincial secretary, Tayabas: 

Mentioned 932 

Upington, C. D., treasurer of Bohol Province: 

Opinion of, regarding reduction in number of municipalities 764 

Vagrancy: 

Act denning and providing punishment for 37 

Vehicle licenses, city of Manila: 

Increase in number of 557 

Receipts from 559, 654 

Vehicle tax, city of Manila: 

On what assessed 654 

Verzosa, Santiago: 

Promoted to lieutenant, police department, Manila 550, 620 



INDEX TO PAET I. 1051 

Vidal, Jugo, governor of Capiz : Page. 

Annual report of 774 

Report of, on locusts in Capiz 699 

food conditions and rice crop in , 715 

Villamor, Juan, governor of Abra: 

Report on locusts in province of Abra 695 

food conditions and rice crops of Abra 712 

conditions in Abra 731 

Villegas, Juan, surveyor: 

Appointment of, to survey friar lands 1 39 

Valuations of friar lands made by 199-203 

Wade, General: 

Mentioned . 33 

Walker, (government laboratories): 

Placed in charge of analysis of dyestuffs, etc., for Philippine exhibit 414 

Wallace, W. M., colonel, TJ. S. Army: 

Letter of, to Sultan of Jolo regarding slavery 493 

Walsh, James W., jr., defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 69 

Ward, Matthew T. E., defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 66 

Washburn, W. S., member school board, city of Manila: 

Mentioned 558 

Water service, city of Manila: 

Receipts 559 

Water supply: 

Analysis, report on 584 

Bacteriological examination, report on 582 

Consumption of 597 

Cost of, estimated 87 

Engineer in charge of, report of 573 

Fire and sprinkling hydrants 600 

service, high pressure -. 600 

Estimated cost of installation 601 

Necessity of 86 

Pipe extensions 599 

Plans for 86 

Pumping station 598 

Buildings 598 

Repairs 598 

Cost of 599 

Street plugs 599 

Superintendent in charge of, report of 597 

Weems, Paul A., disbursing officer, bureau of coast guard and trans- 
portation: 

Mentioned 567 

Weights and measures, city of Manila: 

Receipts 559 

Report of sealer of 614 

Wherry, William B., pathologist: 

Report of, on bacteriological examinations of water. 582 

Wilson, Valentine: 

Mentioned ^ 408 

Wilson, Walter E., captain, police department, Manila: 

Promotion of 550, 620 

Mentioned 617 

Wilson, William A., defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 66 

Wilson, Dr. William P., director Philadelphia Commercial Museums: 

Appointed president exposition hoard 61, 407 

Wint, T. J., brigadier-general, TJ. S. Army: 

Member of board to investigate charge preferred by Major Gardener 927 

Winthrop, Beekman: 

Mentioned 693 

Wood, Alfred E, defaulting official, Philippine civil service: 

Statement of history of 69 



1052 INDEX TO TAET I 



■3 40></3> 



t>874~X 



Wood, Leonard, brigadier-general, U. S. Army, governor of Moro Page. 
Province: £3-2 

First governor of Moro Province /^ 79 

Mentioned , 80, 81 

Recommendations of, regarding Bates treaty concurred in by Commission. 3 

Report of, as to abrogation of Bates treatv 489 et seq. 

Wright, Albert P. : 

Mentioned , 408 

Wright, Luke E., vice-governor, Philippine Islands 

Report of, as to hemp 351-352 

Statement of, as to necessity for action by Congress i i removing duty on 

sugar and tobacco 357 

Mentioned 873 

Visit of, to Albay province... 32 

Yanes, Francisco J., former Spanish secretary to the Philippine 
Commission: 

Mentioned 691, 729 

Yanez, Father Juan M., representative of Sociedad Agricola de 
Ultramar: 

Mentioned 39 

Ylang-ylang: 

Production of ". 738 

Yeamans, Dr. H. W., police surgeon: 

Discharge from police department 550 

Zambales, Province of: 

Agriculture 933 

Cattle 933 

Cholera, ravages of 932 

Cocoanuts 934 

Coffee , 934 

Commerce, monopolization of, by Chinos 935 

Constabulary 932 

Economic conditions 932 

Food conditions, report of governor on 721 

Forestry 934 

Governor, annual report of 932 

Industries 934 

Locusts in — 

Report of governor on measures taken against 711 

Ravages of 932 

Manufactures 934 

Means of communication 933 

Minerals 934 

Municipalities in, number of . 83 

Rice distributed to, and purposes of 21 

crop, report of governor on 721, 933 

Rinderpest, ravages of 932 

Roads 933 

Sugar cane 933 

Zamboanga, district of: 

Appropriation for salaries and wages, etc 486 

District treasurer of, act providing for organization of office of, etc 480 

Governor of, act providing for employees in office of 488 

Secretary of, act providing for employees in office of 488 

Zamora, Elias T. : 

Mentioned 729 

Ziality, , provincial secretary of Bataan: 

Report on measures against locusts = . 697 

Zinn, A. O. : 

Mentioned 728 

Zoological Park, Manila: 

Installation of 590 

Zulueta, Clemente J. : 

Appointed collecting librarian of insular government 692 

o 

LB Mr '05 



